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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Przyroda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Przyroda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Przyroda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Przyroda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Przypisy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Przypisy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Przypisy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Przypisy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Spis treści" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Spis treści" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Atol Pearl i Hermes</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 20 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 języków</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_i_Hermes" title="Pearl i Hermes – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pearl i Hermes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_and_Hermes_Atoll" title="Pearl and Hermes Atoll – cebuański" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pearl and Hermes Atoll" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_a_Hermes" title="Pearl a Hermes – czeski" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pearl a Hermes" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="czeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl-und-Hermes-Atoll" title="Pearl-und-Hermes-Atoll – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pearl-und-Hermes-Atoll" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobry artykuł"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_and_Hermes_Atoll" title="Pearl and Hermes Atoll – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Pearl and Hermes Atoll" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_y_Hermes" title="Pearl y Hermes – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pearl y Hermes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl-kaj-Hermes-atolo" title="Pearl-kaj-Hermes-atolo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pearl-kaj-Hermes-atolo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_eta_Hermes_atoloia" title="Pearl eta Hermes atoloia – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pearl eta Hermes atoloia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoll_de_Pearl_et_Hermes" title="Atoll de Pearl et Hermes – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Atoll de Pearl et Hermes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atol_Pearl_e_Hermes" title="Atol Pearl e Hermes – galicyjski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Atol Pearl e Hermes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoikauaua" title="Holoikauaua – hawajski" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Holoikauaua" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atol_Pearl_dan_Hermes" title="Atol Pearl dan Hermes – indonezyjski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Atol Pearl dan Hermes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlo_ir_Hermeso_atolas" title="Perlo ir Hermeso atolas – litewski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Perlo ir Hermeso atolas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_en_Hermes_Atol" title="Pearl en Hermes Atol – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pearl en Hermes Atol" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA%E7%92%B0%E7%A4%81" title="パールアンドハーミーズ環礁 – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パールアンドハーミーズ環礁" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atol_Pearl_e_Hermes" title="Atol Pearl e Hermes – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Atol Pearl e Hermes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB-%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4-%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Перл-энд-Хермес – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Перл-энд-Хермес" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB_%D1%96_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Перл і Гермес – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Перл і Гермес" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_v%C3%A0_Hermes" title="Pearl và Hermes – wietnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pearl và Hermes" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="wietnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%80%E5%B0%94%E5%92%8C%E8%B5%AB%E7%B1%B3%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%AF%E7%A4%81" title="珀尔和赫米斯环礁 – chiński" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="珀尔和赫米斯环礁" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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.iboxt-3{font-style:italic;font-size:90%}</style><div class="iboxt-1">Pearl i Hermes</div><div class="iboxt-2">Pearl and Hermes<br />Manawai</div> </caption> <tbody><tr class="grafika iboxs"> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Pearl_hermesISS006-E-37899.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Zdjęcie satelitarne"><img alt="Ilustracja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pearl_hermesISS006-E-37899.png/240px-Pearl_hermesISS006-E-37899.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pearl_hermesISS006-E-37899.png/360px-Pearl_hermesISS006-E-37899.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pearl_hermesISS006-E-37899.png/480px-Pearl_hermesISS006-E-37899.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span><br />Zdjęcie satelitarne </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pa%C5%84stwo" title="Państwo">Państwo</a> </th> <td> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Stany_Zjednoczone" title="Stany Zjednoczone">Stany Zjednoczone</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Podzia%C5%82_administracyjny_Stan%C3%B3w_Zjednoczonych" title="Podział administracyjny Stanów Zjednoczonych">Stan</a> </th> <td> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/22px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/33px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/44px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hawaje" title="Hawaje">Hawaje</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Akwen" title="Akwen">Akwen</a> </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Spokojny" title="Ocean Spokojny">Ocean Spokojny</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Archipelag" title="Archipelag">Archipelag</a> </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/P%C3%B3%C5%82nocno-Zachodnie_Wyspy_Hawajskie" title="Północno-Zachodnie Wyspy Hawajskie">Północno-Zachodnie Wyspy Hawajskie</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Powierzchnia </th> <td> <p>0,38<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFManagement_Plan200819_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFManagement_Plan200819-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> km² </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Populacja <br />• liczba ludności </th> <td> <p><br />0 </p> </td></tr> <tr class="infobox-locationmap" style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:black; text-align:center; border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);"> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align:center;margin:0 auto;width:242px"><div style="color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);;font-weight:bold">Położenie na mapie Oceanu Spokojnego</div><div class="mapa-lokalizacyjna"><div style="width:238px;padding:0;border:0 solid #aaa;position:relative"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mapa lokalizacyjna Oceanu Spokojnego"><img alt="Mapa konturowa Oceanu Spokojnego, u góry znajduje się punkt z opisem „Pearl i Hermes”" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Pacific_Ocean_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Pacific_Ocean_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Pacific_Ocean_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Pacific_Ocean_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1074" /></span></span><div aria-hidden="true" style="top:26.155399056544%;left:43.815909747%;margin:0;position:absolute;height:0;padding:0;z-index:2;width:0"><div style="top:-4px;text-align:center;position:relative;line-height:8px;font-size:8px;left:-4px;width:8px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=pl&params=27.833333333333_N_175.83333333333_W_" title="Pearl i Hermes"><img alt="Pearl i Hermes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Dark_Green_004040_pog.svg/20px-Dark_Green_004040_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div style="line-height:15.12px;position:absolute;width:120px;z-index:90;font-size:12.6px;top:-0.5em;float:left;left:6px;text-align:left"><span style="text-shadow:0 0 5px white;;padding:1px">Pearl i Hermes</span></div></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:black; text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);"><span class="coordinates inline inline-and-top plainlinks"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ziemia" title="Ziemia"><img alt="Ziemia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Geographylogo.svg/20px-Geographylogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Geographylogo.svg/30px-Geographylogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Geographylogo.svg/40px-Geographylogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=pl&pagename=Atol_Pearl_i_Hermes&params=27.833333333333_N_175.83333333333_W"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Mapy, zdjęcia satelitarne i inne informacje dotyczące miejsca o współrzędnych geograficznych 27°50′N 175°50′W"><span class="latitude">27°50′N</span> <span class="longitude">175°50′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Mapy, zdjęcia satelitarne i inne informacje dotyczące miejsca o współrzędnych geograficznych 27,833333 -175,833333"><span class="latitude">27,833333</span> <span class="longitude">-175,833333</span></span></span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr class="grafika iboxs"> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Pearl_map_lrg.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mapa wyspy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pearl_map_lrg.gif/240px-Pearl_map_lrg.gif" decoding="async" width="240" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pearl_map_lrg.gif/360px-Pearl_map_lrg.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pearl_map_lrg.gif/480px-Pearl_map_lrg.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint plainlinks" style="border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; margin:0px; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:30px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pearl_and_Hermes_Atoll" title="Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pearl_and_Hermes_Atoll" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pearl and Hermes Atoll">Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Pearl i Hermes</b> (<a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_angielski" title="Język angielski">ang.</a> <em lang="en">Pearl and Hermes Atoll</em>, <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_hawajski" title="Język hawajski">haw.</a> <i>Manawai</i>, także <i>Holoikauaua</i>) – <a href="/wiki/Atol" title="Atol">atol</a> leżący w <a href="/wiki/Hawaje_(archipelag)" title="Hawaje (archipelag)">archipelagu Hawajów</a>, w grupie <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B3%C5%82nocno-Zachodnie_Wyspy_Hawajskie" title="Północno-Zachodnie Wyspy Hawajskie">Północno-Zachodnich Wysp Hawajskich</a>. Administracyjnie należy do stanu <a href="/wiki/Hawaje" title="Hawaje">Hawaje</a> w <a href="/wiki/Stany_Zjednoczone" title="Stany Zjednoczone">Stanach Zjednoczonych</a>. Jest bezludny. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografia">Geografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atol_Pearl_i_Hermes&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Geografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atol_Pearl_i_Hermes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Geografia"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Starr_990614-1011_Eragrostis_variabilis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Starr_990614-1011_Eragrostis_variabilis.jpg/220px-Starr_990614-1011_Eragrostis_variabilis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Starr_990614-1011_Eragrostis_variabilis.jpg/330px-Starr_990614-1011_Eragrostis_variabilis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Starr_990614-1011_Eragrostis_variabilis.jpg/440px-Starr_990614-1011_Eragrostis_variabilis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Pisklęta <a href="/wiki/Albatrosy" title="Albatrosy">albatrosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawajka_grubodzioba" title="Hawajka grubodzioba">hawajka grubodzioba</a> i namioty badaczy na Southeast Island w 1999</figcaption></figure> <p>Pearl i Hermes to atol koralowy, w większości zanurzony, w którym siedem piaszczystych <a href="/wiki/Wysepka" title="Wysepka">wysepek</a> trwale wznosi się ponad <a href="/wiki/Poziom_morza" title="Poziom morza">poziom morza</a><sup id="cite_ref-papa_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-papa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Mają one łączną powierzchnię 0,38 km², otaczają je <a href="/wiki/Rafa_koralowa" title="Rafa koralowa">rafy koralowe</a> o powierzchni 1214 km²<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFManagement_Plan200819_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFManagement_Plan200819-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Atol ma wydłużony kształt i wymiary 32×19,3 km<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFManagement_Plan200819_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFManagement_Plan200819-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Rafa otaczająca <a href="/wiki/Laguna" title="Laguna">lagunę</a> tworzy ciągłą barierę po wschodniej stronie, od południa znajdują się w niej wyrwy umożliwiające wpłynięcie: główne wejście, dość głębokie dla małych jednostek pływających i przesmyk wystarczający dla łodzi w pobliżu południowo-wschodniej wysepki. Od północnego zachodu koralowe wzniesienia i skrawki rafy są poprzedzielane głębszą wodą. Głębokość laguny przekracza 30 m<sup id="cite_ref-TNWHI_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TNWHI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Największą z wysepek jest North Island; na Southeast Island znajduje się zagłębienie terenu, w którym gromadzi się słodka woda deszczowa<sup id="cite_ref-TNWHI_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TNWHI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Najmniejsze wysepki stale zmieniają kształt, pojawiają się nad powierzchnią wody i zanikają<sup id="cite_ref-papa_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-papa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Hawaiian_seamount_chain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mapa batymetryczna. Wzniesienia rozciągają w ukośnej linii, najwyższe na dole po prawej." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hawaiian_seamount_chain.jpg/220px-Hawaiian_seamount_chain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hawaiian_seamount_chain.jpg/330px-Hawaiian_seamount_chain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hawaiian_seamount_chain.jpg/440px-Hawaiian_seamount_chain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="939" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Grzbiet Hawajski: mapa ukształtowania dna morskiego</figcaption></figure> <p>Koralowy atol narósł na szczycie dawnego <a href="/wiki/Wulkan_tarczowy" title="Wulkan tarczowy">wulkanu tarczowego</a>, który wygasł i uległ <a href="/wiki/Erozja" title="Erozja">erozji</a>. <a href="/wiki/Datowanie_metod%C4%85_potasowo-argonow%C4%85" title="Datowanie metodą potasowo-argonową">Datowanie metodą potasowo-argonową</a> pozwoliło stwierdzić, że wulkan był aktywny 26,8 miliona lat temu (<a href="/wiki/Oligocen" title="Oligocen">oligocen</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFManagement_Plan200819_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFManagement_Plan200819-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Atol Pearl i Hermes jest objęty ochroną prawną jako część <a href="/wiki/Papah%C4%81naumoku%C4%81kea_Marine_National_Monument" title="Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument">Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument</a><sup id="cite_ref-papa_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-papa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atol_Pearl_i_Hermes&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj sekcję: Historia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atol_Pearl_i_Hermes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Historia"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nie ma <a href="/wiki/Archeologia" title="Archeologia">archeologicznych</a> świadectw bytności ludzi na Pearl i Hermes, ale w tradycji ustnej zachowały się opowieści świadczące, że rdzenni <a href="/wiki/Hawajczycy" title="Hawajczycy">Hawajczycy</a> wiedzieli o istnieniu Północno-Zachodnich Wysp Hawajskich. Kulturowo były one uznawane za krainy przodków, nieprzeznaczone dla żyjących. Badacze kultury hawajskiej powiązali atol Pearl i Hermes z nazwą Manawai, oznaczającą „wygięty do wewnątrz”, „wklęsły”; człon wai może być nawiązaniem do słowa wai-lua, czyli „duch”. Interpretuje się to jako nawiązanie do procesu <a href="/wiki/Introspekcja_(psychologia)" title="Introspekcja (psychologia)">introspekcji</a>, w którym odsłania się niezmienna natura ludzkiego ducha. Wyrażenie można też przełożyć dosłownie jako „rozgałęziona woda”. W tej interpretacji odnosi się ono do zmienności wody jako żywiołu<sup id="cite_ref-rebirth_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rebirth-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Późniejsza hawajska nazwa Holoikauaua nawiązuje do żyjących tu <a href="/wiki/Fokowate" title="Fokowate">fokowatych</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mniszka_hawajska" title="Mniszka hawajska">mniszek hawajskich</a>; wyrażenie ‘īlioholoikauaua oznacza dosłownie „czworonóg pędzący przez wzburzone morze”<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFManagement_Plan200819_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFManagement_Plan200819-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-map2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-map2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Hermes_01_noaa_casserley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Zdjęcie podwodne." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Hermes_01_noaa_casserley.jpg/220px-Hermes_01_noaa_casserley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Hermes_01_noaa_casserley.jpg/330px-Hermes_01_noaa_casserley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Hermes_01_noaa_casserley.jpg/440px-Hermes_01_noaa_casserley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>Kotwica „Hermesa”</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europejscy</a> żeglarze odkryli ten atol przypadkowo, na skutek katastrofy, która miała miejsce 26 kwietnia 1822 roku. Dwa angielskie <a href="/wiki/Statek_wielorybniczy" title="Statek wielorybniczy">statki wielorybnicze</a>, „Pearl” i „Hermes”, rozbiły się na jego rafach podczas <a href="/wiki/Sztorm" title="Sztorm">sztormu</a>. Załogi statków wylądowały na jednej z wysepek i po wielu trudach zdołały zbudować z części wraków statek, który ochrzciły „Deliverance” (czyli „ocalenie”); marynarze wydostali się na nim z atolu i dotarli do <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>. To właśnie temu zdarzeniu atol zawdzięcza angielską nazwę<sup id="cite_ref-papa_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-papa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TNWHI_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TNWHI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Od tamtej pory co najmniej sześć innych jednostek rozbiło się na jego rafach<sup id="cite_ref-papa_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-papa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. W 1854 roku <a href="/wiki/Przyw%C3%B3dcy_Hawaj%C3%B3w" title="Przywódcy Hawajów">król</a> <a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_III" title="Kamehameha III">Kamehameha III</a> przyłączył wyspę do <a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_Hawaj%C3%B3w" title="Królestwo Hawajów">Królestwa Hawajów</a><sup id="cite_ref-papa_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-papa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. W 1894 atol wydzierżawiono firmie zajmującej się wydobyciem <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">guana</a>, nie było ono jednak intensywne. Od 1909 stał się częścią Hawaiian Islands Bird Reservation. Atol wzbudził większe zainteresowanie w 1927 roku, kiedy odkryto licznie występujące w lagunie <a href="/wiki/Per%C5%82op%C5%82aw" title="Perłopław">perłopławy</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinctada_galtsofii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pinctada galtsofii (strona nie istnieje)">Pinctada galtsofii</a></i>). Powstała firma zajmująca się ich połowem, która postawiła budynki na jednej z wysepek, a nurkowie wydobyli z laguny kilka ton muszli; <a href="/wiki/Masa_per%C5%82owa" title="Masa perłowa">masa perłowa</a> została użyta do produkcji guzików. Rząd <a href="/wiki/Terytorium_Hawaj%C3%B3w" title="Terytorium Hawajów">Terytorium Hawajów</a> nie przychylił się do wniosku o wydzierżawienie atolu i w 1929 objął tutejsze perłopławy ochroną. Mimo tego 90 lat później perłopławy nadal były tu rzadkie<sup id="cite_ref-TNWHI_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TNWHI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-papa_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-papa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przyroda">Przyroda</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atol_Pearl_i_Hermes&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przyroda" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atol_Pearl_i_Hermes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przyroda"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Deep_Reef_Endemic_Species_Pearl_%26_Hermes_Atoll.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Deep_Reef_Endemic_Species_Pearl_%26_Hermes_Atoll.jpg/250px-Deep_Reef_Endemic_Species_Pearl_%26_Hermes_Atoll.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Deep_Reef_Endemic_Species_Pearl_%26_Hermes_Atoll.jpg/330px-Deep_Reef_Endemic_Species_Pearl_%26_Hermes_Atoll.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Deep_Reef_Endemic_Species_Pearl_%26_Hermes_Atoll.jpg/500px-Deep_Reef_Endemic_Species_Pearl_%26_Hermes_Atoll.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1502" data-file-height="941" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Endemit" title="Endemit">Endemiczne</a> ryby rafowe w pobliżu atolu</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Starr_990614-0885_Boerhavia_repens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Starr_990614-0885_Boerhavia_repens.jpg/220px-Starr_990614-0885_Boerhavia_repens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Starr_990614-0885_Boerhavia_repens.jpg/330px-Starr_990614-0885_Boerhavia_repens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Starr_990614-0885_Boerhavia_repens.jpg/440px-Starr_990614-0885_Boerhavia_repens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1638" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Żółwie morskie i mniszki hawajskie na plaży North Island</figcaption></figure> <p>Wody atolu Pearl i Hermes są miejscem życia 174 gatunków ryb, z czego aż 62% to gatunki <a href="/wiki/Endemit" title="Endemit">endemiczne</a> dla Hawajów; jest to najwyższy odsetek w archipelagu<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFManagement_Plan200819_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFManagement_Plan200819-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Występują tu m.in. <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBar%C5%82acz_galapagoski" title="Żarłacz galapagoski">żarłacz galapagoski</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBar%C5%82acz_brunatny" title="Żarłacz brunatny">żarłacz brunatny</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sargocentron_spiniferum" title="Sargocentron spiniferum">Sargocentron spiniferum</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caranx_ignobilis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caranx ignobilis (strona nie istnieje)">Caranx ignobilis</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priacanthus_meeki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Priacanthus meeki (strona nie istnieje)">Priacanthus meeki</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Pomakantowate" title="Pomakantowate">pomakantowate</a> (w tym rzadkie w innych częściach archipelagu <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genicanthus_personatus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genicanthus personatus (strona nie istnieje)">Genicanthus personatus</a></i> i <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centropyge_interrupta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centropyge interrupta (strona nie istnieje)">Centropyge interrupta</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/W%C4%99gorzokszta%C5%82tne" title="Węgorzokształtne">węgorzokształtne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skarusowate" title="Skarusowate">skarusowate</a><sup id="cite_ref-papa_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-papa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Żyją tu także różnorodne <a href="/wiki/Homarowate" title="Homarowate">homarowate</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C4%85bki" title="Gąbki">gąbki</a> i <a href="/wiki/Koralowce" title="Koralowce">koralowce</a> (udokumentowano 33 gatunki <a href="/wiki/Korale_madreporowe" title="Korale madreporowe">korali madreporowych</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFManagement_Plan200819_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFManagement_Plan200819-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-papa_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-papa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. W wodach atolu rozmnażają się <a href="/wiki/Delfinek_d%C5%82ugoszcz%C4%99ki" title="Delfinek długoszczęki">delfinki długoszczękie</a>. Jest to także miejsce żerowania i rozrodu <a href="/wiki/%C5%BB%C3%B3%C5%82wie_morskie" title="Żółwie morskie">żółwi morskich</a> i <a href="/wiki/Mniszka_hawajska" title="Mniszka hawajska">mniszki hawajskiej</a><sup id="cite_ref-papa_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-papa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Piaszczyste wysepki atolu są porośnięte przez trawy i <a href="/wiki/Ro%C5%9Blina_zielna" title="Roślina zielna">rośliny zielne</a>, odporne na zalewanie słoną wodą; występuje tu 13 rodzimych gatunków roślin i 7 introdukowanych<sup id="cite_ref-papa_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-papa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. W 1828 posadzono tu <a href="/wiki/Rzewnia" title="Rzewnia">rzewnię</a>, która jednak nie przetrwała<sup id="cite_ref-TNWHI_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TNWHI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Na atolu spotykane jest około 160 tysięcy <a href="/wiki/Ptaki" title="Ptaki">ptaków</a> morskich z 22 gatunków, w tym <a href="/wiki/Albatros_czarnonogi" title="Albatros czarnonogi">albatrosy czarnonogie</a> i <a href="/wiki/Nawa%C5%82nik_%C5%BCa%C5%82obny" title="Nawałnik żałobny">nawałniki żałobne</a>; jest to jedno z dwóch znanych na Hawajach miejsc gniazdowania <a href="/wiki/Rybitwa_bia%C5%82oczelna" title="Rybitwa białoczelna">rybitwy białoczelnej</a><sup id="cite_ref-papa_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-papa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 16 gatunków gniazduje na atolu<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFManagement_Plan200819_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFManagement_Plan200819-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. W 1967 z niedalekiej wyspy <a href="/wiki/Laysan" title="Laysan">Laysan</a> została tu sprowadzona <a href="/wiki/Hawajka_grubodzioba" title="Hawajka grubodzioba">hawajka grubodzioba</a>, aby utworzyć drugą populację tego gatunku<sup id="cite_ref-papa_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-papa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Żyje tu także endemiczny podgatunek <a href="/wiki/Pluskwiaki" title="Pluskwiaki">pluskwiaka</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nysius_fullawayi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nysius fullawayi (strona nie istnieje)">Nysius fullawayi</a> infuscatus</i><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFManagement_Plan200819_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFManagement_Plan200819-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Wpływ ludzkiej działalności na atol Pearl i Hermes był mniejszy niż w przypadku innych w archipelagu, ale także tu występują problemy z odpadami przynoszonymi przez <a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%85d_morski" title="Prąd morski">prądy morskie</a> oraz wrakami statków. Tylko w 2003 roku z raf usunięto ponad 90 ton odpadów<sup id="cite_ref-papa_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-papa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przypisy">Przypisy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atol_Pearl_i_Hermes&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przypisy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atol_Pearl_i_Hermes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przypisy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFManagement_Plan200819-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFManagement_Plan200819_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFManagement_Plan200819_1-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFManagement_Plan200819_1-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFManagement_Plan200819_1-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFManagement_Plan200819_1-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFManagement_Plan200819_1-5">f</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFManagement_Plan200819_1-6">g</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFManagement_Plan200819_1-7">h</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFManagement_Plan200819_1-8">i</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFManagement_Plan2008">Management Plan 2008 ↓</a></span>, s. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-papa-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-papa_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-papa_2-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-papa_2-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-papa_2-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-papa_2-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-papa_2-5">f</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-papa_2-6">g</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-papa_2-7">h</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-papa_2-8">i</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-papa_2-9">j</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-papa_2-10">k</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-papa_2-11">l</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-papa_2-12">m</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-papa_2-13">n</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220823212641/https://www.papahanaumokuakea.gov/visit/pearl.html"><i>Pearl and Hermes Atoll</i></a> [online], <a href="/wiki/Papah%C4%81naumoku%C4%81kea_Marine_National_Monument" title="Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument">Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument</a>, 30 lipca 2020<span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2022-10-02]</span> [zarchiwizowane z <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.papahanaumokuakea.gov/visit/pearl.html">adresu</a> 2022-08-23]<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft.date=2020-07-30&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Pearl+and+Hermes+Atoll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.papahanaumokuakea.gov%2Fvisit%2Fpearl.html" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TNWHI-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-TNWHI_3-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-TNWHI_3-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-TNWHI_3-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-TNWHI_3-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-TNWHI_3-4">e</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Edwin Horace</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Edwin Horace" style="display:none">E.H.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Bryan</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Edwin Horace</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Edwin Horace">E.H.</span></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=R5g6AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA23"><i>The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands: An Annotated Bibliography</i></a>, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1978, s. 23–25<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft.aufirst=Edwin+Horace&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=The+Northwestern+Hawaiian+Islands%3A+An+Annotated+Bibliography&rft.pub=U.S.+Fish+and+Wildlife+Service&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Bryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR5g6AQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA23" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rebirth-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-rebirth_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kekuewa Kikiloi, M. Graves. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kekuewa-Kikiloi/publication/228496140_Rebirth_of_an_archipelago_sustaining_a_Hawaiian_cultural_identity_for_people_and_homeland/links/02e7e53105c25602c9000000/Rebirth-of-an-archipelago-sustaining-a-Hawaiian-cultural-identity-for-people-and-homeland.pdf"><em>Rebirth of an archipelago: sustaining a Hawaiian cultural identity for people and homeland</em></a>. „Hulili: Multidisplinary Research on Hawaiian Well-Being”. 6, s. 73–114, 2010.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rebirth+of+an+archipelago%3A+sustaining+a+Hawaiian+cultural+identity+for+people+and+homeland&rft.jtitle=Hulili%3A+Multidisplinary+Research+on+Hawaiian+Well-Being&rft.date=2010&rft.volume=6&rft.aulast=Kikiloi&rft.aufirst=Kekuewa&rft.pages=73%E2%80%93114&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fprofile%2FKekuewa-Kikiloi%2Fpublication%2F228496140_Rebirth_of_an_archipelago_sustaining_a_Hawaiian_cultural_identity_for_people_and_homeland%2Flinks%2F02e7e53105c25602c9000000%2FRebirth-of-an-archipelago-sustaining-a-Hawaiian-cultural-identity-for-people-and-homeland.pdf"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-map2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-map2_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://expandpmnm.com/wp-content/uploads/HawaiianNamesMap.pdf"><i>Ua pa‘a na inoa kahiko Ancient Names Remembered</i></a> [online], <a href="/wiki/Papah%C4%81naumoku%C4%81kea_Marine_National_Monument" title="Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument">Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Ua+pa%E2%80%98a+na+inoa+kahiko+Ancient+Names+Remembered&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexpandpmnm.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FHawaiianNamesMap.pdf" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atol_Pearl_i_Hermes&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Edytuj sekcję: Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atol_Pearl_i_Hermes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Bibliografia"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation web" id="CITEREFManagement_Plan2008"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">N.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" style="display:none">N.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">AL</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">N.</span><span class="cite-name-initials">N.</span></span>, <span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">O.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" style="display:none">O.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">CE</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">O.</span><span class="cite-name-initials">O.</span></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20220731084738/https://nmspapahanaumokuakea.blob.core.windows.net/papahanaumokuakea-prod/media/archive/management/mp/vol1_mmp08.pdf"><i>Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument Management Plan</i></a> [online], 2008<span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2022-09-05]</span> [zarchiwizowane z <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nmspapahanaumokuakea.blob.core.windows.net/papahanaumokuakea-prod/media/archive/management/mp/vol1_mmp08.pdf">adresu</a> 2022-07-31]<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Papah%C4%81naumoku%C4%81kea+Marine+National+Monument+Management+Plan&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=AL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnmspapahanaumokuakea.blob.core.windows.net%2Fpapahanaumokuakea-prod%2Fmedia%2Farchive%2Fmanagement%2Fmp%2Fvol1_mmp08.pdf" style="display:none"> </span> 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Pūhāhonu)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maro_Reef" title="Maro Reef">Maro Reef</a> <i>(Kamole, Nalukākala)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laysan" title="Laysan">Laysan</a> <i>(Kamole, Kauō)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyspa_Lisianskiego" title="Wyspa Lisianskiego">Wyspa Lisianskiego</a> <i>(Kapou, Papaāpoho)</i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atol Pearl i Hermes</a> <i>(Manawai, Holoikauaua)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway" title="Midway">Midway</a> <i>(Kuaihelani, Pihemanu)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kure_(atol)" title="Kure (atol)">Kure (atol)</a> <i>(Hōlanikū, Mokupāpapa)</i></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-after after"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hawaje" title="Hawaje"><img alt="Hawaje" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/120px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/180px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/240px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </p> </div></div><div class="hlist navbox-below below"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Papah%C4%81naumoku%C4%81kea_Marine_National_Monument" title="Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument">Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r75562624">.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div+div{margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div>div{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);padding:.2em .5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul li:first-child{padding-left:.5em;border-left:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}</style> <div id="normdaten" class="catlinks"><div class="normdaten-typ-fehlt"><div><a href="/wiki/Kontrola_autorytatywna" title="Kontrola autorytatywna">Kontrola autorytatywna</a> (<span class="description"><a href="/wiki/Atol" title="Atol">atol</a></span>):</div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viaf.org/viaf/315132322">315132322</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/sh92003834">sh92003834</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Izraela" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Izraela">J9U</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007530285005171">987007530285005171</a></span></li></ul></div></div></div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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