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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Lakes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultural heritage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Polotsk</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polatsk" title="Polatsk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Polatsk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%83" title="بولوتسك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بولوتسك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Polotsk" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA" title="Полацк – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Полацк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Полацак – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Полацак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA" title="Полоцк – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Полоцк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2latsk" title="Pòlatsk – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pòlatsk" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA" title="Полоцк – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Полоцк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polack" title="Polack – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Polack" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polock" title="Polock – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Polock" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Polotsk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polazk" title="Polazk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Polazk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polatsk" title="Polatsk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Polatsk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lotsk" title="Pólotsk – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pólotsk" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polack" title="Polack – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Polack" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Polotsk" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="پولوتسک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پولوتسک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Polotsk" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polatsk" title="Polatsk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Polatsk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4%EB%9D%BC%EC%B8%A0%ED%81%AC" title="폴라츠크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴라츠크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AF" title="Պոլոցկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պոլոցկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polack" title="Polack – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Polack" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polock" title="Polock – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Polock" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Polotsk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA" title="Полоцк – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Полоцк" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polack" title="Polack – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Polack" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%A7" title="פולאצק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פולאצק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="პოლოცკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოლოცკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Polotsk" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polotia" title="Polotia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Polotia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polocka" title="Polocka – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Polocka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polockas" title="Polockas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Polockas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polack" title="Polack – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Polack" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polatsk" title="Polatsk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Polatsk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%A9%E3%83%84%E3%82%AF" title="ポラツク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポラツク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA" title="Полоцк – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Полоцк" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polatsk_(Steed)" title="Polatsk (Steed) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Polatsk (Steed)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polatsk" title="Polatsk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Polatsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA" title="Полоцк – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Полоцк" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polazk" title="Polazk – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Polazk" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%82ock" title="Połock – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Połock" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polatsk" title="Polatsk – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Polatsk" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polatsk" title="Polatsk – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Polatsk" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo%C8%9Bk" title="Poloțk – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Poloțk" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA" title="Полоцк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Полоцк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Polotsk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Polotsk" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polock" title="Polock – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Polock" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Полотьскъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Полотьскъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA" title="Полоцк – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Полоцк" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polock" title="Polock – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Polock" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polatsk" title="Polatsk – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Polatsk" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Polotsk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA" title="Полоцк – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Полоцк" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Polotsk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA" title="Полоцьк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Полоцьк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="پولوتسک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پولوتسک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%8B%89%E8%8C%A8%E5%85%8B" title="波拉茨克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="波拉茨克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q200797#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Polotsk" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" 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system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Polotsk&params=55_29_N_28_48_E_region:BY_type:city(79579)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">55°29′N</span> <span class="longitude">28°48′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">55.483°N 28.800°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">55.483; 28.800</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Town in Vitebsk Region, Belarus</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Polotsk</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Belarusian-language text"><span lang="be" style="font-style: normal;">Полацк</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>)</span><br /><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru" style="font-style: normal;">Полоцк</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>)</span></div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Polatsk</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Belarus" title="List of cities and towns in Belarus">Town</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Polack_Montage_(2017).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Polack_Montage_%282017%29.jpg/250px-Polack_Montage_%282017%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Polack_Montage_%282017%29.jpg/375px-Polack_Montage_%282017%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Polack_Montage_%282017%29.jpg/500px-Polack_Montage_%282017%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3658" data-file-height="5120" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_city_of_Polotsk_Belarus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Polotsk"><img alt="Flag of Polotsk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_the_city_of_Polotsk_Belarus.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_city_of_Polotsk_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_the_city_of_Polotsk_Belarus.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_city_of_Polotsk_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_the_city_of_Polotsk_Belarus.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_city_of_Polotsk_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="299" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Po%C5%82ack,_Belarus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Polotsk"><img alt="Coat of arms of Polotsk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_Arms_of_Po%C5%82ack%2C_Belarus.svg/75px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Po%C5%82ack%2C_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_Arms_of_Po%C5%82ack%2C_Belarus.svg/113px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Po%C5%82ack%2C_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_Arms_of_Po%C5%82ack%2C_Belarus.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Po%C5%82ack%2C_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="241" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belarus_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Polotsk is located in Belarus"><img alt="Polotsk is located in Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Belarus_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Belarus_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Belarus_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Belarus_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Belarus_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Belarus_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1626" data-file-height="1451" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:17.302%;left:58.416%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Polotsk"><img alt="Polotsk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Polotsk</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Polotsk in Belarus</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Polotsk&params=55_29_N_28_48_E_region:BY_type:city(79579)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">55°29′N</span> <span class="longitude">28°48′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">55.483°N 28.800°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">55.483; 28.800</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Belarus" title="Regions of Belarus">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vitebsk_Region" title="Vitebsk Region">Vitebsk Region</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Belarus" title="Districts of Belarus">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Polotsk_District" title="Polotsk District">Polotsk District</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">862</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Chairman</th><td class="infobox-data">Nikolay Shevchuk</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">40.77 km<sup>2</sup> (15.74 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">111 m (364 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2024)<sup id="cite_ref-pop_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">79,579</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,000/km<sup>2</sup> (5,100/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moscow_Time" title="Moscow Time">MSK</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">211291, 211400—211402, 211404—211415, 211422</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+375 214</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">License plate</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://polotsk.vitebsk-region.gov.by">polotsk<wbr />.vitebsk-region<wbr />.gov<wbr />.by</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Polotsk</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Полоцк</span>) or <b>Polatsk</b> (<a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>: <span lang="be">Полацк</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Belarusian" title="Romanization of Belarusian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Belarusian-language romanization"><i lang="be-Latn">Polack</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a town in <a href="/wiki/Vitebsk_Region" title="Vitebsk Region">Vitebsk Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>. It is situated on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Dvina" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Dvina">Dvina River</a> and serves as the administrative center of <a href="/wiki/Polotsk_District" title="Polotsk District">Polotsk District</a>. Polotsk is served by <a href="/wiki/Polotsk_Airport" title="Polotsk Airport">Polotsk Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borovitsy" title="Borovitsy">Borovitsy</a> air base. As of 2024, it has a population of 79,579.<sup id="cite_ref-pop_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polotsk&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old East Slavic language">Old East Slavic</a> name, <i>Polotesk</i>, derives from the <a href="/wiki/Polota" class="mw-redirect" title="Polota">Polota</a> river, which flows into the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Western_Dvina" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Dvina">Western Dvina</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Vikings</a> rendered that name as <i>Palteskja</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polotsk&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polotsk&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lakes">Lakes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polotsk&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lakes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Babyna" title="Lake Babyna">Lake Babyna</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polotsk&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Polotsk (1991–2020) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4<br />(39.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2<br />(41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8<br />(53.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2<br />(72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8<br />(80.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.7<br />(83.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.3<br />(86.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.9<br />(85.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9<br />(76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9<br />(64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4<br />(50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7<br />(42.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">30.3<br />(86.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.0<br />(28.4) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.1<br />(30.0) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2<br />(39.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4<br />(54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1<br />(71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1<br />(75.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0<br />(73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3<br />(63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0<br />(50.0) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3<br />(37.9) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.6<br />(30.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.0<br />(51.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.5<br />(23.9) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.4<br />(24.1) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1<br />(32.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8<br />(55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5<br />(61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5<br />(65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2<br />(63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0<br />(53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2<br />(43.2) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.7<br />(27.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.6<br />(43.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.7<br />(19.9) </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.2<br />(19.0) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.4<br />(25.9) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1<br />(35.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2<br />(45.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1<br />(52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3<br />(55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2<br />(54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8<br />(46.0) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3<br />(37.9) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.8<br />(30.6) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.6<br />(23.7) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2.9<br />(37.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #7373FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−21.3<br />(−6.3) </td> <td style="background: #7D7DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−19.5<br />(−3.1) </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.9<br />(8.8) </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.9<br />(23.2) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.1<br />(31.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6<br />(40.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2<br />(46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5<br />(41.9) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8<br />(33.4) </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.8<br />(23.4) </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.9<br />(14.2) </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.4<br />(6.1) </td> <td style="background: #7373FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−21.3<br />(−6.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.9<br />(1.96) </td> <td style="background: #B2FFB2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.6<br />(1.83) </td> <td style="background: #C4FFC4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.2<br />(1.54) </td> <td style="background: #BFFFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.0<br />(1.61) </td> <td style="background: #A0FFA0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.7<br />(2.51) </td> <td style="background: #7DFF7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.3<br />(3.32) </td> <td style="background: #7AFF7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.2<br />(3.51) </td> <td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.9<br />(2.75) </td> <td style="background: #A3FFA3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.4<br />(2.34) </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.9<br />(2.56) </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.0<br />(2.13) </td> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.9<br />(1.96) </td> <td style="background: #A4FFA4; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">712.0<br />(28.03) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 </td> <td style="background: #7070FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #7878FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">123.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a><sup id="cite_ref-WMONormals_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMONormals-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polotsk&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polatsk_XVI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Polatsk_XVI.jpg/220px-Polatsk_XVI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Polatsk_XVI.jpg/330px-Polatsk_XVI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Polatsk_XVI.jpg/440px-Polatsk_XVI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption>Polotsk in the 16th century.</figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>Polotsk is one of the earliest mentioned cities of the <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">Eastern Slavs</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a></i> mentioned Polotsk in the year 862 (as Полотескъ, /poloteskŭ/), together with <a href="/wiki/Murom" title="Murom">Murom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belozersk" title="Belozersk">Belozersk</a>. However, an archaeological expedition from the Institute of History of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Belarus" title="National Academy of Sciences of Belarus">National Academy of Sciences of Belarus</a> suggests that Polotsk existed in the first half of the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first known prince of Polotsk was <a href="/wiki/Rogvolod" title="Rogvolod">Rogvolod</a> (ruled 945–978). He had two sons and a daughter named <a href="/wiki/Rogneda_of_Polotsk" title="Rogneda of Polotsk">Rogneda</a>. Rogvolod promised Rogneda to the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prince_of_Kiev" title="Grand Prince of Kiev">prince of Kiev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yaropolk_I_of_Kiev" title="Yaropolk I of Kiev">Yaropolk</a>, as a wife. But Yaropolk's brother, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Vladimir</a>, had attacked Polotsk before Yaropolk came. He killed Rogvolod, his wife and sons, and married Rogneda.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanak_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanak-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Franklin_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franklin-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vladimir and Rogneda had five children and the eldest of them, <a href="/wiki/Izyaslav_of_Polotsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Izyaslav of Polotsk">Izyaslav</a>, became Prince of Polotsk (ruled 989–1001). </p><p>Between the 10th and 12th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Polotsk" title="Principality of Polotsk">Principality of Polotsk</a> emerged as the dominant center of power in what is now Belarusian territory, with a lesser role played by the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Turov" title="Principality of Turov">Principality of Turov</a> to the south. It repeatedly asserted its sovereignty in relation to other centers of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>, becoming a political capital, the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">episcopal see</a> and the controller of <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> territories among <a href="/wiki/Balt" class="mw-redirect" title="Balt">Balts</a> in the west. Its most powerful ruler was Prince <a href="/wiki/Vseslav_of_Polotsk" title="Vseslav of Polotsk">Vseslav of Polotsk</a>, who reigned from 1044 to 1101. A 12th-century inscription commissioned by Vseslav's son <a href="/wiki/Rogvolod_Vseslavich" title="Rogvolod Vseslavich">Boris</a> may still be seen on a <a href="/wiki/Boris_stones" title="Boris stones">huge boulder</a> installed near St. Sophia Cathedral. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262"><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Po%C5%82acak._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BA_(1579).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Po%C5%82acak._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BA_%281579%29.jpg/220px-Po%C5%82acak._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BA_%281579%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Po%C5%82acak._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BA_%281579%29.jpg/330px-Po%C5%82acak._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BA_%281579%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Po%C5%82acak._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BA_%281579%29.jpg/440px-Po%C5%82acak._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BA_%281579%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>The Siege of Polotsk in 1579</figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion</a>, Polotsk avoided being invaded or paying tribute to the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>. But in 1240, it became a vassal of the Lithuanian princes. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Lithuania">Grand Duke of Lithuania</a> <a href="/wiki/Vytenis" title="Vytenis">Vytenis</a> annexed the city by military force in 1307, completing the process which the Lithuanian princes had begun in the 1250s.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polotsk received a charter of autonomy guaranteeing that the grand dukes "will not introduce new, nor destroy the old".<sup id="cite_ref-CMH_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMH-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the earliest to be so incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CMH_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMH-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By doing so, the Lithuanians managed to firmly grasp the <a href="/wiki/Dvina_trade_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvina trade route">Dvina trade route</a> in their hands, securing an important element for the surrounding economies.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdeburg law">Magdeburg law</a> was adopted in 1498. Polotsk functioned as a capital of the <a href="/wiki/Po%C5%82ock_Voivodship" class="mw-redirect" title="Połock Voivodship">Połock Voivodship</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> until 1772. Captured by the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Russian</a> army of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a> in 1563, it was returned to the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> just 15 years later.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was again captured by Russia on 17 June 1654, but recaptured by Poland–Lithuania on 30 October 1660 during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%9367)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–67)">Russo-Polish War (1654–67)</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Po%C5%82acak,_Vialikaja._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BA,_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_(D._Strukov,_1864-67)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Po%C5%82acak%2C_Vialikaja._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BA%2C_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%28D._Strukov%2C_1864-67%29_%282%29.jpg/250px-Po%C5%82acak%2C_Vialikaja._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BA%2C_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%28D._Strukov%2C_1864-67%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Po%C5%82acak%2C_Vialikaja._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BA%2C_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%28D._Strukov%2C_1864-67%29_%282%29.jpg/375px-Po%C5%82acak%2C_Vialikaja._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BA%2C_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%28D._Strukov%2C_1864-67%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Po%C5%82acak%2C_Vialikaja._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BA%2C_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%28D._Strukov%2C_1864-67%29_%282%29.jpg/500px-Po%C5%82acak%2C_Vialikaja._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BA%2C_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%28D._Strukov%2C_1864-67%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>The main street of Polotsk in 1865, by <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Strukov" title="Dmitry Strukov">Dmitry Strukov</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1772, Russia seized Polotsk (then Połock) as part of the <a href="/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland" title="First Partition of Poland">First Partition</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>. </p><p>Since the Russian Empress <a href="/wiki/Catherine_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine II">Catherine II</a> did not acknowledge the Papal <a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">suppression of the Society of Jesus</a> (1773–1814), the Jesuit branches in these lands were not disbanded, and Połock became the European centre of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus"> Order</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">novitiate</a> opening in 1780, and with the arrival of distinguished Jesuits from other parts of Europe who brought with them valuable books and scientific collections. Jesuits continued their pastoral work and upgraded the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_College_in_Polotsk" title="Jesuit College in Polotsk">Jesuit College in Polotsk</a> (opened in 1580 by decree of the Polish king <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Batory" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefan Batory">Stefan Batory</a>, with the Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Piotr_Skarga" title="Piotr Skarga">Piotr Skarga</a> (1536–1612) as its first rector) into the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Po%C5%82ock_Academy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Połock Academy (page does not exist)">Połock Academy</a> (1812–1820), with three faculties (Theology, Languages and Liberal Arts), four libraries, a printing house, a bookshop, a theatre with 3 stages, a science museum, an art gallery and a scientific and literary periodical, and a medical-care centre. The school was also the patron of the college in Petersburg, the mission to <a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a> and an expedition to Canton. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a> the district saw two battles, the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="First Battle of Polotsk">First Battle of Polotsk</a> (August 1812) and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="Second Battle of Polotsk">Second Battle of Polotsk</a> (October 1812). </p><p>In 1820, pressure from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> influenced the Russian Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia"> Alexander I</a> to exile the Jesuits and to close the Polock Academy, there were 700 students studying there.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian authorities also broke up the Academy's library of 40,000–60,000 volumes, the richest collection of 16th- to 18th-century books — the books went to St. Petersburg, Kiev and other cities, 4000 volumes (along with books from other closed Jesuit schools) going to the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University" title="Saint Petersburg State University"> St. Petersburg State University</a> Scientific Library.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polotsk came under occupation by the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> between 25 February 1918 and 21 November 1918 during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, by Poland between 22 September 1919 and 14 May 1920 in the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a>. and by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> between 16 July 1941 and 4 July 1944 during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. In August 1944, there were serious considerations to transfer Polotsk and its surrounding areas (18,000 square kilometers) with ~400,000 people from the <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian SSR</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>, however <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, persuaded by <a href="/wiki/Panteleimon_Ponomarenko" title="Panteleimon Ponomarenko">Panteleimon Ponomarenko</a>, eventually rejected to approve the already prepared transferring documents and subsequently Polotsk functioned as the center of <a href="/wiki/Polotsk_Region" title="Polotsk Region">Polotsk Region</a> between 20 September 1944 and 8 January 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A reorganisation of the area between <a href="/wiki/Vitebsk_Region" title="Vitebsk Region">Vitebsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molodechno_Region" title="Molodechno Region">Molodechno Regions</a> left Polotsk part of the former. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_heritage">Cultural heritage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polotsk&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cultural heritage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Po%C5%82acak,_D%C5%BAvina._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BA,_%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_(S._Prokudin-Gorsky,_1912).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Po%C5%82acak%2C_D%C5%BAvina._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BA%2C_%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_%28S._Prokudin-Gorsky%2C_1912%29.jpg/220px-Po%C5%82acak%2C_D%C5%BAvina._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BA%2C_%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_%28S._Prokudin-Gorsky%2C_1912%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Po%C5%82acak%2C_D%C5%BAvina._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BA%2C_%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_%28S._Prokudin-Gorsky%2C_1912%29.jpg/330px-Po%C5%82acak%2C_D%C5%BAvina._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BA%2C_%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_%28S._Prokudin-Gorsky%2C_1912%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Po%C5%82acak%2C_D%C5%BAvina._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BA%2C_%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_%28S._Prokudin-Gorsky%2C_1912%29.jpg/440px-Po%C5%82acak%2C_D%C5%BAvina._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BA%2C_%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_%28S._Prokudin-Gorsky%2C_1912%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3390" data-file-height="3178" /></a><figcaption>View of Polotsk in 1912</figcaption></figure> <p>The city's <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral_in_Polotsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Sophia Cathedral in Polotsk">Saint Sophia Cathedral</a> (1044–1066) was a symbol of the independent-mindedness of Polotsk, rivaling churches of the same name in <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>. The name referred to the original <i><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, and thus claims imperial prestige, authority and sovereignty. The cathedral had been ruined by the troops of <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I of Russia">Peter I of Russia</a>. Hence the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192102/http://b4w.narod.ru/polock/sofijs_gallery.htm">present baroque building</a> by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Glaubitz" title="Johann Christoph Glaubitz">Johann Christoph Glaubitz</a> dates from the mid-18th century. Some genuine 12th-century architecture (notably <a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_Church,_Polotsk" title="Transfiguration Church, Polotsk">Transfiguration Church</a>) survives in the Convent of Saint Euphrosyne, which also features a <a href="/wiki/Neo-Byzantine_architecture" title="Neo-Byzantine architecture">neo-Byzantine cathedral</a>, designed and built in 1893—1899 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Korshikov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladimir Korshikov (page does not exist)">Vladimir Korshikov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cultural achievements of the medieval period include the work of the nun <a href="/wiki/Euphrosyne_of_Polatsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphrosyne of Polatsk">Euphrosyne of Polotsk</a> (1120–1173), who built monasteries, transcribed books, promoted literacy and sponsored art (including local artisan Lazarus Bohsha's famous "<a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Saint_Euphrosyne" title="Cross of Saint Euphrosyne">Cross of Saint Euphrosyne</a>," a national symbol and treasure lost during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>), and the prolific, original <a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> sermons and writings of Bishop <a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Turaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril of Turaw">Cyril of Turaw</a> (1130–1182). </p><p>The first Belarusian printer, <a href="/wiki/Francysk_Skaryna" title="Francysk Skaryna">Francysk Skaryna</a>, was born in Polotsk around 1490. He is famous for being the first to print the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Belarusian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Belarusian">Old Belarusian</a> language (East Slavic language) in 1517, several decades after the first-ever printed book by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gutenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Gutenberg">Johann Gutenberg</a> and just several years after the first Czech Bible (1506). </p><p>In September 2003, as "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Days_of_Belarusian_Literacy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Days of Belarusian Literacy (page does not exist)">Days of Belarusian Literacy</a>" were celebrated for the 10th time in Polotsk, city authorities dedicated a monument to honor the unique <a href="/wiki/Short_U_(Cyrillic)" title="Short U (Cyrillic)">Cyrillic Belarusian letter Ў</a>, which is not used in any other Slavic language. The original idea for the monument came from the Belarusian <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a> professor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paval_Siemchanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paval Siemchanka (page does not exist)">Paval Siemchanka</a>, who has been studying <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> scripts for many years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polotsk&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city has produced players for the <a href="/wiki/Belarus_national_bandy_team" title="Belarus national bandy team">Belarus national bandy team</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2011, the team planned to participate in the Russian Cup in <a href="/wiki/Rink_bandy" title="Rink bandy">rink bandy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but did not after all. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polotsk&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U%C5%82adzimir_Ar%C5%82ou" title="Uładzimir Arłou">Uładzimir Arłou</a> (b. 1953), Belarusian historian and writer<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyavon_Barshchewski" title="Lyavon Barshchewski">Lyavon Barshchewski</a> (b. 1958), Belarusian philologist and politician<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Galerkin" title="Boris Galerkin">Boris Galerkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_of_Polotsk" title="Andrei of Polotsk">Andrei of Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryachislav_of_Polotsk" title="Bryachislav of Polotsk">Bryachislav of Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrosyne_of_Polotsk" title="Euphrosyne of Polotsk">Euphrosyne of Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francysk_Skaryna" title="Francysk Skaryna">Francysk Skaryna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lenkiewicz" title="Gabriel Lenkiewicz">Gabriel Lenkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izyaslav_of_Polotsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Izyaslav of Polotsk">Izyaslav of Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josaphat_Kuntsevych" title="Josaphat Kuntsevych">Josaphat Kuntsevych</a> (c.1580-1623) Basilian monk, Archeparch of <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Polotsk%E2%80%93Vitebsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenian Catholic Archeparchy of Polotsk–Vitebsk">Polotsk and Vitebsk</a>, and Saint in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Antin" title="Mary Antin">Mary Antin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogneda_of_Polotsk" title="Rogneda of Polotsk">Rogneda of Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogvolod" title="Rogvolod">Rogvolod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogvolod_Vseslavich" title="Rogvolod Vseslavich">Rogvolod Vseslavich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_of_Minsk" title="Sophia of Minsk">Sophia of Minsk</a>, Queen of Denmark</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symeon_of_Polotsk" title="Symeon of Polotsk">Symeon of Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vseslav_of_Polotsk" title="Vseslav of Polotsk">Vseslav of Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Gordanov" title="Vyacheslav Gordanov">Vyacheslav Gordanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marina_Osman" title="Marina Osman">Marina Osman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Shitov" title="Igor Shitov">Igor Shitov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalya_Kochanova" title="Natalya Kochanova">Natalya Kochanova</a> (b. 1960), speaker of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of the Republic of Belarus">Council of the Republic of Belarus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polotsk&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belarus-Polatsk-Cathedral_of_Sophia-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Sophia Cathedral"><img alt="Saint Sophia Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Belarus-Polatsk-Cathedral_of_Sophia-2.jpg/90px-Belarus-Polatsk-Cathedral_of_Sophia-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Belarus-Polatsk-Cathedral_of_Sophia-2.jpg/135px-Belarus-Polatsk-Cathedral_of_Sophia-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Belarus-Polatsk-Cathedral_of_Sophia-2.jpg/179px-Belarus-Polatsk-Cathedral_of_Sophia-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Saint Sophia Cathedral</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belarus-Polatsk-Cathedral_of_Sophia-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Sophia Cathedral"><img alt="Saint Sophia Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Belarus-Polatsk-Cathedral_of_Sophia-3.jpg/120px-Belarus-Polatsk-Cathedral_of_Sophia-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Belarus-Polatsk-Cathedral_of_Sophia-3.jpg/180px-Belarus-Polatsk-Cathedral_of_Sophia-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Belarus-Polatsk-Cathedral_of_Sophia-3.jpg/240px-Belarus-Polatsk-Cathedral_of_Sophia-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Saint Sophia Cathedral</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belarus-Polatsk-Boris_Stone.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boris stone"><img alt="Boris stone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Belarus-Polatsk-Boris_Stone.jpg/120px-Belarus-Polatsk-Boris_Stone.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Belarus-Polatsk-Boris_Stone.jpg/180px-Belarus-Polatsk-Boris_Stone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Belarus-Polatsk-Boris_Stone.jpg/240px-Belarus-Polatsk-Boris_Stone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Boris_stones" title="Boris stones">Boris stone</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belarus-Polatsk-Monastery_of_Epiphany-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bogoyavlensky Convent"><img alt="Bogoyavlensky Convent" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Belarus-Polatsk-Monastery_of_Epiphany-2.jpg/120px-Belarus-Polatsk-Monastery_of_Epiphany-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Belarus-Polatsk-Monastery_of_Epiphany-2.jpg/180px-Belarus-Polatsk-Monastery_of_Epiphany-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Belarus-Polatsk-Monastery_of_Epiphany-2.jpg/240px-Belarus-Polatsk-Monastery_of_Epiphany-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bogoyavlensky Convent</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bog-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bogoyavlensky Cathedral"><img alt="Bogoyavlensky Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bog-2.jpg/90px-Bog-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bog-2.jpg/135px-Bog-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bog-2.jpg/180px-Bog-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bogoyavlensky Cathedral</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Polatsk-St._Euphrosine4.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Convent of Saint Euphrosyne"><img alt="Convent of Saint Euphrosyne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Polatsk-St._Euphrosine4.JPG/120px-Polatsk-St._Euphrosine4.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Polatsk-St._Euphrosine4.JPG/180px-Polatsk-St._Euphrosine4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Polatsk-St._Euphrosine4.JPG/240px-Polatsk-St._Euphrosine4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Convent of Saint Euphrosyne</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Polatsk-St._Euphrosine3.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Convent of Saint Euphrosyne"><img alt="Convent of Saint Euphrosyne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Polatsk-St._Euphrosine3.JPG/120px-Polatsk-St._Euphrosine3.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Polatsk-St._Euphrosine3.JPG/180px-Polatsk-St._Euphrosine3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Polatsk-St._Euphrosine3.JPG/240px-Polatsk-St._Euphrosine3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Convent of Saint Euphrosyne</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dzvina_Hotel_and_Frantsyska_Skaryny_Avenue_in_Polack.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Polotsk main square with Hotel Dzvina"><img alt="Polotsk main square with Hotel Dzvina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Dzvina_Hotel_and_Frantsyska_Skaryny_Avenue_in_Polack.jpg/120px-Dzvina_Hotel_and_Frantsyska_Skaryny_Avenue_in_Polack.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Dzvina_Hotel_and_Frantsyska_Skaryny_Avenue_in_Polack.jpg/180px-Dzvina_Hotel_and_Frantsyska_Skaryny_Avenue_in_Polack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Dzvina_Hotel_and_Frantsyska_Skaryny_Avenue_in_Polack.jpg/240px-Dzvina_Hotel_and_Frantsyska_Skaryny_Avenue_in_Polack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Polotsk main square with Hotel Dzvina</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belarus-Polatsk-Railway_Station-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Railway station"><img alt="Railway station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Belarus-Polatsk-Railway_Station-3.jpg/120px-Belarus-Polatsk-Railway_Station-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Belarus-Polatsk-Railway_Station-3.jpg/180px-Belarus-Polatsk-Railway_Station-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Belarus-Polatsk-Railway_Station-3.jpg/240px-Belarus-Polatsk-Railway_Station-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Railway station</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C_041.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Former Lutheran church"><img alt="Former Lutheran church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C_041.jpg/90px-%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C_041.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C_041.jpg/135px-%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C_041.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C_041.jpg/180px-%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C_041.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Former Lutheran church</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belarus-Polatsk-Church_of_Protection_of_Holy_Virgin-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of Protection of Holy Virgin"><img alt="Church of Protection of Holy Virgin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Belarus-Polatsk-Church_of_Protection_of_Holy_Virgin-8.jpg/90px-Belarus-Polatsk-Church_of_Protection_of_Holy_Virgin-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Belarus-Polatsk-Church_of_Protection_of_Holy_Virgin-8.jpg/135px-Belarus-Polatsk-Church_of_Protection_of_Holy_Virgin-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Belarus-Polatsk-Church_of_Protection_of_Holy_Virgin-8.jpg/179px-Belarus-Polatsk-Church_of_Protection_of_Holy_Virgin-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of Protection of Holy Virgin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belarus-Polatsk-Church_of_Andrew_Babola-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of Andrew Babola"><img alt="Church of Andrew Babola" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Belarus-Polatsk-Church_of_Andrew_Babola-4.jpg/90px-Belarus-Polatsk-Church_of_Andrew_Babola-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Belarus-Polatsk-Church_of_Andrew_Babola-4.jpg/135px-Belarus-Polatsk-Church_of_Andrew_Babola-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Belarus-Polatsk-Church_of_Andrew_Babola-4.jpg/179px-Belarus-Polatsk-Church_of_Andrew_Babola-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of Andrew Babola</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polotsk&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krivichs" title="Krivichs">Krivichs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novopolotsk" title="Novopolotsk">Novopolotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plock" class="mw-redirect" title="Plock">Plock</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polotsk&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Instruction_on_transliteration_of_Belarusian_geographical_names_with_letters_of_Latin_script" title="Instruction on transliteration of Belarusian geographical names with letters of Latin script">Official transliteration</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polotsk&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pop-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pop_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pop_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240402055418/https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/solialnaya-sfera/naselenie-i-migratsiya/naselenie/statisticheskie-izdaniya/index_89355/">"Численность населения на 1 января 2024 г. и среднегодовая численность населения за 2023 год по Республике Беларусь в разрезе областей, районов, городов, поселков городского типа"</a>. <i>belsat.gov.by</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/solialnaya-sfera/naselenie-i-migratsiya/naselenie/statisticheskie-izdaniya/index_89355/">the original</a> on 2 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=belsat.gov.by&rft.atitle=%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+1+%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F+2024+%D0%B3.+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B7%D0%B0+2023+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%B2+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%2C+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belstat.gov.by%2Fofitsialnaya-statistika%2Fsolialnaya-sfera%2Fnaselenie-i-migratsiya%2Fnaselenie%2Fstatisticheskie-izdaniya%2Findex_89355%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolotsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WMONormals-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WMONormals_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Belarus/CSV/POLOTSK_26653.csv">"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Polotsk"</a>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climate+Normals+for+1991-2020+%E2%80%94+Polotsk&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F2.2%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-6-WMO-Normals-9120%2FBelarus%2FCSV%2FPOLOTSK_26653.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolotsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110824231853/http://polotskgik.by/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=371:2010-03-14-16-33-23&catid=37:2009-03-27-15-05-01&Itemid=50">Archaeologists have won the dispute in the ancient chronicles of the earlier date base of Polotsk</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanak-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hanak_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanak2013" class="citation book cs1">Hanak, Walter K. (10 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WfV0AQAAQBAJ"><i>The Nature and the Image of Princely Power in Kievan Rus', 980-1054: A Study of Sources</i></a>. BRILL. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26022-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26022-1"><bdi>978-90-04-26022-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+and+the+Image+of+Princely+Power+in+Kievan+Rus%27%2C+980-1054%3A+A+Study+of+Sources&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2013-10-10&rft.isbn=978-90-04-26022-1&rft.aulast=Hanak&rft.aufirst=Walter+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWfV0AQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolotsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franklin-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Franklin_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklinShepard2014" class="citation book cs1">Franklin, Simon; Shepard, Jonathan (6 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mMoFBAAAQBAJ"><i>The Emergence of Russia 750-1200</i></a>. Routledge. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-87224-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-87224-5"><bdi>978-1-317-87224-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Russia+750-1200&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-06-06&rft.isbn=978-1-317-87224-5&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Shepard%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmMoFBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolotsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 1300-c. 1415. p.706</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMH-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CMH_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMH_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 1300-c. 1415. pp.769-770</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAn_Elizabethan_Newssheet1965" class="citation journal cs1">An Elizabethan Newssheet (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/bela/1/1/article-p16_3.xml">"The Taking of Polack — 1579"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Belarusian_Studies" title="The Journal of Belarusian Studies">The Journal of Belarusian Studies</a></i>. <b>I</b> (I): 16–22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Belarusian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Taking+of+Polack+%E2%80%94+1579&rft.volume=I&rft.issue=I&rft.pages=16-22&rft.date=1965&rft.au=An+Elizabethan+Newssheet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fbela%2F1%2F1%2Farticle-p16_3.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolotsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Symposium 2014: Jesuit Survival and Restoration 1773 - 1814: 200th Anniversary Perspectives from Boston and Macau</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Połock Academy (1812–1820): An Example of the Society of Jesus's Endurance, by Irena Kadulska in: Robert A. MARYKS and Jonathan WRIGHT (eds.), Jesuit Survival and Restoration: A Global History, 1773–1900, Leiden and Boston, MA: Brill, 2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004282384" title="Special:BookSources/9789004282384">9789004282384</a>, pp. 83-98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adventist.narod.ru/polotski.htm">"Polotsk history"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polotsk+history&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadventist.narod.ru%2Fpolotski.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolotsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stam, David H. International Dictionary of Library Histories. Chicago, Ill: Dearborn, 2001. vol 1, p. 686</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svaboda.org/a/30229569.html">"У 1944-м Полацкую вобласьць хацелі аддаць Расеі"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%91_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Радыё Свабода">Радыё Свабода</a></i> (in Belarusian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%91+%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%A3+1944-%D0%BC+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C+%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96+%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8C+%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%96&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svaboda.org%2Fa%2F30229569.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolotsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Savelyev, Yu. R. Vizantiysky stil v architecture Rossii (Савельев, Ю. Р. Византийский стиль в архитектуре России. - СПБ., 2005) Saint Petersburg, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-87417-207-6" title="Special:BookSources/5-87417-207-6">5-87417-207-6</a>, p.260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bandy2008.ru/by-z-z-z-z-z-z-z-blr-teamroster-eng.pdf">Bandy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110904234152/http://www.bandy2008.ru/by-z-z-z-z-z-z-z-blr-teamroster-eng.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-09-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at Bandy2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http%3A%2F%2Fbandynet.ru%2Fv1%2Fnode%2F21751">"Google Translate"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Google+Translate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftranslate.google.co.uk%2Ftranslate%3Fhl%3Den%26sl%3Dru%26u%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fbandynet.ru%252Fv1%252Fnode%252F21751&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolotsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://slounik.org/80803.html">Uladzimir Arloǔ(Арлоў Уладзімір)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svaboda.org/a/29077456.html">Lyavon Barshchewski: “I could become а prime minister. But not a president. And not a member of parliament. (Лявон Баршчэўскі: «Я прэм’ер-міністрам мог бы стаць. Але не прэзыдэнтам. І не дэпутатам»)</a> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polotsk&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vitebsk_Region" title="Template:Vitebsk Region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vitebsk_Region" title="Template talk:Vitebsk Region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vitebsk_Region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vitebsk Region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="30px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Subdivisions_of_Vitebsk_Region,_Belarus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Vitsebsk_region.svg/30px-Flag_of_Vitsebsk_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Vitsebsk_region.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vitsebsk_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Vitsebsk_region.svg/60px-Flag_of_Vitsebsk_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> Subdivisions of <a href="/wiki/Vitebsk_Region" title="Vitebsk Region">Vitebsk Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Belarus" title="Districts of Belarus">Districts</a><br /><span class="nobold"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Raion" title="Raion">raiony</a>)</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beshankovichy_District" title="Beshankovichy District">Beshankovichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braslaw_District" title="Braslaw District">Braslaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chashniki_District" title="Chashniki District">Chashniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokshytsy_District" title="Dokshytsy District">Dokshytsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubrowna_District" title="Dubrowna District">Dubrowna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haradok_District" title="Haradok District">Haradok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlybokaye_District" title="Hlybokaye District">Hlybokaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyepyel_District" title="Lyepyel District">Lyepyel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyozna_District" title="Lyozna District">Lyozna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miory_District" title="Miory District">Miory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orsha_District" title="Orsha District">Orsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastavy_District" title="Pastavy District">Pastavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polotsk_District" title="Polotsk District">Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasony_District" title="Rasony District">Rasony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharkawshchyna_District" title="Sharkawshchyna District">Sharkawshchyna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shumilina_District" title="Shumilina District">Shumilina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syanno_District" title="Syanno District">Syanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talachyn_District" title="Talachyn District">Talachyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushachy_District" title="Ushachy District">Ushachy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitebsk_District" title="Vitebsk District">Vitebsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyerkhnyadzvinsk_District" title="Vyerkhnyadzvinsk District">Vyerkhnyadzvinsk</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Vitsebsk_Voblasts.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Vitebsk Region"><img alt="Coat of arms of Vitebsk Region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Vitsebsk_Voblasts.svg/60px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Vitsebsk_Voblasts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Vitsebsk_Voblasts.svg/90px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Vitsebsk_Voblasts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Vitsebsk_Voblasts.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Vitsebsk_Voblasts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="715" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Cities and towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baran,_Belarus" title="Baran, Belarus">Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beshankovichy" title="Beshankovichy">Beshankovichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braslaw" title="Braslaw">Braslaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chashniki" title="Chashniki">Chashniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzisna" title="Dzisna">Dzisna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokshytsy" title="Dokshytsy">Dokshytsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubrowna" title="Dubrowna">Dubrowna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haradok" title="Haradok">Haradok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlybokaye" title="Hlybokaye">Hlybokaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyepyel" title="Lyepyel">Lyepyel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyozna" title="Lyozna">Lyozna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miory" title="Miory">Miory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novolukoml" title="Novolukoml">Novolukoml</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novopolotsk" title="Novopolotsk">Novopolotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orsha" title="Orsha">Orsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastavy" title="Pastavy">Pastavy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syanno" title="Syanno">Syanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talachyn" title="Talachyn">Talachyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitebsk" title="Vitebsk">Vitebsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyerkhnyadzvinsk" title="Vyerkhnyadzvinsk">Vyerkhnyadzvinsk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League_by_quarter,_and_trading_posts_of_the_Hanseatic_League" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanseatic_League" title="Template:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hanseatic_League" title="Template talk:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hanseatic_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League_by_quarter,_and_trading_posts_of_the_Hanseatic_League" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> by quarter, and trading posts of the Hanseatic League</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Chief cities shown in <span class="smallcaps">smallcaps</span>.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free Imperial Cities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wendish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lübeck" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;;padding:0.75em 1.0em;"><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklam" title="Anklam">Anklam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demmin" title="Demmin">Demmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Kolberg <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kołobrzeg)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar%C5%82owo" title="Darłowo">Rügenwalde <span style="font-size:85%;">(Darłowo)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Stettin <span style="font-size:85%;">(Szczecin)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk" title="Słupsk">Stolp <span style="font-size:85%;">(Słupsk)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargard" title="Stargard">Stargard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visby" title="Visby">Visby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wismar" title="Wismar">Wismar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/150px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/225px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/300px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="603" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/150px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/225px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/300px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3720" data-file-height="2996" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="BrunswickMagdeburg" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Brunswick</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)" title="Frankfurt (Oder)">Frankfurt an der Oder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Goslar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Baltic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Danzig(Gdańsk)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk"><span class="smallcaps">Danzig</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(Gdańsk)</span></span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Breslau <span style="font-size:85%;">(Wrocław)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Dorpat <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tartu)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbing <span style="font-size:85%;">(Elbląg)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Cracow <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kraków)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Reval <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tallinn)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga <span style="font-size:85%;">(Rīga)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Thorn <span style="font-size:85%;">(Toruń)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Westphalian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cologne_1Dortmund_1" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></i></span> <span class="nobold"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span><br /><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></i></span> <span class="nobold"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampen,_Overijssel" title="Kampen, Overijssel">Kampen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soest,_Germany" title="Soest, Germany">Soest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zutphen" title="Zutphen">Zutphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwolle" title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><hr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Kontor" title="Kontor">Kontore</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bryggen" title="Bryggen">Bryggen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontor_of_Bruges" title="Kontor of Bruges">Kontor of Bruges</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a><sup>2</sup><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelyard" title="Steelyard">Steelyard</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterhof_(Novgorod)" title="Peterhof (Novgorod)">Peterhof</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Novgorod</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Vitten</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falsterbo" title="Falsterbo">Falsterbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn" title="King's Lynn">Bishop's Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire" title="Boston, Lincolnshire">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Ipswich" title="Port of Ipswich">Ipswich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herford" title="Herford">Herford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Yarmouth" title="Great Yarmouth">Yarmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a> were both chief city of the Westphalian Quarter at different times.</li><li><sup><small>2</small></sup> The kontor was moved to <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> once <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> became inaccessible due to the silting of the <a href="/wiki/Zwin" title="Zwin">Zwin</a> channel.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Garðaríki" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gardariki" title="Template:Gardariki"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gardariki" title="Template talk:Gardariki"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gardariki" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gardariki"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Garðaríki" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar%C3%ADki" title="Garðaríki">Garðaríki</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Names in <i>italics</i> are settlements whose <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Norse</a> names are not recorded</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volkhov_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkhov River">Volkhov</a>-<a href="/wiki/Volga_trade_route" title="Volga trade route">Volga trade route</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lyubsha" title="Lyubsha">Lyubsha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staraya_Ladoga" title="Staraya Ladoga">Aldeigja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaborg" title="Alaborg">Álaborg</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Novye_Duboviki" title="Novye Duboviki">Duboviki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Hólmgarðr</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarskoye_Gorodishche" title="Sarskoye Gorodishche">Sarskoe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timerevo" title="Timerevo">Timerevo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balymer_complex" title="Balymer complex">Balymer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%96179_Gripsholm_Runestone.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gripsholm runestone"><img alt="Gripsholm runestone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/S%C3%96179_Gripsholm_Runestone.jpg/60px-S%C3%96179_Gripsholm_Runestone.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/S%C3%96179_Gripsholm_Runestone.jpg/90px-S%C3%96179_Gripsholm_Runestone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/S%C3%96179_Gripsholm_Runestone.jpg/120px-S%C3%96179_Gripsholm_Runestone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="767" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Dvina" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Dvina">Dvina</a>-<a href="/wiki/Route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" title="Route from the Varangians to the Greeks">Dnieper trade route</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pallteskja</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gnezdovo" title="Gnezdovo">Gnezdovo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Grave" title="Black Grave">Chernigov</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kænugarðr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bjarmaland" title="Bjarmaland">Bjarmaland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khortytsia" title="Khortytsia">Khortitsa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">White Shores</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Miklagarðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murom" title="Murom">Móramar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostov,_Yaroslavl_Oblast" title="Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast">Rostofa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rurikovo_Gorodische" title="Rurikovo Gorodische">Rurikovo Gorodische</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serkland" title="Serkland">Særkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smaleskja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzdal" title="Suzdal">Súrdalar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kylfings" title="Kylfings">Kylfings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chud" title="Chud">Chudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meryans" title="Meryans">Merya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgaria" title="Volga Bulgaria">Bulgars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blakumen" title="Blakumen">Blakumen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200797#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200797#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200797#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/151419297">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1264557/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4376137-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n93029967">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15059482b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15059482b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Polack (Bělorusko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge191206&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX6121973">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007530927205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/78df5699-e832-4370-a68c-1a3d9b2154da">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/095338926">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" 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