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interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus_dentatus" title="Nucleus dentatus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nucleus dentatus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAcleo_dentado" title="Núcleo dentado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Núcleo dentado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="هسته دندانه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هسته دندانه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the dentate nucleus. For other dentate, see <a href="/wiki/Dentate_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Dentate (disambiguation)">Dentate (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:lemonchiffon">Dentate nucleus</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray707.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gray707.png/250px-Gray707.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gray707.png/375px-Gray707.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Gray707.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="319" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Sagittal section through right cerebellar hemisphere. The right olive, "inferior olivary nucleus", has also been cut sagittally – from front to back. (Dentate nucleus, "nucleus dentatus", labeled at top.)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Superior_cerebellar_artery" title="Superior cerebellar artery">superior cerebellar artery</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>nucleus dentatus</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/NeuroNames" title="NeuroNames">NeuroNames</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=683">683</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/NeuroLex" title="NeuroLex">NeuroLex</a> ID</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uri.neuinfo.org/nif/nifstd/birnlex_1171">birnlex_1171</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.1.07.407%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A14.1.07.407</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=5836">5836</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma72260">72260</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_neuroanatomy" title="Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy">Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2004185" class="extiw" title="d:Q2004185">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>dentate nucleus</b> is a cluster of neurons, or nerve cells, in the central nervous system that has a dentate – tooth-like or serrated – edge. It is located within the deep <a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">white matter</a> of each <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_hemisphere" title="Cerebellar hemisphere">cerebellar hemisphere</a>, and it is the largest single structure linking the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a> to the rest of the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-Sultan_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sultan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the largest and most lateral, or farthest from the midline, of the four pairs of <a href="/wiki/Deep_cerebellar_nuclei" title="Deep cerebellar nuclei">deep cerebellar nuclei</a>, the others being the globose and emboliform nuclei, which together are referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Interposed_nucleus" title="Interposed nucleus">interposed nucleus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Fastigial" class="mw-redirect" title="Fastigial">fastigial</a> nucleus. </p><p>The dentate nucleus is responsible for the planning, initiation and control of voluntary movements. The dorsal region of the dentate nucleus contains output channels involved in motor function, which is the movement of <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">skeletal muscle</a>, while the ventral region contains output channels involved in nonmotor function, such as conscious thought and visuospatial function. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dentate_nucleus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dentate nucleus is highly convoluted, with gyri (ridges on the cerebral cortex) and sulci (furrows or grooves on the cerebral cortex). Its formation is coincident with a critical period of extensive growth in the fetal dentate. The dentate nucleus becomes visible in the cerebellar white matter as early as 11–12 weeks of gestation, containing only smooth lateral (towards the side(s) or away from the midline) and medial (towards the midline) surfaces. During this time, the neurons of the dentate nucleus are similar in shape and form, being mainly <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipolar cells">bipolar cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Milosevic_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milosevic-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 22–28 weeks of gestation, which is the critical period in fetal development of the dentate nucleus, gyral formation occurs extensively over the entire surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Yamaguchi_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yamaguchi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here, neurons mature into various forms of <a href="/wiki/Multipolar_neuron" title="Multipolar neuron">multipolar cells</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Yamaguchi_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yamaguchi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the most frequent neuronal types are medium-sized to large neurons.<sup id="cite_ref-Milosevic_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milosevic-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dentate_nucleus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dentate_nucleus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dentate_nucleus_-_cerebellum_-_intermed_mag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Dentate_nucleus_-_cerebellum_-_intermed_mag.jpg/220px-Dentate_nucleus_-_cerebellum_-_intermed_mag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Dentate_nucleus_-_cerebellum_-_intermed_mag.jpg/330px-Dentate_nucleus_-_cerebellum_-_intermed_mag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Dentate_nucleus_-_cerebellum_-_intermed_mag.jpg/440px-Dentate_nucleus_-_cerebellum_-_intermed_mag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Micrograph" title="Micrograph">Micrograph</a> of the dentate nucleus (pale pink). <a href="/wiki/H%26E_stain" title="H&E stain">H&E stain</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The architecture of cerebellum has a form that resembles the structure of a crystal, so a slice anywhere in the cerebellum gives repeated architecture. The eight cerebellar nuclei, located within the deep white matter of each cerebellar hemisphere, are grouped into pairs, with one of each pair in each of the two hemispheres. As a chunk of tissue, the dentate nucleus with overlying cerebellar cortex makes up a functional unit called the <a href="/wiki/Anatomy_of_the_cerebellum#Phylogenetic_and_functional_divisions" title="Anatomy of the cerebellum">cerebrocerebellum</a>. Thus, there is a part of cerebellum that communicates exclusively with the dentate nucleus.<sup id="cite_ref-Saab_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saab-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deep_cerebellar_nuclei">Deep cerebellar nuclei</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dentate_nucleus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Deep cerebellar nuclei"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Dentate</b>: The dentate nucleus is the largest, most lateral, and <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetically" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetically">phylogenetically</a> most recent of the cerebellar nuclei. It receives afferent, or incoming, signals from the premotor cortex and supplementary motor cortex via the pontocerebellar system. Efferent, or outgoing, signals travel via the <a href="/wiki/Superior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Superior cerebellar peduncle">superior cerebellar peduncle</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Red_nucleus" title="Red nucleus">red nucleus</a> to the contralateral<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – opposite side – Ventroanterior/Ventrolateral (VA/VL) <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ristanovic_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ristanovic-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Interposed</b>: The globose and emboliform nuclei together make up the interposed nucleus. The interposed nucleus is the smallest of the cerebellar nuclei. It is located between the dentate and fastigial nuclei. It receives afferent supply from the anterior (toward the front) lobe of the cerebellum and sends output to the contralateral red nucleus through the superior cerebellar peduncle. This nucleus is the origin of the rubrospinal tract that mainly influences limb flexor muscles.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Fastigial</b>: The fastigial nucleus is the most medial. It receives afferent input from the <a href="/wiki/Vermis" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermis">vermis</a>, and efferents travel via the inferior cerebellar peduncle to the <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nuclei" title="Vestibular nuclei">vestibular nuclei</a>.</li></ul> <p>The deep cerebellar nuclei receive the final output from the cerebellar cortex via <a href="/wiki/Purkinje_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Purkinje cells">Purkinje cells</a> in the form of inhibition. Neurons in the cerebellar nuclei generate spontaneous action potentials despite ongoing inhibition from Purkinje cells. The cerebellar nuclei receive afferent projections from the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_olive" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior olive">inferior olive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lateral_reticular_nucleus" title="Lateral reticular nucleus">lateral reticular nucleus</a>, upper cervical and lumbar spinal segments, and the <a href="/wiki/Pontine_nuclei" title="Pontine nuclei">Pontine nuclei</a>. Together, the deep cerebellar nuclei form a functional unit that provides feedback control of the cerebellar cortex by cerebellar output.<sup id="cite_ref-Saab_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saab-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dentate_nucleus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dentate nucleus is highly convoluted<sup id="cite_ref-Yamaguchi_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yamaguchi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and can be divided into dorsal (motor) and ventral (nonmotor) domains. The ventral half is much more developed in humans than in great apes, and it appears to play an important role in fiber connection. Further, the ventral domain mediates higher cerebellar functions, such as language and cognition, as well as versatile and coordinated finger movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Matano_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matano-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it is generally accepted that the ventral region is more recent on an evolutionary timescale, current 3-Dimensional imaging raises questions regarding this assumption, as a third axis, the rostrocaudal axis, can now be analyzed.<sup id="cite_ref-Yamaguchi_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yamaguchi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, current images show that the ventral region is not physically larger than the dorsal region in humans, as would be predicted if size increases with cognitive function.<sup id="cite_ref-Sultan_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sultan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The neurons of the adult dentate are divided based on size, morphology, and function into large principal and small local circuit neurons.<sup id="cite_ref-Ristanovic_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ristanovic-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Large_principal_neurons">Large principal neurons</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dentate_nucleus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Large principal neurons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The large principal neurons have been classified into four primary types according to position within the dentate, shape of soma (cell body), and <a href="/wiki/Dendrite" title="Dendrite">dendritic</a> branching. These neurons are responsible for communication between the dentate nucleus and the cerebellar cortex.<sup id="cite_ref-Ristanovic_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ristanovic-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Central neurons</b>: The central neurons are located in deeper parts of the nuclear mass, away from the periphery. They have round and prickly <a href="/wiki/Somata" class="mw-redirect" title="Somata">somata</a>, and numerous dendritic trunks emerge from every direction of the soma. These dendrites have complex branching patterns and spherical dendritic fields.<sup id="cite_ref-Ristanovic_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ristanovic-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Border neurons</b>: The border neurons are concentrated at the boundary of the nuclear lamina and have elliptical somata. They have a stout axon directed into the surrounding white matter, as well as four to six primary dendrites that branch from the opposite end. The dendritic fields of these neurons have a tetrahedron shape with the cell body in one corner.<sup id="cite_ref-Ristanovic_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ristanovic-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Intermediate asymmetric neurons</b>: The intermediate asymmetrical neurons are evenly distributed throughout the nuclear mass, and they have large, elliptical somata. They have five to nine dendrites branching in all directions, with one or two much longer than the others.<sup id="cite_ref-Ristanovic_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ristanovic-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Intermediate fusiform neurons</b>: The intermediate fusiform neurons are scattered throughout the dentate, and they have elongated and elliptical somata which are tapered at both ends. They include three to five primary dendrites which divide into several long dendrites. The upper part of the cell body is parallel to the apical dendrites, which are oriented toward the nuclear core.<sup id="cite_ref-Ristanovic_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ristanovic-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Small_local_circuit_neurons">Small local circuit neurons</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dentate_nucleus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Small local circuit neurons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Small local circuit neurons include signaling pathways that are contained within the dentate. These neurons provide feedback to the dentate and allow for fine control of signaling. Currently, less research has been conducted on the specific shape and role of these neurons,<sup id="cite_ref-Ristanovic_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ristanovic-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the dentate nucleus is composed primarily of large principal neurons.<sup id="cite_ref-Milosevic_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milosevic-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dentate_nucleus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Projections">Projections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dentate_nucleus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Projections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dentate contains anatomically separate and functionally distinct motor and nonmotor domains (dorsal and ventral, respectively), and projections are organized from the dentate nucleus to distinct areas in the ventrolateral thalamus. Through the thalamus, the dorsal parts of the dentate project to the <a href="/wiki/Primary_motor_cortex" title="Primary motor cortex">primary motor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Premotor" class="mw-redirect" title="Premotor">premotor</a> areas of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a>, while the ventral parts of the dentate project to <a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex" title="Prefrontal cortex">prefrontal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Posterior_parietal" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior parietal">posterior parietal</a> areas of the cerebral cortex.<sup id="cite_ref-Dum_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dum-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The motor and nonmotor domains make up approximately 50–60 percent and 20 percent, respectively, of the dentate. It is estimated that the human dentate proportions are comparable. All cerebral cortical areas that are targeted by the dentate project back on the cerebellum via efferents to Pontine nuclei, and cortical areas that do not project onto the cerebellum are not targets of dentate output.<sup id="cite_ref-Dum_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dum-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The motor domain in the dorsal portion of the dentate contains output channels that control both generation and control of movement, as well as neurons that innervate premotor areas in the <a href="/wiki/Frontal_lobe" title="Frontal lobe">frontal lobe</a>. The nonmotor domain contains output channels involved in cognition and visuospatial function, and projections to the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortical areas within this region are clustered into distinct regions with little overlap. These areas are activated during tasks involving short-term working memory, rule-based learning, and higher executive function-like planning. Although the ventral aspect of the dentate has been shown to be involved in acquisition of information, whether it is involved in retention and storage remains unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-Mediavilla_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mediavilla-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pathways">Pathways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dentate_nucleus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pathways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three distinct routes from the dentate nucleus to the ventrolateral thalamus, including a direct, posterior, and anterior route. The direct route passes in the anterolateral direction under the thalamus and enters from the ventral side. Axons following the posterior pathway turn dorsally from the midline at the posterior side of the thalamus, entering the thalamus from various positions. Axons following the anterior route pass laterally in the subthalamus and enter the external <a href="/wiki/Medullary_laminae_of_thalamus" title="Medullary laminae of thalamus">medullary lamina</a>. Within the lamina, fibers turn posteriorly and enter the dorsal side of the thalamus. Therefore, as a result of these various pathways, the neurons of the dentate nucleus are able to traverse all thalamic nuclei, with the exception of those at the midline and anterior nuclear groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Mason_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dentate nucleus axons can be divergent or convergent. Convergent branches include those that originate from entirely different axons and traverse different routes, yet overlap on the same terminal field. Divergent pathways originate from the same axon but travel different routes and target different terminal fields. Although no point-to-point connectivity has been observed between the dentate nucleus and the thalamus, it is believed that there is a pre-wired connectivity between a single dentate site and several body part representations in the thalamus.<sup id="cite_ref-Mason_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three modalities are received by cerebellum, including <a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">proprioception</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nociception" title="Nociception">nociception</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_system" title="Somatosensory system">somatic</a> input, and all of these stimulate the dentate nucleus. The dentate nucleus is mostly responsible for planning and execution of fine movement. Since any motor function requires sensory information, it can be assumed that the dentate nucleus receives and modulates this sensory information, though the specific mechanism of this remains unclear. For example, the act of lifting an object requires sensory input, such as the size of the object and where it is located in space. While the primary role of the dentate nucleus is control of the movement, it does play a role in sensory processing as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Saab_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saab-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role">Role</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dentate_nucleus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The role of the dentate nucleus can be described in two basic tenets:<sup id="cite_ref-Saab_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saab-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The dentate nucleus is involved in basic circuitry work, including input to the cerebellum from everywhere else. Any function that needs coordination, including thoughts and motor behavior, must go through the cerebellum to be smoothened. This input travels in two parts, to the surface of the cerebellar cortex as well as collateral input to the cerebellar nuclei.</li> <li>The whole cerebellum has only one output, which necessarily leads from the deep cerebellar nuclei. There is output from the cerebellar cortex, so this output must go through the cerebellar nuclei and send output to rest of nervous system. Thus, the cerebellum communicates to the outside world via the cerebellar nuclei. Input that reaches the cerebellar cortex is processed in many ways; eventually whatever happens in cerebellar cortex exits the cerebellum through a synapse in the cerebellar nuclei.</li></ol> <p>The dentate nucleus is responsible for the planning, initiation and control of voluntary movements. The dorsal region of the dentate contains output channels involved in motor function, while the ventral region contains output channels involved in nonmotor function, such as cognition and visuospatial function.<sup id="cite_ref-Sultan_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sultan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dentate nucleus sends commands and information to the motor and premotor areas in the forebrain.<sup id="cite_ref-Saab_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saab-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dentate_nucleus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several pathological processes involve the dentate nucleus including metabolic, genetic, and <a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurodegenerative">neurodegenerative</a> disorders, as well as some infections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metabolic_disorders">Metabolic disorders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dentate_nucleus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Metabolic disorders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup_urine_disease" title="Maple syrup urine disease">Maple syrup urine disease</a> (MSUD)</b>: An inherited disorder of amino acid metabolism in newborns, MSUD results in neurological deterioration. Myelin <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a> is seen in the cerebellum, including the dentate nucleus, <a href="/wiki/Brain_stem" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain stem">brain stem</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Corticospinal_tracts" class="mw-redirect" title="Corticospinal tracts">corticospinal tracts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McErlean_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McErlean-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Leigh_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Leigh disease">Leigh disease</a></b>: Clinical and pathological symptoms usually appear in the first year of life and include psychomotor retardation and brain stem dysfunction. Bilaterally symmetric defects are seen in the <a href="/wiki/Periaqueductal_grey" class="mw-redirect" title="Periaqueductal grey">periaqueductal grey</a> matter, brain stem, <a href="/wiki/Basal_ganglia" title="Basal ganglia">basal ganglia</a>, and dentate nucleus.<sup id="cite_ref-McErlean_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McErlean-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Glutaric_aciduria_type_1" title="Glutaric aciduria type 1">Glutaric aciduria type 1</a> (GA1)</b>: An autosomal recessive disease, GA1 is due to <a href="/wiki/Glutaryl-CoA_dehydrogenase" title="Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase">glutaryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase</a> deficiency. Abnormalities are seen in the basal ganglia and dentate nucleus.<sup id="cite_ref-McErlean_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McErlean-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Canavan%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Canavan's disease">Canavan's disease</a></b>: Canavan's disease is a white matter disease due to <a href="/wiki/Aspartoacylase" title="Aspartoacylase">aspartoacylase</a> deficiency. The dentate nucleus is not affected until late in disease progression.<sup id="cite_ref-McErlean_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McErlean-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellaneous_disorders">Miscellaneous disorders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dentate_nucleus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous disorders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Neurofibromatosis_type_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurofibromatosis type 1">Neurofibromatosis type 1</a> (NF1)</b>: NF1 is an autosomal dominant <a href="/wiki/Phakomatosis" title="Phakomatosis">neurocutaneous disorder</a>. The hallmark of NF1 is the development of numerous tumors. Cerebellar white matter and dentate nucleus lesions usually occur in children less than ten years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-McErlean_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McErlean-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Langerhans_cell_histiocytosis" title="Langerhans cell histiocytosis">Langerhans cell histiocytosis</a> (LCH)</b>: LCH is an aggressive disorder due to proliferation of Langerhans cell histiocytes, and the dentate nucleus is believed to be involved in up to 40 percent of patients.<sup id="cite_ref-McErlean_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McErlean-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a> (AD) with <a href="/wiki/Myoclonus" title="Myoclonus">myoclonus</a></b>: There is an increase in mean volume of large neurons and a decrease in mean volume of small neurons in the dentate nucleus in AD with myoclonus. Morphological changes in the dentate nucleus may contribute to the pathological substrate of myoclonus in AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Fukutani_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fukutani-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dentate_nucleus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Additional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray683.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view."><img alt="Dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gray683.png/120px-Gray683.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gray683.png/180px-Gray683.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gray683.png/240px-Gray683.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray684.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Deep dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view."><img alt="Deep dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gray684.png/80px-Gray684.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gray684.png/120px-Gray684.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gray684.png/160px-Gray684.png 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Deep dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray685.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Deep dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view."><img alt="Deep dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Gray685.png/72px-Gray685.png" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Gray685.png/109px-Gray685.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Gray685.png/145px-Gray685.png 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Deep dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray709.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Rhomboid fossa."><img alt="Rhomboid fossa." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gray709.png/120px-Gray709.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gray709.png/180px-Gray709.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gray709.png/240px-Gray709.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="442" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rhomboid fossa.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dentate_nucleus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">Cerebellum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebellar cortex">Cerebellar cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_cerebellar_nuclei" title="Deep cerebellar nuclei">Deep cerebellar nuclei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">Cerebral cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">Thalamus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dentate_nucleus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sultan-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sultan_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sultan_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sultan_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sultan, F., Hamodeh, S., & Baizer, J. S. (2010). THE HUMAN DENTATE NUCLEUS: A COMPLEX SHAPE UNTANGLED. [Article]. Neuroscience, 167(4), 965–968.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milosevic-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Milosevic_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milosevic_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milosevic_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Milosevic, N. T., Ristanovic, D., Maric, D. L., & Rajkovic, K. (2010). Morphology and cell classification of large neurons in the adult human dentate nucleus: A quantitative study. [Article]. Neuroscience Letters, 468(1), 59–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yamaguchi-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yamaguchi_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yamaguchi_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yamaguchi_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yamaguchi_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yamaguchi, K., & Goto, N. (1997). Three-dimensional structure of the human cerebellar dentate nucleus: a computerized reconstruction study. [Article]. Anatomy and Embryology, 196(4), 343–348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saab-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saab_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saab_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saab_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saab_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saab_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Saab, C. Y., & Willis, W. D. (2003). The cerebellum: organization, functions and its role in nociception. [Review]. Brain Research Reviews, 42(1), 85–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neuroanatomy.wisc.edu/cere/text/P5/dentate.htm">"Cerebellum - Deep Nuclei - Dentate"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cerebellum+-+Deep+Nuclei+-+Dentate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neuroanatomy.wisc.edu%2Fcere%2Ftext%2FP5%2Fdentate.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADentate+nucleus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ristanovic-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ristanovic_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ristanovic_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ristanovic_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ristanovic_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ristanovic_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ristanovic_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ristanovic_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ristanovic_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ristanovic, D., Milosevic, N. T., Stefanovic, B. D., Maric, D. L., & Rajkovic, K. (2010). Morphology and classification of large neurons in the adult human dentate nucleus: A qualitative and quantitative analysis of 2D images. [Article]. Neuroscience Research, 67(1), 1–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071208090802/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~rswenson/NeuroSci/chapter_8B.html">"Chapter 8B: Cerebellar Systems"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dartmouth.edu/~rswenson/NeuroSci/chapter_8B.html">the original</a> on 2007-12-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+8B%3A+Cerebellar+Systems&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dartmouth.edu%2F~rswenson%2FNeuroSci%2Fchapter_8B.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADentate+nucleus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matano-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Matano_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matano, S. (2001). Brief communication: Proportions of the ventral half of the cerebellar dentate nucleus in humans and great apes. [Article]. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 114(2), 163–165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dum-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dum_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dum_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dum, R. P., & Strick, P. L. (2003). An unfolded map of the cerebellar dentate nucleus and its projections to the cerebral cortex. [Article]. Journal of Neurophysiology, 89(1), 634–639.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mediavilla-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mediavilla_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mediavilla, C., Molina, F., & Puerto, A. (2000). Retention of concurrent taste aversion learning after electrolytic lesioning of the interpositus-dentate region of the cerebellum. [Article]. Brain Research, 868(2), 329–337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mason-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mason_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mason_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mason, A., Ilinsky, I. A., Maldonado, S., & Kultas-Ilinsky, K. (2000). Thalamic terminal fields of individual axons from the ventral part of the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum in Macaca mulatta. [Article]. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 421(3), 412–428.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McErlean-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McErlean_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McErlean_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McErlean_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McErlean_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McErlean_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McErlean_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McErlean, A., Abdalla, K., Donoghue, V., & Ryan, S. (2010). The dentate nucleus in children: normal development and patterns of disease. [Article]. Pediatric Radiology, 40(3), 326–339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fukutani-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fukutani_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fukutani, Y., Cairns, N. J., Everall, I. P., Chadwick, A., Isaki, K., & Lantos, P. L. (1999). Cerebellar dentate nucleus in Alzheimer's disease with myoclonus. [Article]. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 10(2), 81–88.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dentate_nucleus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/coursepages/m1/anatomy2010/html/atlas/n2a7p6.html">Atlas image: n2a7p6</a> at the University of Michigan Health System</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/coursepages/m1/anatomy2010/html/atlas/n2a7p9.html">Atlas image: n2a7p9</a> at the University of Michigan Health System</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" 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style="width:1%">Lobes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_lobe_of_cerebellum" title="Anterior lobe of cerebellum">Anterior lobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_lobe_of_cerebellum" title="Posterior lobe of cerebellum">Posterior lobe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_fissure_of_cerebellum" title="Horizontal fissure of cerebellum">Horizontal fissure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flocculonodular_lobe" title="Flocculonodular lobe">Flocculonodular lobe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flocculus_(cerebellar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flocculus (cerebellar)">Flocculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodule_of_vermis" title="Nodule of vermis">Nodule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_fissure_of_cerebellum" title="Primary fissure of cerebellum">Primary fissure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medial/lateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_vermis" title="Cerebellar vermis">Vermis</a>: <i>anterior</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_lobule" title="Central lobule">Central lobule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culmen_(cerebellum)" title="Culmen (cerebellum)">Culmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingula_of_cerebellum" title="Lingula of cerebellum">Lingula</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>posterior</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folium_vermis" title="Folium vermis">Folium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuber_of_vermis" title="Tuber of vermis">Tuber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvula_of_cerebellum" title="Uvula of cerebellum">Uvula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallecula_of_cerebellum" title="Vallecula of cerebellum">Vallecula of cerebellum</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_hemisphere" title="Cerebellar hemisphere">Hemisphere</a>: <i>anterior</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alar_central_lobule" class="mw-redirect" title="Alar central lobule">Alar central lobule</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>posterior</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biventer_lobule" title="Biventer lobule">Biventer lobule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_tonsil" title="Cerebellar tonsil">Cerebellar tonsil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deep_cerebellar_nuclei" title="Deep cerebellar nuclei">Deep cerebellar nuclei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dentate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interposed_nucleus" title="Interposed nucleus">interposed</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emboliform_nucleus" title="Emboliform nucleus">Emboliform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globose_nucleus" title="Globose nucleus">Globose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastigial_nucleus" title="Fastigial nucleus">Fastigial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">Cerebellar cortex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Molecular layer</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellate_cell" title="Stellate cell">Stellate cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket_cell" title="Basket cell">Basket cell</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Purkinje cell layer</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purkinje_cell" title="Purkinje cell">Purkinje cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocyte#Bergmann_glia" title="Astrocyte">Bergmann glia cell = Golgi epithelial cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%B1anas_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Fañanas cell">Fañanas cell</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Granule cell layer</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golgi_cell" title="Golgi cell">Golgi cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granule_cell" title="Granule cell">Granule cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unipolar_brush_cell" title="Unipolar brush cell">Unipolar brush cell</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Fibers: <a href="/wiki/Mossy_fiber_(cerebellum)" title="Mossy fiber (cerebellum)">Mossy fibers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_fiber" title="Climbing fiber">Climbing fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel fiber">Parallel fiber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbor_vitae_(anatomy)" title="Arbor vitae (anatomy)">Arbor vitae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_peduncle" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebellar peduncle">Peduncles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Inferior cerebellar peduncle">Inferior</a> (medulla): <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_spinocerebellar_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal spinocerebellar tract">Dorsal spinocerebellar tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivocerebellar_tract" title="Olivocerebellar tract">Olivocerebellar tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_external_arcuate_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior external arcuate fibers">Cuneocerebellar tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juxtarestiform_body" title="Juxtarestiform body">Juxtarestiform body</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vestibulocerebellar_tract" title="Vestibulocerebellar tract">Vestibulocerebellar tract</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigeminocerebellar_fibers" title="Trigeminocerebellar fibers">Trigeminocerebellar fibers</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Middle cerebellar peduncle">Middle</a> (pons): <a href="/wiki/Pontocerebellar_fibers" title="Pontocerebellar fibers">Pontocerebellar fibers</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Superior cerebellar peduncle">Superior</a> (midbrain): <a href="/wiki/Ventral_spinocerebellar_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral spinocerebellar tract">Ventral spinocerebellar tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentatothalamic_tract" title="Dentatothalamic tract">Dentatothalamic tract</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Brain_and_spinal_cord:_neural_tracts_and_fasciculi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neural_tracts" title="Template:Neural tracts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neural_tracts" title="Template talk:Neural tracts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neural_tracts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neural tracts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Brain_and_spinal_cord:_neural_tracts_and_fasciculi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>: <a href="/wiki/Neural_pathway" title="Neural pathway">neural tracts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nerve_fascicle" title="Nerve fascicle">fasciculi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sensory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_column-medial_lemniscus_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway">DCML</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_column-medial_lemniscus_pathway#First_neuron" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway">1°</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamellar_corpuscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamellar corpuscle">Pacinian corpuscle</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tactile_corpuscle" title="Tactile corpuscle">Meissner's corpuscle</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Posterior_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior column">Posterior column</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Gracile_fasciculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gracile fasciculus">Gracile fasciculus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cuneate_fasciculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneate fasciculus">Cuneate fasciculus</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Gracile_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gracile nucleus">Gracile nucleus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cuneate_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneate nucleus">Cuneate nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_column-medial_lemniscus_pathway#Second_neuron" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway">2°</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>→ <i><a href="/wiki/Sensory_decussation" title="Sensory decussation">sensory decussation</a>/arcuate fibers</i> (<a href="/wiki/Posterior_external_arcuate_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior external arcuate fibers">Posterior external arcuate fibers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internal_arcuate_fibers" title="Internal arcuate fibers">Internal arcuate fibers</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Medial_lemniscus" title="Medial lemniscus">Medial lemniscus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_lemniscus" title="Trigeminal lemniscus">Trigeminal lemniscus</a> → <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">Thalamus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ventral_posterolateral_nucleus" title="Ventral posterolateral nucleus">VPL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ventral_posteromedial_nucleus" title="Ventral posteromedial nucleus">VPM</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_column-medial_lemniscus_pathway#Third_neuron" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway">3°</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>→ <a href="/wiki/Posterior_limb_of_internal_capsule" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior limb of internal capsule">Posterior limb of internal capsule</a> → <a href="/wiki/Postcentral_gyrus" title="Postcentral gyrus">Postcentral gyrus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anterolateral_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterolateral system">Anterolateral</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nociception#Neospinothalamic_tract" title="Nociception">Fast</a>/lateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1° (<a href="/wiki/Free_nerve_ending" title="Free nerve ending">Free nerve ending</a> → <a href="/wiki/A_delta_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="A delta fiber">A delta fiber</a>) → 2° (<a href="/wiki/Anterior_white_commissure" title="Anterior white commissure">Anterior white commissure</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Lateral_spinothalamic_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral spinothalamic tract">Lateral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anterior_spinothalamic_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior spinothalamic tract">Anterior</a> <a href="/wiki/Spinothalamic_tract" title="Spinothalamic tract">Spinothalamic tract</a></b> → <a href="/wiki/Spinothalamic_tract" title="Spinothalamic tract">Spinal lemniscus</a> → <a href="/wiki/Ventral_posterolateral_nucleus" title="Ventral posterolateral nucleus">VPL</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">Thalamus</a>) → 3° (<a href="/wiki/Postcentral_gyrus" title="Postcentral gyrus">Postcentral gyrus</a>) → 4° (<a href="/wiki/Posterior_parietal_cortex" title="Posterior parietal cortex">Posterior parietal cortex</a>)</li></ul> <p>2° (<b><a href="/wiki/Spinomesencephalic_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinomesencephalic tract">Spinomesencephalic tract</a></b> → <a href="/wiki/Superior_colliculus" title="Superior colliculus">Superior colliculus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Midbrain_tectum" class="mw-redirect" title="Midbrain tectum">Midbrain tectum</a>) </p> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nociception#Paleospinothalamic_tract" title="Nociception">Slow</a>/medial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1° (<a href="/wiki/Group_C_nerve_fiber" title="Group C nerve fiber">Group C nerve fiber</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Spinoreticular_tract" title="Spinoreticular tract">Spinoreticular tract</a></b> → <a href="/wiki/Reticular_formation" title="Reticular formation">Reticular formation</a>) → 2° (<a href="/wiki/Medial_dorsal_nucleus" title="Medial dorsal nucleus">MD</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">Thalamus</a>) → 3° (<a href="/wiki/Cingulate_cortex" title="Cingulate cortex">Cingulate cortex</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Motor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pyramidal_tracts" title="Pyramidal tracts">Pyramidal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>flexion:</i> <a href="/wiki/Primary_motor_cortex" title="Primary motor cortex">Primary motor cortex</a> → <a href="/wiki/Posterior_limb_of_internal_capsule" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior limb of internal capsule">Posterior limb of internal capsule</a> → <a href="/wiki/Decussation_of_pyramids" class="mw-redirect" title="Decussation of pyramids">Decussation of pyramids</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Pyramidal_tracts" title="Pyramidal tracts">Corticospinal tract</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lateral_corticospinal_tract" title="Lateral corticospinal tract">Lateral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anterior_corticospinal_tract" title="Anterior corticospinal tract">Anterior</a>)</b> → <a href="/wiki/Neuromuscular_junction" title="Neuromuscular junction">Neuromuscular junction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extrapyramidal_system" title="Extrapyramidal system">Extrapyramidal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>flexion:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_motor_cortex" title="Primary motor cortex">Primary motor cortex</a> → <a href="/wiki/Genu_of_internal_capsule" class="mw-redirect" title="Genu of internal capsule">Genu of internal capsule</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Corticobulbar_tract" title="Corticobulbar tract">Corticobulbar tract</a></b> → <a href="/wiki/Facial_motor_nucleus" title="Facial motor nucleus">Facial motor nucleus</a> → <a href="/wiki/Facial_muscles" title="Facial muscles">Facial muscles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>flexion:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_nucleus" title="Red nucleus">Red nucleus</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Rubrospinal_tract" title="Rubrospinal tract">Rubrospinal tract</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>extension:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomy_of_the_cerebellum#Phylogenetic_and_functional_divisions" title="Anatomy of the cerebellum"> Vestibulocerebellum</a> → <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nuclei" title="Vestibular nuclei">Vestibular nuclei</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Vestibulospinal_tract" title="Vestibulospinal tract">Vestibulospinal tract</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>extension:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomy_of_the_cerebellum#Phylogenetic_and_functional_divisions" title="Anatomy of the cerebellum"> Vestibulocerebellum</a> → <a href="/wiki/Reticular_formation" title="Reticular formation">Reticular formation</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Reticular_formation#Descending_reticulospinal_tracts" title="Reticular formation">Reticulospinal tract</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midbrain_tectum" class="mw-redirect" title="Midbrain tectum">Midbrain tectum</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Tectospinal_tract" title="Tectospinal tract">Tectospinal tract</a></b> → muscles of neck</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Basal_ganglia" title="Basal ganglia">Basal ganglia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Direct_pathway_of_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct pathway of movement"><i>direct:</i></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1° (<a href="/wiki/Motor_cortex" title="Motor cortex">Motor cortex</a> → <a href="/wiki/Striatum" title="Striatum">Striatum</a>) → 2° (<a href="/wiki/Medial_globus_pallidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial globus pallidus">GPi</a>) → 3° (<a href="/wiki/Lenticular_fasciculus" title="Lenticular fasciculus">Lenticular fasciculus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ansa_lenticularis" title="Ansa lenticularis">Ansa lenticularis</a> → <a href="/wiki/Thalamic_fasciculus" title="Thalamic fasciculus">Thalamic fasciculus</a> → <a href="/wiki/Ventral_lateral_nucleus" title="Ventral lateral nucleus">VL</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">Thalamus</a>) → 4° (<a href="/wiki/Thalamocortical_radiations" title="Thalamocortical radiations">Thalamocortical radiations</a> → <a href="/wiki/Supplementary_motor_area" title="Supplementary motor area">Supplementary motor area</a>) → 5° (<a href="/wiki/Motor_cortex" title="Motor cortex">Motor cortex</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Indirect_pathway_of_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Indirect pathway of movement"><i>indirect:</i></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1° (<a href="/wiki/Motor_cortex" title="Motor cortex">Motor cortex</a> → <a href="/wiki/Striatum" title="Striatum">Striatum</a>) → 2° (<a href="/wiki/Lateral_globus_pallidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral globus pallidus">GPe</a>) → 3° (<a href="/wiki/Subthalamic_fasciculus" title="Subthalamic fasciculus">Subthalamic fasciculus</a> → <a href="/wiki/Subthalamic_nucleus" title="Subthalamic nucleus">Subthalamic nucleus</a>) → 4° (<a href="/wiki/Subthalamic_fasciculus" title="Subthalamic fasciculus">Subthalamic fasciculus</a> → <a href="/wiki/Medial_globus_pallidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial globus pallidus">GPi</a>) → 5° (<a href="/wiki/Lenticular_fasciculus" title="Lenticular fasciculus">Lenticular fasciculus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ansa_lenticularis" title="Ansa lenticularis">Ansa lenticularis</a> → <a href="/wiki/Thalamic_fasciculus" title="Thalamic fasciculus">Thalamic fasciculus</a> → <a href="/wiki/Ventral_lateral_nucleus" title="Ventral lateral nucleus">VL</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">Thalamus</a>) → 6° (<a href="/wiki/Thalamocortical_radiations" title="Thalamocortical radiations">Thalamocortical radiations</a> → <a href="/wiki/Supplementary_motor_area" title="Supplementary motor area">Supplementary motor area</a>) → 7° (<a href="/wiki/Motor_cortex" title="Motor cortex">Motor cortex</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Nigrostriatal_pathway" title="Nigrostriatal pathway">nigrostriatal pathway</a>:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substantia_nigra_pars_compacta" class="mw-redirect" title="Substantia nigra pars compacta">Pars compacta</a> → <a href="/wiki/Striatum" title="Striatum">Striatum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">Cerebellar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Afferent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nuclei" title="Vestibular nuclei">Vestibular nuclei</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Vestibulocerebellar_tract" title="Vestibulocerebellar tract">Vestibulocerebellar tract</a></b> → <a href="/wiki/Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Inferior cerebellar peduncle">ICP</a> → <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">Cerebellum</a> → <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum_granule_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebellum granule cell">Granule cell</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontine_nuclei" title="Pontine nuclei">Pontine nuclei</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Pontocerebellar_fibers" title="Pontocerebellar fibers">Pontocerebellar fibers</a></b> → <a href="/wiki/Middle_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Middle cerebellar peduncle">MCP</a> → <a href="/wiki/Deep_cerebellar_nuclei" title="Deep cerebellar nuclei">Deep cerebellar nuclei</a> → <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum_granule_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebellum granule cell">Granule cell</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_olivary_nucleus" title="Inferior olivary nucleus">Inferior olivary nucleus</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Olivocerebellar_tract" title="Olivocerebellar tract">Olivocerebellar tract</a></b> → <a href="/wiki/Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Inferior cerebellar peduncle">ICP</a> → <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_hemisphere" title="Cerebellar hemisphere">Hemisphere</a> → <a href="/wiki/Purkinje_cell" title="Purkinje cell">Purkinje cell</a> → <a href="/wiki/Deep_cerebellar_nuclei" title="Deep cerebellar nuclei">Deep cerebellar nuclei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Efferent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dentate nucleus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_hemisphere" title="Cerebellar hemisphere">Lateral hemisphere/pontocerebellum</a> → <a href="/wiki/Superior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Superior cerebellar peduncle">SCP</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Dentatothalamic_tract" title="Dentatothalamic tract">Dentatothalamic tract</a></b> → <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">Thalamus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ventral_lateral_nucleus" title="Ventral lateral nucleus">VL</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Motor_cortex" title="Motor cortex">Motor cortex</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interposed_nucleus" title="Interposed nucleus">Interposed nucleus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_hemisphere" title="Cerebellar hemisphere">Intermediate hemisphere/spinocerebellum</a> → <a href="/wiki/Superior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Superior cerebellar peduncle">SCP</a> → <a href="/wiki/Reticular_formation" title="Reticular formation">Reticular formation</a>, or → <b><a href="/wiki/Cerebellothalamic_tract" title="Cerebellothalamic tract">Cerebellothalamic tract</a></b> → <a href="/wiki/Red_nucleus" title="Red nucleus">Red nucleus</a> → <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">Thalamus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ventral_lateral_nucleus" title="Ventral lateral nucleus">VL</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Motor_cortex" title="Motor cortex">Motor cortex</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fastigial_nucleus" title="Fastigial nucleus">Fastigial nucleus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Flocculonodular_lobe" title="Flocculonodular lobe">Flocculonodular lobe/vestibulocerebellum</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Vestibulocerebellar_tract" title="Vestibulocerebellar tract">Vestibulocerebellar tract</a></b> → <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nuclei" title="Vestibular nuclei">Vestibular nuclei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bidirectional:<br /><a href="/wiki/Spinocerebellar_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinocerebellar tract">Spinocerebellar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proprioception#Conscious_and_unconscious_proprioception" title="Proprioception">Unconscious<br /> proprioception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_limb" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower limb">lower limb</a> → 1° (<a href="/wiki/Muscle_spindle" title="Muscle spindle">muscle spindles</a> → <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_root_ganglion" title="Dorsal root ganglion">DRG</a>) → 2° (<a href="/wiki/Posterior_thoracic_nucleus" title="Posterior thoracic nucleus">Posterior thoracic nucleus</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_spinocerebellar_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal spinocerebellar tract">Dorsal/posterior spinocerebellar tract</a></b> → <a href="/wiki/Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Inferior cerebellar peduncle">ICP</a> → <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_vermis" title="Cerebellar vermis">Cerebellar vermis</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_limb" title="Upper limb">upper limb</a> → 1° (<a href="/wiki/Muscle_spindle" title="Muscle spindle">muscle spindles</a> → <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_root_ganglion" title="Dorsal root ganglion">DRG</a>) → 2° (<a href="/wiki/Accessory_cuneate_nucleus" title="Accessory cuneate nucleus">Accessory cuneate nucleus</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Posterior_external_arcuate_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior external arcuate fibers">Cuneocerebellar tract</a></b> → <a href="/wiki/Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Inferior cerebellar peduncle">ICP</a> → <a href="/wiki/Anterior_lobe_of_cerebellum" title="Anterior lobe of cerebellum">Anterior lobe of cerebellum</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reflex_arc" title="Reflex arc">Reflex arc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_limb" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower limb">lower limb</a> → 1° (<a href="/wiki/Golgi_tendon_organ" title="Golgi tendon organ">Golgi tendon organ</a>) → 2° (<b><a href="/wiki/Ventral_spinocerebellar_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral spinocerebellar tract">Ventral/anterior spinocerebellar tract</a></b>→ <a href="/wiki/Superior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Superior cerebellar peduncle">SCP</a> → <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_vermis" title="Cerebellar vermis">Cerebellar vermis</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_limb" title="Upper limb">upper limb</a> → 1° (<a href="/wiki/Golgi_tendon_organ" title="Golgi tendon organ">Golgi tendon organ</a>) → 2° (<b><a href="/wiki/Rostral_spinocerebellar_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Rostral spinocerebellar tract">Rostral spinocerebellar tract</a></b> → <a href="/wiki/Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Inferior cerebellar peduncle">ICP</a> → <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">Cerebellum</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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