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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Charter_Act" title="Bank Charter Act – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bank Charter Act" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1844_%D5%A9%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%BF" title="1844 թվականի Բանկային ակտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="1844 թվականի Բանկային ակտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Charter_Act" title="Bank Charter Act – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bank Charter Act" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C%E6%9D%A1%E4%BE%8B" title="ピール銀行条例 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピール銀行条例" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peel_Banking_Act" title="Peel Banking Act – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Peel Banking Act" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82_1844_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Банковский акт 1844 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Bank Charter Act 1844<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act to regulate the Issue of Bank Notes, and for giving to the Bank of England certain Privileges for a limited Period.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/7_%26_8_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="7 & 8 Vict.">7 & 8 Vict.</a> c. 32</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Territorial extent </span></th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">19 July 1844</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Amended by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_Act_1874_(No._2)" title="Statute Law Revision Act 1874 (No. 2)">Statute Law Revision Act 1874 (No. 2)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repealed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Currency_and_Bank_Notes_Act_1928" title="Currency and Bank Notes Act 1928">Currency and Bank Notes Act 1928</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Currency_and_Bank_Notes_Act_1939&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Currency and Bank Notes Act 1939 (page does not exist)">Currency and Bank Notes Act 1939</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_Act_2009" title="Banking Act 2009">Banking Act 2009</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Status: Amended</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1844/32/pdfs/ukpga_18440032_en.pdf?view=extent">Text of statute as originally enacted</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/7-8/32/contents">Revised text of statute as amended</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bank_act_1844.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bank_act_1844.jpg/170px-Bank_act_1844.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bank_act_1844.jpg/255px-Bank_act_1844.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bank_act_1844.jpg/340px-Bank_act_1844.jpg 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Bank Act of 1844</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Bank Charter Act 1844</b> (<a href="/wiki/7_%26_8_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="7 & 8 Vict.">7 & 8 Vict.</a> c. 32), sometimes referred to as the <b>Peel Banking Act of 1844</b>, was an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament">Act</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>, passed under the government of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Robert Peel</a>, which restricted the powers of British banks and gave exclusive note-issuing powers to the central <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England_Acts_1694_to_1892" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank of England Acts 1694 to 1892">Bank of England Acts 1694 to 1892</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_Charter_Act_1844&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until the mid-nineteenth century, commercial banks in Britain and Ireland were able to issue their own banknotes, and notes issued by provincial banking companies were commonly in circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the 1844 Act, <a href="/wiki/Bullionism" title="Bullionism">bullionism</a> was institutionalized in Britain,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> creating a ratio between the gold reserves held by the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> and the notes that the Bank could issue,<sup id="cite_ref-Poovey_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poovey-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and limited the issuance by English and Welsh banks of non-gold-backed Bank of England notes to up to £14 million.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Act also placed strict curbs on the issuance of notes by the country banks,<sup id="cite_ref-Poovey_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poovey-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> barring any new "banks of issue" in any part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and thus beginning the process of centralizing banknote issuance.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Act was a victory for the <a href="/wiki/British_Currency_School" title="British Currency School">British Currency School</a>, who argued that the issue of new banknotes was a major cause of <a href="/wiki/Price_inflation" class="mw-redirect" title="Price inflation">price inflation</a>. </p><p>Although the Act required new notes to be backed fully by gold or <a href="/wiki/Government_debt" title="Government debt">government debt</a>, the government retained the power to suspend the Act in case of financial crisis, and this in fact happened several times: in 1847<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1857, and during the 1866 <a href="/wiki/Overend_Gurney_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Overend Gurney crisis">Overend Gurney crisis</a>. </p><p>Also, while the act restricted the supply of new notes, it did not restrict the creation of new <a href="/wiki/Deposit_account" title="Deposit account">bank deposits</a>, and these would continue to increase in size over the course of the 19th century. </p><p>Bank deposits are sums of money that a bank, backed by considerable collateral, may choose to deposit in the holder’s account as a loan which requires repayment with interest. The money comes into existence when the bank creates the deposit,<sup id="cite_ref-Bank_of_England_Quarterly_Bulletin_2014_Q1:_Money_creation_in_the_modern_economy_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bank_of_England_Quarterly_Bulletin_2014_Q1:_Money_creation_in_the_modern_economy-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and when the loan is paid off, the money disappears from the bank’s balance sheet.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While a loan is effectively a cash advance provided by the bank to the customer, in the long term the effect of unrestricted creation of bank deposits (money) can lead to inflation in the markets into which that money is channelled, such as the property market through banks' mortgage lending. </p><p>As a result of the Act, as provincial banking companies merged to form larger banks, they lost their right to issue notes. The English private banknote eventually disappeared, leaving the Bank of England with a monopoly of note issue in England and Wales. The last private bank to issue its own banknotes in England and Wales was <a href="/wiki/Fox,_Fowler_and_Company" title="Fox, Fowler and Company">Fox, Fowler and Company</a> in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-banknote-history_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banknote-history-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fox-note_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fox-note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_Notes_(Scotland)_Act_1845&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bank Notes (Scotland) Act 1845 (page does not exist)">Bank Notes (Scotland) Act 1845</a> adopted a year later was more lenient, allowing banks in Scotland to issue more than their 1845 circulation amount, as long as the additional circulation was backed pound-for-pound with gold reserves at head office. Merging banks were also allowed to combine their issues.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today three commercial banks in Scotland and three in Northern Ireland continue to issue their own <a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Banknotes of the pound sterling">sterling banknotes</a>, regulated by the Bank of England.<sup id="cite_ref-scot-ni_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scot-ni-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Banking_Act_2009">Banking Act 2009</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_Charter_Act_1844&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Banking Act 2009"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Banking_Act_2009" title="Banking Act 2009">Banking Act 2009</a> abolished the "weekly return" of the number of banknotes issued by the Bank of England: "Section 6 of the Bank Charter Act 1844 (Bank to produce weekly account) shall cease to have effect".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outcomes">Outcomes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_Charter_Act_1844&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Outcomes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Cambridge economic historian <a href="/wiki/Charles_Read_(economic_historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Read (economic historian)">Charles Read</a> has argued that this legislation reduced Britain's fiscal capacity to pay for humanitarian relief during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a> in Ireland (1845–1852),<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that it also made the financial crises of 1847, 1857 and 1866 worse than they would otherwise have been.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (More traditional explanations for the UK Government's decisions to withhold relief and intervention <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)#Causes_and_contributing_factors" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">are given</a> in the article about the famine.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_Charter_Act_1844&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/All-currency-symbol.svg/28px-All-currency-symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/All-currency-symbol.svg/42px-All-currency-symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/All-currency-symbol.svg/56px-All-currency-symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="54" data-file-height="54" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Banks" title="Portal:Banks">Banks portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/32px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/48px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/64px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="465" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Money" title="Portal:Money">Money portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Meulen" title="Henry Meulen">Henry Meulen</a> – a critic who saw the Bank Charter Act as a cause of economic depression and political revolution</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Banknotes of the pound sterling">Banknotes of the pound sterling</a> – a list of note-issuing banks in the <a href="/wiki/Sterling_area" title="Sterling area">Sterling area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_Scotland" title="Banknotes of Scotland">Banknotes of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Banknotes of Northern Ireland">Banknotes of Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractional_reserve_banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Fractional reserve banking">Fractional reserve banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_Charter_Act_1844&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The citation of this Act by this short title was authorised by the <a href="/wiki/Short_Titles_Act_1896" title="Short Titles Act 1896">Short Titles Act 1896</a>, section 1 and the first schedule. Due to the repeal of those provisions it is now authorised by section 19(2) of the <a href="/wiki/Interpretation_Act_1978" title="Interpretation Act 1978">Interpretation Act 1978</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/about/legislation/1844act.pdf">"Bank Charter Act 1844"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Bank of England. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101203090327/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/about/legislation/1844act.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bank+Charter+Act+1844&rft.pub=Bank+of+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bankofengland.co.uk%2Fabout%2Flegislation%2F1844act.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+Charter+Act+1844" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorsefield1944" class="citation journal cs1">Horsefield, J. K. (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2549352">"The Origins of the Bank Charter Act, 1844"</a>. <i>Economica</i>. <b>11</b> (44): 180–189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2549352">10.2307/2549352</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0427">0013-0427</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economica&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+the+Bank+Charter+Act%2C+1844&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=180-189&rft.date=1944&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2549352&rft.issn=0013-0427&rft.aulast=Horsefield&rft.aufirst=J.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2549352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+Charter+Act+1844" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhale1944" class="citation journal cs1">Whale, P. Barrett (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2550283">"A Retrospective View of the Bank Charter Act of 1844"</a>. <i>Economica</i>. <b>11</b> (43): 109–111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2550283">10.2307/2550283</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0427">0013-0427</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economica&rft.atitle=A+Retrospective+View+of+the+Bank+Charter+Act+of+1844&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=43&rft.pages=109-111&rft.date=1944&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2550283&rft.issn=0013-0427&rft.aulast=Whale&rft.aufirst=P.+Barrett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2550283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+Charter+Act+1844" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Short_Titles_Act_1896" title="Short Titles Act 1896">Short Titles Act 1896</a>, section 2(1) and Schedule 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118104053/http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/cm/others/%c2%a32_note_issued_by_evans,_jones.aspx">"£2 note issued by Evans, Jones, Davies & Co"</a>. British Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/cm/others/%c2%a32_note_issued_by_evans,_jones.aspx">the original</a> on 18 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C2%A32+note+issued+by+Evans%2C+Jones%2C+Davies+%26+Co.&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fexplore%2Fhighlights%2Fhighlight_objects%2Fcm%2Fothers%2F%25c2%25a32_note_issued_by_evans%2C_jones.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+Charter+Act+1844" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anna Gambles, <i>Protection and Politics: Conservative Economic Discourse, 1815-1852</i> (Royal Historical Society/Boydell Press, 1999), pp. 117-18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poovey-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Poovey_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poovey_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoovey2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Poovey" title="Mary Poovey">Poovey, Mary</a> (2008). <i>Genres of the Credit Economy: Mediating Value in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Britain</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genres+of+the+Credit+Economy%3A+Mediating+Value+in+Eighteenth-+and+Nineteenth-Century+Britain&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Poovey&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+Charter+Act+1844" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewey2014" class="citation book cs1">Dewey, Peter (2014) [1994]. <i>War and Progress: Britain 1914-1945</i>. Routledge. p. 74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Progress%3A+Britain+1914-1945&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Dewey&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+Charter+Act+1844" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/7-8/32/section/10">"Bank Charter Act 1844: No banker not issuing notes on 6th May 1844, to issue notes hereafter"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a>. 19 July 1844. (7 and 8 Vict) c.32 (s. 10). <q>No person other than a banker who on the sixth day of May one thousand eight hundred and forty-four was lawfully issuing his own bank notes shall make or issue bank notes in any part of the United Kingdom.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Bank+Charter+Act+1844%3A+No+banker+not+issuing+notes+on+6th+May+1844%2C+to+issue+notes+hereafter&rft.date=1844-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2FVict%2F7-8%2F32%2Fsection%2F10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+Charter+Act+1844" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToniloWhite2016" class="citation book cs1">Tonilo, Gianni; White, Eugene N. (2016). "The Evolution of the Financial Stability Mandate: From Its Origin to the Present Day". <i>Central Banks at a Crossroads</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 431.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Financial+Stability+Mandate%3A+From+Its+Origin+to+the+Present+Day&rft.btitle=Central+Banks+at+a+Crossroads&rft.pages=431&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Tonilo&rft.aufirst=Gianni&rft.au=White%2C+Eugene+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+Charter+Act+1844" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2014" class="citation cs2">Campbell, Gareth (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199688661.001.0001/acprof-9780199688661-chapter-4">"Government Policy during the British Railway Mania and the 1847 Commercial Crisis"</a>, <i>British Financial Crises since 1825</i>, Oxford University Press, pp. 58–75, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199688661.003.0004">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199688661.003.0004</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968866-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968866-1"><bdi>978-0-19-968866-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Financial+Crises+since+1825&rft.atitle=Government+Policy+during+the+British+Railway+Mania+and+the+1847+Commercial+Crisis&rft.pages=58-75&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199688661.003.0004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-968866-1&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxford.universitypressscholarship.com%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199688661.001.0001%2Facprof-9780199688661-chapter-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+Charter+Act+1844" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bank_of_England_Quarterly_Bulletin_2014_Q1:_Money_creation_in_the_modern_economy-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bank_of_England_Quarterly_Bulletin_2014_Q1:_Money_creation_in_the_modern_economy_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/-/media/boe/files/quarterly-bulletin/2014/money-creation-in-the-modern-economy">"Money creation in the modern economy"</a>. Bank of England<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Money+creation+in+the+modern+economy&rft.pub=Bank+of+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bankofengland.co.uk%2F-%2Fmedia%2Fboe%2Ffiles%2Fquarterly-bulletin%2F2014%2Fmoney-creation-in-the-modern-economy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+Charter+Act+1844" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/knowledgebank/how-is-money-created">"Most of the money in the economy is created by banks when they provide loans"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a>. 1 October 2019. <q>Most of the money in the economy is created, not by printing presses at the central bank, but by banks when they provide loans. [...] This also means as you pay off the loan, the electronic money your bank created is 'deleted' –  it no longer exists. So essentially, banks create money, not wealth.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Most+of+the+money+in+the+economy+is+created+by+banks+when+they+provide+loans.&rft.pub=Bank+of+England&rft.date=2019-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bankofengland.co.uk%2Fknowledgebank%2Fhow-is-money-created&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+Charter+Act+1844" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-banknote-history-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-banknote-history_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204061720/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/banknotes/about/scottish_northernireland.htm">"A brief history of banknotes"</a>. Bank of England. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/banknotes/about/scottish_northernireland.htm">the original</a> on 4 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+brief+history+of+banknotes&rft.pub=Bank+of+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bankofengland.co.uk%2Fbanknotes%2Fabout%2Fscottish_northernireland.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+Charter+Act+1844" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fox-note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fox-note_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002040119/http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/cm/f/fox,_fowler__co_%c2%a35_not.aspx">"Fox, Fowler & Co. £5 note"</a>. British Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/cm/f/fox,_fowler__co_%C2%A35_not.aspx">the original</a> on 2 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fox%2C+Fowler+%26+Co.+%C2%A35+note&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fexplore%2Fhighlights%2Fhighlight_objects%2Fcm%2Ff%2Ffox%2C_fowler__co_%25C2%25A35_not.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+Charter+Act+1844" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbs.com/heritage/rbs-history-in-100-objects/history-in-100-themes/turning-points/banknotes-bill-1844.html">"RBS History in 100 objects: Banknotes bill, 1844"</a>. <i>RBS Heritage Hub</i>. Royal Bank of Scotland<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RBS+Heritage+Hub&rft.atitle=RBS+History+in+100+objects%3A+Banknotes+bill%2C+1844&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbs.com%2Fheritage%2Frbs-history-in-100-objects%2Fhistory-in-100-themes%2Fturning-points%2Fbanknotes-bill-1844.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+Charter+Act+1844" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scot-ni-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scot-ni_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204061720/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/banknotes/about/scottish_northernireland.htm">"The Bank of England's Role in Regulating the Issue of Scottish and Northern Ireland Banknotes"</a>. Bank of England. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/banknotes/about/scottish_northernireland.htm">the original</a> on 4 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bank+of+England%27s+Role+in+Regulating+the+Issue+of+Scottish+and+Northern+Ireland+Banknotes&rft.pub=Bank+of+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bankofengland.co.uk%2Fbanknotes%2Fabout%2Fscottish_northernireland.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+Charter+Act+1844" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2009/1/pdfs/ukpga_20090001_en.pdf">"Banking Act 2009"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. legislation.gov.uk. p. 135<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Banking+Act+2009&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=legislation.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F2009%2F1%2Fpdfs%2Fukpga_20090001_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+Charter+Act+1844" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRead2022" class="citation book cs1">Read, Charles (2022). <i>The Great Famine in Ireland and Britain's Financial Crisis</i>. The Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781800106284" title="Special:BookSources/9781800106284"><bdi>9781800106284</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Famine+in+Ireland+and+Britain%27s+Financial+Crisis&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781800106284&rft.aulast=Read&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+Charter+Act+1844" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRead2023" class="citation book cs1">Read, Charles (2023). <i>Calming the storms: The Carry Trade, the Banking School and British financial crises since 1825</i>. Palgrave Studies in Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783031119149" title="Special:BookSources/9783031119149"><bdi>9783031119149</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calming+the+storms%3A+The+Carry+Trade%2C+the+Banking+School+and+British+financial+crises+since+1825&rft.series=Palgrave+Studies+in+Economic+History&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9783031119149&rft.aulast=Read&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+Charter+Act+1844" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoot1984" class="citation book cs1">Boot, H. M. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11325541"><i>The commercial crisis of 1847</i></a>. Hull, England: Hull University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85958-442-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85958-442-9"><bdi>0-85958-442-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11325541">11325541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+commercial+crisis+of+1847&rft.place=Hull%2C+England&rft.pub=Hull+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11325541&rft.isbn=0-85958-442-9&rft.aulast=Boot&rft.aufirst=H.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F11325541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+Charter+Act+1844" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_Charter_Act_1844&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1844/32">Text of the Bank Charter Act 1844</a> as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from <a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ledr.com/bank_act/1844032.htm">Bank Charter Act 1844</a> - full text</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank_Charter_Act_1844&oldid=1257802990">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank_Charter_Act_1844&oldid=1257802990</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_Kingdom_Acts_of_Parliament_1844" title="Category:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1844">United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1844</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Banking_legislation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Banking legislation in the United Kingdom">Banking legislation in the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1844_in_economic_history" title="Category:1844 in economic history">1844 in economic history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Robert_Peel" title="Category:Robert Peel">Robert Peel</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2020">Use dmy dates from July 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 November 2024, at 18:45<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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