Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="grade-c"> <head> <title>Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia | Nature</title> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="https://www.nature.com/nature.rss"/> <script id="save-data-connection-testing"> function hasConnection() { return navigator.connection || navigator.mozConnection || navigator.webkitConnection || navigator.msConnection; } function createLink(src) { var preloadLink = document.createElement("link"); preloadLink.rel = "preload"; preloadLink.href = src; preloadLink.as = "font"; preloadLink.type = "font/woff2"; preloadLink.crossOrigin = ""; document.head.insertBefore(preloadLink, document.head.firstChild); } var connectionDetail = { saveDataEnabled: false, slowConnection: false }; var connection = hasConnection(); if (connection) { connectionDetail.saveDataEnabled = connection.saveData; if (/\slow-2g|2g/.test(connection.effectiveType)) { connectionDetail.slowConnection = true; } } if (!(connectionDetail.saveDataEnabled || connectionDetail.slowConnection)) { createLink("/static/fonts/HardingText-Regular-Web-cecd90984f.woff2"); } else { document.documentElement.classList.add('save-data'); } </script> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cmp.nature.com" crossorigin> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0,maximum-scale=5,user-scalable=yes"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="5a2dc4ab3fcb9b0393241ffbbb490480" /> <script data-test="dataLayer"> window.dataLayer = [{"content":{"category":{"contentType":"article","legacy":{"webtrendsPrimaryArticleType":"research","webtrendsSubjectTerms":"population-genetics","webtrendsContentCategory":null,"webtrendsContentCollection":null,"webtrendsContentGroup":"Nature","webtrendsContentGroupType":null,"webtrendsContentSubGroup":"Article","status":null}},"article":{"doi":"10.1038/nature14507"},"attributes":{"cms":null,"deliveryPlatform":"oscar","copyright":{"open":false,"legacy":{"webtrendsLicenceType":null}}},"contentInfo":{"authors":["Morten E. Allentoft","Martin Sikora","Karl-Göran Sjögren","Simon Rasmussen","Morten Rasmussen","Jesper Stenderup","Peter B. Damgaard","Hannes Schroeder","Torbjörn Ahlström","Lasse Vinner","Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas","Ashot Margaryan","Tom Higham","David Chivall","Niels Lynnerup","Lise Harvig","Justyna Baron","Philippe Della Casa","Paweł Dąbrowski","Paul R. Duffy","Alexander V. Ebel","Andrey Epimakhov","Karin Frei","Mirosław Furmanek","Tomasz Gralak","Andrey Gromov","Stanisław Gronkiewicz","Gisela Grupe","Tamás Hajdu","Radosław Jarysz","Valeri Khartanovich","Alexandr Khokhlov","Viktória Kiss","Jan Kolář","Aivar Kriiska","Irena Lasak","Cristina Longhi","George McGlynn","Algimantas Merkevicius","Inga Merkyte","Mait Metspalu","Ruzan Mkrtchyan","Vyacheslav Moiseyev","László Paja","György Pálfi","Dalia Pokutta","Łukasz Pospieszny","T. Douglas Price","Lehti Saag","Mikhail Sablin","Natalia Shishlina","Václav Smrčka","Vasilii I. Soenov","Vajk Szeverényi","Gusztáv Tóth","Synaru V. Trifanova","Liivi Varul","Magdolna Vicze","Levon Yepiskoposyan","Vladislav Zhitenev","Ludovic Orlando","Thomas Sicheritz-Pontén","Søren Brunak","Rasmus Nielsen","Kristian Kristiansen","Eske Willerslev"],"publishedAt":1433894400,"publishedAtString":"2015-06-10","title":"Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia","legacy":null,"publishedAtTime":null,"documentType":"aplusplus","subjects":"Population genetics"},"journal":{"pcode":"nature","title":"nature","volume":"522","issue":"7555","id":41586,"publishingModel":"Hybrid 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However, there is debate about whether these changes resulted from the circulation of ideas or from human migrations, potentially also facilitating the spread of languages and certain phenotypic traits. We investigated this by using new, improved methods to sequence low-coverage genomes from 101 ancient humans from across Eurasia. We show that the Bronze Age was a highly dynamic period involving large-scale population migrations and replacements, responsible for shaping major parts of present-day demographic structure in both Europe and Asia. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesized spread of Indo-European languages during the Early Bronze Age. We also demonstrate that light skin pigmentation in Europeans was already present at high frequency in the Bronze Age, but not lactose tolerance, indicating a more recent onset of positive selection on lactose tolerance than previously thought. An analysis of 101 ancient human genomes from the Bronze Age (3000–1000 bc) reveals large-scale population migrations in Eurasia consistent with the spread of Indo-European languages; individuals frequently had light skin pigmentation but were not lactose tolerant. Was the Bronze Age of a period of major cultural changes because of circulation of ideas or because of large-scale migrations? The authors sequence and analyse low-coverage genomes from 101 ancient humans from across Eurasia to reveal large-scale population migrations and replacements during this time. Analyses indicate that light skin pigmentation was already frequent among Europeans in the Bronze Age but not lactose tolerance, indicating a more recent onset of positive selection on the latter trait than previously believed. The reported findings are also consistent with the spread of Indo-European languages during the Early Bronze Age reported on \n page 207\n \n of this issue.","datePublished":"2015-06-10T00:00:00Z","dateModified":"2015-06-10T00:00:00Z","pageStart":"167","pageEnd":"172","sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14507","keywords":["Population genetics","Science","Humanities and Social Sciences","multidisciplinary"],"image":["https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature14507/MediaObjects/41586_2015_Article_BFnature14507_Fig1_HTML.jpg","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature14507/MediaObjects/41586_2015_Article_BFnature14507_Fig2_HTML.jpg","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature14507/MediaObjects/41586_2015_Article_BFnature14507_Fig3_HTML.jpg","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature14507/MediaObjects/41586_2015_Article_BFnature14507_Fig4_HTML.jpg"],"isPartOf":{"name":"Nature","issn":["1476-4687","0028-0836"],"volumeNumber":"522","@type":["Periodical","PublicationVolume"]},"publisher":{"name":"Nature Publishing Group UK","logo":{"url":"https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png","@type":"ImageObject"},"@type":"Organization"},"author":[{"name":"Morten E. 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However, there is debate about whether these changes resulted from the circulation of ideas or from human migrations, potentially also facilitating the spread of languages and certain phenotypic traits. We investigated this by using new, improved methods to sequence low-coverage genomes from 101 ancient humans from across Eurasia. We show that the Bronze Age was a highly dynamic period involving large-scale population migrations and replacements, responsible for shaping major parts of present-day demographic structure in both Europe and Asia. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesized spread of Indo-European languages during the Early Bronze Age. We also demonstrate that light skin pigmentation in Europeans was already present at high frequency in the Bronze Age, but not lactose tolerance, indicating a more recent onset of positive selection on lactose tolerance than previously thought. An analysis of 101 ancient human genomes from the Bronze Age (3000–1000 bc) reveals large-scale population migrations in Eurasia consistent with the spread of Indo-European languages; individuals frequently had light skin pigmentation but were not lactose tolerant. Was the Bronze Age of a period of major cultural changes because of circulation of ideas or because of large-scale migrations? The authors sequence and analyse low-coverage genomes from 101 ancient humans from across Eurasia to reveal large-scale population migrations and replacements during this time. Analyses indicate that light skin pigmentation was already frequent among Europeans in the Bronze Age but not lactose tolerance, indicating a more recent onset of positive selection on the latter trait than previously believed. 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An analysis of 101 ancient human genomes from the Bronze Age (3000–1000 bc) reveals large-scale population migrations in Eurasia consistent with the spread of Indo-European languages; individuals frequently had light skin pigmentation but were not lactose tolerant. Was the Bronze Age of a period of major cultural changes because of circulation of ideas or because of large-scale migrations? The authors sequence and analyse low-coverage genomes from 101 ancient humans from across Eurasia to reveal large-scale population migrations and replacements during this time. Analyses indicate that light skin pigmentation was already frequent among Europeans in the Bronze Age but not lactose tolerance, indicating a more recent onset of positive selection on the latter trait than previously believed. 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class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-identifiers" data-test="article-identifier"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item" data-test="article-category">Article</li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item">Published: <time datetime="2015-06-10">10 June 2015</time></li> </ul> <h1 class="c-article-title" data-test="article-title" data-article-title="">Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia</h1> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--long" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Morten_E_-Allentoft-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Morten_E_-Allentoft-Aff1" data-author-search="Allentoft, Morten E.">Morten E. Allentoft</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup><sup class="u-js-hide"> <a href="#na1">na1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Martin-Sikora-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Martin-Sikora-Aff1" data-author-search="Sikora, Martin">Martin Sikora</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup><sup class="u-js-hide"> <a href="#na1">na1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Karl_G_ran-Sj_gren-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Karl_G_ran-Sj_gren-Aff2" data-author-search="Sjögren, Karl-Göran">Karl-Göran Sjögren</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Simon-Rasmussen-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Simon-Rasmussen-Aff3" data-author-search="Rasmussen, Simon">Simon Rasmussen</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Morten-Rasmussen-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Morten-Rasmussen-Aff1" data-author-search="Rasmussen, Morten">Morten Rasmussen</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Jesper-Stenderup-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Jesper-Stenderup-Aff1" data-author-search="Stenderup, Jesper">Jesper Stenderup</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Peter_B_-Damgaard-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Peter_B_-Damgaard-Aff1" data-author-search="Damgaard, Peter B.">Peter B. Damgaard</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Hannes-Schroeder-Aff1-Aff4" data-author-popup="auth-Hannes-Schroeder-Aff1-Aff4" data-author-search="Schroeder, Hannes">Hannes Schroeder</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff4">4</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Torbj_rn-Ahlstr_m-Aff5" data-author-popup="auth-Torbj_rn-Ahlstr_m-Aff5" data-author-search="Ahlström, Torbjörn">Torbjörn Ahlström</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff5">5</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Lasse-Vinner-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Lasse-Vinner-Aff1" data-author-search="Vinner, Lasse">Lasse Vinner</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Anna_Sapfo-Malaspinas-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Anna_Sapfo-Malaspinas-Aff1" data-author-search="Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo">Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Ashot-Margaryan-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Ashot-Margaryan-Aff1" data-author-search="Margaryan, Ashot">Ashot Margaryan</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Tom-Higham-Aff6" data-author-popup="auth-Tom-Higham-Aff6" data-author-search="Higham, Tom">Tom Higham</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff6">6</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-David-Chivall-Aff6" data-author-popup="auth-David-Chivall-Aff6" data-author-search="Chivall, David">David Chivall</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff6">6</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Niels-Lynnerup-Aff7" data-author-popup="auth-Niels-Lynnerup-Aff7" data-author-search="Lynnerup, Niels">Niels Lynnerup</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff7">7</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Lise-Harvig-Aff7" data-author-popup="auth-Lise-Harvig-Aff7" data-author-search="Harvig, Lise">Lise Harvig</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff7">7</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Justyna-Baron-Aff8" data-author-popup="auth-Justyna-Baron-Aff8" data-author-search="Baron, Justyna">Justyna Baron</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff8">8</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Philippe_Della-Casa-Aff9" data-author-popup="auth-Philippe_Della-Casa-Aff9" data-author-search="Casa, Philippe Della">Philippe Della Casa</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff9">9</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Pawe_-D_browski-Aff10" data-author-popup="auth-Pawe_-D_browski-Aff10" data-author-search="Dąbrowski, Paweł">Paweł Dąbrowski</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff10">10</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Paul_R_-Duffy-Aff11" data-author-popup="auth-Paul_R_-Duffy-Aff11" data-author-search="Duffy, Paul R.">Paul R. Duffy</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff11">11</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Alexander_V_-Ebel-Aff12" data-author-popup="auth-Alexander_V_-Ebel-Aff12" data-author-search="Ebel, Alexander V.">Alexander V. Ebel</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff12">12</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Andrey-Epimakhov-Aff13" data-author-popup="auth-Andrey-Epimakhov-Aff13" data-author-search="Epimakhov, Andrey">Andrey Epimakhov</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff13">13</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Karin-Frei-Aff14" data-author-popup="auth-Karin-Frei-Aff14" data-author-search="Frei, Karin">Karin Frei</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff14">14</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Miros_aw-Furmanek-Aff8" data-author-popup="auth-Miros_aw-Furmanek-Aff8" data-author-search="Furmanek, Mirosław">Mirosław Furmanek</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff8">8</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Tomasz-Gralak-Aff8" data-author-popup="auth-Tomasz-Gralak-Aff8" data-author-search="Gralak, Tomasz">Tomasz Gralak</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff8">8</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Andrey-Gromov-Aff15" data-author-popup="auth-Andrey-Gromov-Aff15" data-author-search="Gromov, Andrey">Andrey Gromov</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff15">15</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Stanis_aw-Gronkiewicz-Aff16" data-author-popup="auth-Stanis_aw-Gronkiewicz-Aff16" data-author-search="Gronkiewicz, Stanisław">Stanisław Gronkiewicz</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff16">16</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Gisela-Grupe-Aff17" data-author-popup="auth-Gisela-Grupe-Aff17" data-author-search="Grupe, Gisela">Gisela Grupe</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff17">17</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Tam_s-Hajdu-Aff18-Aff19" data-author-popup="auth-Tam_s-Hajdu-Aff18-Aff19" data-author-search="Hajdu, Tamás">Tamás Hajdu</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff18">18</a>,<a href="#Aff19">19</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Rados_aw-Jarysz-Aff20" data-author-popup="auth-Rados_aw-Jarysz-Aff20" data-author-search="Jarysz, Radosław">Radosław Jarysz</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff20">20</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Valeri-Khartanovich-Aff15" data-author-popup="auth-Valeri-Khartanovich-Aff15" data-author-search="Khartanovich, Valeri">Valeri Khartanovich</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff15">15</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Alexandr-Khokhlov-Aff21" data-author-popup="auth-Alexandr-Khokhlov-Aff21" data-author-search="Khokhlov, Alexandr">Alexandr Khokhlov</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff21">21</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Vikt_ria-Kiss-Aff22" data-author-popup="auth-Vikt_ria-Kiss-Aff22" data-author-search="Kiss, Viktória">Viktória Kiss</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff22">22</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Jan-Kol__-Aff23-Aff24" data-author-popup="auth-Jan-Kol__-Aff23-Aff24" data-author-search="Kolář, Jan">Jan Kolář</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff23">23</a>,<a href="#Aff24">24</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Aivar-Kriiska-Aff25" data-author-popup="auth-Aivar-Kriiska-Aff25" data-author-search="Kriiska, Aivar">Aivar Kriiska</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff25">25</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Irena-Lasak-Aff8" data-author-popup="auth-Irena-Lasak-Aff8" data-author-search="Lasak, Irena">Irena Lasak</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff8">8</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Cristina-Longhi-Aff26" data-author-popup="auth-Cristina-Longhi-Aff26" data-author-search="Longhi, Cristina">Cristina Longhi</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff26">26</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-George-McGlynn-Aff17" data-author-popup="auth-George-McGlynn-Aff17" data-author-search="McGlynn, George">George McGlynn</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff17">17</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Algimantas-Merkevicius-Aff27" data-author-popup="auth-Algimantas-Merkevicius-Aff27" data-author-search="Merkevicius, Algimantas">Algimantas Merkevicius</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff27">27</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Inga-Merkyte-Aff28" data-author-popup="auth-Inga-Merkyte-Aff28" data-author-search="Merkyte, Inga">Inga Merkyte</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff28">28</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Mait-Metspalu-Aff29" data-author-popup="auth-Mait-Metspalu-Aff29" data-author-search="Metspalu, Mait">Mait Metspalu</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff29">29</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Ruzan-Mkrtchyan-Aff30" data-author-popup="auth-Ruzan-Mkrtchyan-Aff30" data-author-search="Mkrtchyan, Ruzan">Ruzan Mkrtchyan</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff30">30</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Vyacheslav-Moiseyev-Aff15" data-author-popup="auth-Vyacheslav-Moiseyev-Aff15" data-author-search="Moiseyev, Vyacheslav">Vyacheslav Moiseyev</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff15">15</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-L_szl_-Paja-Aff31-Aff32" data-author-popup="auth-L_szl_-Paja-Aff31-Aff32" data-author-search="Paja, László">László Paja</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff31">31</a>,<a href="#Aff32">32</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Gy_rgy-P_lfi-Aff32" data-author-popup="auth-Gy_rgy-P_lfi-Aff32" data-author-search="Pálfi, György">György Pálfi</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff32">32</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Dalia-Pokutta-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Dalia-Pokutta-Aff2" data-author-search="Pokutta, Dalia">Dalia Pokutta</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-_ukasz-Pospieszny-Aff33" data-author-popup="auth-_ukasz-Pospieszny-Aff33" data-author-search="Pospieszny, Łukasz">Łukasz Pospieszny</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff33">33</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-T__Douglas-Price-Aff34" data-author-popup="auth-T__Douglas-Price-Aff34" data-author-search="Price, T. Douglas">T. Douglas Price</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff34">34</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Lehti-Saag-Aff29" data-author-popup="auth-Lehti-Saag-Aff29" data-author-search="Saag, Lehti">Lehti Saag</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff29">29</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Mikhail-Sablin-Aff35" data-author-popup="auth-Mikhail-Sablin-Aff35" data-author-search="Sablin, Mikhail">Mikhail Sablin</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff35">35</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Natalia-Shishlina-Aff36" data-author-popup="auth-Natalia-Shishlina-Aff36" data-author-search="Shishlina, Natalia">Natalia Shishlina</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff36">36</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-V_clav-Smr_ka-Aff37" data-author-popup="auth-V_clav-Smr_ka-Aff37" data-author-search="Smrčka, Václav">Václav Smrčka</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff37">37</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Vasilii_I_-Soenov-Aff38" data-author-popup="auth-Vasilii_I_-Soenov-Aff38" data-author-search="Soenov, Vasilii I.">Vasilii I. Soenov</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff38">38</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Vajk-Szever_nyi-Aff22" data-author-popup="auth-Vajk-Szever_nyi-Aff22" data-author-search="Szeverényi, Vajk">Vajk Szeverényi</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff22">22</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Guszt_v-T_th-Aff39" data-author-popup="auth-Guszt_v-T_th-Aff39" data-author-search="Tóth, Gusztáv">Gusztáv Tóth</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff39">39</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Synaru_V_-Trifanova-Aff38" data-author-popup="auth-Synaru_V_-Trifanova-Aff38" data-author-search="Trifanova, Synaru V.">Synaru V. Trifanova</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff38">38</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Liivi-Varul-Aff25" data-author-popup="auth-Liivi-Varul-Aff25" data-author-search="Varul, Liivi">Liivi Varul</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff25">25</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Magdolna-Vicze-Aff40" data-author-popup="auth-Magdolna-Vicze-Aff40" data-author-search="Vicze, Magdolna">Magdolna Vicze</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff40">40</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Levon-Yepiskoposyan-Aff41" data-author-popup="auth-Levon-Yepiskoposyan-Aff41" data-author-search="Yepiskoposyan, Levon">Levon Yepiskoposyan</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff41">41</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Vladislav-Zhitenev-Aff42" data-author-popup="auth-Vladislav-Zhitenev-Aff42" data-author-search="Zhitenev, Vladislav">Vladislav Zhitenev</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff42">42</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Ludovic-Orlando-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Ludovic-Orlando-Aff1" data-author-search="Orlando, Ludovic">Ludovic Orlando</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Thomas-Sicheritz_Pont_n-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Thomas-Sicheritz_Pont_n-Aff3" data-author-search="Sicheritz-Pontén, Thomas">Thomas Sicheritz-Pontén</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-S_ren-Brunak-Aff3-Aff43" data-author-popup="auth-S_ren-Brunak-Aff3-Aff43" data-author-search="Brunak, Søren">Søren Brunak</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a>,<a href="#Aff43">43</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Rasmus-Nielsen-Aff44" data-author-popup="auth-Rasmus-Nielsen-Aff44" data-author-search="Nielsen, Rasmus">Rasmus Nielsen</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff44">44</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Kristian-Kristiansen-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Kristian-Kristiansen-Aff2" data-author-search="Kristiansen, Kristian">Kristian Kristiansen</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup> & </li><li 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class="c-article-info-details" data-container-section="info"> <a data-test="journal-link" href="/" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link"><i data-test="journal-title">Nature</i></a> <b data-test="journal-volume"><span class="u-visually-hidden">volume</span> 522</b>, <span class="u-visually-hidden">pages </span>167–172 (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2015</span>)<a href="#citeas" class="c-article-info-details__cite-as u-hide-print" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </p> <div class="c-article-metrics-bar__wrapper u-clear-both"> <ul class="c-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class=" c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="access-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">55k <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="citation-count"> <p 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aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>The Bronze Age of Eurasia (around 3000–1000 <span class="u-small-caps">BC</span>) was a period of major cultural changes. However, there is debate about whether these changes resulted from the circulation of ideas or from human migrations, potentially also facilitating the spread of languages and certain phenotypic traits. We investigated this by using new, improved methods to sequence low-coverage genomes from 101 ancient humans from across Eurasia. We show that the Bronze Age was a highly dynamic period involving large-scale population migrations and replacements, responsible for shaping major parts of present-day demographic structure in both Europe and Asia. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesized spread of Indo-European languages during the Early Bronze Age. 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id="figure-3"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig3" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Figure 3: Genetic structure of Bronze Age Asia.</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature14507/MediaObjects/41586_2015_Article_BFnature14507_Fig3_HTML.jpg?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature14507/MediaObjects/41586_2015_Article_BFnature14507_Fig3_HTML.jpg" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="199"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-4"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig4" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Figure 4: Allele frequencies for putatively 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data-track-label="10.1038/s41586-023-06865-0">Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__access-type">Open access</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">10 January 2024</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </section> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ recommendations: { recommender: 'semantic', model: 'specter', policy_id: 'NA', timestamp: 1740628641, embedded_user: 'null' } }); </script> <div class="u-mt-32"> <section data-title="Accession codes"><div class="c-article-section" id="accession-codes-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="accession-codes">Accession codes</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="accession-codes-content"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Primary accessions</h3> <h4 class="c-article__sub-heading c-article__sub-heading--small">European Nucleotide Archive</h4><ul class="c-article-data-availability-list u-list-reset"> <li class="c-article-data-availability-list__item"> <p> <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/data/view/PRJEB9021">PRJEB9021</a> </p> </li> </ul> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Data deposits</h3> <p>DNA sequence alignments are available from the European Nucleotide Archive (<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena">http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena</a>) under accession number <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/data/view/PRJEB9021">PRJEB9021</a>.</p> </div></div></section><div id="MagazineFulltextArticleBodySuffix"><section aria-labelledby="Bib1" data-title="References"><div class="c-article-section" id="Bib1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Bib1">References</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Bib1-content"><div 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Magnussen, L. A. Petersen, C. D. Mortensen and A. Seguin-Orlando at the Danish National Sequencing Centre for help with the sequencing. We thank C. G. Zacho for technical assistance. The project was funded by The European Research Council (FP/2007-2013, grant no. 269442, The Rise), The University of Copenhagen (KU2016 programme), Marie Curie Actions of the European Union (FP7/2007-2013, grant no. 300554), The Villum Foundation (Young Investigator Programme, grant no. 10120), Frederik Paulsen, The Miller Institute, University of California, Berkeley, The Lundbeck Foundation, and The Danish National Research Foundation.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><span class="c-article-author-information__subtitle u-visually-hidden" id="author-notes">Author notes</span><ol class="c-article-author-information__list"><li class="c-article-author-information__item" id="na1"><p>Morten E. Allentoft and Martin Sikora: These authors contributed equally to this work.</p></li></ol><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Morten E. Allentoft, Martin Sikora, Morten Rasmussen, Jesper Stenderup, Peter B. Damgaard, Hannes Schroeder, Lasse Vinner, Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas, Ashot Margaryan, Ludovic Orlando & Eske Willerslev</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 405 30, Sweden</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Karl-Göran Sjögren, Dalia Pokutta & Kristian Kristiansen</p></li><li id="Aff3"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Systems Biology, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, 2800, Denmark</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Simon Rasmussen, Thomas Sicheritz-Pontén & Søren Brunak</p></li><li id="Aff4"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, Leiden, 2300, The Netherlands</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Hannes Schroeder</p></li><li id="Aff5"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Lund University, Lund, 221 00, Sweden</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Torbjörn Ahlström</p></li><li id="Aff6"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Tom Higham & David Chivall</p></li><li id="Aff7"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Forensic Medicine, Unit of Forensic Anthropology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Niels Lynnerup & Lise Harvig</p></li><li id="Aff8"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Institute of Archaeology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, 50-139, Poland</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Justyna Baron, Mirosław Furmanek, Tomasz Gralak & Irena Lasak</p></li><li id="Aff9"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Archaeological Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8006, Switzerland</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Philippe Della Casa</p></li><li id="Aff10"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Anatomy, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, 50-368, Poland</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Paweł Dąbrowski</p></li><li id="Aff11"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 2S2, Canada</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Paul R. Duffy</p></li><li id="Aff12"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Archeology and General History, Gorno-Altaisk State University, Gorno-Altaisk, 649000, Russia</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Alexander V. Ebel</p></li><li id="Aff13"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Institute of History and Archaeology RAS (South Ural Department), South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, 454080, Russia</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Andrey Epimakhov</p></li><li id="Aff14"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Environmental Research and Material Science and Centre for Textile Research, The National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen K, 1471, Denmark</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Karin Frei</p></li><li id="Aff15"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS, St Petersburg, 199034, Russia</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Andrey Gromov, Valeri Khartanovich & Vyacheslav Moiseyev</p></li><li id="Aff16"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Anthropology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, 50–449, Poland</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Stanisław Gronkiewicz</p></li><li id="Aff17"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Biocentre of the Ludwig-Maximilian-University München, Munich, 82152, Germany</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Gisela Grupe & George McGlynn</p></li><li id="Aff18"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Tamás Hajdu</p></li><li id="Aff19"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Tamás Hajdu</p></li><li id="Aff20"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">The Archaeological Museum of Wrocław, Wrocław, 50-077, Poland</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Radosław Jarysz</p></li><li id="Aff21"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Samara State Academy of Social Science and Humanities, Samara, 443099, Russia</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Alexandr Khokhlov</p></li><li id="Aff22"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Institute of Archaeology of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Center for the Humanities, Budapest, H-1250, Hungary</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Viktória Kiss & Vajk Szeverényi</p></li><li id="Aff23"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Institute of Archaeology and Museology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, CZ-602 00, Czech Republic</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Jan Kolář</p></li><li id="Aff24"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Vegetation Ecology, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, CZ-602 00, Czech Republic</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Jan Kolář</p></li><li id="Aff25"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Archaeology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51003, Estonia</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Aivar Kriiska & Liivi Varul</p></li><li id="Aff26"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Archaeological Superintendence of Lombardy, Milano, 20123, Italy</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Cristina Longhi</p></li><li id="Aff27"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Archaeology, University of Vilnius, Vilnius, LT-01513, Lithuania</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Algimantas Merkevicius</p></li><li id="Aff28"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">The SAXO Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen S, 2300, Denmark</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Inga Merkyte</p></li><li id="Aff29"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Evolutionary Biology, Estonian Biocentre and University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Mait Metspalu & Lehti Saag</p></li><li id="Aff30"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of History, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, 0025, Armenia</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Ruzan Mkrtchyan</p></li><li id="Aff31"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Hungarian National Museum, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">László Paja</p></li><li id="Aff32"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">László Paja & György Pálfi</p></li><li id="Aff33"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of 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Soenov & Synaru V. Trifanova</p></li><li id="Aff39"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Pre- and Early History, Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Gusztáv Tóth</p></li><li id="Aff40"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Matrica Museum, Százhalombatta, 2440, Hungary</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Magdolna Vicze</p></li><li id="Aff41"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Laboratory of Ethnogenomics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan, 0014, Armenia</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Levon Yepiskoposyan</p></li><li id="Aff42"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Archaeology, Faculty of History, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Vladislav Zhitenev</p></li><li id="Aff43"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Søren Brunak</p></li><li id="Aff44"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Center for Theoretical Evolutionary Genetics, University of California, Berkeley, 94720-3140, California, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Rasmus Nielsen</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Morten_E_-Allentoft-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Morten E. 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M.E.A., J.S., L.V., H.S., P.B.D., A.M., M.R., L.S. performed the DNA laboratory work. M.Si., S.R., M.E.A., A.-S.M., P.B.D., A.M. analysed the genetic data. K.-G.S., T.A., N.L., L.H., J.B., P.D.C., P.D., P.R.D., A.E., A.V.E., K.F., M.F., G.G., T.G., A.G., S.G., T.H., R.J., J.K., V.K., A.K., V.K., A.K., I.L., C.L., A.M., G.M., I.M., M.M., R.M., V.M., D.Po., G.P., L.P., D.Pr., L.P., M.Sa., N.S., V.Sm., V.Sz., V.I.S., G.T., S.V.T., L.V., M.V., L.Y., V.Z. collected the samples and/or provided input to the archaeological interpretations. T.H. and D.C. conducted radiocarbon dating. T.S.-P., L.O., S.B., R.N. provided input to the genetic analyses. E.W., K.K., M.E.A., M.Si., K.-G.S. wrote the paper with input from all co-authors.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="corresponding-author">Corresponding author</h3><p id="corresponding-author-list">Correspondence to <a id="corresp-c1" href="mailto:ewillerslev@snm.ku.dk">Eske Willerslev</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Ethics declarations"><div class="c-article-section" id="ethics-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="ethics">Ethics declarations</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="ethics-content"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Competing interests</h3> <p>The authors declare no competing financial interests.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Extended data figures and tables"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec21-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec21">Extended data figures and tables</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec21-content"><div data-test="supplementary-info"><div id="figshareContainer" class="c-article-figshare-container" data-test="figshare-container"></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="supp-item" id="Fig5"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="extended data figure 1 principal component analysi" href="/articles/nature14507/figures/5" data-supp-info-image="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature14507/MediaObjects/41586_2015_Article_BFnature14507_Fig5_ESM.jpg">Extended Data Figure 1 Principal component analysis of ancient genomes.</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p><b>a</b>, <b>b</b>, Principal component analysis of ancient individuals projected onto contemporary individuals from non-African populations (<b>a</b>), Europe, West Asia and the Caucasus (<b>b</b>). Grey labels represent population codes indicating coordinates for individuals (small) and median of the population (large). Coloured labels indicate positions for ancient individuals (small) and median for ancient groups (large). Ancient individuals within a group are connected to the respective median position by coloured lines.</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="supp-item" id="Fig6"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="extended data figure 2 pairwise outgroup f3 statis" href="/articles/nature14507/figures/6" data-supp-info-image="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature14507/MediaObjects/41586_2015_Article_BFnature14507_Fig6_ESM.jpg">Extended Data Figure 2 Pairwise outgroup <i>f</i><sub>3</sub> statistics.</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Panels depict pairwise plots of outgroup <i>f</i><sub>3</sub> statistics of the form <i>f</i><sub>3</sub>(Ju’hoan North;Population<sub>1</sub>, Population<sub>2</sub>), showing the correlation of the amount of shared genetic drift for a pair of ancient groups (Population<sub>1</sub>) with all modern populations (Population<sub>2</sub>) in the Human Origins data set (panel A). Closely related ancient groups are expected to show highly correlated statistics. <b>a</b>, Sintashta/Corded Ware. <b>b</b>, Yamnaya/Afanasievo. <b>c</b>, Sintashta/Andronovo. <b>d</b>, Okunevo/Mal’ta. Coloured circles indicate modern populations; error bars indicate ± 1 standard error from the block jackknife.</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="supp-item" id="Fig7"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="extended data figure 3 yamnaya ancestry mirrors ma" href="/articles/nature14507/figures/7" data-supp-info-image="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature14507/MediaObjects/41586_2015_Article_BFnature14507_Fig7_ESM.jpg">Extended Data Figure 3 Yamnaya ancestry mirrors Mal’ta ancestry in present-day Europeans and Caucasians.</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Panels show pairwise plots of D-statistics D(Outgroup, Ancient)(Bedouin, Modern), contrasting Mal’ta (MA1) and Hunter-gatherers (<b>a</b>), and MA1 and Yamnaya (<b>b</b>). Coloured labels indicate modern populations, with lines corresponding to ± 1 standard error of the respective <i>D</i>-statistic from block jacknife. Text away from the diagonal line indicates an ancient group with relative increase in allele sharing with the respective modern populations.</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="supp-item" id="Fig8"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="extended data figure 4 genetic differentiation bet" href="/articles/nature14507/figures/8" data-supp-info-image="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature14507/MediaObjects/41586_2015_Article_BFnature14507_Fig8_ESM.jpg">Extended Data Figure 4 Genetic differentiation between ancient and modern groups in Human Origins data set.</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Panels show <i>F</i><sub><i>ST</i></sub> between pairs of modern and ancient groups (coloured lines) for subsets of ancient groups, with results for the remaining groups in the background (grey). Top, early Europeans. Middle, Bronze Age Europeans and steppe/Caucasus. Bottom, Bronze Age Asians. Results based on Human Origins data set (panel A).</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="supp-item" id="Fig9"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="extended data figure 5 genetic differentiation bet" href="/articles/nature14507/figures/9" data-supp-info-image="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature14507/MediaObjects/41586_2015_Article_BFnature14507_Fig9_ESM.jpg">Extended Data Figure 5 Genetic differentiation between ancient and modern groups in 1000 Genomes data set.</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Matrix of pairwise <i>F</i><sub><i>ST</i></sub> values between modern and ancient groups in the 1000 Genomes data set (panel B).</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="supp-item" id="Fig10"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="extended data figure 6 distribution of uniparental" href="/articles/nature14507/figures/10" data-supp-info-image="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature14507/MediaObjects/41586_2015_Article_BFnature14507_Fig10_ESM.jpg">Extended Data Figure 6 Distribution of uniparental lineages in Bronze Age Eurasians.</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p><b>a</b>, <b>b</b>, Barplots showing the relative frequency of Y chromosome (<b>a</b>) and mitochondrial DNA lineages (<b>b</b>) in different Bronze Age groups. Top row shows overall frequencies for all individuals combined.</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="supp-item" id="Fig11"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="extended data figure 7 derived allele frequencies " href="/articles/nature14507/figures/11" data-supp-info-image="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature14507/MediaObjects/41586_2015_Article_BFnature14507_Fig11_ESM.jpg">Extended Data Figure 7 Derived allele frequencies for lactase persistence in modern and ancient groups.</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Derived allele frequency of rs4988235 in the <i>LCT</i> gene inferred from imputation of ancient individuals. Numbers indicate the total number of chromosomes for each group.</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item"><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-1"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab1" data-test="table-caption">Extended Data Table 1 Selected D-test results from 1000 Genomes data set (panel B)</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/articles/nature14507/tables/1" aria-label="Full size table 1"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item"><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-2"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab2" data-test="table-caption">Extended Data Table 2 <i>f</i><sub>3</sub> statistic results for ancient groups</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/articles/nature14507/tables/2" aria-label="Full size table 2"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div></div></div></div></div></section><section data-title="Related audio"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec22-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec22">Related audio</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec22-content"><div data-test="supplementary-info"><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM147"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="reporter ewen callaway asks morten allentoft what " href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature14507/MediaObjects/41586_2015_BFnature14507_MOESM147_ESM.mp3" data-supp-info-image="">Reporter Ewen Callaway asks Morten Allentoft what Bonze Age genomes reveal about human history.</a></h3></div></div></div></div></section><section data-title="Supplementary information"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec23-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec23">Supplementary information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec23-content"><div data-test="supplementary-info"><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM138"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary information" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature14507/MediaObjects/41586_2015_BFnature14507_MOESM138_ESM.pdf" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary Information</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>This file contains Supplementary Information sections 1-6. Section 1: An introduction to the sampled cultures and their dating. Section 2: Brief description of the samples (including Supplementary Tables 1-3). Section 3: Laboratory work and sample selection (including Supplementary Tables 4-5, and Supplementary Figure 1). Section 4: Radiocarbon dating. Section 5: Bioinformatics and DNA authentication. Section 6: Population genomics (including Supplementary Table 9 and Supplementary Figures 2-6). (PDF 4331 kb)</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM139"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary table 6" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature14507/MediaObjects/41586_2015_BFnature14507_MOESM139_ESM.xlsx" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary Table 6</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>This table contains sequencing summary statistics. (XLSX 20 kb)</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM140"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary table 7" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature14507/MediaObjects/41586_2015_BFnature14507_MOESM140_ESM.xls" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary Table 7</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>This table contains an overview of aDNA damage statistics. (XLS 44 kb)</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM141"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary table 8" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature14507/MediaObjects/41586_2015_BFnature14507_MOESM141_ESM.xlsx" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary Table 8</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>This table contains results of DNA contamination tests. (XLSX 18 kb)</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM142"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary table 10" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature14507/MediaObjects/41586_2015_BFnature14507_MOESM142_ESM.xlsx" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary Table 10</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>This table contains D-test for all combinations D(Outgroup,Ancient1)(Ancient2)(Ancient3); 1000 Genomes dataset. (XLSX 1915 kb)</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM143"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary table 11" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature14507/MediaObjects/41586_2015_BFnature14507_MOESM143_ESM.xlsx" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary Table 11</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>This table contains “Outgroup” f3-statistics for all combinations of ancient and modern groups; Human Origins dataset. (XLSX 748 kb)</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM144"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary table 12" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature14507/MediaObjects/41586_2015_BFnature14507_MOESM144_ESM.xlsx" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary Table 12</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>This table contains all-pair “admixture” f3-statistics; 1000 Genomes dataset. (XLSX 3921 kb)</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM145"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary table 13" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature14507/MediaObjects/41586_2015_BFnature14507_MOESM145_ESM.xlsx" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary Table 13</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>This table contains derived allele frequencies of 104 SNP catalogue for putative selection; 1000 Genomes dataset. (XLSX 63 kb)</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM146"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary table 14" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature14507/MediaObjects/41586_2015_BFnature14507_MOESM146_ESM.xls" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary Table 14</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>This table contains an overview of mtDNA haplogroups and identified variants. (XLS 97 kb)</p></div></div></div></div></div></section><section data-title="PowerPoint slides"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec24-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec24">PowerPoint slides</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec24-content"><div data-test="supplementary-info"><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM134"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="powerpoint slide for fig. 1" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature14507/MediaObjects/41586_2015_BFnature14507_MOESM134_ESM.ppt" data-supp-info-image="">PowerPoint slide for Fig. 1</a></h3></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM135"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="powerpoint slide for fig. 2" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature14507/MediaObjects/41586_2015_BFnature14507_MOESM135_ESM.ppt" data-supp-info-image="">PowerPoint slide for Fig. 2</a></h3></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM136"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="powerpoint slide for fig. 3" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature14507/MediaObjects/41586_2015_BFnature14507_MOESM136_ESM.ppt" data-supp-info-image="">PowerPoint slide for Fig. 3</a></h3></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM137"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="powerpoint slide for fig. 4" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature14507/MediaObjects/41586_2015_BFnature14507_MOESM137_ESM.ppt" data-supp-info-image="">PowerPoint slide for Fig. 4</a></h3></div></div></div></div></section><section data-title="Rights and permissions"><div class="c-article-section" id="rightslink-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="rightslink">Rights and permissions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="rightslink-content"><p class="c-article-rights"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="view rights and permissions" data-track-label="link" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?title=Population%20genomics%20of%20Bronze%20Age%20Eurasia&author=Morten%20E.%20Allentoft%20et%20al&contentID=10.1038%2Fnature14507&copyright=Springer%20Nature%20Limited&publication=0028-0836&publicationDate=2015-06-10&publisherName=SpringerNature&orderBeanReset=true">Reprints and permissions</a></p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="article-info" data-title="About this article"><div class="c-article-section" id="article-info-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="article-info">About this article</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="article-info-content"><div class="c-bibliographic-information"><div class="u-hide-print c-bibliographic-information__column c-bibliographic-information__column--border"><a data-crossmark="10.1038/nature14507" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1038/nature14507" data-track="click" data-track-action="Click Crossmark" data-track-label="link" data-test="crossmark"><img loading="lazy" width="57" height="81" alt="Check for updates. 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id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Allentoft, M., Sikora, M., Sjögren, KG. <i>et al.</i> Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. <i>Nature</i> <b>522</b>, 167–172 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14507</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1038/nature14507?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Received<span class="u-hide">: </span><span 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