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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergence_and_success" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_and_success"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Emergence and success</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_and_success-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Successor_and_discontinuation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Successor_and_discontinuation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Successor and discontinuation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Successor_and_discontinuation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Variants</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Variants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diamant_A" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diamant_A"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Diamant A</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diamant_A-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diamant_B" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diamant_B"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Diamant B</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diamant_B-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diamant_BP4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diamant_BP4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Diamant BP4</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diamant_BP4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launch_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Launch history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AE)" title="ديامان (صاروخ) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديامان (صاروخ)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Диамант (ракета) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Диамант (ракета)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamant_(coet)" title="Diamant (coet) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Diamant (coet)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamant_(raketa)" title="Diamant (raketa) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Diamant (raketa)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamant_(Rakete)" title="Diamant (Rakete) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Diamant (Rakete)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamant_(cohete)" title="Diamant (cohete) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Diamant (cohete)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamant_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Diamant (fusée) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Diamant (fusée)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%95%84%EB%A7%9D" title="디아망 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="디아망" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F" title="डामंट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डामंट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Diamant" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamant_(lanciatore)" title="Diamant (lanciatore) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diamant (lanciatore)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%98_(%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%92%D7%A8)" title="דיאמנט (משגר) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דיאמנט (משגר)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamant_(Rak%C3%A9it)" title="Diamant (Rakéit) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Diamant (Rakéit)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamant_hordoz%C3%B3rak%C3%A9ta" title="Diamant hordozórakéta – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Diamant hordozórakéta" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B1%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="ディアマンロケット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ディアマンロケット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamant_(rakieta)" title="Diamant (rakieta) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Diamant (rakieta)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamant_(foguete)" title="Diamant (foguete) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Diamant (foguete)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C)" title="Диамант (ракета-носитель) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Диамант (ракета-носитель)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamant_(nosn%C3%A1_raketa)" title="Diamant (nosná raketa) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Diamant (nosná raketa)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Diamant" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9)" title="Діамант (ракета-носій) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Діамант (ракета-носій)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%91%BD%E7%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E9%81%8B%E8%BC%89%E7%81%AB%E7%AE%AD" title="鑽石系列運載火箭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鑽石系列運載火箭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q49568#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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.infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title">Diamant</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Diamant_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Diamant_A.jpg/220px-Diamant_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Diamant_A.jpg/330px-Diamant_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Diamant_A.jpg/440px-Diamant_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2601" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Diamant A</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Function</th><td class="infobox-data">Small <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data brand"><a href="/wiki/SEREB" class="mw-redirect" title="SEREB">SEREB</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">France</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccf;">Size</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b>A</b>: 18.95 m (62.2 ft)</li><li><b>B</b>: 23.5 m (77 ft)</li><li><b>BP4</b>: 21.6 m (71 ft)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">1.34 m (4 ft 5 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mass</th><td class="infobox-data">18,400 kg (40,600 lb)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stages</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccf;">Capacity <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddf;">Payload to <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">LEO</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mass</th><td class="infobox-data">160 kg (350 lb)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccf;">Launch history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Retired</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch sites</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b>A</b>: <a href="/wiki/CIEES" class="mw-redirect" title="CIEES">Hammaguir</a></li><li><b>B/BP4</b>: <a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total launches</th><td class="infobox-data">12 (<b>A</b>:4, <b>B</b>: 5, <b>BP4</b>: 3)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Success(es)</th><td class="infobox-data">9 (<b>A</b>: 3, <b>B</b>: 3, <b>BP4</b>: 3)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Failure(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">2 (B)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Partial failure(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">1 (A)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First flight</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b>A</b>: 26 November 1965</li><li><b>B</b>: 10 March 1970</li><li><b>BP4</b>: 6 February 1975</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last flight</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b>A</b>: 15 February 1967</li><li><b>B</b>: 21 May 1973</li><li><b>BP4</b>: 27 September 1975</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">First stage (Diamant A) – <a href="/wiki/Emeraude_(rocket)" title="Emeraude (rocket)">Emeraude</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Powered by</th><td class="infobox-data">1 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vexin_B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vexin B (page does not exist)">Vexin B</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maximum thrust</th><td class="infobox-data">301.55 kN (67,790 lb<sub>f</sub>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">Specific impulse</a></th><td class="infobox-data">203 s (1.99 km/s)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burn time</th><td class="infobox-data">93 seconds</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HNO3" class="mw-redirect" title="HNO3">HNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></a></span> / <a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">turpentine</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">First stage (Diamant B/BP4) – Améthyste</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Powered by</th><td class="infobox-data">1 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valois_(rocket)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valois (rocket) (page does not exist)">Valois</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valois_(moteur-fus%C3%A9e)" class="extiw" title="fr:Valois (moteur-fusée)">fr</a>]</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maximum thrust</th><td class="infobox-data">396.52 kN (89,140 lb<sub>f</sub>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">Specific impulse</a></th><td class="infobox-data">221 s (2.17 km/s)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burn time</th><td class="infobox-data">110 seconds</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/N2O4" class="mw-redirect" title="N2O4">N<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></a></span> / <a href="/wiki/Unsymmetrical_dimethylhydrazine" title="Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine">UDMH</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Second stage (Diamant A/B) – <a href="/wiki/Topaze_(rocket)" title="Topaze (rocket)">Topaze</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Powered by</th><td class="infobox-data">1 <a href="/w/index.php?title=P2.2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P2.2 (page does not exist)">P2.2</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maximum thrust</th><td class="infobox-data">120.082 kN (26,996 lb<sub>f</sub>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">Specific impulse</a></th><td class="infobox-data">255 s (2.50 km/s)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burn time</th><td class="infobox-data">39 seconds</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant</th><td class="infobox-data">Solid</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Second stage (Diamant BP4) – <a href="/w/index.php?title=P-4_(rocket)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P-4 (rocket) (page does not exist)">P-4/Rita</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maximum thrust</th><td class="infobox-data">176 kN (40,000 lb<sub>f</sub>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">Specific impulse</a></th><td class="infobox-data">273 s (2.68 km/s)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burn time</th><td class="infobox-data">55 seconds</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant</th><td class="infobox-data">Solid</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Third stage (Diamant A) – <a href="/wiki/Rubis_(rocket)" title="Rubis (rocket)">Rubis</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Powered by</th><td class="infobox-data">1 P-064</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maximum thrust</th><td class="infobox-data">29.4 kN (6,600 lb<sub>f</sub>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">Specific impulse</a></th><td class="infobox-data">211 s (2.07 km/s)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burn time</th><td class="infobox-data">39 seconds</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant</th><td class="infobox-data">Solid</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Third stage (Diamant B/BP4) – <a href="/w/index.php?title=P-068_(rocket)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P-068 (rocket) (page does not exist)">P-068</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maximum thrust</th><td class="infobox-data">50 kN (11,000 lb<sub>f</sub>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">Specific impulse</a></th><td class="infobox-data">211 s (2.07 km/s)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burn time</th><td class="infobox-data">46 seconds</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant</th><td class="infobox-data">Solid</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><div class="metadata" style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49568" class="extiw" title="d:Q49568">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PierrePrecieusesf.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/PierrePrecieusesf.png/220px-PierrePrecieusesf.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/PierrePrecieusesf.png/330px-PierrePrecieusesf.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/PierrePrecieusesf.png/440px-PierrePrecieusesf.png 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption>Military space program <i>pierres précieuses</i> (fr.: gemstones) that included the five prototypes <a href="/wiki/Agate_(rocket)" title="Agate (rocket)">Agathe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Topaze_(rocket)" title="Topaze (rocket)">Topaze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emeraude_(rocket)" title="Emeraude (rocket)">Emeraude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubis_(rocket)" title="Rubis (rocket)">Rubis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saphir_(rocket)" title="Saphir (rocket)">Saphir</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Diamant</b> rocket (French for "<a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a>") was the first exclusively French <a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_system" title="Expendable launch system">expendable launch system</a> and at the same time the first <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a> launcher not built by either the United States or <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>. As such, it has been referred to as being a key predecessor for all subsequent European launcher projects. The head of the project, <a href="/wiki/Charley_Attali" title="Charley Attali">Charley Attali</a>, received the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> in 1965 for the Diamant.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 1962, development of the Diamant commenced as the inaugural <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> project of France's space agency, the <a href="/wiki/CNES" title="CNES">Centre National d'Études Spatiales</a> (CNES). As a project, it was derived from the military program <i>pierres précieuses</i> (fr.: <a href="/wiki/Gemstones" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemstones">gemstones</a>) that included the five prototypes <a href="/wiki/Agate_(rocket)" title="Agate (rocket)">Agate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Topaze_(rocket)" title="Topaze (rocket)">Topaze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emeraude_(rocket)" title="Emeraude (rocket)">Emeraude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubis_(rocket)" title="Rubis (rocket)">Rubis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saphir_(rocket)" title="Saphir (rocket)">Saphir</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">Agate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">Topaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">Emerald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">Ruby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">Sapphire</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and drew heavily upon the knowledge and technologies that had been previously developed. On 26 November 1965, the Diamant A performed its <a href="/wiki/Maiden_flight" title="Maiden flight">maiden flight</a>. Out of a total of 12 launch attempts to be performed between 1965 and 1975, 9 of these were successful. Most notably, on 26 November 1965, the Diamant was used to successfully launch the first French satellite, named <a href="/wiki/Ast%C3%A9rix_(satellite)" title="Astérix (satellite)">Astérix</a>. </p><p>Three successive versions of the Diamant <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rocket</a> were developed, designated <i>A</i>, <i>B</i> and <i>BP4</i>. All versions had three stages and a payload of approximately 150 kg for a 200 km orbit. Despite the success of the Diamant as a launcher, France ultimately chose to terminate further work on its national launcher program in favour of participation in the multi-European programme to produce what would become the <a href="/wiki/Ariane_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariane (rocket)">Ariane</a> launcher in 1975. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diamant&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diamant&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the late 1940s and 1950s, substantial interest arose amongst the international powers of the era in the development of <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rocketry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">missile</a> technology, in particular the prospects for <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missiles</a> capable of travelling great distances. Both of the emergent <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpowers</a> of the time, the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Union of Soviet Socialist Republics</a> (USSR) chose to invest heavily within this new field, observing its political and military importance; it was not long before a highly competitive atmosphere emerged where neither entity wished to fall behind the other in missile technology, which directly led to the so-called '<a href="/wiki/Space_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Space race">space race</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-ble_gei_hub_50_51_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ble_gei_hub_50_51-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, other nations also sought to make headway with this technology, often seeking to exploit and build upon knowledge which had been acquired from <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>'s <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V2</a> programme. In western Europe, both the United Kingdom and France began making significant early steps in this field.<sup id="cite_ref-ble_gei_hub_50_51_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ble_gei_hub_50_51-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-turn_8_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turn_8-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Britain forged ahead with programmes such as the <a href="/wiki/Black_Knight_(rocket)" title="Black Knight (rocket)">Black Knight</a> ballistic missile demonstrator and the military-orientated <a href="/wiki/Blue_Steel_(missile)" title="Blue Steel (missile)">Blue Steel</a> missile programme, France also made progress on its own efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-ble_gei_hub_51_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ble_gei_hub_51-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 1949, the French government established the <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratoire_de_recherches_balistiques_et_a%C3%A9rodynamiques" class="extiw" title="fr:Laboratoire de recherches balistiques et aérodynamiques">Laboratoire de Recherches Balistiques et Aérodynamiques</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vernon,_Eure" title="Vernon, Eure">Vernon</a>, outside <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, for the purpose of pursuing its own military-focused ballistic missiles programmes. The agency initially conducted relatively straightforward and cost-conscious programmes, such as the development of the V2-based <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9ronique_(rocket)" title="Véronique (rocket)">Veronique</a> liquid-fuelled rocket in cooperation with a number of German scientists, which first flew during 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-ble_gei_hub_51_52_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ble_gei_hub_51_52-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 1957, having been suitably encouraged by the progress made, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Comit%C3%A9_d%27Action_Scientifique_de_D%C3%A9fense_Nationale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comité d'Action Scientifique de Défense Nationale (page does not exist)">Comité d'Action Scientifique de Défense Nationale</a> (CASDN) decided to finance further refinements of the Veronique rocket.<sup id="cite_ref-ble_gei_hub_52_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ble_gei_hub_52-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 1958, French wartime military leader <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> became <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of France</a>, establishing the <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ble_gei_hub_52_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ble_gei_hub_52-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Gaulle, who was openly keen to develop a capable and fully independent French nuclear deterrent, determined that French-built missiles could comprise a potent element of the French military's fledgling nuclear arsenal, known as the <a href="/wiki/Force_de_dissuasion" title="Force de dissuasion">Force de frappe</a>; further impetus in favour of missile development was generated by the <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a>, a fear that other powers were falling behind the Soviet Union's progress in missile development, which had been provoked by the USSR's success with <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a>, the first man-made <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a> to be successfully orbited.<sup id="cite_ref-ble_gei_hub_52_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ble_gei_hub_52-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A greatly expanded and renewed framework for missile-related development was promptly issued alongside generous government support for scientific research; specifically, the new efforts covered technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Intermediate-range_ballistic_missile" title="Intermediate-range ballistic missile">intermediate-range ballistic missiles</a> (IRBMs), <a href="/wiki/Submarine-launched_ballistic_missile" title="Submarine-launched ballistic missile">submarine-launched ballistic missile</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">reconnaissance satellites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ble_gei_hub_52_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ble_gei_hub_52-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_and_success">Emergence and success</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diamant&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Emergence and success"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During 1959, the French government established the <a href="/wiki/CNES" title="CNES">Comité de Recherches Spatiales</a> (CRS), which would later be renamed as the <a href="/wiki/CNES" title="CNES">Centre National d'Études Spatiales</a> (CNES).<sup id="cite_ref-ble_gei_hub_52_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ble_gei_hub_52-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newly formed CRS, initially chaired by the French physicist <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Victor_Auger" title="Pierre Victor Auger">Pierre Auger</a>, was tasked with the coordination of all French research efforts in the field of space. From an early stage, the organisation's primary goal was to pursue the development of an indigenous <a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_system" title="Expendable launch system">expendable launch system</a> with which payloads, such as satellites, could be launched into <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ble_gei_hub_52_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ble_gei_hub_52-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The indigenous launcher, which was promptly named <i>Diamant</i>, drew heavily from the military ballistic missile programmes which had preceded it; as such, much of the rocket's design was based upon these early missiles.<sup id="cite_ref-ble_gei_hub_52_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ble_gei_hub_52-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 November 1965, the first Diamant rocket was fired from its launch site, the <a href="/wiki/CIEES" class="mw-redirect" title="CIEES">CIEES</a> testing range, at <a href="/wiki/Hammaguir" title="Hammaguir">Hammaguir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bechar_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bechar Province">Bechar Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ble_gei_hub_52_1673_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ble_gei_hub_52_1673-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Maiden_flight" title="Maiden flight">maiden flight</a> was deemed to be a success, achieving sufficient altitude and launching French's first satellite, a 42 kg test vehicle known as <a href="/wiki/Ast%C3%A9rix_(satellite)" title="Astérix (satellite)">Astérix</a>, into orbit; this feat has been viewed as cementing France as the third space power in the world, as well as affirming its independence and strategic capabilities. During 1966 and 1967, Diamant was used to launch three French-built scientific satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-ble_gei_hub_52_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ble_gei_hub_52-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 April 1968, the <a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana Space Centre</a>, France's new national launching complex at <a href="/wiki/Kourou" title="Kourou">Kourou</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>, was officially declared to be operational; Diamant launches were subsequently shifted to this facility, along with various other missiles in use by France and, later on, other European nations as well.<sup id="cite_ref-ble_gei_hub_52_105_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ble_gei_hub_52_105-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 March 1970, the first <i>Diamant B</i> rocket, an improved model of the launcher, was fired, carrying a pair of scientific satellites, named <i>DIAL/MIKA</i> and <i>DIAL/WIKA</i>, into orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-ble_gei_hub_52_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ble_gei_hub_52-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only one of the two satellites, which had been produced as a collaborative effort between France and Germany to study the <a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_radiation_belt" title="Van Allen radiation belt">Van Allen radiation belt</a> around the Earth, survived the launch process.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, the Diamant rocket came to be recognised as a successful and reliable launch vehicle, competitive amongst even the best of its international competitors throughout the world during its time.<sup id="cite_ref-ble_gei_hub_93_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ble_gei_hub_93-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Successor_and_discontinuation">Successor and discontinuation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diamant&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Successor and discontinuation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Diamant had proven to be a viable and reliable launcher, the sheer size of the American and Soviet space programmes far exceeded what would be realistically achievable not only by France but by any of the independent nations of western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-turn_8_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turn_8-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As this realisation became prevalent, it was also recognised that cooperative efforts between nations and a new generation of international programmes would enable these nations to play a much greater and significant role in space exploration. Early collaborative programmes, such as the <a href="/wiki/European_Launcher_Development_Organisation" title="European Launcher Development Organisation">European Launcher Development Organisation</a> (ELDO) and <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation" title="European Space Research Organisation">European Space Research Organisation</a> (ESRO), bore mixed results but showed the promise of such endeavours, thus a greater emphasis was placed upon international efforts on the topic of space.<sup id="cite_ref-turn_8_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turn_8-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a consequence of Britain's withdrawal from participation in the ELDO, it was decided to replace the British-built <a href="/wiki/Blue_Streak_(missile)" title="Blue Streak (missile)">Blue Streak</a>, which comprised the first stage of the organisation's multinational launcher, known as <a href="/wiki/Europa_(rocket)" title="Europa (rocket)">Europa</a>, with the French-built Diamant taking its place.<sup id="cite_ref-europa_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europa-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All work on the Europa programme was terminated only a few years later due to the high failure rate encountered. Meanwhile, Britain decided to focus its efforts on the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Black_Arrow" title="Black Arrow">Black Arrow</a> launcher instead. </p><p>During 1974, the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA) was founded for this purpose; the ESA effectively enabled the competing and overlapping national space programmes to be succeeded by a single organised multinational framework with work shared between the member states instead.<sup id="cite_ref-turn_8_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turn_8-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, in 1976, work commenced on the new collaborative <a href="/wiki/Ariane_1" title="Ariane 1">Ariane 1</a> launcher, the first version of what would become the highly successful <a href="/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)" title="Ariane (rocket family)">Ariane family</a>. The existence of the Ariane programme, a rival launcher to the earlier Diamant rocket, effectively replaced the demand for and the role of France's indigenous launcher, rendering it obsolete and redundant in comparison. France ultimately decided to discontinue further launches using Diamant in favour of the newer Ariane platform.<sup id="cite_ref-turn_8_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turn_8-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diamant&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diamant_A">Diamant A</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diamant&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Diamant A"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fusee_Dimant_A_musee_du_Bourget_P1010586.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Fusee_Dimant_A_musee_du_Bourget_P1010586.JPG/220px-Fusee_Dimant_A_musee_du_Bourget_P1010586.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Fusee_Dimant_A_musee_du_Bourget_P1010586.JPG/330px-Fusee_Dimant_A_musee_du_Bourget_P1010586.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Fusee_Dimant_A_musee_du_Bourget_P1010586.JPG/440px-Fusee_Dimant_A_musee_du_Bourget_P1010586.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3526" data-file-height="2459" /></a><figcaption>Diamant A seen from the <a href="/wiki/Payload_fairing" title="Payload fairing">fairing</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée de l'Air">Musée de l'Air</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fusee-Diamant-A-Musee-du-Bourget_P1010661.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Fusee-Diamant-A-Musee-du-Bourget_P1010661.jpg/220px-Fusee-Diamant-A-Musee-du-Bourget_P1010661.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Fusee-Diamant-A-Musee-du-Bourget_P1010661.jpg/330px-Fusee-Diamant-A-Musee-du-Bourget_P1010661.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Fusee-Diamant-A-Musee-du-Bourget_P1010661.jpg/440px-Fusee-Diamant-A-Musee-du-Bourget_P1010661.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Diamant A seen from the rear end in <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée de l'Air">Musée de l'Air</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LRBA_Vexin_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Safran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/LRBA_Vexin_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Safran.jpg/220px-LRBA_Vexin_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Safran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/LRBA_Vexin_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Safran.jpg/330px-LRBA_Vexin_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Safran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/LRBA_Vexin_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Safran.jpg/440px-LRBA_Vexin_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Safran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2616" data-file-height="3896" /></a><figcaption>Vexin engine used on Diamant A first stage</figcaption></figure> <p>This was the first version of the Diamant rockets, operational between 1965 and 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Remarkably for a newly developed system, all of the first four launches attempted launched were partly successful, the only failure occurring on the second launch when the payload was inserted into a lower orbit than planned. </p><p>Completely assembled, a Diamant A was 18.95 metres high and weighed 18.4 metric tons.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It possessed a first stage of 9.92m length, 1.34 metres in diameter, and a weight of 14.7 <a href="/wiki/Metric_ton" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric ton">metric tons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first stage had a <i>Vexin B</i> <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a>/<a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">turpentine</a> engine supplying a thrust of 274 kN for 93 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (October 2024)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <i>Topaze</i> second stage was 4.70 metres long and had a diameter of 80 centimetres. It weighed 2.93 metric tons and had a four <a href="/wiki/Solid-propellant_rocket" title="Solid-propellant rocket">solid propellant</a> engine that developed a thrust of 150 kN for a duration of 44 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third stage is 1.85 m long and weighed 708 kilograms. Its <i>P064</i> solid propellant engine burned for 45 seconds and developed a thrust of 52 kN.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diamant_B">Diamant B</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diamant&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Diamant B"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diamant B was an improved version of the Diamant A with a more powerful first stage, being able to place a 190 kg payload at a 200 km orbit inclined at 5°, a 25 kg payload at a 1000 km orbit, or a 130 kg payload in low polar orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Five satellite launches were attempted between 1970 and 1973, of which the last two failed. All launches took place from <a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Kourou</a> in French Guiana. </p><p>Completely assembled, a Diamant B was 23.5 metres high and weighed 26.9 metric tons.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its <i>Améthyste</i> first stage was 14.2 meters long, had a diameter of 1.4 metres and weighed 20 metric tons. Its <i>LRBA Valois</i> N2O4/UDMH engine developed a thrust of 315 kN for 116 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Topaze</i> <i>P-2.2</i> second stage had one P4 solid propellant engine that developed a thrust of 150 kN for a duration of 44 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>P06</i> third stage was 1.66 metres long and had a diameter of 80 centimetres. Its <i>P0.68</i> solid propellant engine developed a thrust of 50 kN for 46 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diamant_BP4">Diamant BP4</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diamant&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Diamant BP4"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This version incorporates a new second stage, while carrying the first and third stages over from its predecessor.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It performed three successful launches in 1975, putting a total of four satellites into orbit. </p><p>Completely assembled, a Diamant BP4 measured 22.68 metres high and weighed 20.3 metric tons.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its <i>Rita</i> <i>P-4</i> second stage, which was derived from the <a href="/wiki/M1_(missile)" title="M1 (missile)">MSBS</a> rocket, was 2.28 metres long, 1.51 metres in diameter and its <i>P4</i> solid propellant engine developed a thrust of 176 kN for 55 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Launch_history">Launch history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diamant&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Launch history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Diamant flights<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:center;">Date (UTC) </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Variant </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Payload </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Launch site </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Outcome </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>26 November 1965, 14:47 </td> <td>Diamant A </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ast%C3%A9rix_(satellite)" title="Astérix (satellite)">Astérix</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CIEES" class="mw-redirect" title="CIEES">Hammaguir</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-success">Success </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 February 1966, 08:33 </td> <td>Diamant A </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diapason_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diapason (satellite) (page does not exist)">Diapason (satellite)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diapason_(satellite)" class="extiw" title="fr:Diapason (satellite)">fr</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CIEES" class="mw-redirect" title="CIEES">Hammaguir</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-success">Success </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 February 1967, 09:39 </td> <td>Diamant A </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diad%C3%A8me_(satellites)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diadème (satellites) (page does not exist)">Diadème (satellites)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diad%C3%A8me_(satellites)" class="extiw" title="fr:Diadème (satellites)">fr</a>]</span> (Diadème I) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CIEES" class="mw-redirect" title="CIEES">Hammaguir</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFB; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-partial">Partial failure </td> <td>Orbit lower than planned </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 February 1967, 10:06 </td> <td>Diamant A </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diad%C3%A8me_(satellites)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diadème (satellites) (page does not exist)">Diadème (satellites)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diad%C3%A8me_(satellites)" class="extiw" title="fr:Diadème (satellites)">fr</a>]</span> (Diadème II) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CIEES" class="mw-redirect" title="CIEES">Hammaguir</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-success">Success </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 March 1970, 12:20 </td> <td>Diamant B </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=DIAL_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DIAL (satellite) (page does not exist)">DIAL</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIAL" class="extiw" title="fr:DIAL">fr</a>]</span> (MIKA / WIKA) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-success">Success </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 December 1970, 13:04 </td> <td>Diamant B </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=PEOLE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PEOLE (page does not exist)">PEOLE</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEOLE" class="extiw" title="fr:PEOLE">fr</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-success">Success </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 April 1971, 09:19 </td> <td>Diamant B </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tournesol_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tournesol (satellite) (page does not exist)">Tournesol (satellite)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournesol_(satellite)" class="extiw" title="fr:Tournesol (satellite)">fr</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-success">Success </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 December 1971, 16:20 </td> <td>Diamant B </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polaire_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polaire (satellite) (page does not exist)">Polaire (satellite)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaire_(satellite)" class="extiw" title="fr:Polaire (satellite)">fr</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-failure">Failure </td> <td>Second stage failure </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 May 1973, 08:47 </td> <td>Diamant B </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castor_et_Pollux_(satellites)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castor et Pollux (satellites) (page does not exist)">Castor et Pollux (satellites)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castor_et_Pollux_(satellites)" class="extiw" title="fr:Castor et Pollux (satellites)">fr</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-failure">Failure </td> <td>Fairing separation failure </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 February 1975, 16:35 </td> <td>Diamant BP4 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starlette_et_Stella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Starlette et Stella (page does not exist)">Starlette et Stella</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlette_et_Stella" class="extiw" title="fr:Starlette et Stella">fr</a>]</span> (Starlette) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-success">Success </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 May 1975, 10:32 </td> <td>Diamant BP4 </td> <td>Castor / Pollux </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-success">Success </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 September 1975, 08:37 </td> <td>Diamant BP4 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aura_(satellite_fran%C3%A7ais)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aura (satellite français) (page does not exist)">Aura (satellite français)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aura_(satellite_fran%C3%A7ais)" class="extiw" title="fr:Aura (satellite français)">fr</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-success">Success </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diamant&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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.cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211026121820/https://ajoc.fr/docassoc/charley_attali.pdf">"Charley Chalom ATTALI : ingénieur"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Association des Juifs Originaires du Constantinois</i> (in French). 2021-05-15. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ajoc.fr/docassoc/charley_attali.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2021-10-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Association+des+Juifs+Originaires+du+Constantinois&rft.atitle=Charley+Chalom+ATTALI+%3A+ing%C3%A9nieur&rft.date=2021-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fajoc.fr%2Fdocassoc%2Fcharley_attali.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiamant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240629213026/https://www.haaretz.co.il/misc/2006-05-10/ty-article/0000017f-e3f6-d804-ad7f-f3fef1410000">"לגיונר של כבוד שהניח את התשתית לתעשיית המטוסים"</a>. <i>הארץ</i> (in Hebrew). 2006-05-10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.co.il/misc/2006-05-10/ty-article/0000017f-e3f6-d804-ad7f-f3fef1410000">the original</a> on 2024-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5&rft.atitle=%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A8+%D7%A9%D7%9C+%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93+%D7%A9%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%97+%D7%90%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%9C%D7%AA%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9D&rft.date=2006-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.co.il%2Fmisc%2F2006-05-10%2Fty-article%2F0000017f-e3f6-d804-ad7f-f3fef1410000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiamant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapdevila" class="citation web cs1">Capdevila, Didier. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capcomespace.net/dossiers/espace_europeen/espace_francais/pierres_precieuses.htm">"Les Constellations et les Pierres Précieuses"</a>. <i>Capcom Espace</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Capcom+Espace&rft.atitle=Les+Constellations+et+les+Pierres+Pr%C3%A9cieuses&rft.aulast=Capdevila&rft.aufirst=Didier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.capcomespace.net%2Fdossiers%2Fespace_europeen%2Fespace_francais%2Fpierres_precieuses.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiamant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ble_gei_hub_50_51-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ble_gei_hub_50_51_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ble_gei_hub_50_51_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bleeker, Geiss and Huber 2012, pp. 50-51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turn_8-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-turn_8_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-turn_8_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-turn_8_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-turn_8_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-turn_8_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Turner 2008, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ble_gei_hub_51-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ble_gei_hub_51_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bleeker, Geiss and Huber 2012, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ble_gei_hub_51_52-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ble_gei_hub_51_52_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bleeker, Geiss and Huber 2012, pp. 51-52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ble_gei_hub_52-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ble_gei_hub_52_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ble_gei_hub_52_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ble_gei_hub_52_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ble_gei_hub_52_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ble_gei_hub_52_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ble_gei_hub_52_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ble_gei_hub_52_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ble_gei_hub_52_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ble_gei_hub_52_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bleeker, Geiss and Huber 2012, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ble_gei_hub_52_1673-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ble_gei_hub_52_1673_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bleeker, Geiss and Huber 2012, pp. 52, 1673.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ble_gei_hub_52_105-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ble_gei_hub_52_105_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bleeker, Geiss and Huber 2012, pp. 52, 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1970-017B">"DIAL/MIKA - NSSDC ID: 1970-017B"</a>. NASA NSSDC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DIAL%2FMIKA+-+NSSDC+ID%3A+1970-017B&rft.pub=NASA+NSSDC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fspacecraft%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3D1970-017B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiamant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1970-017A">"DIAL/WIKA - NSSDC ID: 1970-017A"</a>. NASA NSSDC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DIAL%2FWIKA+-+NSSDC+ID%3A+1970-017A&rft.pub=NASA+NSSDC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fspacecraft%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3D1970-017A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiamant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ble_gei_hub_93-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ble_gei_hub_93_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bleeker, Geiss and Huber 2012, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-europa-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-europa_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wade, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020305192355/http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/europa.htm">"Europa"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Astronautica</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/europa.htm">the original</a> on March 5, 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Europa&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Astronautica&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronautix.com%2Flvs%2Feuropa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiamant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/nov-26-1965-france-begins-launch-legacy-diamant/">"Nov. 26, 1965: France Begins Launch Legacy with Diamant"</a>. <i>SpaceNews</i>. June 29, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20220813232632/https://spacenews.com/nov-26-1965-france-begins-launch-legacy-diamant/">Archived</a> from the original on August 13, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-13</span></span>. <q>On Nov. 26, 1965, France launched the 45-kilogram Asterix 1 test satellite aboard its Diamant rocket from the Hammaguir launch base in Algeria. ... The Diamant-A followed its first successful launch with three more launches, flying for the final time in February 1967.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews&rft.atitle=Nov.+26%2C+1965%3A+France+Begins+Launch+Legacy+with+Diamant&rft.date=2004-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fnov-26-1965-france-begins-launch-legacy-diamant%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiamant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527070658/http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/diamant.htm">"Diamant"</a>. 2010-05-27. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/diamant.htm">the original</a> on 2010-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diamant&rft.date=2010-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronautix.com%2Flvs%2Fdiamant.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiamant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capcomespace.net/dossiers/espace_europeen/espace_francais/diamant_A.htm">"Les lanceurs Diamant A"</a>. <i>www.capcomespace.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.capcomespace.net&rft.atitle=Les+lanceurs+Diamant+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.capcomespace.net%2Fdossiers%2Fespace_europeen%2Fespace_francais%2Fdiamant_A.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiamant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capcomespace.net/dossiers/espace_europeen/espace_francais/diamant_B.htm">"Les lanceurs Diamant B et BP4"</a>. <i>www.capcomespace.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.capcomespace.net&rft.atitle=Les+lanceurs+Diamant+B+et+BP4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.capcomespace.net%2Fdossiers%2Fespace_europeen%2Fespace_francais%2Fdiamant_B.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiamant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diamant&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Bleeker, J.A., Johannes Geiss and M. Huber. "The Century of Space Science." <i>Springer Science & Business Media</i>, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-40100-320-3" title="Special:BookSources/9-40100-320-3">9-40100-320-3</a>.</li> <li>Turner, Martin J.L. "Rocket and Spacecraft Propulsion: Principles, Practice and New Developments." <i>Springer Science & Business Media</i>, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-54069-203-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-54069-203-7">3-54069-203-7</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diamant&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capcomespace.net/dossiers/espace_europeen/ariane/index.htm">Capcom eSpace</a> (French language page with history on French/ESA rockets)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100829092732/http://www.astronautix.com/fam/diamant.htm">Encyclopedia Astronautica</a> (Diamant)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150824124341/http://www.astronautix.com/fam/ve.htm">Encyclopedia Astronautica</a> (Precious Stones series of French rockets built in the 1950s-1960s)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rockets_developed_in_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_rockets" title="Template:French rockets"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:French_rockets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:French rockets (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_rockets" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French rockets"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rockets_developed_in_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rockets developed in France</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launchers and Rockets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diamant A, B and BP4</a> (1965–1975)</li> <li>Zéphyr (2024)</li> <li>Sirius (2025)</li> <li>Maia (2026)</li> <li>OB-1 (2026)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental Rockets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>EA-41 (1945)</li> <li>EOLE (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antar%C3%A8s_(OPd-56-39-22D)" title="Antarès (OPd-56-39-22D)">Antarès</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aigle_(rocket)" title="Aigle (rocket)">Aigle</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agate_(rocket)" title="Agate (rocket)">Agate</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9r%C3%A9nice_(rocket)" title="Bérénice (rocket)">Bérénice</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topaze_(rocket)" title="Topaze (rocket)">Topaze</a> (1962)</li> <li>D-6 (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emeraude_(rocket)" title="Emeraude (rocket)">Émeraude</a> (1964)</li> <li>LEX (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubis_(rocket)" title="Rubis (rocket)">Rubis</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saphir_(rocket)" title="Saphir (rocket)">Saphir</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(rocket)" title="Vesta (rocket)">Vesta</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CALLISTO" title="CALLISTO">Callisto</a> (2022)</li> <li>Themis (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sounding Rockets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9ronique_(rocket)" title="Véronique (rocket)">Véronique</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monica_(rocket)" title="Monica (rocket)">Monica</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9lier_(rocket)" title="Bélier (rocket)">Bélier</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaure_(rocket)" title="Centaure (rocket)">Centaure</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_(rocket)" title="Dragon (rocket)">Dragon</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(rocket)" title="Vesta (rocket)">Vesta</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauphin_(rocket)" title="Dauphin (rocket)">Dauphin</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ridan_(rocket)" title="Éridan (rocket)">Éridan</a> (1968)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Orbital_launch_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launch_systems" title="Template:Orbital launch systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launch_systems" title="Template talk:Orbital launch systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launch_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launch systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Orbital_launch_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Orbital launch systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_orbital_launch_systems" title="List of orbital launch systems">List of orbital launch systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_orbital_launch_systems" title="Comparison of orbital launch systems">Comparison of orbital launch systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angara_(rocket_family)" title="Angara (rocket family)">Angara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angara-1.2" title="Angara-1.2">1.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angara_A5" title="Angara A5">A5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_6" title="Ariane 6">Ariane 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres-1" title="Ceres-1">Ceres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres-1_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceres-1 (rocket)">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres-1_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceres-1 (rocket)">1S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chollima-1" title="Chollima-1">Chollima-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Electron" title="Rocket Lab Electron">Electron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Block_5" title="Falcon 9 Block 5">Falcon 9 Block 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Alpha" title="Firefly Alpha">Firefly Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity-1" title="Gravity-1">Gravity-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle">GSLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-IIA" title="H-IIA">H-IIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H3_(rocket)" title="H3 (rocket)">H3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbola-1" title="Hyperbola-1">Hyperbola-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jielong_(rocket_family)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jielong (rocket family) (page does not exist)">Jielong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jielong_1" title="Jielong 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jielong_3" title="Jielong 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KAIROS_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="KAIROS (rocket)">KAIROS</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaituozhe_(rocket_family)" title="Kaituozhe (rocket family)">Kaituozhe 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetica_1" title="Kinetica 1">Kinetica 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou" title="Kuaizhou">Kuaizhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuaizhou 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou_1A" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuaizhou 1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou_11" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuaizhou 11">11</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_(rocket_family)" title="Long March (rocket family)">Long March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2C" title="Long March 2C">2C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2D" title="Long March 2D">2D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2F" title="Long March 2F">2F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3A" title="Long March 3A">3A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3B" title="Long March 3B">3B/E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3C" title="Long March 3C">3C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4B" title="Long March 4B">4B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4C" title="Long March 4C">4C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_5" title="Long March 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_5B" class="mw-redirect" title="Long March 5B">5B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_6" title="Long March 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_6A" title="Long March 6A">6A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_7" title="Long March 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_7A" class="mw-redirect" title="Long March 7A">7A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_8" title="Long March 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_11" title="Long March 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_11" title="Long March 11">11H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_12" title="Long March 12">12</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LVM3" title="LVM3">LVM3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_(rocket_family)" title="Minotaur (rocket family)">Minotaur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_I" title="Minotaur I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_IV" title="Minotaur IV">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_V" title="Minotaur V">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur-C" title="Minotaur-C">C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuri_(rocket)" title="Nuri (rocket)">Nuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS-M1" class="mw-redirect" title="OS-M1">OS-M1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegasus (rocket)">Pegasus XL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton-M" title="Proton-M">Proton-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle">PSLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaem_100" title="Qaem 100">Qaem 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qased_(rocket)" title="Qased (rocket)">Qased</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavit_2" title="Shavit 2">Shavit 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simorgh_(rocket)" title="Simorgh (rocket)">Simorgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">SLS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System#Block_variants" title="Space Launch System">Block 1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-2" title="Soyuz-2">Soyuz-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-2.1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-2.1a">2.1a / STA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-2.1b" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-2.1b">2.1b / STB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-2-1v" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-2-1v">2-1v</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Small Satellite Launch Vehicle">SSLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlong-2" title="Tianlong-2">Tianlong-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unha" title="Unha">Unha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_(rocket)" title="Vega (rocket)">Vega</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vega_C" title="Vega C">C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_Centaur" title="Vulcan Centaur">Vulcan Centaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LandSpace" title="LandSpace">Zhuque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhuque-2" title="Zhuque-2">2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">Antares 330</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloostar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloostar">Bloostar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclone-4M" title="Cyclone-4M">Cyclone-4M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Technologies#DECA_orbital_rocket" title="Interstellar Technologies">Deca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_(rocket)#Epsilon_S" title="Epsilon (rocket)">Epsilon S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilmour_Space_Technologies#Eris_orbital_rocket" title="Gilmour Space Technologies">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orienspace" title="Orienspace">Gravity-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbola-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbola-2">Hyperbola-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irtysh_(rocket)" title="Irtysh (rocket)">Irtysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou" title="Kuaizhou">Kuaizhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou_21" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuaizhou 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou_31" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuaizhou 31">31</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_(rocket_family)" title="Long March (rocket family)">Long March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_9" title="Long March 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_10" title="Long March 10">10</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miura_5" title="Miura 5">Miura 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Aerospace#MLV" title="Firefly Aerospace">MLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Neutron" title="Rocket Lab Neutron">Neutron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Glenn" title="New Glenn">New Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Line_1" class="mw-redirect" title="New Line 1">New Line 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_Launch_Vehicle" title="Next Generation Launch Vehicle">NGLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke_Space_Nova" title="Stoke Space Nova">Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneSpace#OS-M_series" title="OneSpace">OS-M</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OneSpace#OS-M_series" title="OneSpace">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneSpace#OS-M_series" title="OneSpace">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbex#Prime" title="Orbex">Orbex Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas-1" title="Pallas-1">Pallas-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BluShift_Aerospace#Red_Dwarf" title="BluShift Aerospace">Red Dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">SLS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System#Block_variants" title="Space Launch System">Block 1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System#Block_variants" title="Space Launch System">Block 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-7_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-7 (rocket)">Soyuz-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terran_R" title="Terran R">Terran R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlong-3" title="Tianlong-3">Tianlong-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VLM_(rocket)" title="VLM (rocket)">VLM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_E" class="mw-redirect" title="Vega E">Vega E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Technologies#ZERO_orbital_rocket" title="Interstellar Technologies">Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LandSpace" title="LandSpace">Zhuque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LandSpace#Zhuque-3" title="LandSpace">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuljanah_(rocket)" title="Zuljanah (rocket)">Zuljanah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">Antares</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">130</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">230</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">230+</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)" title="Ariane (rocket family)">Ariane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_1" title="Ariane 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_2" title="Ariane 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_3" title="Ariane 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_4" title="Ariane 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_5" title="Ariane 5">5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmented_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle">ASLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena_(rocket_family)" title="Athena (rocket family)">Athena</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athena_I" title="Athena I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena_II" title="Athena II">II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(rocket_family)" title="Atlas (rocket family)">Atlas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SM-65B_Atlas" title="SM-65B Atlas">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM-65D_Atlas" title="SM-65D Atlas">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_E/F" title="Atlas E/F">E/F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_G" title="Atlas G">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_H" title="Atlas H">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_I" title="Atlas I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_II" title="Atlas II">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_III" title="Atlas III">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_LV-3B" title="Atlas LV-3B">LV-3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_SLV-3" title="Atlas SLV-3">SLV-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas-Able" title="Atlas-Able">Able</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas-Agena" title="Atlas-Agena">Agena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas-Centaur" title="Atlas-Centaur">Centaur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arrow" title="Black Arrow">Black Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conestoga_(rocket)" title="Conestoga (rocket)">Conestoga</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_(rocket_family)" title="Delta (rocket family)">Delta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delta_A" title="Delta A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_B" title="Delta B">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_C" title="Delta C">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_D" title="Delta D">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_E" title="Delta E">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_G" title="Delta G">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_J" title="Delta J">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_L" title="Delta L">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_M" title="Delta M">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_N" title="Delta N">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_0100" title="Delta 0100">0100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_1000" title="Delta 1000">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_2000" title="Delta 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_3000" title="Delta 3000">3000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_4000" title="Delta 4000">4000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_5000" title="Delta 5000">5000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_II" title="Delta II">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_III" title="Delta III">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_IV" title="Delta IV">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_IV_Heavy" title="Delta IV Heavy">IV Heavy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamant_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamant (rocket)">Diamant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnepr_(rocket)" title="Dnepr (rocket)">Dnepr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_(rocket)" title="Epsilon (rocket)">Epsilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(rocket)" title="Europa (rocket)">Europa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(rocket)" title="Europa (rocket)">I</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(rocket)" title="Europa (rocket)">II</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_1" title="Falcon 1">Falcon 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.0" title="Falcon 9 v1.0">v1.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.1" title="Falcon 9 v1.1">v1.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Full_Thrust" title="Falcon 9 Full Thrust">v1.2 "Full Thrust"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Bao_1" title="Feng Bao 1">Feng Bao 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle">GSLV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GSLV_Mk_I" class="mw-redirect" title="GSLV Mk I">Mk I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-I" title="H-I">H-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-II" title="H-II">H-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-IIB" title="H-IIB">H-IIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_I" title="Juno I">Juno I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_II" title="Juno II">Juno II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaituozhe-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaituozhe-1">Kaituozhe-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_(rocket_family)" title="Kosmos (rocket family)">Kosmos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_(rocket_family)" title="Kosmos (rocket family)">original</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-1" title="Kosmos-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-2I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmos-2I">2/2I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmos-3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-3M" title="Kosmos-3M">3M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_(rocket_family)" title="Lambda (rocket family)">Lambda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_4S" title="Lambda 4S">4S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LauncherOne" title="LauncherOne">LauncherOne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_(rocket_family)" title="Long March (rocket family)">Long March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_1" title="Long March 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_1D" title="Long March 1D">1D</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2A" title="Long March 2A">2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2E" title="Long March 2E">2E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3" title="Long March 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3B" title="Long March 3B">3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4A" title="Long March 4A">4A</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_(rocket_family)" title="Mu (rocket family)">Mu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M-4S" class="mw-redirect" title="M-4S">4S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-3C" class="mw-redirect" title="M-3C">3C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-3H" class="mw-redirect" title="M-3H">3H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-3S" class="mw-redirect" title="M-3S">3S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-3SII" class="mw-redirect" title="M-3SII">3SII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-V" title="M-V">V</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N1_(rocket)" title="N1 (rocket)">N1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-I_(rocket)" title="N-I (rocket)">N-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-II_(rocket)" title="N-II (rocket)">N-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naro-1" title="Naro-1">Naro-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paektusan_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paektusan (rocket)">Paektusan</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOTS-EV-1_Pilot" title="NOTS-EV-1 Pilot">Pilot-2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-7_(rocket_family)" title="R-7 (rocket family)">R-7</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna_(rocket)" title="Luna (rocket)">Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molniya_(rocket)" title="Molniya (rocket)">Molniya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molniya-M" title="Molniya-M">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molniya-L" class="mw-redirect" title="Molniya-L">L</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyot_(rocket)" title="Polyot (rocket)">Polyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket_family)" title="Soyuz (rocket family)">Soyuz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket)" title="Soyuz (rocket)">original</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-FG" title="Soyuz-FG">FG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-L" title="Soyuz-L">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-M" title="Soyuz-M">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-U" title="Soyuz-U">U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-U2" title="Soyuz-U2">U2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz/Vostok" title="Soyuz/Vostok">Soyuz/Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_(rocket)" title="Sputnik (rocket)">Sputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_(rocket)" title="Voskhod (rocket)">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(rocket_family)" title="Vostok (rocket family)">Vostok</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok-L" title="Vostok-L">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok-K" title="Vostok-K">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok-2_(rocket)" title="Vostok-2 (rocket)">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok-2M" title="Vostok-2M">2M</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-29_Vysota" title="R-29 Vysota">R-29</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shtil%27" title="Shtil'">Shtil'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volna" title="Volna">Volna</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astra_Rocket" title="Astra Rocket">Rocket 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS1_(rocket)" title="RS1 (rocket)">RS1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safir_(rocket)" title="Safir (rocket)">Safir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safir_(rocket)" title="Safir (rocket)">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safir_(rocket)" title="Safir (rocket)">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safir_(rocket)" title="Safir (rocket)">1B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(rocket_family)" title="Saturn (rocket family)">Saturn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I" title="Saturn I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">IB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">V</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_(rocket_family)" title="Scout (rocket family)">Scout</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scout_X-1" title="Scout X-1">X-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RM-90_Blue_Scout_II" title="RM-90 Blue Scout II">Blue Scout II</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_X-2" title="Scout X-2">X-2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_X-2M" title="Scout X-2M">X-2M</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scout_X-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scout X-3 (page does not exist)">X-3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scout_X-3M&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scout X-3M (page does not exist)">X-3M</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scout_X-4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scout X-4 (page does not exist)">X-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_X-2B" title="Scout X-2B">X-2B</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout B">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_B-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout B-1">B-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_D-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout D-1">D-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_A-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout A-1">A-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scout_E-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scout E-1 (page does not exist)">E-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_F-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout F-1">F-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_G-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout G-1">G-1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavit_2" title="Shavit 2">Shavit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shavit_2" title="Shavit 2">original</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavit_2" title="Shavit 2">1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Satellite Launch Vehicle">SLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARK_(rocket)" title="SPARK (rocket)">SPARK</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta_(rocket)" title="Sparta (rocket)">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-520#SS-520-4" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-520">SS-520</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Start-1" title="Start-1">Start-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terran_1" title="Terran 1">Terran 1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_(rocket_family)" title="Thor (rocket family)">Thor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Able" title="Thor-Able">Able</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Ablestar" title="Thor-Ablestar">Ablestar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Ablestar" title="Thor-Ablestar">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Ablestar" title="Thor-Ablestar">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Agena" title="Thor-Agena">Agena</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Agena" title="Thor-Agena">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Agena" title="Thor-Agena">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Agena" title="Thor-Agena">D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Burner" title="Thor-Burner">Burner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Burner" title="Thor-Burner">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Burner" title="Thor-Burner">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Delta" title="Thor-Delta">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_DSV-2U" title="Thor DSV-2U">DSV-2U</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorad-Agena" title="Thorad-Agena">Thorad-Agena</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thorad-Agena" title="Thorad-Agena">SLV-2G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorad-Agena" title="Thorad-Agena">SLV-2H</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(rocket_family)" title="Titan (rocket family)">Titan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titan_II_GLV" title="Titan II GLV">II GLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIA" title="Titan IIIA">IIIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIB" title="Titan IIIB">IIIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIC" title="Titan IIIC">IIIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIID" title="Titan IIID">IIID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIE" title="Titan IIIE">IIIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_34D" title="Titan 34D">34D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_23G" title="Titan 23G">23G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Titan_III" title="Commercial Titan III">CT-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IV" title="Titan IV">IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsyklon" title="Tsyklon">Tsyklon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R-36_(missile)" title="R-36 (missile)">R-36-O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsyklon" title="Tsyklon">original</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsyklon-2" title="Tsyklon-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsyklon-3" title="Tsyklon-3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Rocket" title="Universal Rocket">Universal Rocket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket_family)" title="Proton (rocket family)">UR-500 Proton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton-K" title="Proton-K">Proton-K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rokot" title="Rokot">Rokot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strela_(rocket)" title="Strela (rocket)">Strela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_(rocket)" title="Vanguard (rocket)">Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_(rocket)" title="Vega (rocket)">Vega</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vega_(rocket)" title="Vega (rocket)">original</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VLS-1" title="VLS-1">VLS-1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit_(rocket_family)" title="Zenit (rocket family)">Zenit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-2" title="Zenit-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-2M" title="Zenit-2M">2M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-2M" title="Zenit-2M">2FG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-3SL" title="Zenit-3SL">3SL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-3SLB" title="Zenit-3SLB">3SLB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-3F" title="Zenit-3F">3F</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LandSpace" title="LandSpace">Zhuque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhuque-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhuque-1">1</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sounding_rocket" title="Sounding rocket">Sounding rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Small-lift launch vehicle">Small-lift launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Medium-lift launch vehicle">Medium-lift launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Heavy-lift launch vehicle">Heavy-lift launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_heavy-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Super heavy-lift launch vehicle">Super heavy-lift launch vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>This Template lists historical, current, and future space rockets that at least once attempted (but not necessarily succeeded in) an orbital launch or that are planned to attempt such a launch in the future</li> <li>Symbol <sup>†</sup> indicates past or current rockets that attempted orbital launches but never succeeded (never did or has yet to perform a successful orbital launch)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_orbital_launch_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_launch_systems" title="Template:European launch systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_launch_systems" title="Template talk:European launch systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_launch_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European launch systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_orbital_launch_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">European <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbital</a> <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_6" title="Ariane 6">Ariane 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_(rocket)" title="Vega (rocket)">Vega</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_Next" title="Ariane Next">Ariane Next</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_2_Infinity#Bloostar" title="Zero 2 Infinity">Bloostar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haas_(rocket)#Haas_2" title="Haas (rocket)">Haas 2b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haas_(rocket)#Haas_2CA" title="Haas (rocket)">Haas 2CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miura_5" title="Miura 5">Miura 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miura_Next" title="Miura Next">Miura Next</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/And%C3%B8ya_Space_Center#Orbital_launch_plans" class="mw-redirect" title="Andøya Space Center">North Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Factory_Augsburg_AG#Launch_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket Factory Augsburg AG">RFA One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylon_(spacecraft)" title="Skylon (spacecraft)">Skylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HyImpulse" title="HyImpulse">SL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isar_Aerospace_Spectrum" title="Isar Aerospace Spectrum">Spectrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)" title="Ariane (rocket family)">Ariane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_1" title="Ariane 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_2" title="Ariane 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_3" title="Ariane 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_4" title="Ariane 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_5" title="Ariane 5">5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arrow" title="Black Arrow">Black Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamant_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamant (rocket)">Diamant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(rocket)" title="Europa (rocket)">Europa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldebaran_(rocket)" title="Aldebaran (rocket)">Aldebaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_5_ME" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariane 5 ME">Ariane 5 ME</a></li> <li>Ariane M</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capricornio_(rocket)" title="Capricornio (rocket)">Capricornio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haas_(rocket)" title="Haas (rocket)">Haas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopper_(spacecraft)" title="Hopper (spacecraft)">Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOTOL" class="mw-redirect" title="HOTOL">HOTOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_SSTO" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperion SSTO">Hyperion SSTO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(rocket)" title="Liberty (rocket)">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_Fly-back_Booster#Derivatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid Fly-back Booster">Liquid Fly-back Booster Derivatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAC_Mustard" title="BAC Mustard">BAC Mustard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OTRAG_(rocket)" title="OTRAG (rocket)">OTRAG</a></li> <li><a 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