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id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Publications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Publications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books/monographs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books/monographs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Books/monographs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books/monographs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_Goldstein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_Goldstein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>On Goldstein</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_Goldstein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86" title="كورت غولدستن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كورت غولدستن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Курт Голдщайн – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Курт Голдщайн" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Goldstein" title="Kurt Goldstein – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kurt Goldstein" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Goldstein_(Mediziner)" title="Kurt Goldstein (Mediziner) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kurt Goldstein (Mediziner)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Goldstein" title="Kurt Goldstein – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kurt Goldstein" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Goldstein" title="Kurt Goldstein – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kurt Goldstein" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Goldstein" title="Kurt Goldstein – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kurt Goldstein" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F_%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A8" title="કર્ટ ગોલ્ડસ્ટીન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કર્ટ ગોલ્ડસ્ટીન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Goldstein" title="Kurt Goldstein – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kurt Goldstein" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Goldstein" title="Kurt Goldstein – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kurt Goldstein" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="קורט גולדשטיין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קורט גולדשטיין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86" title="كيرت جولدشتاين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كيرت جولدشتاين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Goldstein" title="Kurt Goldstein – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kurt Goldstein" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Goldstein" title="Kurt Goldstein – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kurt Goldstein" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Goldstein" title="Kurt Goldstein – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kurt Goldstein" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Goldstein" title="Kurt Goldstein – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kurt Goldstein" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD,_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82" title="Гольдштейн, Курт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гольдштейн, Курт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Goldstein" title="Kurt Goldstein – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kurt Goldstein" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German neurologist and psychiatrist</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KurtGoldstein_1_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/KurtGoldstein_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-KurtGoldstein_1_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/KurtGoldstein_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-KurtGoldstein_1_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/KurtGoldstein_1_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kurt Goldstein</b> (November 6, 1878 – September 19, 1965) was a German neurologist and psychiatrist who created a holistic theory of the organism. Educated in medicine, Goldstein studied under <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wernicke" title="Carl Wernicke">Carl Wernicke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Edinger" title="Ludwig Edinger">Ludwig Edinger</a> where he focused on neurology and psychiatry.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His clinical work helped inspire the establishment of The Institute for Research into the Consequences of Brain Injuries. Goldstein was forced to leave Germany when Hitler came to power because of his Jewish heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After being displaced, Goldstein wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_Organism:_A_Holistic_Approach_to_Biology_Derived_from_Pathological_Data_in_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="The Organism: A Holistic Approach to Biology Derived from Pathological Data in Man">The Organism</a></i> (1934). This focused on patients with psychological disorders, particularly cases of schizophrenia and war trauma, and the ability of their bodies to readjust to substantial losses in central control.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His holistic approach to the human organism produced the principle of <a href="/wiki/Self-actualization" title="Self-actualization">self actualization</a>, defined as the driving force that maximizes and determines the path of an individual. Later, his principle influenced <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maslow" title="Abraham Maslow">Abraham Maslow's</a> <a href="/wiki/Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs" title="Maslow's hierarchy of needs">hierarchy of needs</a>. He was the co-editor of <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Humanistic_Psychology" title="Journal of Humanistic Psychology">Journal of Humanistic Psychology</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Goldstein&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Goldstein&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Goldstein was born into a Jewish family the seventh of nine children. He lived in Upper Silesia in an eastern part of the German empire with his family. Goldstein's father was a successful owner of a lumberyard. Although not formally educated, Goldstein's father held scholarship in high regard. He felt that a good education was the most proper way to prepare for life, and because of this, ensured that all his sons obtained university degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a child, Goldstein was described as being shy, quiet, and bookish amidst his bustling surroundings. His love of reading earned him the nickname of "Professor" at the public school he attended in <a href="/wiki/Kattowitz_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kattowitz (district)">Kattowitz</a>. The Goldstein family relocated to the metropolitan city of <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Breslau</a> after a few years, where Goldstein attended the <i>Humanistische Gymnasium</i>. After graduation, Goldstein planned to study philosophy at the university level. His father did not approve of this venture, as he considered it an unprofitable art, and sent Goldstein to work at a relative's business.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_career">Academic career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Goldstein&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Academic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After a short period working at that business, Goldstein's father reluctantly allowed him to enroll at <a href="/wiki/Breslau_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Breslau University">Breslau University</a>. Goldstein stayed there for only one semester before he transferred to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Heidelberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Heidelberg">University of Heidelberg</a> where he was able to pursue the study of Neo-Kantian philosophy and literature where he was introduced to the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wernicke" title="Carl Wernicke">Carl Wernicke</a>. One year later, Goldstein made his way back to Breslau where he studied medicine, much to his father's satisfaction. Under the instruction of Wernicke, Goldstein focused his study on neurology and psychiatry. Goldstein obtained his medical degree at the age of 25.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1903, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Edinger" title="Ludwig Edinger">Ludwig Edinger</a> invited Goldstein to the Senckebergisches Neurologisches Institut at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Frankfurt am Main">University of Frankfurt</a> where he became Edinger's assistant (Oct 1903 - Sept 1904).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edinger became one of the most influential figures in Goldstein's career. After a stint in <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a>, Goldstein returned to work with Edinger in 1914 at the Neurological Institute in Frankfurt as first assistant. Their goal was to investigate comparative <a href="/wiki/Neuroanatomy" title="Neuroanatomy">neuroanatomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neuropathology" title="Neuropathology">neuropathology</a>. After Edinger's death in 1918, Goldstein became acting director of the Neurological Institute. From 1917 to 1927, Goldstein yielded conceptual aspects of neurological conditions including tonus disturbances, agnosia, aphasia, apraxia, and general behavioral changes after a brain injury.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1922, he was appointed associate professor for Neurology and director of the Neurological Institute.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1923, he assumed the role of professor of neurology.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1926, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Perls" title="Fritz Perls">Fritz Perls</a> became Goldstein's assistant for a year. Perls married <a href="/wiki/Laura_Perls" title="Laura Perls">Laura Posner</a> in 1930. They would go on to become the co-developers of <a href="/wiki/Gestalt_therapy" title="Gestalt therapy">Gestalt therapy</a>. Goldstein's research and theory had a considerable influence on the formation of this new psychotherapy.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year, Goldstein accepted a position at the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a><sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the director of neurology at Berlin-Moabit General Hospital. The hospital was established for Goldstein's patients to study their neurological conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1927, Goldstein was instrumental in organizing the International Society for Psychotherapy.[NAS1]  He published material on the roles of the nurse, physician and social worker for inpatient care of brain-injured patients. In 1938, he was to read the William James Lectures on Philosophy and Psychology at Harvard and these were later published. He was clinical professor of neurology at Tufts Medical School. He was active on the staff of the Boston Dispensary's clinic for nervous diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <hr /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional_career">Professional career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Goldstein&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Professional career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1906 and 1914, Goldstein worked in a psychiatric clinic in Königsberg. Here he realized that the patients were not receiving adequate treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During World War I, Goldstein treated a large number of soldiers with traumatic brain injuries at the clinic, and he established The Institute for Research into the Consequences of Brain Injuries in close cooperation with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adh%C3%A9mar_Gelb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adhémar Gelb (page does not exist)">Adhémar Gelb</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adh%C3%A9mar_Gelb" class="extiw" title="de:Adhémar Gelb">de</a>]</span>, a gestalt psychologist. The collaboration between the two resulted in sixteen papers, the most notable of which reported on a case of <a href="/wiki/Visual_agnosia" title="Visual agnosia">visual agnosia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goldstein served as the director of the clinic until 1930. It was there that he also developed his theory of brain-mind relationships. He applied the figure-ground principle from perception to the whole organism. In this application, the whole organism existed as the ground for the individual stimulus that formed the figure. This idea became an early criticism of the simple behavioral <a href="/wiki/Stimulus-response_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Stimulus-response theory">stimulus-response-theory.</a><sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Hitler was appointed chancellor in 1933,<sup id="cite_ref-:7_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goldstein, was arrested and imprisoned in a basement. After a week, he was released on the condition that he would agree to leave the country immediately and never return. For the next year Goldstein lived in Amsterdam, supported by the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a>, and wrote his classic <i>The Organism.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Goldstein immigrated to the United States of America in October 1934 and became a citizen in April 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He worked at the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Psychiatric_Institute" title="New York State Psychiatric Institute">Psychiatric Institute</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montefiore_Medical_Center" title="Montefiore Medical Center">Montefiore Hospital</a> as attending neurologist and made connections with <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in New York. Between 1940 and 1945, Goldstein worked at the <a href="/wiki/Tufts_Medical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Tufts Medical School">Tufts Medical School</a> in Boston as the clinical professor of neurology. In 1946 he returned to New York City, where he established a private practice.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While in the United States, Goldstein coined the phrase "<a href="/wiki/Self-actualization" title="Self-actualization">self actualization</a>". Goldstein met American psychologist <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maslow" title="Abraham Maslow">Abraham Maslow</a>, who was at <a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis University</a>. Maslow became influenced greatly by Goldstein's ideas, particularly self-actualization. Later, this principle would become a fundamental concept in Maslow's "Need - Hierarchy Theory of Motivation".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Self-actualization was an essential component to <a href="/wiki/Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs" title="Maslow's hierarchy of needs">Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs</a>, but differed from Goldstein's original concept. Maslow described self-actualization as realizing one's full potential and seeking personal growth. Maslow felt that self-actualization would only be met if all fundamental needs had been satisfied first.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Holistic_approach">Holistic approach</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Goldstein&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Holistic approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Goldstein's holistic approach is described in his book, <i>The Organism</i>. Rather than looking at certain phenomena, such as the <a href="/wiki/Patellar_reflex" title="Patellar reflex">patellar reflex</a>, as singular events, Goldstein tried to understand them as components of a holistic organism. Although he believed it was possible that reflexes could exist by themselves, Goldstein's approach postulated that they always exist in concurrence with another process in the body. While hitting the kneecap with a rubber hammer or testing the <a href="/wiki/Pupillary_response" title="Pupillary response">pupillary response</a> might seem to be a simple example of an isolated reflex, Goldstein argued that a <a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">holistic approach</a> would be necessary to fully understand what the body is experiencing.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an excerpt from <i>The Organism</i>, he writes: </p> <blockquote><p>If, in examining a man's pupillary reflex, we obtain a relatively constant contraction of the iris, this is possible only because the individual, so to speak, surrenders his eye to us and completely foregoes the usual act of seeing, i.e. the visual prehension of some environmental feature. Of course, it is true that in real vision the diameter of the pupil changes according to the amount of light on the seen object. But it certainly is not true that the same light intensity will produce the same contraction when it affects the organ in isolation (as in the reflex examination), and when it acts upon the eye of the person who deliberately regards an objects. Although it is not easy to prove this experimentally, one only needs to contrast the pupillary reaction of a man looking interestedly at a brightly illuminated object with the reaction of an eye which has been exposed "in isolation," to the same light intensity. The difference in pupillary reaction is immediately manifest.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Goldstein asserts that, when observing a phenomenon within an organism, humans instinctively isolate that observation from the context in an attempt to understand it better. Yet, in doing so, they miss the essence or intrinsic nature of the organism. Rather than attempting to understand single facets of a situation, Goldstein believes it is essential to understand the situation in which the phenomenon arose.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To illustrate this idea, Goldstein gives the example of a person first learning how to ride a bicycle. Initially, the person will attempt various motions in an attempt to succeed. While some motions fail to manifest in success, eventually the individual will understand how to coordinate their body in respect to the bicycle, and ride it successfully. While a smoothly propelled bicycle may signify accomplishment, looking at the coordinated movements of the learner and the smile that results is also another sign. Thus, when looking at a single aspect of a phenomenon instead of the whole, Goldstein argues one misses the true nature of the phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Methodology">Methodology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Goldstein&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Methodology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Goldstein developed an approach whereby a situation or phenomenon is analyzed holistically, rather than simply looking at an isolated event. First, when observing a situation, interpretations should be taken in as a whole without giving special preference toward one part of the phenomenon. When describing the phenomenon, attention should not be diverted to one aspect of the phenomenon that may be of interest. The holistic approach calls instead for the phenomenon to be described from all angles without bias toward one part. Lastly, Goldstein argues that one must consider each and every phenomenon in reference to the entire situation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_contributions_to_psychology">Major contributions to psychology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Goldstein&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Major contributions to psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Goldstein&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Schizophrenia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although trained as a medical doctor, Goldstein pioneered many important advances in psychology. As an early pioneer of neuropsychology, he studied the effects of brain damage on <a href="/wiki/Abstraction" title="Abstraction">abstraction abilities</a>. His work lead him to conclude that although physical areas of the brain, such as the frontal lobes and the subcortical ganglia, may be damaged, psychological trauma was a more pressing concern.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His conclusions on schizophrenia emphasized the disease as a protective mechanism against <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety</a> rather than an organic defect.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_trauma">War trauma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Goldstein&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: War trauma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the research of German neurologist, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Oppenheim" title="Hermann Oppenheim">Hermann Oppenheim</a>, on war-related trauma, Goldstein focused upon understanding the trauma of soldiers returning from duty in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. At the time, physicians thought soldiers were merely faking symptoms in order to receive a pension after the war and there was little research to prove otherwise.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goldstein and his team attempted to look at this from a holistic perspective by theorizing that all neural networks were interconnected and thus, connected to the outside world. Therefore, any trauma one receives from the war would directly impact the neural networks.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Goldstein later attempted to rehabilitate patients suffering from war trauma. At the time, suffering veterans were placed in penitentiaries and asylums. Goldstein attempted to bring back normal function of patients by introducing multidisciplinary care teams consisting of medical, orthopedic, physiological, and psychological personnel, as well as a school facility to provide workshops for patients. His efforts resulted in successful rehabilitation of many soldiers: 73% of patients were able to return to their old jobs while only 10% remained hospitalized.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Goldstein&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books/monographs"><span id="Books.2Fmonographs"></span>Books/monographs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Goldstein&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Books/monographs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Goldstein, Kurt. (1908). Zur Lehre von der motorischen Apraxie. J. fur Psychol. und Neurol., XI., 169-187, 270-283.</i></li> <li><i>Goldstein, Kurt. (1934). Der Aufbau des Organismus. Einführung in die Biologie unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Erfahrungen am kranken Menschen. Den Haag, Nijhoff, 1934</i></li> <li><i>Goldstein, Kurt. (1939). The Organism: A Holistic Approach to Biology Derived from Pathological Data in Man. New York: American Book Company.</i></li> <li><i>Goldstein, Kurt. (1940). Human Nature in the Light of Psychopathology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.</i></li> <li><i>Goldstein, Kurt; Scheerer, Martin.(1941): Abstract and Concrete Behavior: An Experimental Study With Special Tests. In: Psychological Monographs, ed. by John F. Dashell, Vol. 53/1941, No. 2 (whole No. 239), p. 1-151.</i></li> <li><i>Goldstein, Kurt. (1942) After effects of brain injuries in war. New York: Grune & Stratton.</i></li> <li><i>Goldstein, Kurt., Hanfmann, E., Rickers-Ovsiankina (1944). Case Lanuti: Extreme Concretization of Behavior Due to Damage of the Brain Cortex. In: Psychological Monographs, ed. by John F. Dashell, Vol. 57/1944, No. 4 (whole No. 264), p. 1-72.</i></li> <li><i>Goldstein, Kurt., Scheerer, M., Rothmann, E. (1945). A Case of "Idiot Savant": An Experimental Study of Personality Organization. In: Psychological Monographs, ed. by John F. Dashell, Vol. 58/1945, No. 4 (whole No. 269), p. 1-63.</i></li> <li><i>Goldstein, Kurt. (1948). Language and Language Disturbances: Aphasic Symptom Complexes and Their Significance for Medicine and Theory of Language. New York: Grune & Stratton.</i></li> <li><i>Goldstein, Kurt. (1967). Selected writings. ed., Aron Gurwitsch, Else M. Goldstein.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_Goldstein">On Goldstein</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Goldstein&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: On Goldstein"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Benzenhöfer, Udo. "Kurt Goldstein - ein herausragender Neurologe und Neuropathologe an der Universität Frankfurt am Main" Benzenhöfer, U., Ehrlich, Edinger, Goldstein et al.: Erinnerungswürdige Frankfurter Universitätsmediziner. Münster/Ulm 2012, pp. 43–65<i></i></li> <li>Bruns, Katja, <i>Anthropologie zwischen Theologie und Naturwissenschaft bei Paul Tillich und Kurt Goldstein. Historische Grundlagen und systematische Perspektiven. Kontexte. Neue Beiträge zur historischen und systematischen Theologie, Vol. 41. Göttingen: Edition Ruprecht, 2011, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7675-7143-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7675-7143-3">978-3-7675-7143-3</a></i></li> <li>Geroulanos, Stefanos and Todd Meyers. <i>The Human Body in the Age of Catastrophe: Brittleness, Integration, Science, and the Great War.</i> (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226556598" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226556598">978-0226556598</a></li> <li>Geroulanos, Stefanos and Todd Meyers, <i>Experimente im Individuum: Kurt Goldstein und die Frage des Organismus.</i> (Berlin, August Vlg., 2014)</li> <li>Harrington, Anne: <i>Reenchanted Science: Holism in German Culture from Wilhelm II to Hitler, Princeton University Press, 1999. (Anne Harrington dedicates a comprehensive chapter to Kurt Goldstein and his 'organismic theory'.)</i></li> <li>Stahnisch, Frank W., Hoffmann, Thomas: <i>Kurt Goldstein and the Neurology of Movement During the Interwar Years. In: Hoffstadt, Christian u. a. (Hrsg.): Was bewegt uns? Menschen im Spannungsfeld zwischen Mobilität und Beschleunigung. Bochum/Freiburg: Projekt Verlag, 2010, pp. 283–311</i></li> <li><i>Teuber, H.-L. (1966) Kurt Goldstein's role in the development of neuropsychology, Neuropsychologia 4, 299–310.</i></li> <li><i>Benzenhöfer, Udo, Hack-Molitor, Gisela: Zur Emigration des Neurologen Kurt Goldstein. Ulm 2017</i> (Frankfurter Studien zur Geschichte und Ethik der Medizin, Neue Folge 5)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Goldstein&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organismic_theory" title="Organismic theory">Organismic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestalt_Psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestalt Psychology">Gestalt Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-actualization" title="Self-actualization">Self-actualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic psychology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Goldstein&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrington, Anne. "American National Biography Online: Goldstein, Kurt." American National Biography Online: Goldstein, Kurt. Oxford University Press, Feb. 2000. Web. 08 Nov. 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/outreach/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007671">"Hitler Comes to Power"</a>. <i>www.ushmm.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ushmm.org&rft.atitle=Hitler+Comes+to+Power&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Foutreach%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10007671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurt+Goldstein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein1939" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Kurt (1939). <i>The organism: A holistic approach to biology derived from pathological data in man</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F10021-000">10.1037/10021-000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+organism%3A+A+holistic+approach+to+biology+derived+from+pathological+data+in+man.&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F10021-000&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurt+Goldstein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://natureinstitute.org/pub/ic/ic2/goldstein.htm">"Seeing Things Right-side Up: The Implications of Kurt Goldstein's Holism"</a>. <i>natureinstitute.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=natureinstitute.org&rft.atitle=Seeing+Things+Right-side+Up%3A+The+Implications+of+Kurt+Goldstein%27s+Holism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnatureinstitute.org%2Fpub%2Fic%2Fic2%2Fgoldstein.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurt+Goldstein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmel1968" class="citation book cs1">Simmel, Marianne (1968). <i>The Reach of the Mind: Essays in Memory of Kurt Goldstein</i>. New York: Springer Verlag. pp. 3–11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reach+of+the+Mind%3A+Essays+in+Memory+of+Kurt+Goldstein&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=3-11&rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Simmel&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurt+Goldstein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benzenhöfer, Udo. "Kurt Goldstein - ein herausragender Neurologe und Neuropathologe an der Universität Frankfurt am Main" Benzenhöfer, U., Ehrlich, Edinger, Goldstein et al.: Erinnerungswürdige Frankfurter Universitätsmediziner. Münster/Ulm 2012, p. 43-65, p. 48. Web. 2017-8-17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeiers1990" class="citation journal cs1">Meiers, Joseph (October 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00107530.1990.10746683">"Kurt Goldstein, 1878–1965"</a>. <i>Contemporary Psychoanalysis</i>. <b>26</b> (4): 654–659. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00107530.1990.10746683">10.1080/00107530.1990.10746683</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-7530">0010-7530</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5326126">5326126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Psychoanalysis&rft.atitle=Kurt+Goldstein%2C+1878%E2%80%931965&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=654-659&rft.date=1990-10&rft.issn=0010-7530&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5326126&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00107530.1990.10746683&rft.aulast=Meiers&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1080%2F00107530.1990.10746683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurt+Goldstein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benzenhöfer, Udo. "Kurt Goldstein - ein herausragender Neurologe und Neuropathologe an der Universität Frankfurt am Main" Benzenhöfer, U., Ehrlich, Edinger, Goldstein et al.: Erinnerungswürdige Frankfurter Universitätsmediziner. Münster/Ulm 2012, p. 43-65, p. 59. Web. 2017-8-17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowStahnisch2013" class="citation journal cs1">Pow, Stephen; Stahnisch, Frank W. (2013-07-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4008788">"Kurt Goldstein (1878–1965)"</a>. <i>Journal of Neurology</i>. <b>261</b> (5): 1049–1050. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00415-013-7020-1">10.1007/s00415-013-7020-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0340-5354">0340-5354</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4008788">4008788</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23864397">23864397</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neurology&rft.atitle=Kurt+Goldstein+%281878%E2%80%931965%29&rft.volume=261&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1049-1050&rft.date=2013-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4008788%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0340-5354&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23864397&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00415-013-7020-1&rft.aulast=Pow&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Stahnisch%2C+Frank+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4008788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurt+Goldstein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sonoma.edu/users/d/daniels/Gestaltsummary">"Gestalt Therapy and Gestalt Psychology"</a>. <i>www.sonoma.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sonoma.edu&rft.atitle=Gestalt+Therapy+and+Gestalt+Psychology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sonoma.edu%2Fusers%2Fd%2Fdaniels%2FGestaltsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurt+Goldstein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~duchan/history_subpages/kurtgoldstein.html">"Judy Duchan's History of Speech - Language Pathology"</a>. <i>www.acsu.buffalo.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.acsu.buffalo.edu&rft.atitle=Judy+Duchan%27s+History+of+Speech+-+Language+Pathology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acsu.buffalo.edu%2F~duchan%2Fhistory_subpages%2Fkurtgoldstein.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurt+Goldstein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benzenhöfer, Udo, Hack-Molitor, Gisela: Zur Emigration des Neurologen Kurt Goldstein. Ulm 2017, esp. pp. 49, 77. Web. 2017-8-17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoeree2006" class="citation web cs1">Boeree, C. George (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/maslow.html">"Shippensburg University"</a>. <i>Abraham Maslow</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Abraham+Maslow&rft.atitle=Shippensburg+University&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Boeree&rft.aufirst=C.+George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebspace.ship.edu%2Fcgboer%2Fmaslow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurt+Goldstein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-3456300032/maslow-abraham-h.html">"Maslow, Abraham H - Psychologists and Their Theories for Students"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia.com" title="Encyclopedia.com">Encyclopedia.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Maslow%2C+Abraham+H+-+Psychologists+and+Their+Theories+for+Students&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Farticle-1G2-3456300032%2Fmaslow-abraham-h.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurt+Goldstein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldstein, G. (1990a). Contributions of Kurt Goldstein to neuropsychology. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 4(1), 3–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldstein, K. (1939). The significance of special mental tests for diagnosis and prognosis in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 96(3), 575–588.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStahnisch2010" class="citation journal cs1">Stahnisch, Frank (2010). "Kurt Goldstein and the Neurology of Movement during the Interwar Years". <i>Was Bewegt Uns</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Was+Bewegt+Uns&rft.atitle=Kurt+Goldstein+and+the+Neurology+of+Movement+during+the+Interwar+Years&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Stahnisch&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurt+Goldstein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kurt Goldstein: Zur Theorie der Funktion des Nervensystems. In: European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurosciences 74 (1925b), I. 1, pp. 375-376.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrington, Die Suche nach Ganzheit, p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldstein, Kurt et al.: Psychologische Analysen hirnpathologischer Fälle auf Grund von Untersuchungen Hirnverletzter. I. Abhandlung. Zur Psychologie des optischen Wahrnehmungsund Erkennungsvorgangs. In: Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie 41 (1918), I.1, pp. 1-142, esp. 124</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Goldstein&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.fju.edu.tw/neurolng/goldstein.htm">Kurt Goldstein Biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~duchan/history_subpages/kurtgoldstein.html">A History of Speech - Language Pathology</a></li></ul> <p>Two articles that discuss Goldstein's influence on and contribution to <a href="/wiki/Gestalt_therapy" title="Gestalt therapy">Gestalt therapy</a>: </p> <ul><li>Achim Votsmeier: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gestaltpsychotherapie.de/LAgo1_ho.pdf">Kurt Goldstein and Holism</a></li> <li>Allen R. Barlow: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gestalt.org/barlow.htm">Gestalt Therapy and Gestalt Psychology. 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