Outer Space | United Nations

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li.menu-22773.top-level a.hover, ul#main-menu li.menu-22763.top-level a.active, ul#main-menu li.menu-22763.top-level a.hover, ul#main-menu li.menu-22781.top-level a.active, ul#main-menu li.menu-22781.top-level a.hover, ul#main-menu li.menu-22747.top-level a.active, ul#main-menu li.menu-22747.top-level a.hover, ul#main-menu li.menu-46805.top-level a.hover, { background-color: #f2f2f2; } .view-id-articles_by_property_view.view-display-id-page_1 .view-header { margin-bottom: 2rem; } .view-articles-by-property-view.view-id-articles_by_property_view.view-display-id-page_2 { margin-top: 5rem; margin-bottom: 5rem; } body.not-front .field-content.post-date { font-weight: 500; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.1666; color: #4d4c4c; letter-spacing: 0.77px; text-transform: uppercase; display: block; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.8rem; } body.node-type-article.og-context-node-61823 .node-article p, body.node-type-article.og-context-node-61823 .node-article li, body.node-type-article.og-context-node-62054 .node-article p, body.node-type-article.og-context-node-62054 .node-article li, body.node-type-article.og-context-node-62048 .node-article p, body.node-type-article.og-context-node-62048 .node-article li, body.node-type-article.og-context-node-62003 .node-article p, body.node-type-article.og-context-node-62003 .node-article li, body.node-type-article.og-context-node-62051 .node-article p, body.node-type-article.og-context-node-62051 .node-article li, body.node-type-article.og-context-node-62045 .node-article p, body.node-type-article.og-context-node-62045 .node-article li, body.property-type-9040 p, body.property-type-9040 li, body.property-type-8447 p, body.property-type-8447 li, body.property-type-8450 p, body.property-type-8450 li { font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5; } body.og-context-node-62054 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img, body.og-context-node-61823 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img, body.og-context-node-62051 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img, body.og-context-node-62003 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img, body.og-context-node-62048 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img { margin-right: 0; } body.og-context-node-102953 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img, body.og-context-node-102950 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img, body.og-context-node-102947 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img, body.og-context-node-102932 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img, body.og-context-node-102944 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img, body.og-context-node-102941 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img { height: 71px; width: 77px; } body.og-context-node-62054 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img, body.og-context-node-61823 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img, body.og-context-node-62051 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img, body.og-context-node-62003 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img, body.og-context-node-62048 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img, body.og-context-node-62045 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img { height: 75px; width: 85px; } body.og-context-node-97691 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img, body.og-context-node-97693 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img, body.og-context-node-97692 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img, body.og-context-node-97694 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img, body.og-context-node-97696 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img, body.og-context-node-97697 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img { margin: 0; } body.og-context-node-97691 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img, body.og-context-node-97693 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img, body.og-context-node-97692 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img, body.og-context-node-97694 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img, body.og-context-node-97696 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img, body.og-context-node-97697 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img { margin-top: -2px; width: 78px; height: 78px; } body.og-context-node-170924 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img { margin: 0; } body.og-context-node-170924 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img { width: 84px !important; } .view-id-articles_by_property_view.view-display-id-page_1 #views-bootstrap-grid-1 .row > .col-xs-12.col-sm-6.col-md-4.col-lg-4, .view-id-articles_by_property_view.view-display-id-page_5 #views-bootstrap-grid-1 .row > .col-xs-12.col-sm-6.col-md-4.col-lg-4, .view-id-articles_by_property_view.view-display-id-page_9 #views-bootstrap-grid-1 .row > .col-xs-12.col-sm-6.col-md-4.col-lg-4, .view-id-articles_by_property_view.view-display-id-page_10 #views-bootstrap-grid-1 .row > .col-xs-12.col-sm-6.col-md-4.col-lg-4 { margin-bottom: 4rem; } .node-article .read-more-button { margin-bottom: 4rem; } .section.more-stories-by::after { border-top: none; } .view-articles-by-issue-with-podcast .views-field-php { margin-bottom: 4rem; } .og-context-node-54396.node-type-article ul.breadcrumb { display:none; } .og-context-node-54396 .footer-fluid, .page-isotope-articles .footer-fluid { margin-top: 4rem; } .view-property-slideshows-by-taxonomy .item { margin-bottom: 4rem; } .node-sidebar .node-sidebar-item { margin-top: 4rem; } .node-sidebar .node-sidebar-item:first-child { margin-top: 0; } body.node-type-page h1 { font-size:4rem; } .library_field { margin-top: 1rem; font-weight: 700; } .historical-note { font-size: 12px; } .small-view .views-field-title { width: 94%; } body.node-type-article .article-body ul { width: 90%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 1em; list-style: inherit; } node-type-article .node-article .image-gallery-main-image .image-metadata, .node-article .article-body .image-metadata, .node-type-article .node-article > .image-metadata { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; } body.node-type-article .article-body ul li { list-style-image: inherit; list-style-type: inherit; margin-left: inherit; } body.property-type-11 .view-articles-by-property-view ul li { margin-top: 1rem; } body.node-type-file-object article ul { list-style: inherit; } body.node-type-file-object article ul li { list-style-image: inherit; list-style-type: inherit; margin-left: 2em; } /* body.property-type-14.node-type-property .property_home_page_section_articles_second {*/ body.page-node-81254 .property_home_page_section_articles.gray-bg .property_home_page_section_articles_second { display:none; } body.page-node-81254 .property_home_page_section_articles.gray-bg .property_home_page_section_articles_second { display:none; } /* body.page-node-81254 .property_home_page_section_articles.gray-bg .container { font-size: 0; } */ body.page-node-81254 .property_home_page_section_articles.gray-bg .container .property_home_page_section_articles_first { font-size: inherit; } body.front.i18n-fr .aan_image, body.front.i18n-es .aan_image, body.front.i18n-ru .aan_image, body.front.i18n-ar .aan_image, body.front.i18n-zh-hans .aan_image { display:none; } .page-node-81254.og-context-node-81254 .view-id-unorg_home_top_multiitem_nodequeue .unorg-home-hero { margin-bottom: 5rem; } /* dhl */ .og-context-node-74753 ul#main-menu ul.subnav li a, .og-context-node-74762 ul#main-menu ul.subnav li a { font-size:12px; } .og-context-node-74768 ul#main-menu ul.subnav li a, .og-context-node-74765 ul#main-menu ul.subnav li, .og-context-node-59110 ul#main-menu ul.subnav li, .og-context-node-59107 ul#main-menu ul.subnav li { font-size: 10px; } .og-context-node-74753 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-3, .og-context-node-74753.node-type-article section#block-system-main > .row > .col-sm-3, .og-context-node-74774 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-3, .og-context-node-74774.node-type-article section#block-system-main > .row > .col-sm-3, .og-context-node-74762 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-3, .og-context-node-74762.node-type-article section#block-system-main > .row > .col-sm-3, .og-context-node-74768 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-3, .og-context-node-74768.node-type-article section#block-system-main > .row > .col-sm-3, .og-context-node-74765 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-3, .og-context-node-74765.node-type-article section#block-system-main > .row > .col-sm-3 { border-left: solid 2px #ededed; } .og-context-node-74777 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-3, .og-context-node-74777.node-type-article section#block-system-main > .row > .col-sm-3 { border-right: solid 2px #ededed; } .og-context-node-74777 p { line-height: 1.75; } .og-context-node-74777 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-3 ul li { line-height: 1.75; } .og-context-node-74777 h1.page-header { font-size: 4rem; } .og-context-node-74753 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-9 a, .og-context-node-74777 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-9 a, .og-context-node-74774 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-9 a, .og-context-node-74762 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-9 a, .og-context-node-74768 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-9 a, .og-context-node-74765 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-9 a { border-bottom: dotted 0.1rem #333333; } .og-context-node-74753 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-9 h2, .og-context-node-74753 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-9 h3, .og-context-node-74777 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-9 h2, .og-context-node-74777 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-9 h3, .og-context-node-74774 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-9 h2, .og-context-node-74774 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-9 h3, .og-context-node-74762 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-9 h2, .og-context-node-74762 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-9 h3, .og-context-node-74768 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-9 h2, .og-context-node-74768 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-9 h3, .og-context-node-74765 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-9 h2, .og-context-node-74765 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-9 h3 { margin-top: 4rem; } .og-context-node-74768 ul#main-menu ul.subnav li, .og-context-node-74765 ul#main-menu ul.subnav li, .og-context-node-74762 ul#main-menu ul.subnav li, .og-context-node-74753 ul#main-menu ul.subnav li, .og-context-node-74774 ul#main-menu ul.subnav li, .og-context-node-74777 ul#main-menu ul.subnav li, ul#main-menu ul.subnav li { white-space: nowrap; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 3px; } .og-context-node-74768 ul#main-menu ul.subnav li a, .og-context-node-74765 ul#main-menu ul.subnav li a, .og-context-node-74762 ul#main-menu ul.subnav li a, .og-context-node-74753 ul#main-menu ul.subnav li a { font-size: 12px; } .node-sidebar-item-body ul { list-style: inherit; } .node-sidebar-item-body ul li { list-style-image: inherit; list-style-type: inherit; margin-left: 15px; } body.i18n-zh-hans.og-context-node-74774, body.i18n-zh-hans.og-context-node-74774 p { font-size: 1.61rem; line-height: 1.61; } body.i18n-zh-hans.og-context-node-74774 h3 { font-size: 2.8rem; line-height: 1.34; } body.i18n-zh-hans.og-context-node-74774 .home-footer h4 { font-size: 2.3rem; line-height: 1.265; } .not-front .home-footer .footer-fluid .footer.container.dark ul li::before { content: ""; } /* /dhl */ body.article-type-7 .node-sidebar .field-name-body.field-type-text-with-summary.field-label-above .field-label { display: none; } /* .page-calendar-by-property .feed-icon img { width: inherit; } */ .feed-icon img { width: inherit; } li.top-level ul.subnav-active-menu { z-index:10; } body.node-type-file-object article .field-name-field-image.field-type-image img { width: inherit; } .node-type-property .un-facts-heading h4.un-facts { font-size: 2.2rem; color: white; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 1.1818; text-align: left; text-shadow: 0 0 0.1rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); padding: 0.2rem 0 0.4rem 1.7rem; border-left: solid 0.5rem rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3); } .node-type-property .un-facts-heading h4.un-facts a { color: white; } .property-type-14 .unorg-home-5x4.third-story { margin-top: 3rem; } .property-type-14 .property_home_page_section_articles.gray-bg { background-color: inherit; } .property-type-14 .property_home_page_section_articles.gray-bg .container { background-color: #f2f2f2 !important; padding-bottom: 4rem; } .og-context-node-98731.node-type-page #block-system-main img{ width: inherit; } /* .view-articles-by-property-view .row h3 { margin-bottom: 4rem; } */ body.page-articles-by-property-local-category .view-articles-by-property-view .row .col-xs-12.col-sm-6.col-md-4.col-lg-4 { margin-bottom: 4rem; } .page-node-106961 #toggle-play, .page-node-106961 #toggle-pause { bottom: 180px; } .view-dhl.view-display-id-page .views-widget-filter-data_1 { display: none; } .view-un-org-home-news-row.view-id-un_org_home_news_row.view-display-id-block_2 p, .view-unorg-home-top-multiitem-nodequeue.view-display-id-block_1 p, .view-unorg-home-top-multiitem-nodequeue.view-display-id-block_5 p { font-size: 14px; } .un-org-home-news-row-block-2 { margin-top: 4rem; } body.not-front.i18n-ar div.category { letter-spacing: inherit; text-transform: inherit; } body.node-type-book .book-toc { display: none; } .calendar-calendar .month-view .full td.single-day div.monthview { background: inherit; } .i18n-ar .calendar-calendar .month-view .full td.multi-day .calendar.monthview .contents, .i18n-ar .calendar-calendar .week-view .full td.multi-day .calendar.weekview .contents { right: 0; left: 5px; } .navbar-full.navbar { background-color: #4d4d4d; padding: 0; height: 34px; box-shadow: 0 2px 5px 0 rgb(0 0 0 / 30%); margin-bottom: 0; z-index: 99; } body.node-type-page .field-name-body ol, body.not-front .views-field-body ol { list-style-type: decimal; } ol.blue-list li::marker { color: #009edb; font-weight: bold; font-size: 20px; } body.node-type-page .field-name-body ol li, body.not-front .views-field-body ol li { margin-left: 2rem; } .view-event-flat-calendar-by-property.view-display-id-page h3 { clear: both; padding:0.5em 0; } .view-event-flat-calendar-by-property.view-display-id-page .views-field.views-field-field-event-date-1 { float: left; margin-right: 50px; } .view-event-flat-calendar-by-property.view-display-id-page .views-field.views-field-title { clear: both; display: inline; } .view-event-flat-calendar-by-property.view-display-id-page .views-row { clear: both; margin-bottom: 1rem; } .view-event-flat-calendar-by-property.view-display-id-page .views-row a { border-bottom: dotted 0.1rem #333333; } .full_observances_list { text-align: right; } .i18n-ar .full_observances_list { text-align: left; } .full_observances_list a::after { font-family: FontAwesome; margin-left: 3px; color: #00a1d9; content: "\f101"; line-height: 1; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; } .i18n-ar .full_observances_list a::after { margin-right: 3px; content: "\f100"; } .page-node-132204 .property_home_page_section.gray-bg { background-color: #ffffff !important; } .page-node-132204 .property_home_page_section.gray-bg .container { background-color: #f2f2f2 !important; padding-top: 4rem; padding-bottom: 4rem; } body.page-node-132204.property-type-14.node-type-property .property_home_page_section.gray-bg { padding-top: inherit; padding-bottom: inherit; } .i18n-ar .front-wrapper header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand { font-size: 2.1rem; margin-top: 0.5rem; line-height: 1.6; } .node-type-book.og-context-node-40059 ul { list-style: inherit; } .node-type-book.og-context-node-40059 ul li { list-style-image: inherit; list-style-type: inherit; margin-left: 2em; } ul#main-menu li.menu-33990.top-level a, ul#main-menu li.menu-45720.top-level a, ul#main-menu li.menu-45912.top-level a, ul#main-menu li.menu-46218.top-level a, ul#main-menu li.menu-46227.top-level a, ul#main-menu li.menu-46154.top-level a, ul#main-menu li.menu-46228.top-level a { background-color: #009edb; } ul#main-menu li.menu-33990.top-level a.active, ul#main-menu li.menu-33990.top-level a:hover, ul#main-menu li.menu-33990.top-level a.active-menu, ul#main-menu li.menu-45720.top-level a.active, ul#main-menu li.menu-45720.top-level a:hover, ul#main-menu li.menu-45720.top-level a.active-menu, ul#main-menu li.menu-45912.top-level a.active, ul#main-menu li.menu-45912.top-level a:hover, ul#main-menu li.menu-45912.top-level a.active-menu, ul#main-menu li.menu-46218.top-level a.active, ul#main-menu li.menu-46218.top-level a:hover, ul#main-menu li.menu-46218.top-level a.active-menu, ul#main-menu li.menu-46227.top-level a.active, ul#main-menu li.menu-46227.top-level a:hover, ul#main-menu li.menu-46227.top-level a.active-menu, ul#main-menu li.menu-46154.top-level a.active, ul#main-menu li.menu-46154.top-level a:hover, ul#main-menu li.menu-46154.top-level a.active-menu, ul#main-menu li.menu-46228.top-level a.active, ul#main-menu li.menu-46228.top-level a:hover, ul#main-menu li.menu-46228.top-level a.active-menu { background: #f2f2f2; color: black; } body.node-type-article #toggle-play, body.node-type-article #toggle-pause { bottom: 150px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 1000px) { .view-event-flat-calendar-by-property.view-display-id-page .views-field.views-field-title { clear: both; width: 500px !important; float: right; display: block; } .view-event-flat-calendar-by-property.view-display-id-page .views-field.views-field-field-event-date-1 { float: left; margin-right: 0px; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 720px) { .view-event-flat-calendar-by-property.view-display-id-page .views-field.views-field-title { width: 360px !important; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 400px) { .view-event-flat-calendar-by-property.view-display-id-page .views-field.views-field-title { width: 200px !important; } } @media (max-width: 768px) { body.front #live_now_button { display: block; float: left !important; } body.front.i18n-ar #live_now_button { float: right !important; } header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-btn::after { border-right: 0; } body.not-front header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img { height: 40px; width: 89px; } body.not-front .navbar-header .navbar-brand-img-subtitle-1, body.not-front .navbar-header .navbar-brand-img-subtitle-2 { margin-top: 60px; padding: 0; } body.i18n-ar li.top-level ul.subnav-active, body.i18n-ar li.top-level ul.subnav-active-menu { padding: 0; position: inherit; } body.i18n-ar ul#main-menu ul.subnav li { padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 2em; background-color: #ffffff; float: none; border-bottom: #f2f2f2 solid 1px; } body.i18n-ar ul#main-menu ul.subnav li a { background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0; } body.page-desa-products .table-responsive table.table { font-size: 8px; } body.page-desa-products .table-responsive > .table > tbody > tr > td { white-space: inherit; } } @media (min-width: 992px) { body.node-type-article .article-body ul { width: 55%; } body.node-type-article .node-article .image-gallery-main-image .image-metadata, .node-article .article-body .image-metadata, .node-type-article .node-article > .image-metadata { width: 55%; } } /*Ocean 2022 logo*/ /* body.property-type-8453 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img { width: 261px !important; height: 79px !important; margin-top: 0; } @media (max-width: 768px) { body.property-type-8453 header#navbar 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class="banner_alert"> <div class="view view-banner-by-property view-id-banner_by_property view-display-id-block view-dom-id-e49133a9f808e4fc0bf5a818c5e4c0c6"> </div> </div> <a id="main-content"></a>  <section class="region region-content"> <section id="block-system-main" class="block block-system clearfix"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-9"> <div id="node-224419" class="node node-article clearfix" about="/en/global-issues/outer-space" typeof="sioc:Item foaf:Document"> <div class="field-name-field-image"><img src="https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/styles/large-article-image-style-16-9/public/field/image/2024/11/gi-space-cover.jpg" alt="Astronaut in outer space against the backdrop of planet Earth."/></div> <div class="image-metadata"><span class="image-caption">The 21st-century space race has changed, with other major countries entering the race, including China, the EU, India and Japan. Adobe Stock/santoelia</span></div> <div class="category">Global Issues</div> <h1 class="text-center">Outer Space</h1> <div class="content"> <div class="article-body"> <p>The race for space exploration began over five decades ago with two major players who shared a common goal: to be the first to reach the Moon. The United States and the former Soviet Union were leading the space race with no other contenders following in their wake.</p> <p>But fast-forward to today, and the current sharp escalation of security threats in and from outer space requires a legally binding agreement to preserve its peaceful nature. However, the most recent attempts in the <a href="https://press.un.org/en/2024/ga12597.doc.htm">General Assembly</a> and the <a href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/05/1150126">Security Council</a> to adopt a document on a <strong>weapons-free outer space have failed.</strong></p> <h3>A new race to space</h3> <p>The race to conquer space in the 21st century has changed significantly, allowing other major countries such as China, the European Union, India, and Japan to enter the space race.</p> <p>But the conquest of space is no longer limited to geopolitical tensions; it has broadened its horizons, opening up to large private companies such as Elon Musk's SpaceX and its Mars colonisation programme, or Blue Origin founded by Amazon’s Jeff Bezos and focused on aerospace transportation.</p> <p>This great increase of actors in space exploration, whether on the Moon or other planets, such as Mars, increases the potential risk of conflict. To avoid any type of confrontation in outer space, the United Nations has <a href="https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties.html">five different treaties</a> to prevent conflicts in space.</p> <center> <div style="display:block; max-width:90%; position:relative; padding: 1em 2em 2em 1em;"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="true" frameborder="0" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/5y_6VrHS1_w" title="Outer Space Treaty quiz"></iframe></div> </div> </center> <h3>All humankind should benefit from the exploration of space</h3> <p>The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, also known as the <a href="https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/introouterspacetreaty.html">Outer Space Treaty</a>, was opened for signature by the three depositary governments (the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States of America) in January 1967, and it entered into force in October 1967.</p> <p>The Outer Space Treaty provides the basic framework for international space law, including the following principles:</p> <ul> <li>The exploration and use of outer space shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interests of all countries and shall be the province of all mankind.</li> <li><strong>Outer space shall be free for exploration</strong> and use by all States.</li> <li>Outer space is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means.</li> <li>States <strong>shall not place nuclear weapons or other weapons of mass destruction in orbit</strong> or on celestial bodies or station them in outer space in any other manner.</li> <li>The moon and other celestial bodies shall be used <strong>exclusively for peaceful purposes.</strong></li> <li>Astronauts shall be regarded as the envoys of mankind.</li> <li>States shall be responsible for national space activities whether carried out by governmental or non-governmental entities.</li> <li>States shall be liable for damage caused by their space objects.</li> <li>States shall avoid harmful contamination of space and celestial bodies.</li> </ul> <div align="center" style="padding-top:2em;"><img alt="Successful rocket launch into space on the background of a full moon with craters and stars" src="https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/gi-space-moon-agreement.jpg" style="width: 80%;"> <div align="left" class="image-metadata"><span class="image-caption" style="max-width:70%;">Photo: Adobe Stock/Alones</span></div> </div> <h3>The Moon belongs to all mankind</h3> <p>The Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies or the<strong> “</strong><a href="https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/intromoon-agreement.html">Moon Agreement</a>” builds on the Outer Space Treaty by focusing on the Moon and other celestial bodies. It states that these bodies should only be used for peaceful purposes and that we should not harm their environment.</p> <p>The United Nations must be notified of the location and purpose of any stations on these bodies. Furthermore, the Agreement declares that <strong>the Moon and its natural resources belong to all humanity </strong>and calls for an international system to manage the use of these resources as they become available for exploitation.</p> <p>The Agreement was adopted by the <a href="https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/moon-agreement.html">General Assembly</a> in 1979 and entered into force on 11 July 1984. Since 2021, the United Nations also celebrates the <a href="https://www.un.org/en/observances/moon-day">International Moon Day</a> on 20 July.</p> <div align="center" style="padding-top:2em;"><img alt="An astronaut exploring the surface of the Moon." src="https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/gi-space-rescue-agreement.jpg" style="width: 80%;"> <div align="left" class="image-metadata"><span class="image-caption" style="max-width:70%;">Photo: Adobe Stock/pe3check </span></div> </div> <h3>No astronaut should be left behind</h3> <p>The Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts, and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space, commonly referred to as the <a href="https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/introrescueagreement.html">Rescue Agreement</a>, stipulates that states shall take all possible measures to rescue and assist astronauts in distress and to return them promptly to their launching states. It also requires states to provide assistance, to the launching states in recovering space objects that have returned to Earth outside of the launching state's territory.</p> <p>The agreement was adopted by the <a href="https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/rescueagreement.html">General Assembly</a> in 1968 and entered into force on 3 December 1968.</p> <div align="center" style="padding-top:2em;"><img alt="Space junk (pollution) orbiting earth" src="https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/gi-space-liability-convention.jpg" style="width: 80%;"> <div align="left" class="image-metadata"><span class="image-caption" style="max-width:70%;">Photo: Adobe Stock/JohanSwanepoel</span></div> </div> <h3>Pick up your space debris</h3> <p>The Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects, known as the <a href="https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/introliability-convention.html">Liability Convention</a>, states that a launching State is liable to compensate for any damage caused by its space objects on the Earth's surface or to aircraft. Additionally, the State is liable for damage caused by failures that occur in space. The Convention also outlines the procedures for the settlement of claims relating to such damage.</p> <p>The Convention was adopted by the <a href="https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/liability-convention.html">General Assembly</a> and opened for signature in 1972 finally entering into force on 1 September 1972.</p> <div align="center" style="padding-top:2em;"><img alt="Satellites Orbiting Earth Facilitating Telecommunication and High-Speed Internet." src="https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/gi-space-registration-convention.jpg" style="width: 80%;"> <div align="left" class="image-metadata"><span class="image-caption" style="max-width:70%;">Photo: Adobe Stock/Yucel Yilmaz </span></div> </div> <h3>Space object registration: You can count on me</h3> <p>The Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space, otherwise called <a href="https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/introregistration-convention.html">the Registration Convention</a>, calls for the establishment of a mechanism to allow States to assist in the identification of space objects. It expanded the scope of the previous United Nations <a href="https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/resolutions/res_16_1721.html">Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space</a>, and also addressed the responsibilities of States Parties regarding their space objects. Additionally, the Secretary-General was once again tasked with maintaining <a href="https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/spaceobjectregister/index.html">the Register</a> and ensuring full and open access to the information provided by States and international intergovernmental organizations.</p> <p>The Registration Convention was adopted by the <a href="https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/registration-convention.html">General Assembly</a> in 1974 (General Assembly <a href="https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/registration-convention.html">resolution 3235 (XXIX)</a>), opened for signature in 1975 and entered into force on 15 September 1976.</p> <h2>Observances</h2> <ul class="underline-links"> <li><a href="https://www.un.org/en/observances/human-spaceflight-day">International Day of Human Space Flight (12 April)</a> marks the start of the space age and the important contributions that space science and technology make to sustainable development goals. It also ensures that countries' aspirations to keep space for peaceful purposes are realised.</li> <li><a href="https://www.un.org/en/observances/asteroid-day">International Asteroid Day (30 June)</a> raises awareness of asteroid impacts and global crisis communication plans for near-Earth objects.</li> <li><a href="https://www.un.org/en/observances/moon-day">International Moon Day (20 July)</a> marks the anniversary of the first landing by humans on the Moon as part of the Apollo 11 lunar mission in 1969.</li> <li><a href="https://www.un.org/en/observances/world-space-week">World Space Week (4-10 October)</a> aims to celebrate the contributions of space science and technology to the betterment of the human condition.</li> </ul> <h2>Resources</h2> <ul class="underline-links"> <li><a href="https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties.html">Space Law Treaties and Principles</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/nationalspacelaw/bi-multi-lateral-agreements.html">Bilateral and Multilateral Agreements Governing Space Activities</a></li> <li><a href="https://space4women.unoosa.org/">Space4Women</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/space4youth/index.html">Space4Youth</a></li> <li><a href="https://disarmament.unoda.org/topics/outerspace-sg-report-outer-space-2021/">Report of the Secretary-General on reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviors</a></li> <li><a href="https://unu.edu/ehs/news/interconnected-disaster-risk-reports-space-debris-featured-un-special-report">Interconnected Disaster Risk Report’s Space Debris Featured in UN Special Report</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="node-sidebar"> <div class="node-sidebar-item"><h3>Global Issues</h3><div class="node-sidebar-item-body"><ul> <li><a href="https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/">Overview</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/africa">Africa</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/ageing">Ageing</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/aids">AIDS</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/atomic-energy">Atomic Energy</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/big-data-for-sustainable-development">Big Data for Sustainable Development</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/child-and-youth-safety-online">Child and Youth Safety Online</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/children">Children</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/climate-change">Climate Change</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/countering-terrorism">Countering Terrorism</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/disarmament">Disarmament</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/ending-poverty">Ending Poverty</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/food">Food</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/gender-equality">Gender Equality</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/health">Health</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/human-rights">Human Rights</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/international-law-and-justice">International Law and Justice</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/migration">International Migration</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/oceans-and-the-law-of-the-sea">Oceans and the Law of the Sea</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/outer-space">Outer Space</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/peace-and-security">Peace and Security</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/population">Population</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/refugees">Refugees</a></li> <li> <style 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