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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cuprins</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Început</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Comunicații_prin_fir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comunicații_prin_fir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Comunicații prin fir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comunicații_prin_fir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comunicații_prin_fibră_optică" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comunicații_prin_fibră_optică"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Comunicații prin fibră optică</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comunicații_prin_fibră_optică-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clasificare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clasificare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Clasificare</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clasificare-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clasificare subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clasificare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comunicații_analogice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comunicații_analogice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Comunicații analogice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comunicații_analogice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comunicații_digitale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comunicații_digitale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Comunicații digitale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comunicații_digitale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-În_societate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#În_societate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>În societate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-În_societate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vezi_și" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vezi_și"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vezi și</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vezi_și-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Telecomunicație</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 118 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-118" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">118 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekommunikasie" title="Telekommunikasie – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Telekommunikasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecomunicaci%C3%B3n" title="Telecomunicación – aragoneză" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Telecomunicación" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF" title="اتصال عن بعد – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اتصال عن بعد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecomunicaci%C3%B3n" title="Telecomunicación – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Telecomunicación" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekommunikasiya" title="Telekommunikasiya – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Telekommunikasiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekomunikasyon" title="Telekomunikasyon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Telekomunikasyon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C_(%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Сувязь (тэхніка) – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сувязь (тэхніка)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C_(%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Сувязь (тэхніка) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сувязь (тэхніка)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Далекосъобщения – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Далекосъобщения" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%91%E1%80%AC%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%86%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%EA%A9%BB" title="ထာꩻဆှိုပ်စပ်ꩻ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ထာꩻဆှိုပ်စပ်ꩻ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97" title="টেলিযোগাযোগ – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টেলিযোগাযোগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97" title="টেলিযোগাযোগ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="টেলিযোগাযোগ" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellgehenterezhio%C3%B9" title="Pellgehenterezhioù – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pellgehenterezhioù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekomunikacije" title="Telekomunikacije – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Telekomunikacije" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecomunicaci%C3%B3" title="Telecomunicació – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Telecomunicació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="دوورپەیوەندی – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دوورپەیوەندی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekomunikace" title="Telekomunikace – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Telekomunikace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekommunikation" title="Telekommunikation – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Telekommunikation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekommunikation" title="Telekommunikation – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Telekommunikation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekomunikasyon" title="Telekomunikasyon – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Telekomunikasyon" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Τηλεπικοινωνίες – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τηλεπικοινωνίες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Telecommunications" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekomunikado" title="Telekomunikado – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Telekomunikado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecomunicaci%C3%B3n" title="Telecomunicación – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Telecomunicación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekommunikatsioon" title="Telekommunikatsioon – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Telekommunikatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekomunikazio" title="Telekomunikazio – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Telekomunikazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="مخابرات – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مخابرات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televiestint%C3%A4" title="Televiestintä – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Televiestintä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications" title="Télécommunications – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Télécommunications" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecomunicazion" title="Telecomunicazion – friulană" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Telecomunicazion" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teileachumars%C3%A1id" title="Teileachumarsáid – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teileachumarsáid" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E4%BF%A1" title="電信 – chineză gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="電信" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="chineză gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9kominikasyon" title="Télékominikasyon – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Télékominikasyon" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cian-chonaltradh" title="Cian-chonaltradh – gaelică scoțiană" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cian-chonaltradh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelică scoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecomunicaci%C3%B3ns" title="Telecomunicacións – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Telecomunicacións" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadarwa" title="Sadarwa – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sadarwa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94" title="טלקומוניקציה – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טלקומוניקציה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="दूरसंचार – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दूरसंचार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekomunikacija" title="Telekomunikacija – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Telekomunikacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekominikasyon" title="Telekominikasyon – haitiană" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Telekominikasyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1vk%C3%B6zl%C3%A9s" title="Távközlés – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Távközlés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հեռահաղորդակցություն – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հեռահաղորդակցություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication" title="Telecommunication – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Telecommunication" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekomunikasi" title="Telekomunikasi – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Telekomunikasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekomuniko" title="Telekomuniko – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Telekomuniko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjarskipti" title="Fjarskipti – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fjarskipti" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecomunicazione" title="Telecomunicazione – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Telecomunicazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%B0%97%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1" title="電気通信 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電気通信" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telikomiunikieshan" title="Telikomiunikieshan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Telikomiunikieshan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ტელეკომუნიკაცია – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტელეკომუნიკაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Телекоммуникация – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Телекоммуникация" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%86" title="ದೂರಸಂವಹನ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದೂರಸಂವಹನ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0_%ED%86%B5%EC%8B%A0" title="전기 통신 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전기 통신" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekomun%C3%AEkasyon" title="Telekomunîkasyon – kurdă" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Telekomunîkasyon" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Телекоммуникация – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Телекоммуникация" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicatio" title="Telecommunicatio – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Telecommunicatio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekomunikasion" title="Telekomunikasion – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Telekomunikasion" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekommunikatioun" title="Telekommunikatioun – luxemburgheză" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Telekommunikatioun" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicatie" title="Telecommunicatie – limburgheză" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Telecommunicatie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1" title="ໂທລະຄົມມະນາຄົມ – laoțiană" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໂທລະຄົມມະນາຄົມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekomunikacija" title="Telekomunikacija – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Telekomunikacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telesakari" title="Telesakari – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Telesakari" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifandraisan-davitra" title="Fifandraisan-davitra – malgașă" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fifandraisan-davitra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Электрокыл – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Электрокыл" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekomunikasi" title="Telekomunikasi – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Telekomunikasi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="വിദൂരാശയവിനിമയം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിദൂരാശയവിനിമയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekomunikasi" title="Telekomunikasi – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Telekomunikasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecomunica%C3%A7on" title="Telecomunicaçon – mirandeză" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Telecomunicaçon" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ဆက်သွယ်ရေးစနစ် – birmană" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆက်သွယ်ရေးစနစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="दूरसञ्चार – nepaleză" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="दूरसञ्चार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicatie" title="Telecommunicatie – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Telecommunicatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekommunikasjon" title="Telekommunikasjon – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Telekommunikasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekommunikasjon" title="Telekommunikasjon – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Telekommunikasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecomunicacions" title="Telecomunicacions – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Telecomunicacions" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਦੂਰ ਸੰਚਾਰ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦੂਰ ਸੰਚਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecomunicacion" title="Telecomunicacion – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Telecomunicacion" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekomunikacja" title="Telekomunikacja – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Telekomunikacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ٹیلی مواصلات – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹیلی مواصلات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="مخابرات – paștună" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مخابرات" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paștună" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecomunica%C3%A7%C3%B5es" title="Telecomunicações – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Telecomunicações" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karuwillanakuna" title="Karuwillanakuna – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Karuwillanakuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istorgia_da_la_telecommunicaziun" title="Istorgia da la telecommunicaziun – romanșă" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Istorgia da la telecommunicaziun" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romanșă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C" title="Электросвязь – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электросвязь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97" title="Телекомунікації – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Телекомунікації" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecomunicatzione" title="Telecomunicatzione – sardiniană" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Telecomunicatzione" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BD%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A_%DA%AA%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%86" title="ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekomunikacije" title="Telekomunikacije – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Telekomunikacije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="විදුලි සංදේශනය – singhaleză" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විදුලි සංදේශනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singhaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication" title="Telecommunication – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Telecommunication" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekomunik%C3%A1cie" title="Telekomunikácie – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Telekomunikácie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekomunikacije" title="Telekomunikacije – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Telekomunikacije" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isgaarsiinta" title="Isgaarsiinta – somaleză" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Isgaarsiinta" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekomunikimet" title="Telekomunikimet – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Telekomunikimet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Телекомуникације – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Телекомуникације" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9komunikasi" title="Télékomunikasi – sundaneză" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Télékomunikasi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekommunikation" title="Telekommunikation – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Telekommunikation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawasiliano_ya_simu" title="Mawasiliano ya simu – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mawasiliano ya simu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="தொலைத்தொடர்பு – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொலைத்தொடர்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="దూరప్రసారం – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="దూరప్రసారం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Мухобирот – tadjică" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мухобирот" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1" title="โทรคมนาคม – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โทรคมนาคม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika_we_aragatna%C5%9Fyk_in%C5%BEenerligi" title="Elektronika we aragatnaşyk inženerligi – turkmenă" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Elektronika we aragatnaşyk inženerligi" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekomunikasyon" title="Telekomunikasyon – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Telekomunikasyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekom%C3%BCnikasyon" title="Telekomünikasyon – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Telekomünikasyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Телекоммуникация – tătară" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Телекоммуникация" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tătară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97" title="Телекомунікації – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Телекомунікації" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ٹیلی مواصلات – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹیلی مواصلات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektr_aloqa" title="Elektr aloqa – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Elektr aloqa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C5%82ecomunicasion" title="Tełecomunicasion – venetă" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Tełecomunicasion" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%85n_th%C3%B4ng" title="Viễn thông – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Viễn thông" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekomunikasyon" title="Telekomunikasyon – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Telekomunikasyon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E4%BF%A1" title="电信 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="电信" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A2" title="טעלעקאמוניקאציע – idiș" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טעלעקאמוניקאציע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idiș" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cb%C3%A1nis%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80-%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%E1%BB%8D%CC%81k%C3%A1n" title="Ìbánisọ̀rọ̀-ọ̀ọ́kán – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìbánisọ̀rọ̀-ọ̀ọ́kán" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E4%BF%A1" title="电信 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="电信" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C4%81n-s%C3%ACn" title="Tiān-sìn – chineză min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiān-sìn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chineză min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A8%8A" title="電訊 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電訊" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezokuxhumakude" title="Ezokuxhumakude – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ezokuxhumakude" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q418#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Unelte</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mai multe opțiuni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Acțiuni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Telecomunica%C8%9Bie"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecomunica%C8%9Bie&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecomunica%C8%9Bie&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecomunica%C8%9Bie&action=history"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Ce_se_leag%C4%83_aici/Telecomunica%C8%9Bie" title="Lista tuturor paginilor wiki care conduc spre această pagină [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Ce trimite aici</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Modific%C4%83ri_corelate/Telecomunica%C8%9Bie" rel="nofollow" title="Schimbări recente în legătură cu această pagină [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Schimbări corelate</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Trimite_fi%C8%99ier" title="Încărcare fișiere [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Trimite fișier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Pagini_speciale" title="Lista tuturor paginilor speciale [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagini speciale</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecomunica%C8%9Bie&oldid=15961643" title="Legătură permanentă către această versiune a acestei pagini"><span>Legătură permanentă</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecomunica%C8%9Bie&action=info" title="Mai multe informații despre această pagină"><span>Informații despre pagină</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citeaz%C4%83&page=Telecomunica%C8%9Bie&id=15961643&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informații cu privire la modul de citare a acestei pagini"><span>Citează acest articol</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTelecomunica%25C8%259Bie"><span>Obține URL scurtat</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTelecomunica%25C8%259Bie"><span>Descărcați codul QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tipărire/exportare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Carte&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Telecomunica%C8%9Bie"><span>Creare carte</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Telecomunica%C8%9Bie&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descărcare ca PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecomunica%C8%9Bie&printable=yes" title="Versiunea de tipărit a acestei pagini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiune de tipărit</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> În alte proiecte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q418" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16501920">.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0px 10%;border:1px solid #aaa;border-left:10px solid #1e90ff;background:#fbfbfb}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-notice{border-left:10px solid #1e90ff}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b22222;background:#fee}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b22222}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #f4c430}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #bba}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output 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.ambox-style,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{background-color:#202122!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-notice{border-left:10px solid #000f1e!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#310402!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #070101!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #261500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #544004!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #1e0a28!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #bba!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-notice,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{background-color:#202122!important}}</style><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox ambox-move ambox-move" style=""> <tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Merge-arrows.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Merge-arrows.svg/50px-Merge-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Merge-arrows.svg/75px-Merge-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Merge-arrows.svg/100px-Merge-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style=""><span class="mbox-text-span">Un editor a propus <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unire" title="Wikipedia:Unire">unirea</a></b> acestei pagini cu o alta.<br /> S-a sugerat ca paginile „<b><a href="/wiki/Comunica%C8%9Bie" title="Comunicație">Comunicație</a></b>” și „<b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Telecomunicație</a></b>” să fie unite într-una singură. Vedeți eventual detalii în <a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie:Telecomunica%C8%9Bie" title="Discuție:Telecomunicație">pagina de discuții</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> </span><span class="hide-when-compact"> </span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16501920"><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox ambox-content ambox-content" style=""> <tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Question_book-4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/50px-Question_book-4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/75px-Question_book-4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/100px-Question_book-4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="204" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style=""><span class="mbox-text-span"><b>Acest articol sau această secțiune are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citarea_surselor" title="Wikipedia:Citarea surselor">bibliografia</a> incompletă sau inexistentă.</b><br /> Puteți contribui prin adăugarea de referințe în vederea <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verificabilitate" title="Wikipedia:Verificabilitate">susținerii bibliografice</a> a afirmațiilor pe care le conține.<span class="hide-when-compact"> </span><span class="hide-when-compact"> </span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Termenul de <b>telecomunicații</b> desemnează <a href="/wiki/Comunica%C8%9Bii" class="mw-redirect" title="Comunicații">comunicațiile</a> efectuate la distanță. Astfel <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radioul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telegrafie" title="Telegrafie">telegrafia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telefonie" class="mw-redirect" title="Telefonie">telefonia</a> (fixă sau mobilă), <a href="/wiki/Televiziune" title="Televiziune">televiziunea</a>, comunicațiile digitale sau <a href="/wiki/Re%C8%9Bea_de_calculatoare" title="Rețea de calculatoare">rețelele de calculatoare</a> se pot subscrie acestui domeniu, de altfel foarte vast. </p><p>Elementele componente ale unui sistem de telecomunicații sunt în principiu: emițătorul, canalul de comunicație și receptorul. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comunicații_prin_fir"><span id="Comunica.C8.9Bii_prin_fir"></span>Comunicații prin fir</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecomunica%C8%9Bie&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Comunicații prin fir" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecomunica%C8%9Bie&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Comunicații prin fir"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Principiul unei transmisii vocale pe fire de cupru este următorul: o persoană vorbește într-un microfon, iar la capătul celălalt o altă persoană ascultă la un receptor (difuzor). Unda sonoră a vorbitorului comprimă aerul, și membrana microfonului vibrează corespunzător. Din această vibrație se generează un curent alternativ, care este modelat după undele sonore. Dacă aceste variații electrice se transmit pe două fire de cupru până la ascultător, ele pot să producă într-un difuzor îndepărtat oscilații ale membranei care reproduc sunetul original. Între emițător și receptor se pot afla și diverse alte echipamente și dispozitive suplimentare. Tipul acesta de transmisie se numește "analogic", deoarece variațiile tensiunii și curentului electric sunt continue, valorile instantanee putând lua orice valoare între cea minimă și cea maximă (unda sonoră originară are și ea o variație analogică). </p><p>Odată cu creșterea traficului de telecomunicații sunt necesare canale de transmisie de bandă tot mai largă. Aceste canale de bandă largă asigură mărirea capacității de transmisie a cablurilor existente, prin folosirea unor echipamente terminale mai performante și prin utilizarea unor medii noi de transmisie. Cerințele utilizatorilor de telecomunicații sunt tot mai complexe și implică extinderea rețelei de telecomunicații, oferta de noi servicii și integrarea lor pe rețeaua de telecomunicații existentă; accesul la aceste servicii trebuie să se facă prin echipamente terminale cu interfețe multifuncționale și ușor de utilizat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comunicații_prin_fibră_optică"><span id="Comunica.C8.9Bii_prin_fibr.C4.83_optic.C4.83"></span>Comunicații prin fibră optică</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecomunica%C8%9Bie&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Comunicații prin fibră optică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecomunica%C8%9Bie&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Comunicații prin fibră optică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De peste o sută de ani undele electromagnetice și-au demonstrat utilitatea pentru transmiterea de informații. Pentru a se propaga ele nu au neapărată nevoie de un conductor metalic, ci se pot propaga cu viteze ridicate chiar și prin unele materiale <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dielectric&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dielectric — pagină inexistentă">dielectrice</a> sau prin <a href="/wiki/Vid" title="Vid">vid</a>. </p><p>Lumina este în esență tot o undă electromagnetică. Comunicațiile prin fibre optice utilizează unde electromagnetice în <a href="/wiki/Infraro%C8%99u" title="Infraroșu">infraroșu</a>. În cazul unui bec electric, fiecare atom al filamentului incandescent emite flash-uri de lumină care reprezintă serii de unde cu o durată de viață scurtă (aprox. 10<sup>−8</sup> s), adică au o lungime de undă de circa 3 m. Aceste surse de lumină sunt incoerente, deoarece dacă suprapunem două astfel de surse nu se observă nimic. Cu ajutorul acestor surse de lumină se poate realiza doar iluminarea globală a spațiului înconjurător. Pentru transmiterea luminii prin fibră optică este necesar ca sursa să fie coerentă, iar lungimea spectrală să fie cât mai mică. Interferența este suprapunerea a două sau mai multe unde și combinarea lor în una singură, iar coerența este interferența a două unde care au aceeași lungime și un defazaj constant între ele. Undele electromagnetice se propagă în vid cu viteza luminii, valoarea rotunjită a acesteia fiind de 300.000 km/s. </p><p>Comunicațiile prin fibră optică utilizează lungimi de undă în infraroșu apropiate benzii de la 800 până la 1600 <a href="/wiki/Nm" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Nm">nm</a>, cu preferință pentru lungimile de undă de 850, 1300 și 1550 nm. Un cablu de fibră optică constă dintr-un fir de diametru mic cu o structură formată dintr-un mijloc de sticlă, un înveliș tot de sticlă și un înveliș protector exterior, din plastic. Diferența între cele două elemente din sticlă, miez și înveliș, constă în indicii de refracție diferiți. Învelișul de plastic furnizează o protecție mecanică dar ușurează și identificarea fibrelor pentru sudare (<a href="/wiki/Englez%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Engleză">engleză</a>: <i>splicing</i>), prin culorile lui diverse. Fibra optică este un ghid de undă optic. </p><p>După descoperirea surselor de lumină <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> au fost făcute încercări intense de utilizare a acestora pentru transmiterea informației. Utilizarea atmosferei ca mediu de propagare a radiației optice în general, și a radiației laser în particular, prezintă dezavantajul variației aleatoare, rapide și în limite prea largi ale caracteristicilor de propagare, fapt care reduce siguranța în exploatare și crește probabilitatea erorilor în transmisie. Primii conductori optici protejați de influența condițiilor externe s-au construit sub forma de tuburi metalice cu corecție periodică a divergenței și direcției fasciculului, cu ajutorul unui sistem de lentile și oglinzi. Sistemele funcționale de comunicații în gama optică au fost elaborate după punerea la punct în 1972-1973 a fibrelor de sticlă cu atenuare mică, utilizate la fabricarea cablurilor optice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clasificare">Clasificare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecomunica%C8%9Bie&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Clasificare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecomunica%C8%9Bie&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Clasificare"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Din punct de vedere al modului de transmitere a informației, comunicațiile se împart în două categorii: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comunicații_analogice"><span id="Comunica.C8.9Bii_analogice"></span>Comunicații analogice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecomunica%C8%9Bie&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Comunicații analogice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecomunica%C8%9Bie&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Comunicații analogice"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transmiterea informațiilor prin rețelele tradiționale de telefon, radio și televiziune se face analogic. Aceasta nu necesită utilizarea de coduri în sistemul binar, așa ca în comunicația digitală . Transmiterea Mail-urilor mai rapid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comunicații_digitale"><span id="Comunica.C8.9Bii_digitale"></span>Comunicații digitale</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecomunica%C8%9Bie&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Comunicații digitale" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecomunica%C8%9Bie&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Comunicații digitale"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vezi art. <a href="/wiki/Transmisiune_digital%C4%83" title="Transmisiune digitală">Transmisiune digitală</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="În_societate"><span id=".C3.8En_societate"></span>În societate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecomunica%C8%9Bie&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: În societate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecomunica%C8%9Bie&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: În societate"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Telecomunicațiile au un impact social, cultural și economic semnificativ asupra societății moderne. În 2008, estimările au plasat veniturile industriei de telecomunicații la 4,8 trilioane de dolari sau puțin sub 3% din produsul mondial brut (cursul de schimb oficial).<sup id="cite_ref-plunkettresearch01_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plunkettresearch01-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecomunica%C8%9Bie&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecomunica%C8%9Bie&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-plunkettresearch01-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-plunkettresearch01_1-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plunkettresearch.com/Telecommunications/TelecommunicationsStatistics/tabid/96/Default.aspx">Worldwide Telecommunications Industry Revenues</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100328045302/http://www.plunkettresearch.com/Telecommunications/TelecommunicationsStatistics/tabid/96/Default.aspx">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2010-03-28">28 martie 2010</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., Internet Engineering Task Force, June 2010.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i"></span>Vezi și</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecomunica%C8%9Bie&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecomunica%C8%9Bie&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Vezi și"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comunica%C8%9Bie" title="Comunicație">Comunicație</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_informa%C8%9Bional%C4%83" title="Era informațională">Era informațională</a></li></ul> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><span style=";;border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Domenii_ale_ingineriei" title="Format:Domenii ale ingineriei"><span title="Vizualizare format" style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Domenii_ale_ingineriei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:Domenii ale ingineriei — pagină inexistentă"><span title="Discuție format" style=";;border:none;;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Domenii_ale_ingineriei&action=edit"><span title="Acest format se poate modifica. Folosiți butonul de previzualizare înainte de a salva." style=";;border:none;;">m</span></a></span></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="/wiki/Inginerie" title="Inginerie">Domenii ale ingineriei</a></span> </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Specialități și<br />interdisciplinaritate </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> </div> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Inginerie_civil%C4%83" title="Inginerie civilă">Inginerie<br />civilă</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <p><a href="/wiki/Servicii_tehnice_din_construc%C8%9Bii" title="Servicii tehnice din construcții">Servicii tehnice din construcții (inginerie arhitectură)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Geotehnic%C4%83" title="Geotehnică">Geotehnică</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ingineria_construc%C8%9Biilor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ingineria construcțiilor — pagină inexistentă">Ingineria construcțiilor</a>(<a href="/wiki/Construc%C8%9Bii" title="Construcții">Construcții</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Miner" title="Miner">Minieră</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hidrotehnic%C4%83" title="Hidrotehnică">Hidrotehnică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ingineria_mediului" title="Ingineria mediului">Mediu</a>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inginerie_ecologic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inginerie ecologică — pagină inexistentă">Inginerie ecologică</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inginerie_sanitar%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inginerie sanitară — pagină inexistentă">Inginerie sanitară</a>)  • <a href="/wiki/Inginerie_structural%C4%83" title="Inginerie structurală">Structurală</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ingineria_instalatiilor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ingineria instalatiilor — pagină inexistentă">Ingineria instalatiilor</a> </p>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ingineria_transporturilor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ingineria transporturilor — pagină inexistentă">Ingineria transporturilor</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Inginerie_mecanic%C4%83" title="Inginerie mecanică">Inginerie<br />mecanică</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Inginerie_aerospa%C8%9Bial%C4%83" title="Inginerie aerospațială">Aerospațială</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vehicul" title="Vehicul">Auto</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inginerie_feroviar%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inginerie feroviară — pagină inexistentă">Feroviară</a> • <a href="/wiki/Inginerie_industrial%C4%83" title="Inginerie industrială">Industrială</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mecatronic%C4%83" title="Mecatronică">Mecatronică</a> (<a href="/wiki/Robotic%C4%83" title="Robotică">Robotică</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Inginerie_energetic%C4%83" title="Inginerie energetică">Energetică</a>  • <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Enc%C4%83lzire,_ventila%C8%9Bie_%C8%99i_aer_condi%C8%9Bionat" title="Încălzire, ventilație și aer condiționat">( HVAC )</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inginerie_naval%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inginerie navală — pagină inexistentă">Navală</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inginerie_optic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inginerie optică — pagină inexistentă">Optică</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inginerie_sportiv%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inginerie sportivă — pagină inexistentă">Sportivă</a> • <a href="/wiki/%C8%98tiin%C8%9Ba_materialelor" title="Știința materialelor">Știința materialelor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tribologie" title="Tribologie">Tribologie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Control_nedistructiv" title="Control nedistructiv">Control nedistructiv</a> • <a href="/wiki/Proiectare_asistat%C4%83_de_calculator" title="Proiectare asistată de calculator">Proiectare asistată de calculator</a>(CAD) •  <a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">Proiectare</a> • <a href="/wiki/Design_industrial" title="Design industrial">Design industrial</a> •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabrica%C8%9Bie_asistat%C4%83_de_calculator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fabricație asistată de calculator — pagină inexistentă">Fabricație asistată de calculator</a>(CAM)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Electrotehnic%C4%83" title="Electrotehnică">Inginerie<br />electrică</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ingineria_sistemelor_de_control&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ingineria sistemelor de control — pagină inexistentă">Control</a> • <a href="/wiki/Inginerie_electronic%C4%83" title="Inginerie electronică">Electronică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Electromecanic%C4%83" title="Electromecanică">Electromecanică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Electrotehnic%C4%83" title="Electrotehnică">Electrotehnică</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frecventa_radio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frecventa radio — pagină inexistentă">Frecventa radio</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ingineria_sistemelor_de_control&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ingineria sistemelor de control — pagină inexistentă">Ingineria sistemelor de control</a> • <a href="/wiki/Inginer_de_sunet" title="Inginer de sunet">Inginer de sunet</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Telecomunicații</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Inginerie_chimic%C4%83" title="Inginerie chimică">Inginerie<br />chimică</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Inginerie_biochimic%C4%83" title="Inginerie biochimică">Biochimică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bioinginerie" title="Bioinginerie">Bioinginerie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bioinginerie_medical%C4%83" title="Bioinginerie medicală">Biomedicală</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bioinformatic%C4%83" title="Bioinformatică">Bioinformatică</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inginerie_clinic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inginerie clinică — pagină inexistentă">Clinică</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Inginerie_genetic%C4%83" title="Inginerie genetică">Genetică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Inginerie_molecular%C4%83" title="Inginerie moleculară">Moleculară</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Ingineria_calculatoarelor" title="Ingineria calculatoarelor">Ingineria<br />calculatoarelor</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Inginerie_software" title="Inginerie software">Software</a> • <a href="/wiki/Programarea_calculatoarelor" class="mw-redirect" title="Programarea calculatoarelor">Programarea calculatoarelor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Informatic%C4%83" title="Informatică">Informatică</a> (<a href="/wiki/Securitate_informatic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Securitate informatică">Securitate informatică</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Sistem_informatic" title="Sistem informatic">Sistem informatic</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Altele</div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Managementul_ingineriei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Managementul ingineriei — pagină inexistentă">Managementul ingineriei</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Agrotehnic%C4%83" title="Agrotehnică">Agronomie</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Bioinginerie_medical%C4%83" title="Bioinginerie medicală">Biomedical</a>(<a href="/wiki/Bioinformatic%C4%83" title="Bioinformatică">Bioinformatică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Protez%C4%83" title="Proteză">Proteză</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Ingineria_coroziunii" title="Ingineria coroziunii">Coroziunii</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Inginerie_de_protec%C8%9Bie_%C3%AEmpotriva_incendiilor" title="Inginerie de protecție împotriva incendiilor">Inginer de protecție la foc</a> • <a href="/wiki/Matematic%C4%83_inginereasc%C4%83" title="Matematică inginerească">Inginerie matematică</a> •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inginerie_logistic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inginerie logistică — pagină inexistentă">Inginerie logistică</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Inginerie_fizic%C4%83" title="Inginerie fizică">Inginerie fizică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Inginerie_industrial%C4%83" title="Inginerie industrială">Industrial</a> • <a href="/wiki/%C8%98tiin%C8%9Ba_materialelor" title="Știința materialelor">Știința materialelor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Audio" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio">Inginer de sunet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Geniu_(arm%C4%83)" title="Geniu (armă)">Militar</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Nanotehnologie" title="Nanotehnologie">Nanotehnologie</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Conduct%C4%83" title="Conductă">Conducte</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siguran%C8%9B%C4%83(Ingineria_siguran%C8%9Bei)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siguranță(Ingineria siguranței) — pagină inexistentă">Siguranță(Ingineria siguranței)</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Studii de<br />inginerie</div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> Studii universitare de (<a href="/wiki/Studii_universitare_de_licen%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Studii universitare de licență">licență</a> și <a href="/wiki/Studii_universitare_de_masterat" title="Studii universitare de masterat">masterat</a>) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplom%C4%83_de_inginer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diplomă de inginer — pagină inexistentă">Diplomă de inginer</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Doctor" title="Doctor">Doctor</a> în Inginerie</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16513826">.mw-parser-output .navbox{margin:0 auto 0}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-image[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-list[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-even[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-title[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-image[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-list[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-even[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-title[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}}</style></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Subiecte asemănătoare </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Inginer" title="Inginer">Inginer</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Inginer_european" title="Inginer european">Inginer european</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Organiza%C8%9Bii_neguvernamentale" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizații neguvernamentale">Organizații neguvernamentale</a> și <br /><a href="/wiki/List%C4%83_de_organiza%C8%9Bii_guvernamentale_din_Rom%C3%A2nia" title="Listă de organizații guvernamentale din România">Organizații Guvernamentale</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Organiza%C8%9Bia_Na%C8%9Biunilor_Unite_pentru_Educa%C8%9Bie,_%C8%98tiin%C8%9B%C4%83_%C8%99i_Cultur%C4%83" title="Organizația Națiunilor Unite pentru Educație, Știință și Cultură">UNESCO</a> • <a href="/wiki/Asocia%C8%9Bia_General%C4%83_a_Inginerilor_din_Rom%C3%A2nia" title="Asociația Generală a Inginerilor din România">AGIR</a> • <a href="/wiki/Institutul_Inginerilor_Electrotehnicieni_%C8%99i_Electroni%C8%99ti" title="Institutul Inginerilor Electrotehnicieni și Electroniști">IEEE</a> • <a href="/wiki/Academia_de_%C8%98tiin%C8%9Be_Tehnice_din_Rom%C3%A2nia" title="Academia de Științe Tehnice din România">ASTR</a> • <a href="/wiki/Federa%C8%9Bia_European%C4%83_a_Asocia%C8%9Biilor_Na%C8%9Bionale_de_Ingineri" title="Federația Europeană a Asociațiilor Naționale de Ingineri">FEANI</a> • <a href="/wiki/Academia_Oamenilor_de_%C8%98tiin%C8%9B%C4%83_din_Rom%C3%A2nia" title="Academia Oamenilor de Știință din România">AOSR</a> • <a href="/wiki/Academia_de_%C8%98tiin%C8%9Be_Agricole_%C8%99i_Silvice_%E2%80%9EGheorghe_Ionescu-%C8%98i%C8%99e%C8%99ti%E2%80%9D" title="Academia de Științe Agricole și Silvice „Gheorghe Ionescu-Șișești”">AȘAS</a> •  <a href="/wiki/VDI" title="VDI">VDI</a> •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federa%C8%9Bia_Mondial%C4%83_a_Organiza%C8%9Biilor_de_Inginerie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federația Mondială a Organizațiilor de Inginerie — pagină inexistentă">FMOI</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8035715" class="extiw" title="d:Q8035715"><span title="Federația Mondială a Organizațiilor de Inginerie la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> și <a href="/wiki/Ministerul_Cercet%C4%83rii,_Inov%C4%83rii_%C8%99i_Digitaliz%C4%83rii_(Rom%C3%A2nia)" title="Ministerul Cercetării, Inovării și Digitalizării (România)">Ministerul Cercetării, Inovării și Digitalizării (România)</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Sărbătoare </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Ziua_inginerului_rom%C3%A2n" title="Ziua inginerului român">Ziua inginerului român</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Muzee științifice </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Muzeul_Na%C8%9Bional_Tehnic_%E2%80%9EProf._ing._Dimitrie_Leonida%E2%80%9D" title="Muzeul Național Tehnic „Prof. ing. Dimitrie Leonida”">Muzeul Național Tehnic „Prof. ing. Dimitrie Leonida”</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Glosar_de_tehnic%C4%83" title="Glosar de tehnică">Glosare de tehnică</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Glosar_de_arhitectur%C4%83" title="Glosar de arhitectură">Arhitectură</a> • <a href="/wiki/Glosar_de_calculatoare_%C8%99i_internet" title="Glosar de calculatoare și internet">Calculatoare și internet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Glosar_de_chimie" title="Glosar de chimie">Chimie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glosar_de_biochimie" title="Glosar de biochimie">Biochimie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glosar_de_genetic%C4%83" title="Glosar de genetică">Genetică</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Glosar_de_construc%C8%9Bii" title="Glosar de construcții">Construcții</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glosar_de_hidrotehnic%C4%83" title="Glosar de hidrotehnică">Hidrotehnică</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Glosar_de_electronic%C4%83" title="Glosar de electronică">Electronică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Glosar_de_electrotehnic%C4%83" title="Glosar de electrotehnică">Electrotehnică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Glosar_feroviar" title="Glosar feroviar">Feroviar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Glosar_maritim" title="Glosar maritim">Maritim</a> • <a href="/wiki/Glosar_de_mecanic%C4%83" title="Glosar de mecanică">Mecanică</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glosar_auto" title="Glosar auto">Auto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glosar_de_optic%C4%83" title="Glosar de optică">Optică</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glosar_de_termodinamic%C4%83" title="Glosar de termodinamică">Termodinamică</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Glosar_de_termeni_militari" title="Glosar de termeni militari">Militar</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Termeni </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> Transport (<a href="/wiki/Transport_rutier" title="Transport rutier">rutier</a> • <a href="/wiki/Transport_public" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport public">public</a>)  • <a href="/wiki/Instala%C8%9Bii_sanitare" title="Instalații sanitare">Instalații sanitare</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Cercet%C4%83tor" title="Cercetător">Cercetător</a> • <a href="/wiki/Inven%C8%9Bie" title="Invenție">Invenție</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16513826">    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Adus de la <a dir="ltr" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecomunicație&oldid=15961643">https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecomunicație&oldid=15961643</a></div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categorii" title="Special:Categorii">Categorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Telecomunica%C8%9Bii" title="Categorie:Telecomunicații">Telecomunicații</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categorii ascunse: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Categorie:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Articole_de_unit" title="Categorie:Articole de unit">Articole de unit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Articole_cu_suport_bibliografic_necorespunz%C4%83tor" title="Categorie:Articole cu suport bibliografic necorespunzător">Articole cu suport bibliografic necorespunzător</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ultima editare a paginii a fost efectuată la 3 decembrie 2023, ora 15:38.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Acest text este disponibil sub licența <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ro">Creative Commons cu atribuire și distribuire în condiții identice</a>; pot exista și clauze suplimentare. 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