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Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AC_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="ناتج قومي للفرد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ناتج قومي للفرد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renta_per_c%C3%A1pita" title="Renta per cápita – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Renta per cápita" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="মাথাপিছু আয় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাথাপিছু আয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renda_per_capita" title="Renda per capita – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Renda per capita" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%ADjem_na_osobu" title="Příjem na osobu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Příjem na osobu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Kopf-Einkommen" title="Pro-Kopf-Einkommen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pro-Kopf-Einkommen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC_%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AE%CE%BD_%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Κατά κεφαλήν εισόδημα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κατά κεφαλήν εισόδημα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renta_per_c%C3%A1pita" title="Renta per cápita – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Renta per cápita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_errenta" title="Per capita errenta – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Per capita errenta" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="درآمد سرانه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درآمد سرانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenu_par_t%C3%AAte" title="Revenu par tête – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Revenu par tête" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renda_per_c%C3%A1pita" title="Renda per cápita – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Renda per cápita" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%EC%9D%B8%EB%8B%B9_%EA%B5%AD%EB%AF%BC%EC%86%8C%EB%93%9D" title="1인당 국민소득 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1인당 국민소득" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF" title="प्रति व्यक्ति आय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रति व्यक्ति आय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendapatan_per_kapita" title="Pendapatan per kapita – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pendapatan per kapita" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddito_pro_capite" title="Reddito pro capite – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Reddito pro capite" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%A9" title="הכנסה לנפש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הכנסה לנפש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="പ്രതിശീർഷവരുമാനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രതിശീർഷവരുമാനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8" title="वार्षिक दरडोई उत्पन्न – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वार्षिक दरडोई उत्पन्न" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendapatan_per_kapita" title="Pendapatan per kapita – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pendapatan per kapita" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF" title="प्रतिव्यक्ति आय – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रतिव्यक्ति आय" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%E4%BA%BA%E5%BD%93%E3%81%9F%E3%82%8A%E3%81%AE%E6%89%80%E5%BE%97" title="1人当たりの所得 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1人当たりの所得" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%86%E0%AD%9F" title="ମୁଣ୍ଡପିଛା ଆୟ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମୁଣ୍ଡପିଛା ଆୟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪ੍ਰਤੀ ਵਿਅਕਤੀ ਆਮਦਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਤੀ ਵਿਅਕਤੀ ਆਮਦਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C" title="فی کس آمدنی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فی کس آمدنی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renda_per_capita" title="Renda per capita – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Renda per capita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%88%D1%83_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Доход на душу населения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Доход на душу населения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income" title="Per capita income – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Per capita income" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%87%D9%88_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A" title="في ماڻهو آمدني – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="في ماڻهو آمدني" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C" title="فی کس آمدنی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فی کس آمدنی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A8dito_par_%C3%B2n" title="Rèdito par òn – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Rèdito par òn" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thu_nh%E1%BA%ADp_b%C3%ACnh_qu%C3%A2n_%C4%91%E1%BA%A7u_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di" title="Thu nhập bình quân đầu người – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thu nhập bình quân đầu người" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivnou_par_djin" title="Rivnou par djin – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Rivnou par djin" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%9D%87%E6%94%B6%E5%85%A5" title="人均收入 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="人均收入" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%9D%87%E6%94%B6%E5%85%A5" title="人均收入 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="人均收入" data-language-autonym="中文" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Per_capita_income" title="Special:EditPage/Per capita income">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Per+capita+income%22">"Per capita income"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Per+capita+income%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Per+capita+income%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Per+capita+income%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Per+capita+income%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Per+capita+income%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Average income of an economy</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Countries_by_gross_median_per-capita_income_in_Int$_(PPP).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A choropleth map showing gross median per-capita income at purchasing power parity, based on data from Gallup." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Countries_by_gross_median_per-capita_income_in_Int%24_%28PPP%29.png/330px-Countries_by_gross_median_per-capita_income_in_Int%24_%28PPP%29.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Countries_by_gross_median_per-capita_income_in_Int%24_%28PPP%29.png/495px-Countries_by_gross_median_per-capita_income_in_Int%24_%28PPP%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Countries_by_gross_median_per-capita_income_in_Int%24_%28PPP%29.png/660px-Countries_by_gross_median_per-capita_income_in_Int%24_%28PPP%29.png 2x" data-file-width="6300" data-file-height="3411" /></a><figcaption>Gross median per-capita income at <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a>, based on 2006–2012 data from <a href="/wiki/Gallup,_Inc." title="Gallup, Inc.">Gallup</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Per capita income</b> (<b>PCI</b>) or <b>average income</b> measures the average income earned per person in a given area (city, region, country, etc.) in a specified year. </p><p>In many countries, per capita income is determined using regular population surveys, such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allows the calculation of per capita income for both the country as a whole and specific regions or demographic groups. However, comparing per capita income across different countries is often difficult, since methodologies, definitions and data quality can vary greatly.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1990s, the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> has conducted regular surveys among its 38 member countries using a standardized methodology and set of questions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Per capita income is often used to measure a sector's average income and compare the wealth of different populations. Per capita income is also often used to measure a country's <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a>. When used to compare income levels of different countries, it is usually expressed using a commonly used international currency, such as the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> or <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollar</a>. It is one of the three components of the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> of a country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations">Limitations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Per_capita_income&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While per capita income can be useful for many economic studies, it is important to keep in mind its limitations. </p> <ul><li>Comparisons of per capita income over time need to consider inflation. Without adjusting for <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>, figures tend to overstate the effects of economic growth.</li> <li>International comparisons can be distorted by cost of living differences not reflected in exchange rates. Where the objective is to compare living standards between countries, adjusting for differences in <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a> will more accurately reflect what people are actually able to buy with their money.</li> <li>It is a <a href="/wiki/Mean" title="Mean">mean</a> value and does not reflect <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Income inequality">income distribution</a>. If a country's income distribution is skewed, a small wealthy class can increase per capita income substantially while the majority of the population has no change in income. In this respect, <a href="/wiki/Median_income" title="Median income">median income</a> is more useful when measuring of prosperity than per capita income, as it is less influenced by outliers.</li> <li>Non-monetary activity, such as barter or services provided within the family, is usually not counted. The importance of these services varies widely among economies.</li> <li>Per capita income does not consider whether income is invested in factors likely to improve the area's development, such as health, education, or infrastructure.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Per_capita_income&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of countries by average wage">List of countries by average wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita</a>—GDP at market or government official exchange rates per inhabitant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita</a>—GDP calculated at <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a> (PPP) exchange per inhabitant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GNI_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita">List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GNI_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GNI (PPP) per capita">List of countries by GNI (PPP) per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_income" title="Real income">Real income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GNI_per_capita_growth" title="List of countries by GNI per capita growth">List of countries by GNI per capita growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_income_equality" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by income equality">List of countries by income equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_personal_income" title="Total personal income">Total personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_adjusted_per_capita_personal_income" title="List of U.S. states by adjusted per capita personal income">List of U.S. states by adjusted per capita personal income</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Per_capita_income&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/note/US/INC910222">"American Community Survey and Puerto Rico Community Survey: 2021 Subject Definitions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a></i>. p. 90<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=American+Community+Survey+and+Puerto+Rico+Community+Survey%3A+2021+Subject+Definitions&rft.pages=90&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fquickfacts%2Ffact%2Fnote%2FUS%2FINC910222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APer+capita+income" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2023/12/15/the-worlds-richest-countries-in-2023">"The world's richest countries in 2023"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+world%27s+richest+countries+in+2023&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fgraphic-detail%2F2023%2F12%2F15%2Fthe-worlds-richest-countries-in-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APer+capita+income" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFörsterd'Ercole2012" class="citation book cs1">Förster, Michael; d'Ercole, Marco (2012). Besharov, Douglas J.; Couch, Kenneth A. (eds.). <i>Counting the poor: new thinking about European poverty measures and lessons for the United States</i>. International policy exchange series. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-986058-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-986058-6"><bdi>978-0-19-986058-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counting+the+poor%3A+new+thinking+about+European+poverty+measures+and+lessons+for+the+United+States&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=International+policy+exchange+series&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Oxford+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-986058-6&rft.aulast=F%C3%B6rster&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=d%27Ercole%2C+Marco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APer+capita+income" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="Template:United States locations by per capita income"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="Template talk:United States locations by per capita income"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States locations by per capita income"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_locations_by_per_capita_income" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">United States locations by per capita income</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationwide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_income#States_and_territories_ranked_by_per_capita_income" title="List of U.S. states and territories by income">U.S. states and territories by per capita income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_by_per_capita_income" title="List of United States counties by per capita income">List of United States counties by per capita income</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alabama_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Alabama locations by per capita income">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Alaska locations by per capita income">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arizona_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Arizona locations by per capita income">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arkansas_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Arkansas locations by per capita income">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_locations_by_income" title="List of California locations by income">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Colorado_counties_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Colorado counties by per capita income">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Connecticut_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Connecticut locations by per capita income">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Delaware_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Delaware locations by per capita income">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Florida_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Florida locations by per capita income">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Georgia (U.S. state) locations by per capita income">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hawaii_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Hawaii locations by per capita income">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Idaho_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Idaho locations by per capita income">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Illinois_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Illinois locations by per capita income">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indiana_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Indiana locations by per capita income">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iowa_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Iowa locations by per capita income">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kansas_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Kansas locations by per capita income">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kentucky_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Kentucky locations by per capita income">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Louisiana_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Louisiana locations by per capita income">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maine_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Maine locations by per capita income">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maryland_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Maryland locations by per capita income">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Massachusetts locations by per capita income">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Michigan_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Michigan locations by per capita income">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Minnesota_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Minnesota locations by per capita income">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippi_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Mississippi locations by per capita income">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Missouri_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Missouri locations by per capita income">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Montana_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Montana locations by per capita income">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nebraska_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Nebraska locations by per capita income">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nevada_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Nevada locations by per capita income">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Hampshire_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of New Hampshire locations by per capita income">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Jersey_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of New Jersey locations by per capita income">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Mexico_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of New Mexico locations by per capita income">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of New York locations by per capita income">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_Carolina_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of North Carolina locations by per capita income">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_Dakota_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of North Dakota locations by per capita income">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ohio_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Ohio locations by per capita income">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oklahoma_locations_by_per_capita_income" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Oklahoma locations by per capita income">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oregon_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Oregon locations by per capita income">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pennsylvania_counties_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Pennsylvania counties by per capita income">Pennsylvania (counties)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Rhode_Island_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Rhode Island locations by per capita income">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_Carolina_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of South Carolina locations by per capita income">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_Dakota_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of South Dakota locations by per capita income">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tennessee_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Tennessee locations by per capita income">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Texas locations by per capita income">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Utah_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Utah locations by per capita income">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vermont_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Vermont locations by per capita income">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Virginia_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Virginia locations by per capita income">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Washington_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Washington locations by per capita income">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_West_Virginia_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of West Virginia locations by per capita income">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wisconsin_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Wisconsin locations by per capita income">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wyoming_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Wyoming locations by per capita income">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal district</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.#Demographics" title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territory locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Samoa_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of American Samoa locations by per capita income">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Guam_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Guam locations by per capita income">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Northern_Mariana_Islands_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Northern Mariana Islands locations by per capita income">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Puerto_Rico_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Puerto Rico locations by per capita income">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._Virgin_Islands_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of U.S. Virgin Islands locations by per capita income">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-income_counties_in_the_United_States" title="List of highest-income counties in the United States">Highest-income counties in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest-income_metropolitan_statistical_areas_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Highest-income metropolitan statistical areas in the United States">Highest-income metropolitan statistical areas in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest-income_urban_areas_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Highest-income urban areas in the United States">Highest-income urban areas in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest-income_ZCTAs_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Highest-income ZCTAs in the United States">Highest-income ZCTAs in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lowest-income_counties_in_the_United_States" title="List of lowest-income counties in the United States">Lowest-income counties in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lowest-income_places_in_the_United_States" title="List of lowest-income places in the United States">Poorest places in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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