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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrolipoyl-Dehydrogenase" title="Dihydrolipoyl-Dehydrogenase – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dihydrolipoyl-Dehydrogenase" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihidrolipoil_deshidrogenasa" title="Dihidrolipoil deshidrogenasa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dihidrolipoil deshidrogenasa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%A2%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="دی‌هیدرولیپوآمید دهیدروژناز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دی‌هیدرولیپوآمید دهیدروژناز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrolipoyl_d%C3%A9shydrog%C3%A9nase" title="Dihydrolipoyl déshydrogénase – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dihydrolipoyl déshydrogénase" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihidrolipoamida_deshidroxenase" title="Dihidrolipoamida deshidroxenase – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dihidrolipoamida deshidroxenase" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diidrolipoil_deidrogenasi" title="Diidrolipoil deidrogenasi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diidrolipoil deidrogenasi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihidrolipoamida_dehidrogenase" title="Dihidrolipoamida dehidrogenase – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dihidrolipoamida dehidrogenase" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%92%E3%83%89%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%83%9D%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%83%92%E3%83%89%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B2%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BC" title="ジヒドロリポイルデヒドロゲナーゼ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジヒドロリポイルデヒドロゲナーゼ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihidrolipoil_dehidrogenaza" title="Dihidrolipoil dehidrogenaza – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Dihidrolipoil dehidrogenaza" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihidrolipoil_dehidrogenaza" title="Dihidrolipoil dehidrogenaza – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dihidrolipoil dehidrogenaza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%97%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Дигідроліпоїлдегідрогеназа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дигідроліпоїлдегідрогеназа" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold">DLD</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1zy8_EBI.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PDB_1zy8_EBI.png/250px-PDB_1zy8_EBI.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PDB_1zy8_EBI.png/375px-PDB_1zy8_EBI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PDB_1zy8_EBI.png/500px-PDB_1zy8_EBI.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Available structures</th></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color:#c3fdb8;width:43px"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></th><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee">Ortholog search: <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/searchResults.html?display=both&term=O08749%20or%20P09622">PDBe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/search?q=rcsb_polymer_entity_container_identifiers.reference_sequence_identifiers.database_name:UniProt%20AND%20rcsb_polymer_entity_container_identifiers.reference_sequence_identifiers.database_accession:O08749,P09622">RCSB</a> </span></td></tr><tr><td><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr style="background-color:#ddd;text-align:center"><th colspan="2">List of PDB id codes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3RNM">3RNM</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1ZMC">1ZMC</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1ZMD">1ZMD</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1ZY8">1ZY8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2F5Z">2F5Z</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Gene_nomenclature" title="Gene nomenclature">Aliases</a></span></th><td colspan="3" style="background:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/2898">DLD</a></span>, DLDD, DLDH, E3, GCSL, LAD, PHE3, dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, OGDC-E3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">External IDs</th><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/238331">238331</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mouse_Genome_Informatics" title="Mouse Genome Informatics">MGI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:107450">107450</a>; <a href="/wiki/HomoloGene" title="HomoloGene">HomoloGene</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=homologene&dopt=HomoloGene&list_uids=84">84</a>; <a href="/wiki/GeneCards" title="GeneCards">GeneCards</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=DLD">DLD</a>; <a href="/wiki/Orthologous_MAtrix" title="Orthologous MAtrix">OMA</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omabrowser.org/oma/vps/ENSG00000091140">DLD - orthologs</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_human_chromosome_7.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 7 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 7 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ideogram_human_chromosome_7.svg/300px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ideogram_human_chromosome_7.svg/450px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ideogram_human_chromosome_7.svg/600px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_7.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="189" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_7_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 7 (human)">Chromosome 7 (human)</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_chromosome_7_ideogram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 7 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 7 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Human_chromosome_7_ideogram.svg/300px-Human_chromosome_7_ideogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Human_chromosome_7_ideogram.svg/450px-Human_chromosome_7_ideogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Human_chromosome_7_ideogram.svg/600px-Human_chromosome_7_ideogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="216" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 193.79134654634px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for DLD"><img alt="Genomic location for DLD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 199.8px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for DLD"><img alt="Genomic location for DLD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">7q31.1</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Start</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">107,891,162 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">End</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">107,931,730 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_12.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 12 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 12 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_12.svg/260px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_12.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_12.svg/390px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_12.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_12.svg/520px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_12.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">Chromosome 12 (mouse)<sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_12.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 12 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 12 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_12.svg/300px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_12.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_12.svg/450px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_12.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_12.svg/600px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_12.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="231" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 71.461046497863px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for DLD"><img alt="Genomic location for DLD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 77.5px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for DLD"><img alt="Genomic location for DLD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">12 A2|12 13.43 cM</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Start</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">31,381,276 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">End</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">31,401,452 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">RNA expression</a> pattern</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/">Bgee</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th><b><a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a></b></th><th><b><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a> (ortholog)</b></th></tr><tr><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000091140">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">right ventricle</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">biceps brachii</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">Skeletal muscle tissue of biceps brachii</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">thoracic diaphragm</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">Skeletal muscle tissue of rectus abdominis</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">vastus lateralis muscle</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">body of tongue</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">mucosa of sigmoid colon</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">jejunal mucosa</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">rectum</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSMUSG00000020664">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">saccule</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">cardiac muscle tissue of left ventricle</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">otic placode</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">tail of embryo</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">extraocular muscle</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">intercostal muscle</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">soleus muscle</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">extensor digitorum longus muscle</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">interventricular septum</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">plantaris muscle</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000091140">More reference expression data</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biogps.org/">BioGPS</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee">n/a</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Gene_ontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene ontology">Gene ontology</a></th></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Molecular function</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0050660">flavin adenine dinucleotide binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051287">NAD binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0004148">dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016491">oxidoreductase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0034604">pyruvate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043544">lipoamide binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016668">oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors, NAD(P) as acceptor</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0009055">electron transfer activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005515">protein binding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Cellular component</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045252">oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043209">myelin sheath</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045254">pyruvate dehydrogenase complex</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005929">cilium</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043159">acrosomal matrix</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005654">nucleoplasm</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005759">mitochondrial matrix</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005739">mitochondrion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001669">acrosomal vesicle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031410">cytoplasmic vesicle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031514">motile cilium</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042995">cell projection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005634">nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Biological process</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0061732">mitochondrial acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process from pyruvate</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042391">regulation of membrane potential</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007568">ageing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0009083">branched-chain amino acid catabolic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006099">tricarboxylic acid cycle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006103">2-oxoglutarate metabolic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006554">lysine catabolic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0010510">regulation of acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process from pyruvate</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045454">cell redox homeostasis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006508">proteolysis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0009106">lipoate metabolic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051068">dihydrolipoamide metabolic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007369">gastrulation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006090">pyruvate metabolic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0048240">sperm capacitation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006086">acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process from pyruvate</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006120">mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0034641">cellular nitrogen compound metabolic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0106077">histone succinylation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center">Sources:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/">Amigo</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/">QuickGO</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Orthologs" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthologs">Orthologs</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Species</th><td><b>Human</b></td><td><b>Mouse</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Entrez" title="Entrez">Entrez</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=1738&rn=1">1738</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=13382&rn=1">13382</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Ensembl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensembl">Ensembl</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000091140;db=core">ENSG00000091140</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/geneview?gene=ENSMUSG00000020664;db=core">ENSMUSG00000020664</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P09622">P09622</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O08749">O08749</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">RefSeq (mRNA)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001289752">NM_001289752</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_000108">NM_000108</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001289750">NM_001289750</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001289751">NM_001289751</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_007861">NM_007861</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">RefSeq (protein)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_000099">NP_000099</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001276679">NP_001276679</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001276680">NP_001276680</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001276681">NP_001276681</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_031887">NP_031887</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Location (UCSC)</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Human&db=hg38&position=chr7:107891162-107931730">Chr 7: 107.89 – 107.93 Mb</a></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Mouse&db=mm0&position=chr12:31381276-31401452">Chr 12: 31.38 – 31.4 Mb</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a> search</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14909011" class="extiw" title="d:Q14909011">View/Edit Human</a></td><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14909019" class="extiw" title="d:Q14909019">View/Edit Mouse</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase</b> (<b>DLD</b>), also known as <b>dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, mitochondrial</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> that in humans is encoded by the <i>DLD</i> <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-entrez_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entrez-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid3693355_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3693355-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid3278312_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3278312-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid2055113_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2055113-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DLD is a <a href="/wiki/Flavoprotein" title="Flavoprotein">flavoprotein</a> enzyme that oxidizes <a href="/wiki/Dihydrolipoamide" title="Dihydrolipoamide">dihydrolipoamide</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lipoamide" title="Lipoamide">lipoamide</a>. </p><p>Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD) is a mitochondrial enzyme that plays a vital role in energy metabolism in eukaryotes. This enzyme is required for the complete reaction of at least five different multi-enzyme complexes.<sup id="cite_ref-Babady_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babady-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, DLD is a flavoenzyme <a href="/wiki/Oxidoreductase" title="Oxidoreductase">oxidoreductase</a> that contains a reactive <a href="/wiki/Disulfide_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Disulfide bridge">disulfide bridge</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Flavin_adenine_dinucleotide" title="Flavin adenine dinucleotide">FAD</a> cofactor that are directly involved in catalysis. The enzyme associates into tightly bound <a href="/wiki/Homodimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Homodimer">homodimers</a> required for its enzymatic activity.<sup id="cite_ref-Ciszak_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ciszak-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lipoamide-2D-skeletal.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lipoamide"><img alt="Lipoamide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Lipoamide-2D-skeletal.png/120px-Lipoamide-2D-skeletal.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Lipoamide-2D-skeletal.png/180px-Lipoamide-2D-skeletal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Lipoamide-2D-skeletal.png/240px-Lipoamide-2D-skeletal.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lipoamide" title="Lipoamide">Lipoamide</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dihydrolipoamide.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dihydrolipoamide"><img alt="Dihydrolipoamide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Dihydrolipoamide.svg/120px-Dihydrolipoamide.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Dihydrolipoamide.svg/180px-Dihydrolipoamide.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Dihydrolipoamide.svg/240px-Dihydrolipoamide.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1572" data-file-height="552" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dihydrolipoamide" title="Dihydrolipoamide">Dihydrolipoamide</a></div> </li> </ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydrolipoamide_dehydrogenase&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The protein encoded by the DLD gene comes together with another protein to form a dimer in the <a href="/wiki/Central_metabolic_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="Central metabolic pathway">central metabolic pathway</a>. Several <a href="/wiki/Amino_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Amino acids">amino acids</a> within the catalytic pocket have been identified as important to DLD function, including R281 and N473.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the overall fold of the human <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> is similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a>, the human structure is different in that it has two loops that extend from the general protein structure and into the <a href="/wiki/Flavin_adenine_dinucleotide" title="Flavin adenine dinucleotide">FAD</a> binding sites when bound the NAD+ molecule, required for catalysis, is not close to the FAD moiety. However, when <a href="/wiki/NADH" class="mw-redirect" title="NADH">NADH</a> is bound instead, it is stacked directly op top of the FAD central structure. The current hE3 structures show directly that the disease-causing <a href="/wiki/Mutations" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutations">mutations</a> occur at three locations in the human enzyme: the <a href="/wiki/Protein_dimer" title="Protein dimer">dimer</a> interface, the <a href="/wiki/Active_site" title="Active site">active site</a>, and the FAD and NAD(+)-binding sites.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydrolipoamide_dehydrogenase&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The DLD homodimer functions as the E3 component of the <a href="/wiki/Pyruvate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyruvate">pyruvate</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-ketoglutarate" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-ketoglutarate">α-ketoglutarate</a>, α-adipate and branched-chain amino acid-<a href="/wiki/Dehydrogenase" title="Dehydrogenase">dehydrogenase</a> complexes and the glycine cleavage system, all in the mitochondrial matrix. In these complexes, DLD converts dihydrolipoic acid and NAD+ into lipoic acid and NADH.<sup id="cite_ref-Carothers_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carothers-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DLD also has <a href="/wiki/Diaphorase" title="Diaphorase">diaphorase</a> activity, being able to catalyze the oxidation of <a href="/wiki/NADH" class="mw-redirect" title="NADH">NADH</a> to NAD+ by using different electron acceptors such as O<sub>2</sub>, labile <a href="/wiki/Ferric" title="Ferric">ferric</a> iron, <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">nitric oxide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ubiquinone" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubiquinone">ubiquinone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Babady_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babady-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DLD is thought to have a pro-oxidant role by reducing oxygen to a <a href="/wiki/Superoxide" title="Superoxide">superoxide</a> or ferric to <a href="/wiki/Ferrous" title="Ferrous">ferrous</a> iron, which then catalyzes production of <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">hydroxyl radicals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Petrat_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrat-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diaphorase activity of DLD may have an antioxidant role through its ability to scavenge nitric oxide and to reduce ubiquinone to ubiquinol.<sup id="cite_ref-Igamberdiev_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Igamberdiev-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Olsson_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olsson-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11231302_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11231302-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dihyrolipamide dehydrogenase gene is known to have multiple splice variants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Moonlighting_function">Moonlighting function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydrolipoamide_dehydrogenase&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Moonlighting function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certain DLD mutations can simultaneously induce the loss of a primary metabolic activity and the gain of a <a href="/wiki/Protein_moonlighting" title="Protein moonlighting">moonlighting</a> proteolytic activity. The moonlighting proteolytic activity of DLD is revealed by conditions that destabilize the DLD homodimer and decrease its DLD activity.<sup id="cite_ref-Babady_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babady-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acidification of the mitochondrial matrix, as a result of <a href="/wiki/Reperfusion_injury" title="Reperfusion injury">ischemia-reperfusion injury</a>, can disrupt the quaternary structure of DLD leading to decreased <a href="/wiki/Dehydrogenase" title="Dehydrogenase">dehydrogenase</a> activity and increased <a href="/wiki/Diaphorase" title="Diaphorase">diaphorase</a> activity.<sup id="cite_ref-Klyachko_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klyachko-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The moonlighting proteolytic activity of DLD could also arise under pathological conditions. Proteolytic activity can further complicate the reduction in energy metabolism and an increase in oxidative damage as a result of decreased DLD activity and an increase in diaphorase activity respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11231302_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11231302-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With its proteolytic function, DLD removes a functionally vital domain from the N-terminus of frataxin, a mitochondrial protein involved in iron metabolism and antioxidant protection.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16469498_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16469498-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15641778_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15641778-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydrolipoamide_dehydrogenase&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In humans, mutations in DLD are linked to a severe disorder of infancy with <a href="/wiki/Failure_to_thrive" title="Failure to thrive">failure to thrive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypotonia" title="Hypotonia">hypotonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_acidosis" title="Metabolic acidosis">metabolic acidosis</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-Quinonez_2020_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quinonez_2020-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DLD deficiency manifests itself in a great degree of variability, which has been attributed to varying effects of different DLD mutations on the stability of the protein and its ability to dimerize or interact with other components of the three α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes.<sup id="cite_ref-Quinonez_2020_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quinonez_2020-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With its proteolytic function, DLD causes a deficiency in <a href="/wiki/Frataxin" title="Frataxin">frataxin</a>, which leads to the neurodegenerative and cardiac disease, <a href="/wiki/Friedreich%27s_ataxia" title="Friedreich's ataxia">Friedreich's ataxia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ambrus_2018_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ambrus_2018-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactive_pathway_map">Interactive pathway map</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydrolipoamide_dehydrogenase&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Interactive pathway map"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td width="390"><i>Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles.</i> <sup id="cite_ref-WikiPathways_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WikiPathways-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>§ 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <div style="overflow:auto;"> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 377px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 375px; height: 350px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -488px; left: -572.737530017679px; width: {{{bSize}}}px"><div class="noresize">[[File:<div class="noresize thumb tnone" style=";"> <div class="thumbinner" style="overflow:hidden;width:977px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="overflow:hidden; position:relative; background-color:white;"> <div style=";left:0px; top:0px; width:975px; position:absolute;"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right 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line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;">[[<div style="display:block; width:154.310540655952px; height:0px; overflow:hidden; position:relative; left:550.9275545821426px; top:120.030923235774px; background:transparent; border-top:3px green solid"></div>]]</span></div> <div id="annotation_0x0" style="position:absolute; left:0px; top:0px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;">[[<div style="display:block; width:36.5px; height:0px; overflow:hidden; position:relative; left:817.7808628897307px; top:535.894776444251px; background:transparent; border-top:3px green solid"></div>]]</span></div> <div id="annotation_0x0" style="position:absolute; left:0px; top:0px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;">[[<div style="display:block; width:60px; height:0px; overflow:hidden; position:relative; left:720.2375300176792px; top:662.337193696082px; background:transparent; border-top:3px blue 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color:inherit;">[[<div style="display:block; width:31.7844725620888px; height:0px; overflow:hidden; position:relative; left:657.563025210084px; top:511.09306302521px; background:transparent; border-top:3px blue solid"></div>]]</span></div> <div id="annotation_0x0" style="position:absolute; left:0px; top:0px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;">[[<div style="display:block; width:27.0336779387258px; height:0px; overflow:hidden; position:relative; left:604.787037037037px; top:700.840416501354px; background:transparent; border-top:3px blue solid"></div>]]</span></div> <div id="annotation_0x0" style="position:absolute; left:0px; top:0px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;">[[<div style="display:block; width:19.5546565671207px; height:0px; overflow:hidden; position:relative; left:457.2720726749515px; top:710.888639166419px; background:transparent; border-top:3px blue solid"></div>]]</span></div> <div 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left:520.0799689230324px; top:586.959606918642px; background:transparent; border-top:3px blue solid"></div>]]</span></div> <div id="annotation_0x0" style="position:absolute; left:0px; top:0px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;">[[<div style="display:block; width:59.9999999999999px; height:0px; overflow:hidden; position:relative; left:454.8010990838291px; top:541.555461079171px; background:transparent; border-top:3px blue solid"></div>]]</span></div> <div id="annotation_0x0" style="position:absolute; left:0px; top:0px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;">[[<div style="display:block; width:59.9999999999999px; height:0px; overflow:hidden; position:relative; left:454.8010990838291px; top:521.555461079171px; background:transparent; border-top:3px blue solid"></div>]]</span></div> <div id="annotation_0x0" style="position:absolute; left:0px; top:0px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;">[[<div style="display:block; width:53px; height:12px; overflow:hidden; position:relative; left:720.2375300176794px; top:685.001875326864px; background:transparent; border:4px black solid"></div>]]</span></div> </div> <div style="visibility:hidden"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="#Interactive_pathway_map" title="Go to pathway article"><img alt="TCACycle_WP78" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/TCACycle_WP78.png" decoding="async" width="975" height="813" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="813" usemap="#ImageMap_e5d4ded8ab9db18c" /></a><map name="ImageMap_e5d4ded8ab9db18c"><area href="/wiki/Guanosine_triphosphate" shape="rect" coords="211,619,241,633" alt="Go to article" title="Go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Guanosine_diphosphate" shape="rect" coords="452,726,483,740" alt="Go to article" title="Go to article" /><area 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coords="613,593,644,607" alt="Go to article" title="Go to article" /><area href="/wiki/SUCLG2" shape="rect" coords="279,721,339,741" alt="Go to article" title="Go to article" /><area href="/wiki/ACO2" shape="rect" coords="636,176,683,196" alt="Go to article" title="Go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Water" shape="rect" coords="288,244,323,259" alt="Go to article" title="Go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Ubiquinol" shape="rect" coords="322,511,393,526" alt="Go to article" title="Go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Malic_acid" shape="rect" coords="241,375,311,395" alt="Go to article" title="Go to article" /><area href="/wiki/SUCLG1" shape="rect" coords="279,701,339,721" alt="Go to article" title="Go to article" /><area href="/wiki/DLST" shape="rect" coords="720,677,780,697" alt="Go to article" title="Go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Succinic_acid" shape="rect" coords="281,565,355,585" alt="Go to article" title="Go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" shape="rect" coords="403,563,433,577" alt="Go to article" title="Go to article" /><area href="/wiki/IDH3G" shape="rect" coords="864,495,924,515" alt="Go to article" title="Go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Succinate_dehydrogenase_complex_subunit_C" shape="rect" coords="60,526,120,546" alt="Go to article" title="Go to article" /><area href="/wiki/ACO2" shape="rect" coords="798,343,844,363" alt="Go to article" title="Go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Coenzyme_A" shape="rect" coords="431,173,460,187" alt="Go to article" title="Go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide" shape="rect" coords="220,339,250,353" alt="Go to article" title="Go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Acetyl-CoA" shape="rect" coords="258,203,331,223" alt="Go to article" title="Go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Alpha-Ketoglutaric_acid" shape="rect" coords="690,571,775,591" alt="Go to article" title="Go to article" /><area href="/wiki/IDH2" shape="rect" coords="664,474,709,494" alt="Go to article" title="Go 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coords="495,193,548,213" alt="Go to article" title="Go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Coenzyme_A" shape="rect" coords="647,593,675,607" alt="Go to article" title="Go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide" shape="rect" coords="815,430,854,444" alt="Go to article" title="Go to article" /><area href="/wiki/IDH3A" shape="rect" coords="864,455,924,475" alt="Go to article" title="Go to article" /><area rel="nofollow" href="http://www.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP497" class="plainlinks" shape="rect" coords="90,450,180,470" alt="Go to WikiPathways" title="Go to WikiPathways" /><area href="/wiki/Dihydrolipoamide_dehydrogenase" shape="rect" coords="720,697,780,717" alt="Go to article" title="Go to article" /><area rel="nofollow" href="http://www.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP357" class="plainlinks" shape="rect" coords="551,115,705,135" alt="Go to WikiPathways" title="Go to WikiPathways" /><area rel="nofollow" href="http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0001487" class="plainlinks" shape="rect" coords="818,537,854,551" alt="Go to HMDB" title="Go to HMDB" /><area href="/wiki/OGDH" shape="rect" coords="720,657,780,677" alt="Go to article" title="Go to article" /><area rel="nofollow" href="http://www.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP534" class="plainlinks" shape="rect" coords="103,148,254,167" alt="Go to WikiPathways" title="Go to WikiPathways" /><area href="/wiki/Fumarase" shape="rect" coords="202,428,234,448" alt="Go to article" title="Go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Fumaric_acid" shape="rect" coords="237,478,299,498" alt="Go to HMDB" title="Go to HMDB" /><area href="/wiki/Malate_dehydrogenase_2" shape="rect" coords="213,315,261,335" alt="Go to article" title="Go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Succinyl-CoA" shape="rect" coords="514,677,594,700" alt="Go to article" title="Go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" shape="rect" coords="658,512,689,526" alt="Go to article" title="Go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" shape="rect" coords="605,701,632,716" alt="Go to article" title="Go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Phosphate" shape="rect" coords="457,712,477,726" alt="Go to article" title="Go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Water" shape="rect" coords="769,313,811,328" alt="Go to article" title="Go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Coenzyme_A" shape="rect" coords="403,548,433,563" alt="Go to article" title="Go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Phosphate" shape="rect" coords="520,588,540,602" alt="Go to article" title="Go to article" /><area href="/wiki/SUCLA2" shape="rect" coords="455,537,515,557" alt="Go to article" title="Go to article" /><area href="/wiki/SUCLG1" shape="rect" coords="455,517,515,537" alt="Go to article" title="Go to article" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"></div> </div></div>|alt=TCACycle_WP78 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP78">edit</a>]]</div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:TCACycle_WP78.png" title="File:TCACycle WP78.png"> </a></div>TCACycle_WP78 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP78">edit</a> </div> </div> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WikiPathways-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WikiPathways_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP78">"TCACycle_WP78"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TCACycle_WP78&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikipathways.org%2Findex.php%2FPathway%3AWP78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADihydrolipoamide+dehydrogenase" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> </td> <td width="390"><i>Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles.</i><sup id="cite_ref-WikiPathways_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WikiPathways-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>§ 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <div style="overflow:auto;"> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 377px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 375px; height: 350px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -1016px; left: -550px; width: {{{bSize}}}px"><div class="noresize">[[File:<div class="noresize thumb tnone" style=";"> <div class="thumbinner" style="overflow:hidden;width:1017px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="overflow:hidden; position:relative; background-color:white;"> <div style=";left:0px; top:0px; width:1015px; position:absolute;"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Glycolysis#Interactive_pathway_map" title="Go to pathway article"><img alt="GlycolysisGluconeogenesis_WP534" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/WP534.png" decoding="async" width="1015" height="1341" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="1341" usemap="#ImageMap_868cf5ca7e758742" /></a><map name="ImageMap_868cf5ca7e758742"><area href="/wiki/2-Phosphoglyceric_acid" shape="rect" coords="223,823,323,843" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Dihydrolipoyl_transacetylase" shape="rect" coords="696,1192,759,1212" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Malic_acid" shape="rect" coords="801,1025,901,1045" alt="go to article" 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alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/PFKL" shape="rect" coords="118,421,178,441" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/PFKM" shape="rect" coords="118,401,178,421" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/PFKP" shape="rect" coords="118,441,178,461" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/GAPDHS" shape="rect" coords="125,611,188,631" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde_3-phosphate_dehydrogenase" shape="rect" coords="125,631,188,651" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Phosphoglycerate_mutase" shape="rect" coords="113,794,173,814" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Phosphoglycerate_mutase" shape="rect" coords="113,774,173,794" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/PKM2" shape="rect" coords="104,947,164,967" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/PKLR" shape="rect" coords="104,967,164,987" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/PKM2" shape="rect" coords="104,927,164,947" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Lactate_dehydrogenase" shape="rect" coords="89,1040,149,1060" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/LDHA" shape="rect" coords="89,1060,149,1080" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Lactate_dehydrogenase" shape="rect" coords="89,1100,149,1120" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Lactate_dehydrogenase" shape="rect" coords="89,1080,149,1100" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" shape="rect" coords="197,1124,297,1144" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Pentose_phosphate_pathway" shape="rect" coords="540,310,733,330" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area rel="nofollow" href="http://www.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP500" class="plainlinks" shape="rect" coords="542,354,705,374" alt="go to WikiPathways" title="go to WikiPathways" /><area href="/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle" shape="rect" coords="870,1144,965,1164" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/51660" class="plainlinks" shape="rect" coords="593,1071,673,1091" alt="go to Entrez" title="go to Entrez" /><area href="/wiki/BRP44" shape="rect" coords="593,1091,673,1111" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="text-align:left; background-color:transparent; color:white; line-height:110%;"> <div id="annotation_0x0" style="position:absolute; left:0px; top:0px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;">[[<div style="display:block; width:100px; height:0px; overflow:hidden; position:relative; left:222.5px; top:828px; background:transparent; border-top:3px blue solid"></div>]]</span></div> <div 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shape="rect" coords="386,176,446,196" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Malate_dehydrogenase_2" shape="rect" coords="872,987,932,1007" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/TPI1" shape="rect" coords="329,625,389,645" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde_3-phosphate" shape="rect" coords="223,584,323,604" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Acetyl-CoA" shape="rect" coords="774,1266,874,1286" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/GLUT3" shape="rect" coords="386,156,446,176" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Glucose-6-phosphate_isomerase" shape="rect" coords="387,344,447,364" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/GLUT1" shape="rect" coords="386,116,446,136" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/HK1" shape="rect" coords="119,242,179,262" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Glucokinase" shape="rect" coords="119,302,179,322" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/HK3" shape="rect" coords="119,282,179,302" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/HK2" shape="rect" coords="119,262,179,282" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/PFKL" shape="rect" coords="118,421,178,441" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/PFKM" shape="rect" coords="118,401,178,421" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/PFKP" shape="rect" coords="118,441,178,461" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/GAPDHS" shape="rect" coords="125,611,188,631" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde_3-phosphate_dehydrogenase" shape="rect" coords="125,631,188,651" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Phosphoglycerate_mutase" shape="rect" coords="113,794,173,814" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Phosphoglycerate_mutase" shape="rect" coords="113,774,173,794" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/PKM2" shape="rect" coords="104,947,164,967" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/PKLR" shape="rect" coords="104,967,164,987" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/PKM2" shape="rect" coords="104,927,164,947" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Lactate_dehydrogenase" shape="rect" coords="89,1040,149,1060" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/LDHA" shape="rect" coords="89,1060,149,1080" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Lactate_dehydrogenase" shape="rect" coords="89,1100,149,1120" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Lactate_dehydrogenase" shape="rect" coords="89,1080,149,1100" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" shape="rect" coords="197,1124,297,1144" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area href="/wiki/Pentose_phosphate_pathway" shape="rect" coords="540,310,733,330" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area rel="nofollow" href="http://www.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP500" class="plainlinks" shape="rect" coords="542,354,705,374" alt="go to WikiPathways" title="go to WikiPathways" /><area href="/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle" shape="rect" coords="870,1144,965,1164" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /><area rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/51660" class="plainlinks" shape="rect" coords="593,1071,673,1091" alt="go to Entrez" title="go to Entrez" /><area href="/wiki/BRP44" shape="rect" coords="593,1091,673,1111" alt="go to article" title="go to article" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"></div> </div></div>|alt=Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP534">edit</a>]]</div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:WP534.png" title="File:WP534.png"> </a></div>Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP534">edit</a> </div> </div> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WikiPathways-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WikiPathways_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP534">"GlycolysisGluconeogenesis_WP534"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GlycolysisGluconeogenesis_WP534&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikipathways.org%2Findex.php%2FPathway%3AWP534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADihydrolipoamide+dehydrogenase" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enzyme_regulation">Enzyme regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydrolipoamide_dehydrogenase&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Enzyme regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This protein may use the <a href="/wiki/Morpheein" title="Morpheein">morpheein</a> model of <a href="/wiki/Allosteric_regulation" title="Allosteric regulation">allosteric regulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22182754_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22182754-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydrolipoamide_dehydrogenase&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipoic_acid" title="Lipoic acid">Lipoic acid</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydrolipoamide_dehydrogenase&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://May2017.archive.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSG00000091140">GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000091140</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ensembl_genome_database_project" title="Ensembl genome database project">Ensembl</a>, May 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://May2017.archive.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSMUSG00000020664">GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000020664</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ensembl_genome_database_project" title="Ensembl genome database project">Ensembl</a>, May 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=1738">"Human PubMed Reference:"</a>. <i>National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine</i>.</cite><span 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Center+for+Biotechnology+Information%2C+U.S.+National+Library+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Mouse+PubMed+Reference%3A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fsites%2Fentrez%3Fdb%3Dgene%26cmd%3DLink%26LinkName%3Dgene_pubmed%26from_uid%3D13382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADihydrolipoamide+dehydrogenase" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-entrez-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-entrez_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1738">"Entrez Gene: dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Entrez+Gene%3A+dihydrolipoamide+dehydrogenase&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fsites%2Fentrez%3FDb%3Dgene%26Cmd%3DShowDetailView%26TermToSearch%3D1738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADihydrolipoamide+dehydrogenase" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid3693355-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid3693355_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtulakowskiRobinson1987" class="citation journal cs1">Otulakowski G, Robinson BH (December 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2945379-3">"Isolation and sequence determination of cDNA clones for porcine and human lipoamide dehydrogenase. Homology to other disulfide oxidoreductases"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. <b>262</b> (36): 17313–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2945379-3">10.1016/S0021-9258(18)45379-3</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3693355">3693355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Isolation+and+sequence+determination+of+cDNA+clones+for+porcine+and+human+lipoamide+dehydrogenase.+Homology+to+other+disulfide+oxidoreductases&rft.volume=262&rft.issue=36&rft.pages=17313-8&rft.date=1987-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2945379-3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3693355&rft.aulast=Otulakowski&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Robinson%2C+BH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0021-9258%252818%252945379-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADihydrolipoamide+dehydrogenase" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid3278312-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid3278312_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPonsRaefsky-EstrinCarothersPepin1988" class="citation journal cs1">Pons G, Raefsky-Estrin C, Carothers DJ, Pepin RA, Javed AA, Jesse BW, et al. (March 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC279783">"Cloning and cDNA sequence of the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase component human alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>85</b> (5): 1422–6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988PNAS...85.1422P">1988PNAS...85.1422P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.85.5.1422">10.1073/pnas.85.5.1422</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC279783">279783</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3278312">3278312</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Cloning+and+cDNA+sequence+of+the+dihydrolipoamide+dehydrogenase+component+human+alpha-ketoacid+dehydrogenase+complexes&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1422-6&rft.date=1988-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC279783%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3278312&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.85.5.1422&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988PNAS...85.1422P&rft.aulast=Pons&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Raefsky-Estrin%2C+C&rft.au=Carothers%2C+DJ&rft.au=Pepin%2C+RA&rft.au=Javed%2C+AA&rft.au=Jesse%2C+BW&rft.au=Ganapathi%2C+MK&rft.au=Samols%2C+D&rft.au=Patel%2C+MS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC279783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADihydrolipoamide+dehydrogenase" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid2055113-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid2055113_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchererOtulakowskiRobinsonTsui1991" class="citation journal cs1">Scherer SW, Otulakowski G, Robinson BH, Tsui LC (1991). "Localization of the human dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase gene (DLD) to 7q31----q32". <i>Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics</i>. <b>56</b> (3–4): 176–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000133081">10.1159/000133081</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10722%2F42531">10722/42531</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2055113">2055113</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cytogenetics+and+Cell+Genetics&rft.atitle=Localization+of+the+human+dihydrolipoamide+dehydrogenase+gene+%28DLD%29+to+7q31----q32&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=176-7&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10722%2F42531&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2055113&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000133081&rft.aulast=Scherer&rft.aufirst=SW&rft.au=Otulakowski%2C+G&rft.au=Robinson%2C+BH&rft.au=Tsui%2C+LC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADihydrolipoamide+dehydrogenase" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Babady-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Babady_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babady_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babady_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite 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href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydrolipoamide_dehydrogenase&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns 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class="mw-file-description" title="1zy8: The crystal structure of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase-binding protein (didomain) subcomplex of human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex."><img alt="1zy8: The crystal structure of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase-binding protein (didomain) subcomplex of human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PDB_1zy8_EBI.png/180px-PDB_1zy8_EBI.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PDB_1zy8_EBI.png/270px-PDB_1zy8_EBI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PDB_1zy8_EBI.png/360px-PDB_1zy8_EBI.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1zy8</b>: The crystal structure of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase-binding protein (didomain) subcomplex of human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_2f5z_EBI.png" class="mw-file-description" title="2f5z: Crystal Structure of Human Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase (E3) Complexed to the E3-Binding Domain of Human E3-Binding Protein"><img alt="2f5z: Crystal Structure of Human Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase (E3) Complexed to the E3-Binding Domain of Human E3-Binding Protein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PDB_2f5z_EBI.png/180px-PDB_2f5z_EBI.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PDB_2f5z_EBI.png/270px-PDB_2f5z_EBI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PDB_2f5z_EBI.png/360px-PDB_2f5z_EBI.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>2f5z</b>: Crystal Structure of Human Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase (E3) Complexed to the E3-Binding Domain of Human E3-Binding Protein</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1zmc_EBI.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1zmc: Crystal Structure of Human dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase complexed to NAD+"><img alt="1zmc: Crystal Structure of Human dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase complexed to NAD+" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/PDB_1zmc_EBI.png/180px-PDB_1zmc_EBI.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/PDB_1zmc_EBI.png/270px-PDB_1zmc_EBI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/PDB_1zmc_EBI.png/360px-PDB_1zmc_EBI.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1zmc</b>: Crystal Structure of Human dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase complexed to NAD+</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1zmd_EBI.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1zmd: Crystal Structure of Human dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase complexed to NADH"><img alt="1zmd: Crystal Structure of Human dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase complexed to NADH" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/PDB_1zmd_EBI.png/180px-PDB_1zmd_EBI.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/PDB_1zmd_EBI.png/270px-PDB_1zmd_EBI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/PDB_1zmd_EBI.png/360px-PDB_1zmd_EBI.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1zmd</b>: Crystal Structure of Human dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase complexed to NADH</div> </li> </ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oxidoreductases:_sulfur_oxidoreductases_(EC_1.8)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sulfur_oxidoreductases" title="Template:Sulfur oxidoreductases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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title="Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate">NADP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutathione_reductase" title="Glutathione reductase">Glutathione reductase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioredoxin_reductase" title="Thioredoxin reductase">Thioredoxin reductase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.8.2_With_a_cytochrome_as_acceptor" title="List of EC numbers (EC 1)">1.8.2</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome" title="Cytochrome">cytochrome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulfite_dehydrogenase" title="Sulfite dehydrogenase">Sulfite dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiosulfate_dehydrogenase" title="Thiosulfate dehydrogenase">Thiosulfate dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavocytochrome_c_sulfide_dehydrogenase" title="Flavocytochrome c sulfide dehydrogenase">Flavocytochrome c sulfide dehydrogenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.8.3_With_oxygen_as_acceptor" title="List of EC numbers (EC 1)">1.8.3</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulfite_oxidase" title="Sulfite oxidase">Sulfite oxidase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.8.4_With_a_disulfide_as_acceptor" title="List of EC numbers (EC 1)">1.8.4</a>: <a href="/wiki/Disulfide" title="Disulfide">disulfide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glutathione%E2%80%94homocystine_transhydrogenase" title="Glutathione—homocystine transhydrogenase">Glutathione—homocystine transhydrogenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.8.5_With_a_quinone_or_similar_compound_as_acceptor" title="List of EC numbers (EC 1)">1.8.5</a>: <a href="/wiki/Quinone" title="Quinone">quinone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glutathione_dehydrogenase_(ascorbate)" title="Glutathione dehydrogenase (ascorbate)">Glutathione dehydrogenase (ascorbate)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.8.98_With_other.2C_known.2C_acceptors" title="List of EC numbers (EC 1)">1.8.98</a>: Other, known</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CoB%E2%80%94CoM_heterodisulfide_reductase" title="CoB—CoM heterodisulfide reductase">CoB—CoM heterodisulfide reductase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.8.99_With_other_acceptors" title="List of EC numbers (EC 1)">1.8.99</a>: Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulfite_reductase" title="Sulfite reductase">Sulfite reductase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aldehyde/oxo_oxidoreductases_(EC_1.2)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aldehyde/Oxo_oxidoreductases" title="Template:Aldehyde/Oxo oxidoreductases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aldehyde/Oxo_oxidoreductases" title="Template talk:Aldehyde/Oxo oxidoreductases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aldehyde/Oxo_oxidoreductases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aldehyde/Oxo oxidoreductases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aldehyde/oxo_oxidoreductases_(EC_1.2)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aldehyde/oxo <a href="/wiki/Oxidoreductase" title="Oxidoreductase">oxidoreductases</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number" title="Enzyme Commission number">EC</a> 1.2)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.2.1_With_NAD+_or_NADP+_as_acceptor" title="List of EC numbers (EC 1)">1.2.1</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide" title="Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide">NAD</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide_phosphate" title="Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate">NADP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldehyde_dehydrogenase" title="Aldehyde dehydrogenase">Aldehyde dehydrogenase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde_dehydrogenase" title="Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase">Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-chain-aldehyde_dehydrogenase" title="Long-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase">Long-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycothiol-dependent_formaldehyde_dehydrogenase" title="Mycothiol-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase">Mycothiol-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.2.2_With_a_cytochrome_as_acceptor" title="List of EC numbers (EC 1)">1.2.2</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome" title="Cytochrome">cytochrome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formate_dehydrogenase_(cytochrome)" title="Formate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)">Formate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.2.3_With_oxygen_as_acceptor" title="List of EC numbers (EC 1)">1.2.3</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldehyde_oxidase" title="Aldehyde oxidase">Aldehyde oxidase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.2.4_With_a_disulfide_as_acceptor" title="List of EC numbers (EC 1)">1.2.4</a>: <a href="/wiki/Disulfide" title="Disulfide">disulfide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxoglutarate_dehydrogenase_complex" title="Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex">Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase" title="Pyruvate dehydrogenase">Pyruvate dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branched-chain_alpha-keto_acid_dehydrogenase_complex" title="Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex">Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BCKDHA" title="BCKDHA">BCKDHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCKDHB" title="BCKDHB">BCKDHB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DBT_(gene)" title="DBT (gene)">DBT</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">DLD</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.2.7_With_an_iron–sulfur_protein_as_acceptor" title="List of EC numbers (EC 1)">1.2.7</a>: <a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_protein" title="Iron–sulfur protein">iron–sulfur protein</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_synthase" title="Pyruvate synthase">Pyruvate synthase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protein:_flavoproteins" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Flavoproteins" title="Template:Flavoproteins"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Flavoproteins" title="Template talk:Flavoproteins"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Flavoproteins" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Flavoproteins"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protein:_flavoproteins" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Protein</a>: <a href="/wiki/Flavoprotein" title="Flavoprotein">flavoproteins</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetolactate_synthase" title="Acetolactate synthase">Acetolactate synthase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acyl_CoA_dehydrogenase" class="mw-redirect" title="Acyl CoA dehydrogenase">Acyl CoA dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apoptosis-inducing_factor" title="Apoptosis-inducing factor">Apoptosis-inducing factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyryl_CoA_dehydrogenase" class="mw-redirect" title="Butyryl CoA dehydrogenase">Butyryl CoA dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptochrome" title="Cryptochrome">Cryptochrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_b5_reductase" title="Cytochrome b5 reductase">Cytochrome b5 reductase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytokinin_dehydrogenase" title="Cytokinin dehydrogenase">Cytokinin dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavodoxin" title="Flavodoxin">Flavodoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_b5_reductase" title="Cytochrome b5 reductase">Methemoglobin reductase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenetetrahydrofolate_reductase" title="Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase">Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NADH_dehydrogenase" title="NADH dehydrogenase">NADH dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NADPH_oxidase" title="NADPH oxidase">NADPH oxidase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrate_reductase" title="Nitrate reductase">Nitrate reductase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcosine_oxidase" title="Sarcosine oxidase">Sarcosine oxidase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioredoxin_reductase" title="Thioredoxin reductase">Thioredoxin reductase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Enzymes:_multienzyme_complexes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Multienzyme_complexes" title="Template:Multienzyme complexes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Multienzyme_complexes" title="Template talk:Multienzyme complexes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Multienzyme_complexes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Multienzyme complexes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Enzymes:_multienzyme_complexes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzymes</a>: <a href="/wiki/Protein_complex" title="Protein complex">multienzyme complexes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthetic_reaction_centre" title="Photosynthetic reaction centre">Photosynthetic reaction center complex proteins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosystem" title="Photosystem">Photosystem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photosystem_I" title="Photosystem I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosystem_II" title="Photosystem II">II</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dehydrogenase" title="Dehydrogenase">Dehydrogenase</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase_complex" title="Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex">Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase" title="Pyruvate dehydrogenase">E1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrolipoyl_transacetylase" title="Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase">E2</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">E3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxoglutarate_dehydrogenase_complex" title="Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex">Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OGDH" title="OGDH">OGDH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DLST" title="DLST">DLST</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">DLD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branched-chain_alpha-keto_acid_dehydrogenase_complex" title="Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex">Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BCKDHA" title="BCKDHA">BCKDHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCKDHB" title="BCKDHB">BCKDHB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DBT_(gene)" title="DBT (gene)">DBT</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">DLD</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CAD_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="CAD (gene)">CAD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbamoyl_phosphate_synthase_II" title="Carbamoyl phosphate synthase II">Carbamoyl phosphate synthase II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartate_carbamoyltransferase" title="Aspartate carbamoyltransferase">Aspartate carbamoyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroorotase" title="Dihydroorotase">Dihydroorotase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P450-containing_systems" title="P450-containing systems">P450-containing systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_b6f_complex" title="Cytochrome b6f complex">Cytochrome b6f complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_transport_chain" title="Electron transport chain">Electron transport chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthase" title="Fatty acid synthase">Fatty acid synthetase complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine_cleavage_system" title="Glycine cleavage system">Glycine decarboxylase complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_trifunctional_protein" title="Mitochondrial trifunctional protein">Mitochondrial trifunctional protein</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HADHA" title="HADHA">HADHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HADHB" title="HADHB">HADHB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PEP_group_translocation" title="PEP group translocation">Phosphoenolpyruvate sugar phosphotransferase system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyketide_synthase" title="Polyketide synthase">Polyketide synthase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucrase-isomaltase" title="Sucrase-isomaltase">Sucrase-isomaltase complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan_synthase" title="Tryptophan synthase">Tryptophan synthase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Glycolysis_metabolic_pathway" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Glycolysis" title="Template:Glycolysis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Glycolysis" title="Template talk:Glycolysis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Glycolysis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Glycolysis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Glycolysis_metabolic_pathway" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">Glycolysis</a> <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_pathway" title="Metabolic pathway">metabolic pathway</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"><div style="background: transparent; padding: 2px 0 0 0; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap;"> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="width: 100%; display: block; background-color:lightgreen;"> <p style="margin: 0.1em 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a></p> </div><div style="margin: auto 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:D-glucose_wpmp.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/D-glucose_wpmp.svg/70px-D-glucose_wpmp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/D-glucose_wpmp.svg/105px-D-glucose_wpmp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/D-glucose_wpmp.svg/140px-D-glucose_wpmp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="width: 100%; display: block; background-color:#ffcccc;"> <p style="margin: 0.1em 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hexokinase" title="Hexokinase">Hexokinase</a></p> </div><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around; align-items: flex-end;"><div style="width: 45%; float:left">ATP</div> <div style="width: 45%; float:right">ADP</div> </div><div style="width: 100%; clear:both; overflow: hidden; height: 27px;"><div style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rightward reaction arrow with minor substrate(s) from top left and minor product(s) to top right"><img alt="Rightward reaction arrow with minor substrate(s) from top left and minor product(s) to top right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg/45px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg/68px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg/90px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="75" /></a></span></div></div><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around; min-height: 22.5px;"></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="width: 100%; display: block; background-color:lightgreen;"> <p style="margin: 0.1em 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Glucose_6-phosphate" title="Glucose 6-phosphate">Glucose 6-phosphate</a></p> </div><div style="margin: auto 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alpha-D-glucose-6-phosphate_wpmp.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Alpha-D-glucose-6-phosphate_wpmp.svg/70px-Alpha-D-glucose-6-phosphate_wpmp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Alpha-D-glucose-6-phosphate_wpmp.svg/105px-Alpha-D-glucose-6-phosphate_wpmp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Alpha-D-glucose-6-phosphate_wpmp.svg/140px-Alpha-D-glucose-6-phosphate_wpmp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="119" data-file-height="186" /></a></span></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="width: 100%; display: block; background-color:#ffcccc;"> <p style="margin: 0.1em 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Glucose-6-phosphate_isomerase" title="Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase">Glucose-6-phosphate<br />isomerase</a></p> </div><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around; align-items: flex-end; min-height: 22.5px;"> </div><div style="width: 100%; clear:both; overflow: hidden; height: 9px;"><div style="position: relative; bottom: 18px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NNNN_horiz_med.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reversible left-right reaction arrow"><img alt="Reversible left-right reaction arrow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NNNN_horiz_med.svg/45px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NNNN_horiz_med.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NNNN_horiz_med.svg/68px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NNNN_horiz_med.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NNNN_horiz_med.svg/90px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NNNN_horiz_med.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="75" /></a></span></div></div><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around; min-height: 22.5px;"></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="width: 100%; display: block; background-color:lightgreen;"> <p style="margin: 0.1em 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Fructose_6-phosphate" title="Fructose 6-phosphate">Fructose 6-phosphate</a></p> </div><div style="margin: auto 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beta-D-Fructose-6-phosphat2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Beta-D-Fructose-6-phosphat2.svg/100px-Beta-D-Fructose-6-phosphat2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Beta-D-Fructose-6-phosphat2.svg/150px-Beta-D-Fructose-6-phosphat2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Beta-D-Fructose-6-phosphat2.svg/200px-Beta-D-Fructose-6-phosphat2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="197" /></a></span></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="width: 100%; display: block; background-color:#ffcccc;"> <p style="margin: 0.1em 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphofructokinase-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphofructokinase-1">Phosphofructokinase-1</a></p> </div><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around; align-items: flex-end;"><div style="width: 45%; float:left">ATP</div> <div style="width: 45%; float:right">ADP</div> </div><div style="width: 100%; clear:both; overflow: hidden; height: 27px;"><div style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rightward reaction arrow with minor substrate(s) from top left and minor product(s) to top right"><img alt="Rightward reaction arrow with minor substrate(s) from top left and minor product(s) to top right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg/45px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg/68px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg/90px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="75" /></a></span></div></div><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around; min-height: 22.5px;"></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="width: 100%; display: block; background-color:lightgreen;"> <p style="margin: 0.1em 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Fructose_1,6-bisphosphate" title="Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate">Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate</a></p> </div><div style="margin: auto 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beta-D-Fructose-1,6-bisphosphat2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Beta-D-Fructose-1%2C6-bisphosphat2.svg/100px-Beta-D-Fructose-1%2C6-bisphosphat2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Beta-D-Fructose-1%2C6-bisphosphat2.svg/150px-Beta-D-Fructose-1%2C6-bisphosphat2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Beta-D-Fructose-1%2C6-bisphosphat2.svg/200px-Beta-D-Fructose-1%2C6-bisphosphat2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="197" /></a></span></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="width: 100%; display: block; background-color:#ffcccc;"> <p style="margin: 0.1em 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Fructose-bisphosphate_aldolase" title="Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase">Fructose-bisphosphate<br />aldolase</a></p> </div><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around; align-items: flex-end; min-height: 22.5px;"> </div><div style="width: 100%; clear:both; overflow: hidden; height: 9px;"><div style="position: relative; bottom: 18px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NNNN_horiz_med.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reversible left-right reaction arrow"><img alt="Reversible left-right reaction arrow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NNNN_horiz_med.svg/45px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NNNN_horiz_med.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NNNN_horiz_med.svg/68px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NNNN_horiz_med.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NNNN_horiz_med.svg/90px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NNNN_horiz_med.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="75" /></a></span></div></div><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around; min-height: 22.5px;"></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="width: 100%; display: block; background-color:lightgreen;"> <p style="margin: 0.1em 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone_phosphate" title="Dihydroxyacetone phosphate">Dihydroxyacetone phosphate</a></p> </div><div style="margin: auto 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glycerone-phosphate_wpmp.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Glycerone-phosphate_wpmp.svg/70px-Glycerone-phosphate_wpmp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Glycerone-phosphate_wpmp.svg/105px-Glycerone-phosphate_wpmp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Glycerone-phosphate_wpmp.svg/140px-Glycerone-phosphate_wpmp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="81" data-file-height="152" /></a></span></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="width: 100%; display: block;"> <p style="margin: 0.1em 0.5em;">+</p> </div><div style="margin: auto 0">+</div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="width: 100%; display: block; background-color:lightgreen;"> <p style="margin: 0.1em 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde_3-phosphate" title="Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate">Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate</a></p> </div><div style="margin: auto 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.svg/70px-D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.svg/105px-D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.svg/140px-D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="718" /></a></span></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="width: 100%; display: block; background-color:#ffcccc;"> <p style="margin: 0.1em 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Triosephosphate_isomerase" title="Triosephosphate isomerase">Triosephosphate<br />isomerase</a></p> </div><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around; align-items: flex-end; min-height: 22.5px;"> </div><div style="width: 100%; clear:both; overflow: hidden; height: 9px;"><div style="position: relative; bottom: 18px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NNNN_horiz_med.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reversible left-right reaction arrow"><img alt="Reversible left-right reaction arrow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NNNN_horiz_med.svg/45px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NNNN_horiz_med.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NNNN_horiz_med.svg/68px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NNNN_horiz_med.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NNNN_horiz_med.svg/90px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NNNN_horiz_med.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="75" /></a></span></div></div><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around; min-height: 22.5px;"></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="width: 100%; display: block; background-color:lightgreen;"> <p style="margin: 0.1em 0.5em;"><strong>2 × </strong><a href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde_3-phosphate" title="Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate">Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate</a></p> </div><div style="margin: auto 0"><strong>2 × </strong> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.svg/70px-D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.svg/105px-D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.svg/140px-D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="718" /></a></span></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="width: 100%; display: block; background-color:#ffcccc;"> <p style="margin: 0.1em 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate_dehydrogenase" class="mw-redirect" title="Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase">Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate<br />dehydrogenase</a></p> </div><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around; align-items: flex-end;"><div style="width: 45%; float:left">NAD<sup>+</sup>+ P<sub>i</sub></div> <div style="width: 45%; float:right">NADH + H<sup>+</sup></div> </div><div style="width: 100%; clear:both; overflow: hidden; height: 45px;"><div style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_YYYY_horiz_med.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reversible left-right reaction arrow with minor forward substrate(s) from top left, minor forward product(s) to top right, minor reverse substrate(s) from bottom right and minor reverse product(s) to bottom left"><img alt="Reversible left-right reaction arrow with minor forward substrate(s) from top left, minor forward product(s) to top right, minor reverse substrate(s) from bottom right and minor reverse product(s) to bottom left" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_YYYY_horiz_med.svg/45px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_YYYY_horiz_med.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_YYYY_horiz_med.svg/68px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_YYYY_horiz_med.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_YYYY_horiz_med.svg/90px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_YYYY_horiz_med.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="75" /></a></span></div></div><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around;"><div style="width: 45%; float:left">NAD<sup>+</sup>+ P<sub>i</sub></div> <div style="width: 45%; float:right">NADH + H<sup>+</sup></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="width: 100%; display: block; background-color:lightgreen;"> <p style="margin: 0.1em 0.5em;"><strong>2 × </strong><a href="/wiki/1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate" class="mw-redirect" title="1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate">1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate</a></p> </div><div style="margin: auto 0"><strong>2 × </strong> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1,3-bisphospho-D-glycerate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1%2C3-bisphospho-D-glycerate.svg/70px-1%2C3-bisphospho-D-glycerate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1%2C3-bisphospho-D-glycerate.svg/105px-1%2C3-bisphospho-D-glycerate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1%2C3-bisphospho-D-glycerate.svg/140px-1%2C3-bisphospho-D-glycerate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="222" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="width: 100%; display: block; background-color:#ffcccc;"> <p style="margin: 0.1em 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphoglycerate_kinase" title="Phosphoglycerate kinase">Phosphoglycerate kinase</a></p> </div><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around; align-items: flex-end;"><div style="width: 45%; float:left">ADP</div> <div style="width: 45%; float:right">ATP</div> </div><div style="width: 100%; clear:both; overflow: hidden; height: 45px;"><div style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_YYYY_horiz_med.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reversible left-right reaction arrow with minor forward substrate(s) from top left, minor forward product(s) to top right, minor reverse substrate(s) from bottom right and minor reverse product(s) to bottom left"><img alt="Reversible left-right reaction arrow with minor forward substrate(s) from top left, minor forward product(s) to top right, minor reverse substrate(s) from bottom right and minor reverse product(s) to bottom left" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_YYYY_horiz_med.svg/45px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_YYYY_horiz_med.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_YYYY_horiz_med.svg/68px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_YYYY_horiz_med.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_YYYY_horiz_med.svg/90px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_YYYY_horiz_med.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="75" /></a></span></div></div><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around;"><div style="width: 45%; float:left">ADP</div> <div style="width: 45%; float:right">ATP</div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="width: 100%; display: block; background-color:lightgreen;"> <p style="margin: 0.1em 0.5em;"><strong>2 × </strong><a href="/wiki/3-Phosphoglyceric_acid" title="3-Phosphoglyceric acid">3-Phosphoglycerate</a></p> </div><div style="margin: auto 0"><strong>2 × </strong> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3-phospho-D-glycerate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/3-phospho-D-glycerate.svg/70px-3-phospho-D-glycerate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/3-phospho-D-glycerate.svg/105px-3-phospho-D-glycerate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/3-phospho-D-glycerate.svg/140px-3-phospho-D-glycerate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="277" /></a></span></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="width: 100%; display: block; background-color:#ffcccc;"> <p style="margin: 0.1em 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphoglycerate_mutase" title="Phosphoglycerate mutase">Phosphoglycerate mutase</a></p> </div><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around; align-items: flex-end; min-height: 22.5px;"> </div><div style="width: 100%; clear:both; overflow: hidden; height: 9px;"><div style="position: relative; bottom: 18px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NNNN_horiz_med.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reversible left-right reaction arrow"><img alt="Reversible left-right reaction arrow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NNNN_horiz_med.svg/45px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NNNN_horiz_med.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NNNN_horiz_med.svg/68px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NNNN_horiz_med.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NNNN_horiz_med.svg/90px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NNNN_horiz_med.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="75" /></a></span></div></div><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around; min-height: 22.5px;"></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="width: 100%; display: block; background-color:lightgreen;"> <p style="margin: 0.1em 0.5em;"><strong>2 × </strong><a href="/wiki/2-Phosphoglyceric_acid" title="2-Phosphoglyceric acid">2-Phosphoglycerate</a></p> </div><div style="margin: auto 0"><strong>2 × </strong> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2-phospho-D-glycerate_wpmp.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/2-phospho-D-glycerate_wpmp.svg/70px-2-phospho-D-glycerate_wpmp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/2-phospho-D-glycerate_wpmp.svg/105px-2-phospho-D-glycerate_wpmp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/2-phospho-D-glycerate_wpmp.svg/140px-2-phospho-D-glycerate_wpmp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="115" data-file-height="95" /></a></span></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="width: 100%; display: block; background-color:#ffcccc;"> <p style="margin: 0.1em 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphopyruvate_hydratase" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphopyruvate hydratase">Phosphopyruvate<br />hydratase</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enolase" title="Enolase">enolase</a>)</p> </div><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around; align-items: flex-end;"><div style="width: 45%; float:left"> </div> <div style="width: 45%; float:right">H<sub>2</sub>O</div> </div><div style="width: 100%; clear:both; overflow: hidden; height: 45px;"><div style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NYYN_horiz_med.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reversible left-right reaction arrow with minor forward product(s) to top right and minor reverse substrate(s) from bottom right"><img alt="Reversible left-right reaction arrow with minor forward product(s) to top right and minor reverse substrate(s) from bottom right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NYYN_horiz_med.svg/45px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NYYN_horiz_med.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NYYN_horiz_med.svg/68px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NYYN_horiz_med.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NYYN_horiz_med.svg/90px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NYYN_horiz_med.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="75" /></a></span></div></div><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around;"><div style="width: 45%; float:left"> </div> <div style="width: 45%; float:right">H<sub>2</sub>O</div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="width: 100%; display: block; background-color:lightgreen;"> <p style="margin: 0.1em 0.5em;"><strong>2 × </strong><a href="/wiki/Phosphoenolpyruvate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphoenolpyruvate">Phosphoenolpyruvate</a></p> </div><div style="margin: auto 0"><strong>2 × </strong> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phosphoenolpyruvate_wpmp.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Phosphoenolpyruvate_wpmp.svg/70px-Phosphoenolpyruvate_wpmp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Phosphoenolpyruvate_wpmp.svg/105px-Phosphoenolpyruvate_wpmp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Phosphoenolpyruvate_wpmp.svg/140px-Phosphoenolpyruvate_wpmp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="77" data-file-height="109" /></a></span></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="width: 100%; display: block; background-color:#ffcccc;"> <p style="margin: 0.1em 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_kinase" title="Pyruvate kinase">Pyruvate kinase</a></p> </div><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around; align-items: flex-end;"><div style="width: 45%; float:left">ADP</div> <div style="width: 45%; float:right">ATP</div> </div><div style="width: 100%; clear:both; overflow: hidden; height: 27px;"><div style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rightward reaction arrow with minor substrate(s) from top left and minor product(s) to top right"><img alt="Rightward reaction arrow with minor substrate(s) from top left and minor product(s) to top right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg/45px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg/68px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg/90px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="75" /></a></span></div></div><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around; min-height: 22.5px;"></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="width: 100%; display: block; background-color:lightgreen;"> <p style="margin: 0.1em 0.5em;"><strong>2 × </strong><a href="/wiki/Pyruvic_acid" title="Pyruvic acid">Pyruvate</a></p> </div><div style="margin: auto 0"><strong>2 × </strong> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyruvat.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Pyruvat.svg/70px-Pyruvat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Pyruvat.svg/105px-Pyruvat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Pyruvat.svg/140px-Pyruvat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="82" /></a></span></div> </div> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Enzymes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Enzymes" title="Template:Enzymes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Enzymes" title="Template talk:Enzymes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Enzymes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Enzymes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Enzymes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzymes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_site" title="Active site">Active site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binding_site" title="Binding site">Binding site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalytic_triad" title="Catalytic triad">Catalytic triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyanion_hole" title="Oxyanion hole">Oxyanion hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_promiscuity" title="Enzyme promiscuity">Enzyme promiscuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion-limited_enzyme" title="Diffusion-limited enzyme">Diffusion-limited enzyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">Cofactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_catalysis" title="Enzyme catalysis">Enzyme catalysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allosteric_regulation" title="Allosteric regulation">Allosteric regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperativity" title="Cooperativity">Cooperativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">Enzyme inhibitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_activator" title="Enzyme activator">Enzyme activator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number" title="Enzyme Commission number">EC number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_superfamily" title="Protein superfamily">Enzyme superfamily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_family" title="Protein family">Enzyme family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_enzymes" title="List of enzymes">List of enzymes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kinetics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_kinetics" title="Enzyme kinetics">Enzyme kinetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadie%E2%80%93Hofstee_diagram" title="Eadie–Hofstee diagram">Eadie–Hofstee diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanes%E2%80%93Woolf_plot" title="Hanes–Woolf plot">Hanes–Woolf plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineweaver%E2%80%93Burk_plot" title="Lineweaver–Burk plot">Lineweaver–Burk plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michaelis%E2%80%93Menten_kinetics" title="Michaelis–Menten kinetics">Michaelis–Menten kinetics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>EC1 <a href="/wiki/Oxidoreductase" title="Oxidoreductase">Oxidoreductases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 1)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC2 <a href="/wiki/Transferase" title="Transferase">Transferases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 2)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC3 <a href="/wiki/Hydrolase" title="Hydrolase">Hydrolases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 3)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC4 <a href="/wiki/Lyase" title="Lyase">Lyases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_4)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 4)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC5 <a href="/wiki/Isomerase" title="Isomerase">Isomerases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_5)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 5)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC6 <a href="/wiki/Ligase" title="Ligase">Ligases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_6)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 6)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC7 <a href="/wiki/Translocase" title="Translocase">Translocases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_7)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 7)">list</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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