CINXE.COM

Just a moment...

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "pure.royalholloway.ac.uk",cType: 'managed',cRay: '9136233bb86887c6',cH: 'sWtUcF5ZgXO8c7t3rUVoOuboJqK0a_VtHmXGQkFqJYU-1739799085-1.2.1.1-Sc0dW_raThZE96_LowFjN2COewrw29Q2UJN8hAkSnF4buQRwBd3Lz63Qjc8AVUWw',cUPMDTk: "\/?__cf_chl_tk=DhRkzMoeYMwdx6iKqcBXoAOybaFc51PppyF7imIuEF8-1739799085-1.0.1.1-qNvHifsHldxfvWDnBZ4T7WRy6JQ86xXpmr7rerGSymE",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739799085',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/?__cf_chl_f_tk=DhRkzMoeYMwdx6iKqcBXoAOybaFc51PppyF7imIuEF8-1739799085-1.0.1.1-qNvHifsHldxfvWDnBZ4T7WRy6JQ86xXpmr7rerGSymE",md: "vXXWl3WWNQ8Cam_NP2pyUZi4g1jIvr9zHlJ_TgSabk8-1739799085-1.2.1.1-1pbJAlt0EJomX5J3xMMMJFbmEEMQ6k38b0knxzVVPuJbZpBbtaM5w_fq3LpDJIHg_M9tJ3a49OJj4yKaiWQiLRKn4uAwSp2nVkLj_V_LPX5tCBaC8Y42oH7DQ0isu0B2z5A1SGn.UqXLr4WOGfn91rp8KY50hstSJrnmn9PK951wkNqQo3KAe890rBA.TYlemBGavHLVk4_XMXPC3ic1E8hY__WSh63hCeJghd2NMvgjKofxiaQs3gkHbXU60mWkNXPJ243iJ3FPOggb1Sp3BsFP2UMYx0kcfsZPztUvxY8OWfYVj32C86qaXT2OTwH6Mxm0AD6gOErHChEpkaSp2Ww1C_3KzaT4yDQSnRYy6LeRaOsBSulCXgViy1zFiuaLoBAwUL3OMiKq4tImUm7O74oklyMlXnddTepxPRVzj0vyfz4Sjs5RzwUh6xFgUAevSuU6BNaDglToBpSeOVDuvATDyy5xpo71r.FefkoucrPOZZt5xPY.loCoAATMzfzZvWl0FZ7BHUwDPZSGFEwET24JfASLX8z_GGh0WjEIkO60VGXV4HNCfPj5JC._uA9mfRMwZO3T_6FIwTH_8bpDir83HDaCbw7S1wbASP6HLqTgQZAamd6LOv05gyzBV0iiyXS_Gx6vbDDWZb3H_XD86SDKEVQSv_xdv_SrF75i0mhq.s1MqWYNDxNAIOGvrIMcp.KNKqZdrdDtpLxwwZUa4Ap6nTfos9G6oNp9D_pIXtWZk_tkSOFZ3YVrIQuUTjJx9teixLd53JRlQcKjRK_NNss4SYy26amcpnk48hufEiB4od7uDVzrj8pu0E8CXjeYqBqjxpFPrwQPV76C97YzlUYAJspM3U3j6ht4I3.s.qyvdlIoN7xC7PjzZX38OkzVwTuVWcrPD6sHBfnJDbmsKyIDgHHvidceS2vaVkDqZE_BgePFp8nqZ0NJEnZKMJLld9FyPvfeR4zv.tPUlnxDqULlgZmh3_u8LrNtMkQDAnSOHk0QZyGaCZ.xpenPPsNnX2GPZaWmOp4S1MRvZs1azXQAJKZaldBQkSkCgJS88Ey40.o24yfDwtT76caA2JeRkyn7g1FHZCftAuY4xjMEhJg814RhatLuO5DPZzEVNNos0pjmq5wCzFU9_jSgAZLj8.T.Q18USodWxntBn29GMAZLoqkEW4AThO3Arx1buQxOnuDber7GY_492h4EZsTLTLEh3fwSJcoOlFUGzvjgY1_kJVIbm18Lvqm7XhoTRx8eJ9Kiq9MEkTv7qKiS4F7D7LOmblRsSTZsQcfv6oyO1580Jpx3BbhFEK.zbJckyS5zrOuE3pnVfKx4j5BmOEhnAkIhwnhLtJe7T2V1Et1QP_Nz7pdA3UlWXhE7tRP_ctk6LqemkWst0s7Jc2_NHmXacIkgW7gJ0PNWroLEh1XMgZCnsok.FtaW58.JtE7Us7C85cHQaUVDArZng8pX0rNrhoDAX382fJu0MJZ.OEdFqbHZm0KMb0y9P1RCP_7XsQPKnYkLWFfBO6NKqlqFQWs1v6tt9J_EPl1MGEyG6CTFkJd6Ar5Fzm6uiy9PXsmVxoY9Ncv.2tK5HyMoi_m068siG9EBmFoDU9ng9tmCwK80z7WjqbHWW3SB7k1_uOz9evkBo0AobQ60zXlP.E1ZYz.EKZ.Kkffsym8uNUQsTcqSfvV2KI83c9NDlGa05vFmxMUOYaGYCv_QsTRwi6OScYLD.8XKmZwe27Y4Y7QsncFFnSFI7x3FzPSsgFXh7L8kWCCuZOB_D380xpxpNAF9ljTRZZV9RcgTPtSyqIdGW0EQGgpXDvMehHDvo_CkfsOo7USRy01V45SvmM4_srQvLUxdq8pSEUkZ1DMibOavVgsT218gL5TXBkpXOZi6gQSZGXcLmZGkvhMFavx7yO1bqmDpBy0Kn1lHmk8m8DLRe2b4JPSb73EAO0ZaaZGdDZxau3nStjmTeKNQftcZfq3slOmG3Thm47rFshijCFmcpImJSmP2U.pJiY5BEg_NpGXX0zH3BQlBn7z6q9v8jWo12rhi8TZGlJfB8F6BMrbJetMtbZkhkRPgeUlW_KH_J1xkNmVqLgswLNY4_GUyDJr5wdvA_9yLzliRmXZaTOKIAkBXbIeKMQpdDNrvBBN6zlFQjXBuvLo5OQyvVHCpzNZ9MQckU6_FlyCjzkdQPMeCmteFGChZyR_MgbVbwVdqKmWPELLJmyXhcYSIub0rr9WxJUSOVEn1M9Tx6pT9_2fUOLfRwGdeS2KVVs68W8YETVOStr3uYecrYBJ.ovCrq65qVizKkA0XyoMTgSND.QthJFwKZFof0CaGkIgez1s8eZZkdyEgh1aWZ2G_7xbdveNvrGSfJoHCKLGp2RIbR84SrjKlZPa8MWzff1dXP04K53gznE9pTmcsgcgEsu3b9vlWFanbagrk5BWgvzaXZAUFXA7S2NIzTgcm8rXv3Wz_au7x82cft9Vdfu.ADRQ1ULERkgk3anblOD91ppUqwOdeQFst5n3uEUec2qB8tNiCp_osh.M",mdrd: "uh3yaypaHfMsFzN4f8ftOIo475HVN8Di3RVGCxGRd.s-1739799085-1.2.1.1-hkPx4M1RidHy5XAaGoRNWDel51gVgNb1NZ.Nny8yN9LAcnimYdiq3GA5VL004OMhesE8NktvP6ylELKKk2s7xMz23AfI_hv.4DNw2xDlWsTXL1M5.EE9fy9dJ7Gdf.jhheK7Jq.GQXA0T5xcTyKqQx._2eexOdekaSKDrBlBI1jPYVwaP2HIz9ybG2uPQRWGXC.k6ighf.7y0oTWogKR7c1_W94aA99leZnJuZUAl3Y_5AN6Wh2iVG5aFGembF1FAvU5nxl7aqTrxxOmIzGHRurwmAg1jr_tvzHNicFk6PR3f0.7Zk9.ZuMzqcyMPjH7sRycfCQ6od9.ZMj7NS1AkAsp4ONonEtS8PRTUQhdEeKWs7reO_EeUm9w1a14OwQepbvmJUq3vZ8S27AYl1pCX6t3tnlWIU8TltSjvmor6AJj6_1n_86gIxTUMt86r0l54sq36lZnQPd56vF.HgRxrhIEzwdSnsJxqGMGI5E4LfZUU0A.oV9aPJbDAlfujvNo2ILpYspzmfIEnlBkHxzsv5z5QKtrDSuXcN5lvw2dJO.AZBKXg7Vybk8NzrFs85LSOP9dMabf3slNsizuRRSgKht1UWhREKFw3H61VzfOs9R828IxQEvGU2GtIrt1RpoeU.opfQjLN09GxYf9_bUVnxIbiTAA_LA3VRk9G6ppcXVC4xRMy0.32NNz9AI7R2qAG1WKBd6wA7OCGI__Ke8LeKqRP6PA17b0RZ2JsraSsuLbcY2GWhJdVREtdc_P8zr7BFa_0flUluU8KngB0l6srIZRX4ZdTUpy4VBaEd5ikD3qHz2D3G74bwKr18lmZWecW_ZHjRf.4V5vnvOZs51y5In5E2yMLDhpdEI8Z3iQBI0LGc62RI9ZmeKpQYdOwlYD7hbgAyVSYcRyROtVr8fnNKAwc7Y7Zz8P5tZOK4GzcZVqejAbiFWRRTidgAfV6Q.uzBCwcwnbcHaG0onbpaF3QnIvpooqV.hMPUtP.7h2PqwOtpwUjkplRltz1xxCZM78WZB95h_.1_xpZT6TaWGbc4r8cAe4iEAASOnWvI0L3Pzd8irdBlyApwxMi6lMpK9xKIzFMEpov.LvO79_Tiu656R5CTcZ.Gy746mFpwG_AWkx3ff8ZHeDho.iGgyPON352i5nIQpQzz0Pu.eJkmwvFL.kH3VdmMCwptih06LOcPF5Styd8arsD8BlBOCWd0YXgJbcA1uts2xEE_pfRhBMWjFednLbSY0.LLl3Rtf.0IRFHfpWkEznzirFJIHyIbD0_PfAm2tdht3l7hj_I5Izxwklq_ZK36VW1tPS00GVl2o83KdzrhmjuolFgDfTJuEp1EW_JrJTU8Xtl0Vq47TM5Rsjdq3boyTXFL1e2pTEnLXYFC6HoT1CSXe6m.bQAjQodXDN7DWFP9YaMXbpBm4MkXotrwRUAQUVF8XS94uNJv2KPYVs7brqJaamBj356vCZLUTsPxCvZ00hNeF5CU0TqNVbluswM8kXt1e3qUQrfTL7EYHFYAVXFv5fPEk2yDHCHxevwIR7ySoNfrBAoPA6kxElF0Qg5Y64sUCV_hVoR3WDaMJOLt2tbtPosn48MOVixWpAAo3zviblLKT5G0xoNqR5QvsmPwQYaHAftY1SNgmzHGs8twT50NxktmbRc0hjOEDDfj2TKScHFDkFvO6G_3cYfq3BIaHst2I8e0ReIFE5omVczX_uWY0g5kpMckKmGbXyxEmzwkFV6iPlpYmWQ.OGgW3kUjENi4rqjPh7j7NGOXg2l9xJ0BQrHJY_.lR7TH.fbp8fEFOKh8DcRoRoGqOGMCfk5pRICUgGOWfWmVmZn7JUcoJdXLIEW4VxNbc488YHz_8l2zRZVg9QPyNUv2uYrbtzFrvp6N4TUehxn9acS3mUlkTKyqeuL530CzZq.CH1I7FFggiyGbSw1xiOZgFubn0AOHtA12KtJZUSKl.lgaE_Gm7m_OB0EelynojerSg9Vq7WhonVXomz0vrK3A"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9136233bb86887c6';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/?__cf_chl_rt_tk=DhRkzMoeYMwdx6iKqcBXoAOybaFc51PppyF7imIuEF8-1739799085-1.0.1.1-qNvHifsHldxfvWDnBZ4T7WRy6JQ86xXpmr7rerGSymE" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>