CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Cosmopolitan distribution - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a2327614-d35c-4dea-8231-b3f37bc2f857","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Cosmopolitan_distribution","wgTitle":"Cosmopolitan distribution","wgCurRevisionId":1264486352,"wgRevisionId":1264486352,"wgArticleId":4561442,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from January 2021","Biogeography","Cosmopolitan species"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Cosmopolitan_distribution","wgRelevantArticleId":4561442,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia", "wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q215402","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles": "ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns", "ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.14"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Killerwhales_jumping.jpg/1200px-Killerwhales_jumping.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="798"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Killerwhales_jumping.jpg/800px-Killerwhales_jumping.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="532"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Killerwhales_jumping.jpg/640px-Killerwhales_jumping.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="425"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Cosmopolitan distribution - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmopolitan_distribution&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Cosmopolitan_distribution rootpage-Cosmopolitan_distribution skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cosmopolitan+distribution" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cosmopolitan+distribution" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cosmopolitan+distribution" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cosmopolitan+distribution" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Qualification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qualification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Qualification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qualification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_terms_and_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_terms_and_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Related terms and concepts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_terms_and_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceanic_obstacles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceanic_obstacles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Oceanic obstacles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceanic_obstacles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecological_delimitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecological_delimitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ecological delimitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecological_delimitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_and_temporal_variation_in_populations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_and_temporal_variation_in_populations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Regional and temporal variation in populations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_and_temporal_variation_in_populations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cosmopolitan distribution</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A" title="التوزع العالمي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التوزع العالمي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmopolit_n%C3%B6vl%C9%99r" title="Kosmopolit növlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kosmopolit növlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Космополит (биология) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Космополит (биология)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmopolitsko_rasprostranjenje" title="Kosmopolitsko rasprostranjenje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kosmopolitsko rasprostranjenje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitisme_(biologia)" title="Cosmopolitisme (biologia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cosmopolitisme (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmopolit" title="Kosmopolit – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kosmopolit" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmopolit_(Biologie)" title="Kosmopolit (Biologie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kosmopolit (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmopoliidid_(bioloogia)" title="Kosmopoliidid (bioloogia) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kosmopoliidid (bioloogia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribuci%C3%B3n_cosmopolita" title="Distribución cosmopolita – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Distribución cosmopolita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmopolita_distribuo_(biologio)" title="Kosmopolita distribuo (biologio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kosmopolita distribuo (biologio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banaketa_kosmopolita" title="Banaketa kosmopolita – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Banaketa kosmopolita" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%86%DB%8C" title="پراکندگی جهان‌میهنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پراکندگی جهان‌میهنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9partition_cosmopolite" title="Répartition cosmopolite – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Répartition cosmopolite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmopolityske_fersprieding" title="Kosmopolityske fersprieding – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kosmopolityske fersprieding" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1ileadh_cosmapolaiteach" title="Dáileadh cosmapolaiteach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dáileadh cosmapolaiteach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80_(%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Կոսմոպոլիտներ (կենսաբանություն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոսմոպոլիտներ (կենսաբանություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="सार्वत्रिक वितरण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सार्वत्रिक वितरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribusi_kosmopolitan" title="Distribusi kosmopolitan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Distribusi kosmopolitan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribuzione_cosmopolita" title="Distribuzione cosmopolita – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Distribuzione cosmopolita" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_(%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94)" title="קוסמופוליטיות (ביולוגיה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קוסמופוליטיות (ביולוגיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributio_cosmopolita" title="Distributio cosmopolita – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Distributio cosmopolita" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozmopolita_%C3%A9l%C5%91l%C3%A9ny" title="Kozmopolita élőlény – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kozmopolita élőlény" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Космополитизам (биологија) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Космополитизам (биологија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmopolitische_verspreiding" title="Kosmopolitische verspreiding – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kosmopolitische verspreiding" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%8E%E5%AD%98%E7%A8%AE" title="汎存種 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="汎存種" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmopolitisk_utbredelse" title="Kosmopolitisk utbredelse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kosmopolitisk utbredelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmopolitisk_utbreiing" title="Kosmopolitisk utbreiing – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kosmopolitisk utbreiing" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmopolitlar" title="Kosmopolitlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kosmopolitlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatunek_kosmopolityczny" title="Gatunek kosmopolityczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gatunek kosmopolityczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_cosmopolita" title="Distribuição cosmopolita – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Distribuição cosmopolita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolit_(biologie)" title="Cosmopolit (biologie) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cosmopolit (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Космополитизм (биология) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Космополитизм (биология)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%9E%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="සාර්වභෞමික ව්‍යාප්තිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සාර්වභෞමික ව්‍යාප්තිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution" title="Cosmopolitan distribution – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cosmopolitan distribution" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozmopolit_(biogeografija)" title="Kozmopolit (biogeografija) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kozmopolit (biogeografija)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Космополит (биологија) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Космополит (биологија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmopoliitti_(biologia)" title="Kosmopoliitti (biologia) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kosmopoliitti (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmopolit_(biologi)" title="Kosmopolit (biologi) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kosmopolit (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பல்வள இயைபுப் பரவல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பல்வள இயைபுப் பரவல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozmopolit_da%C4%9F%C4%B1l%C4%B1m" title="Kozmopolit dağılım – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kozmopolit dağılım" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_(%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Космополітизм (біологія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Космополітизм (біологія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_b%E1%BB%91_to%C3%A0n_c%E1%BA%A7u" title="Phân bố toàn cầu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phân bố toàn cầu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83" title="世界分布 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="世界分布" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q215402#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Cosmopolitan_distribution" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmopolitan_distribution&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmopolitan_distribution&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmopolitan_distribution&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmopolitan_distribution&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Cosmopolitan_distribution" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Cosmopolitan_distribution" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmopolitan_distribution&oldid=1264486352" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmopolitan_distribution&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Cosmopolitan_distribution&id=1264486352&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCosmopolitan_distribution"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCosmopolitan_distribution"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Cosmopolitan_distribution&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmopolitan_distribution&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q215402" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Distribution of an organism across all or most of the world</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader"><i><a href="/wiki/Orca" title="Orca">Orcinus orca</a></i> and its range (in blue)</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Killerwhales_jumping.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Killerwhales_jumping.jpg/240px-Killerwhales_jumping.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Killerwhales_jumping.jpg/360px-Killerwhales_jumping.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Killerwhales_jumping.jpg/480px-Killerwhales_jumping.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2186" data-file-height="1453" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Killer_Whale_Range_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Killer_Whale_Range_Map.svg/240px-Killer_Whale_Range_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Killer_Whale_Range_Map.svg/360px-Killer_Whale_Range_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Killer_Whale_Range_Map.svg/480px-Killer_Whale_Range_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="859" data-file-height="438" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">biogeography</a>, a <b>cosmopolitan distribution</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Species_distribution" title="Species distribution">range</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxon</a> that extends across most or all of the surface of the Earth, in appropriate <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a>; most cosmopolitan species are known to be highly adaptable to a range of climatic and environmental conditions, though this is not always so. Killer whales (<a href="/wiki/Orcas" class="mw-redirect" title="Orcas">orcas</a>) are among the most well-known cosmopolitan species on the planet, as they maintain several different <a href="/wiki/Resident_orca" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident orca">resident</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transient_orca" class="mw-redirect" title="Transient orca">transient</a> (migratory) populations in every major oceanic body on Earth, from the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a> to <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> and every coastal and open-water region in-between. Such a taxon (usually a <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>) is said to have a <i>cosmopolitan</i> distribution, or exhibit <b>cosmopolitanism</b>, as a species; another example, the <a href="/wiki/Rock_dove" title="Rock dove">rock dove</a> (commonly referred to as a '<a href="/wiki/Pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigeon">pigeon</a>'), in addition to having been <a href="/wiki/Captive_breeding" title="Captive breeding">bred</a> domestically for centuries, now occurs in most urban areas around the world. </p><p>The extreme opposite of a cosmopolitan species is an <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> (native) species, or one that is found only in a single geographical location. Endemism usually results in organisms with specific adaptations to one particular climate or region, and the species would likely face challenges if placed in a different environment. There are far more examples of endemic species than cosmopolitan species; one example being the <a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">snow leopard</a>, a species found only in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> mountain ranges, an environment to which the cats have adapted over millions of years.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Qualification">Qualification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmopolitan_distribution&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Qualification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The caveat "in appropriate habitat" is used to qualify the term "cosmopolitan distribution", excluding in most instances polar regions, extreme altitudes, oceans, deserts, or small, isolated islands.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Housefly" title="Housefly">housefly</a> is highly cosmopolitan, yet is neither oceanic nor polar in its distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-RussellOtranto2013_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RussellOtranto2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_terms_and_concepts">Related terms and concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmopolitan_distribution&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Related terms and concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <b>pandemism</b> also is in use, but not all authors are consistent in the sense in which they use the term; some speak of pandemism mainly in referring to diseases and <a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">pandemics</a>, and some as a term intermediate between endemism and cosmopolitanism, in effect regarding pandemism as <b>subcosmopolitanism</b>. This means near cosmopolitanism, but with major gaps in the <a href="/wiki/Species_distribution" title="Species distribution">distribution</a>, say, complete absence from Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson2010_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HarperServais2014_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarperServais2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terminology varies, and there is some debate whether the true opposite of endemism is pandemism or cosmopolitanism.<sup id="cite_ref-Rapoport2013_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rapoport2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oceanic_obstacles">Oceanic obstacles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmopolitan_distribution&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Oceanic obstacles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A related concept in <a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">biogeography</a> is that of <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">oceanic</a> cosmopolitanism and endemism. Rather than allow ubiquitous travel, the <a href="/wiki/World_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="World Ocean">World Ocean</a> is complicated by physical obstacles such as temperature gradients.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These prevent migration of tropical species between the Atlantic and Indian/Pacific oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, the Northern marine regions and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a> are separated by the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropics</a>, too warm for many species to traverse. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecological_delimitation">Ecological delimitation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmopolitan_distribution&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ecological delimitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another aspect of cosmopolitanism is that of ecological limitations. A species that is apparently cosmopolitan because it occurs in all oceans might in fact occupy only <a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">littoral zones</a>, or only particular ranges of depths, or only <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuaries</a>, for example. Analogously, <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion#Terrestrial" title="Ecoregion">terrestrial</a> species might be present only in forests, or mountainous regions, or sandy <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> regions or the like. Such distributions might be patchy, or extended, but narrow. Factors of such a nature are taken widely for granted, so they seldom are mentioned explicitly in mentioning cosmopolitan distributions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_and_temporal_variation_in_populations">Regional and temporal variation in populations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmopolitan_distribution&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Regional and temporal variation in populations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cosmopolitanism of a particular species or variety should not be confused with cosmopolitanism of higher taxa. For example, the family <a href="/wiki/Antlion" title="Antlion">Myrmeleontidae</a> is cosmopolitan in the sense that every continent except Antarctica is home to some indigenous species within the Myrmeleontidae, but nonetheless no one species, nor even genus, of the Myrmeleontidae is cosmopolitan. Conversely, partly as a result of human introduction of unnatural <a href="/wiki/Beekeeping" title="Beekeeping">apiculture</a> to the New World, <i><a href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee" title="Western honey bee">Apis mellifera</a></i> probably is the only cosmopolitan member of its family; the rest of the family <a href="/wiki/Apidae" title="Apidae">Apidae</a> have modest distributions. </p><p>Even where a cosmopolitan population is recognised as a single species, such as indeed <i>Apis mellifera</i>, there generally will be variation between regional sub-populations. Such variation commonly is at the level of <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">varieties</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">morphs</a>, whereas some variation is too slight or inconsistent for formal recognition. </p><p>For an example of subspecific variation, consider the <a href="/wiki/East_African_lowland_honey_bee" title="East African lowland honey bee">East African lowland honey bee</a> (<i>Apis mellifera scutellata</i>)—best known for being hybridized with various European subspecies of the <a href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee" title="Western honey bee">western honey bee</a> to create the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Africanized_bee" title="Africanized bee">African killer bee</a>"—and the <a href="/wiki/Cape_honey_bee" title="Cape honey bee">Cape bee</a>, which is the subspecies <i>Apis mellifera capensis</i>; both of them are in the same cosmopolitan species <i>Apis mellifera</i>, but their ranges barely overlap. </p><p>Other cosmopolitan species, such as the <a href="/wiki/House_sparrow" title="House sparrow">house sparrow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osprey" title="Osprey">osprey</a>, present similar examples, but in yet other species there are less familiar complications: some migratory birds such as the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_tern" title="Arctic tern">Arctic tern</a> occur from the Arctic to the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a>, but at any one season of the year they are likely to be largely in passage or concentrated at only one end of the range. Also, some such species breed only at one end of the range. Seen purely as an aspect of cosmopolitanism, such distributions could be seen as temporal, seasonal variations. </p><p>Other complications of cosmopolitanism on a planet too large for local populations to interbreed routinely with each other include genetic effects such as <a href="/wiki/Ring_species" title="Ring species">ring species</a>, such as in the <i><a href="/wiki/Larus" title="Larus">Larus</a></i> gulls,<sup id="cite_ref-Kunz2013_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunz2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the formation of <a href="/wiki/Cline_(biology)" title="Cline (biology)">clines</a> such as in <i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila" title="Drosophila">Drosophila</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-KrimbasPowell1992_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KrimbasPowell1992-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmopolitan_distribution&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amanita_muscaria_3_vliegenzwammen_op_rij.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Amanita_muscaria_3_vliegenzwammen_op_rij.jpg/150px-Amanita_muscaria_3_vliegenzwammen_op_rij.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Amanita_muscaria_3_vliegenzwammen_op_rij.jpg/225px-Amanita_muscaria_3_vliegenzwammen_op_rij.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Amanita_muscaria_3_vliegenzwammen_op_rij.jpg/300px-Amanita_muscaria_3_vliegenzwammen_op_rij.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Originally native to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fly_agaric" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly agaric">fly agaric</a> (<i>Amanita muscaria</i>) has gained a cosmopolitan distribution as a result of being introduced to new areas in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cosmopolitan distributions can be observed both in extinct and extant species. For example, <i><a href="/wiki/Lystrosaurus" title="Lystrosaurus">Lystrosaurus</a></i> was cosmopolitan in the Early Triassic after the <a href="/wiki/Permian-Triassic_extinction_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Permian-Triassic extinction event">Permian-Triassic extinction event</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SahneyBenton2008_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SahneyBenton2008-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the modern world, the <a href="/wiki/Orca" title="Orca">orca</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Blue_whale" title="Blue whale">blue whale</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Great_white_shark" title="Great white shark">great white shark</a> all have cosmopolitan distribution, extending over most of the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceans</a>. The wasp <i><a href="/wiki/Copidosoma_floridanum" title="Copidosoma floridanum">Copidosoma floridanum</a></i> is another example, as it is found around the world. Other examples, including species which have gained a cosmopolitan distribution as a result of human assistance, include <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee" title="Western honey bee">western honey bee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_rat" title="Brown rat">brown rats</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mushroom" title="Mushroom">mushroom</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Amanita_muscaria" title="Amanita muscaria">Amanita muscaria</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the foliose <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichen</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Parmelia_sulcata" title="Parmelia sulcata">Parmelia sulcata</a></i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">mollusc</a> genus <i><a href="/wiki/Mytilus_(bivalve)" title="Mytilus (bivalve)">Mytilus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Spellerberg_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spellerberg-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term can also apply to some diseases. It may result from a broad range of environmental tolerances<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or from rapid <a href="/wiki/Biological_dispersal" title="Biological dispersal">dispersal</a> compared to the time needed for <a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">speciation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmopolitan_distribution&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">Ecoregion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondwanan_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Gondwanan distribution">Gondwanan distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holarctic" class="mw-redirect" title="Holarctic">Holarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantropical" title="Pantropical">Pantropical</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmopolitan_distribution&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZ._Jack_TsengXiaoming_WangGraham_J._SlaterGary_T._Takeuchi2014" class="citation journal cs1">Z. Jack Tseng; Xiaoming Wang; Graham J. Slater; Gary T. Takeuchi; Qiang Li; Juan Liu; Guangpu Xie (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/43600250">"Himalayan Fossils of the Oldest Known Pantherine Establish Ancient Origin of Big Cats"</a>. <i>Proceedings: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>281</b> (1774): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43600250">43600250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Himalayan+Fossils+of+the+Oldest+Known+Pantherine+Establish+Ancient+Origin+of+Big+Cats&rft.volume=281&rft.issue=1774&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43600250%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Z.+Jack+Tseng&rft.au=Xiaoming+Wang&rft.au=Graham+J.+Slater&rft.au=Gary+T.+Takeuchi&rft.au=Qiang+Li&rft.au=Juan+Liu&rft.au=Guangpu+Xie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43600250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmopolitan+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JKTeiqPBpM4C&pg=PA164"><i>Encyclopedia of Ecology and Environmental Management</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. 15 July 2009. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1324-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1324-6"><bdi>978-1-4443-1324-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ecology+and+Environmental+Management&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009-07-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-1324-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJKTeiqPBpM4C%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmopolitan+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RussellOtranto2013-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RussellOtranto2013_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_C._RussellDomenico_OtrantoRichard_L._Wall2013" class="citation book cs1">Richard C. Russell; Domenico Otranto; Richard L. Wall (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9QfhF_wQSV4C&pg=PA157"><i>The Encyclopedia of Medical and Veterinary Entomology</i></a>. CABI. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78064-037-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78064-037-2"><bdi>978-1-78064-037-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Medical+and+Veterinary+Entomology&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=CABI&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78064-037-2&rft.au=Richard+C.+Russell&rft.au=Domenico+Otranto&rft.au=Richard+L.+Wall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9QfhF_wQSV4C%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmopolitan+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simpson2010-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Simpson2010_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_G._Simpson2010" class="citation book cs1">Michael G. Simpson (19 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dj8KRImgyf4C&pg=PA720"><i>Plant Systematics</i></a>. Academic Press. p. 720. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-092208-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-092208-9"><bdi>978-0-08-092208-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+Systematics&rft.pages=720&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2010-07-19&rft.isbn=978-0-08-092208-9&rft.au=Michael+G.+Simpson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddj8KRImgyf4C%26pg%3DPA720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmopolitan+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HarperServais2014-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HarperServais2014_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._A._T._HarperT._Servais2014" class="citation book cs1">D. A. T. Harper; T. Servais (27 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mIWhAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA31"><i>Early Palaeozoic Biogeography and Palaeogeography</i></a>. Geological Society of London. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86239-373-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86239-373-8"><bdi>978-1-86239-373-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Palaeozoic+Biogeography+and+Palaeogeography&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Geological+Society+of+London&rft.date=2014-01-27&rft.isbn=978-1-86239-373-8&rft.au=D.+A.+T.+Harper&rft.au=T.+Servais&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmIWhAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmopolitan+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rapoport2013-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rapoport2013_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEduardo_H_Rapoport2013" class="citation book cs1">Eduardo H Rapoport (22 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ePHfBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA251"><i>Areography: Geographical Strategies of Species</i></a>. Elsevier. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4831-5277-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4831-5277-6"><bdi>978-1-4831-5277-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Areography%3A+Geographical+Strategies+of+Species&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2013-10-22&rft.isbn=978-1-4831-5277-6&rft.au=Eduardo+H+Rapoport&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DePHfBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmopolitan+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaters2008" class="citation journal cs1">Waters, Jonathan M. (July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1472-4642.2008.00481.x">"Marine biogeographical disjunction in temperate Australia: historical landbridge, contemporary currents, or both?"</a>. <i>Diversity and Distributions</i>. <b>14</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">692–</span>700. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008DivDi..14..692W">2008DivDi..14..692W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1472-4642.2008.00481.x">10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00481.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1366-9516">1366-9516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diversity+and+Distributions&rft.atitle=Marine+biogeographical+disjunction+in+temperate+Australia%3A+historical+landbridge%2C+contemporary+currents%2C+or+both%3F&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E692-%3C%2Fspan%3E700&rft.date=2008-07&rft.issn=1366-9516&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1472-4642.2008.00481.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008DivDi..14..692W&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1472-4642.2008.00481.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmopolitan+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarzycznyRiusWilliamsFenberg2024" class="citation journal cs1">Zarzyczny, Karolina M.; Rius, Marc; Williams, Suzanne T.; Fenberg, Phillip B. (March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/485081/1/1_s2.0_S0169534723002732_main.pdf">"The ecological and evolutionary consequences of tropicalisation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Trends in Ecology & Evolution</i>. <b>39</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">267–</span>279. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024TEcoE..39..267Z">2024TEcoE..39..267Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tree.2023.10.006">10.1016/j.tree.2023.10.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0169-5347">0169-5347</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38030539">38030539</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=The+ecological+and+evolutionary+consequences+of+tropicalisation&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E267-%3C%2Fspan%3E279&rft.date=2024-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tree.2023.10.006&rft.issn=0169-5347&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38030539&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024TEcoE..39..267Z&rft.aulast=Zarzyczny&rft.aufirst=Karolina+M.&rft.au=Rius%2C+Marc&rft.au=Williams%2C+Suzanne+T.&rft.au=Fenberg%2C+Phillip+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.soton.ac.uk%2F485081%2F1%2F1_s2.0_S0169534723002732_main.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmopolitan+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kunz2013-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kunz2013_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerner_Kunz2013" class="citation book cs1">Werner Kunz (2 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xQxwAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT211"><i>Do Species Exist: Principles of Taxonomic Classification</i></a>. Wiley. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-66426-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-66426-9"><bdi>978-3-527-66426-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Do+Species+Exist%3A+Principles+of+Taxonomic+Classification&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2013-08-02&rft.isbn=978-3-527-66426-9&rft.au=Werner+Kunz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxQxwAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmopolitan+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KrimbasPowell1992-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KrimbasPowell1992_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCostas_B._KrimbasJeffrey_R._Powell1992" class="citation book cs1">Costas B. Krimbas; Jeffrey R. Powell (21 August 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PLSPhg3KPGgC&pg=PA23"><i>Drosophila Inversion Polymorphism</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-6547-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-6547-8"><bdi>978-0-8493-6547-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drosophila+Inversion+Polymorphism&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1992-08-21&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-6547-8&rft.au=Costas+B.+Krimbas&rft.au=Jeffrey+R.+Powell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPLSPhg3KPGgC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmopolitan+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SahneyBenton2008-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SahneyBenton2008_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahney,_S.Benton,_M._J.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Sahney, S.; Benton, M. J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2596898">"Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>275</b> (1636): <span class="nowrap">759–</span>65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2007.1370">10.1098/rspb.2007.1370</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2596898">2596898</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18198148">18198148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Recovery+from+the+most+profound+mass+extinction+of+all+time&rft.volume=275&rft.issue=1636&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E759-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2596898%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18198148&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2007.1370&rft.au=Sahney%2C+S.&rft.au=Benton%2C+M.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2596898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmopolitan+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGemlLaursenO'neillNusbaum2006" class="citation journal cs1">Geml, J.; Laursen, G. A.; O'neill, K.; Nusbaum, H. C.; Taylor, D. L. (January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16367842/">"Beringian origins and cryptic speciation events in the fly agaric (Amanita muscaria)"</a>. <i>Molecular Ecology</i>. <b>15</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">225–</span>239. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-294X.2005.02799.x">10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02799.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0962-1083">0962-1083</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16367842">16367842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Ecology&rft.atitle=Beringian+origins+and+cryptic+speciation+events+in+the+fly+agaric+%28Amanita+muscaria%29&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E225-%3C%2Fspan%3E239&rft.date=2006-01&rft.issn=0962-1083&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16367842&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-294X.2005.02799.x&rft.aulast=Geml&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Laursen%2C+G.+A.&rft.au=O%27neill%2C+K.&rft.au=Nusbaum%2C+H.+C.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+D.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F16367842%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmopolitan+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spellerberg-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spellerberg_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_F._SpellerbergJohn_William_David_Sawyer1999" class="citation book cs1">Ian F. Spellerberg; John William David Sawyer, eds. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j3bpQzDz1xkC&pg=PA110">"Ecological patterns and types of species distribution"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoap0000spel/page/108"><i>An Introduction to Applied Biogeography</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoap0000spel/page/108">108–132</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45712-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45712-5"><bdi>978-0-521-45712-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ecological+patterns+and+types+of+species+distribution&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Applied+Biogeography&rft.pages=108-132&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-45712-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj3bpQzDz1xkC%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmopolitan+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Kustanowich1963" class="citation journal cs1">S. Kustanowich (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_SA4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA534">"Distribution of planktonic foraminifera in surface sediments of the south-west Pacific"</a>. <i>New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics</i>. <b>6</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">534–</span>565. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00288306.1963.10420065">10.1080/00288306.1963.10420065</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Journal+of+Geology+and+Geophysics&rft.atitle=Distribution+of+planktonic+foraminifera+in+surface+sediments+of+the+south-west+Pacific&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E534-%3C%2Fspan%3E565&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00288306.1963.10420065&rft.au=S.+Kustanowich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_SA4AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmopolitan+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._B._Williams1971" class="citation book cs1">D. B. Williams (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cNutoYzqkY8C&pg=PA93">"The distribution of marine dinoflagellates in relation to physical and chemical conditions"</a>. In B. M. Funnell; W. R. Riedel (eds.). <i>The Micropalaeontology of Oceans: Proceedings of the Symposium held in Cambridge from 10 to 17 September 1967 under the title 'Micropalaeontology of Marine Bottom Sediments'<span></span></i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">91–</span>95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-18748-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-18748-0"><bdi>978-0-521-18748-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+distribution+of+marine+dinoflagellates+in+relation+to+physical+and+chemical+conditions&rft.btitle=The+Micropalaeontology+of+Oceans%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Symposium+held+in+Cambridge+from+10+to+17+September+1967+under+the+title+%27Micropalaeontology+of+Marine+Bottom+Sediments%27&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-521-18748-0&rft.au=D.+B.+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcNutoYzqkY8C%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmopolitan+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudit_Padisák2005" class="citation book cs1">Judit Padisák (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jsg4Cwp5-C0C&pg=PA285">"Phytoplankton"</a>. In Patrick E. O'Sullivan; Colin S. Reynolds (eds.). <i>Limnology and Limnetic Ecology</i>. The Lakes Handbook. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">251–</span>308. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-632-04797-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-632-04797-0"><bdi>978-0-632-04797-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phytoplankton&rft.btitle=Limnology+and+Limnetic+Ecology&rft.series=The+Lakes+Handbook&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E251-%3C%2Fspan%3E308&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-632-04797-0&rft.au=Judit+Padis%C3%A1k&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djsg4Cwp5-C0C%26pg%3DPA285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmopolitan+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmopolitan_distribution&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cosmopolitan" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:cosmopolitan"><i>cosmopolitan</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cosmopolitan_distribution&oldid=1264486352">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cosmopolitan_distribution&oldid=1264486352</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biogeography" title="Category:Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cosmopolitan_species" title="Category:Cosmopolitan species">Cosmopolitan species</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2021">Use dmy dates from January 2021</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 December 2024, at 04:45<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cosmopolitan_distribution&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cosmopolitan distribution</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>43 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-84b999ff94-76wt7","wgBackendResponseTime":119,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.255","walltime":"0.339","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1310,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":39773,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1042,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":63620,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 288.300 1 -total"," 54.96% 158.459 1 Template:Reflist"," 32.62% 94.036 6 Template:Cite_journal"," 26.99% 77.801 1 Template:Short_description"," 14.88% 42.886 10 Template:Cite_book"," 14.59% 42.063 2 Template:Pagetype"," 8.75% 25.238 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates"," 8.35% 24.066 4 Template:Main_other"," 7.51% 21.652 1 Template:SDcat"," 6.04% 17.425 1 Template:Multiple_image"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.151","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5371392,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7777d9bc4f-j5pzs","timestamp":"20250204085221","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Cosmopolitan distribution","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cosmopolitan_distribution","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q215402","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q215402","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-03-29T23:42:04Z","dateModified":"2024-12-22T04:45:25Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/37\/Killerwhales_jumping.jpg","headline":"distribution of an organism across all or most of the world"}</script> </body> </html>