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Kennedy II</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_II" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Joseph_P._Kennedy_II" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Joseph+P.+Kennedy+II" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_II&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the first son of Joseph P. Kennedy Sr., see <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Jr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Joseph Patrick Kennedy II (born September 24, 1952) is an American businessman, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> politician, and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a>. He is a son of former United States Senator <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Kennedy" title="Ethel Kennedy">Ethel Kennedy</a>, and he is a nephew of former U.S. President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> and former U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a>. <table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Joseph P. Kennedy II</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Joe_Kennedy_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Joe_Kennedy_II.jpg/220px-Joe_Kennedy_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Joe_Kennedy_II.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="284" data-file-height="373"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_8th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 8th congressional district">8th</a> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 3, 1987 – January 3, 1999</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">Tip O'Neill</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Capuano" title="Mike Capuano">Mike Capuano</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Joseph Patrick Kennedy II</div> (1952-09-24) September 24, 1952 (age 72) <a href="/wiki/Brighton,_Boston" title="Brighton, Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Sheila Brewster Rauch</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1979; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1991)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Anne Kelly</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1993)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2, including <a href="/wiki/Joe_Kennedy_III" title="Joe Kennedy III">Joe III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> (father) <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Kennedy" title="Ethel Kennedy">Ethel Kennedy</a> (mother)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Boston" title="University of Massachusetts Boston">University of Massachusetts Boston</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Kennedy served as a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_8th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 8th congressional district">8th congressional district of Massachusetts</a> from 1987 to 1999. In 1979 he founded and, until he was elected to the U.S. House, led <a href="/wiki/Citizens_Energy_Corporation" title="Citizens Energy Corporation">Citizens Energy Corporation</a>, a non-profit energy company which provides <a href="/wiki/Heating_oil" title="Heating oil">heating oil</a> to low-income and elderly families in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life,_family_and_education">1 Early life, family and education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_career">2 Early career</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#U.S._House_of_Representatives_(1987%E2%80%931999)">3 U.S. House of Representatives (1987–1999)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Elections">3.1 Elections</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Tenure">3.2 Tenure</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Committee_assignments">3.3 Committee assignments</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Citizens_Energy_(since_1999)">4 Citizens Energy (since 1999)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Overview">4.1 Overview</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Public_policy">4.2 Public policy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Venezuela">4.3 Venezuela</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Later_political_considerations">5 Later political considerations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Gubernatorial_elections">5.1 Gubernatorial elections</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#2010_U.S._Senate_election">5.2 2010 U.S. Senate election</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Endorsements">5.3 Endorsements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Personal_life">6 Personal life</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Marriages_and_reversed_annulment">6.1 Marriages and reversed annulment</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Notes">7 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#References">8 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#External_links">9 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Early_life,_family_and_education">Early life, family and education</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_II&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life, family and education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Kennedy was born in the <a href="/wiki/Brighton,_Boston" title="Brighton, Boston">Brighton</a> section of <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a> on September 24, 1952. He was the second of 11 children to <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Kennedy" title="Ethel Kennedy">Ethel</a> (née Skakel) and <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AmericanLeg-1">[1]</a> He was named after his grandfather <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a>, the patriarch of the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a> and his uncle <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Jr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.</a> who was killed in an airplane crash in 1944 during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> Kennedy spent his childhood between the family's homes in <a href="/wiki/McLean,_Virginia" title="McLean, Virginia">McLean, Virginia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyannis_Port,_Massachusetts" title="Hyannis Port, Massachusetts">Hyannis Port, Massachusetts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_F._Kennedy_with_Joe_Kennedy_and_Bobby_Shriver_Look_Magazine_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Robert_F._Kennedy_with_Joe_Kennedy_and_Bobby_Shriver_Look_Magazine_1963.jpg/220px-Robert_F._Kennedy_with_Joe_Kennedy_and_Bobby_Shriver_Look_Magazine_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2725" data-file-height="2391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 193px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Robert_F._Kennedy_with_Joe_Kennedy_and_Bobby_Shriver_Look_Magazine_1963.jpg/220px-Robert_F._Kennedy_with_Joe_Kennedy_and_Bobby_Shriver_Look_Magazine_1963.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="193" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Robert_F._Kennedy_with_Joe_Kennedy_and_Bobby_Shriver_Look_Magazine_1963.jpg/330px-Robert_F._Kennedy_with_Joe_Kennedy_and_Bobby_Shriver_Look_Magazine_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Robert_F._Kennedy_with_Joe_Kennedy_and_Bobby_Shriver_Look_Magazine_1963.jpg/440px-Robert_F._Kennedy_with_Joe_Kennedy_and_Bobby_Shriver_Look_Magazine_1963.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Kennedy (right) playing football with his father, 1963</figcaption></figure> Kennedy had a troubled youth and was expelled from several <a href="/wiki/Private_school" title="Private school">private schools</a> as a result of his quick temper. He regularly got into fights with his younger brothers and male cousins.<a href="#cite_note-AmericanLeg-1">[1]</a> He was 15 when his <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy">father was assassinated</a>. The night he was shot at the <a href="/wiki/Ambassador_Hotel_(Los_Angeles)" title="Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)">Ambassador Hotel</a>, Kennedy along with two siblings, Kathleen and Robert Jr., were being flown to Los Angeles aboard one of the planes in the Secret Service's presidential fleet".<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> Kennedy was educated at <a href="/wiki/Milton_Academy" title="Milton Academy">Milton Academy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Manter_Hall_School" title="Manter Hall School">Manter Hall School</a>, both preparatory boarding schools in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Boston" title="Greater Boston">Greater Boston</a>. During his time at Milton, he was roommate to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas C. Wales">Thomas C. Wales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> Kennedy attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> in 1972, but dropped out.<a href="#cite_note-oppenheimer-9">[8]</a> He returned to school after a major car accident which occurred in 1973 and graduated with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> degree from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Boston" title="University of Massachusetts Boston">University of Massachusetts Boston</a> in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_II&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> While on hiatus from college, he worked for several months as part of a federally funded program to combat and treat <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> community in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, California.<a href="#cite_note-oppenheimer-9">[8]</a> Mayor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Alioto" title="Joseph Alioto">Joseph Alioto</a> personally praised Kennedy's work in the community.<a href="#cite_note-oppenheimer-9">[8]</a> Kennedy resigned from his position in the program and returned to <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> in the summer of 1973.<a href="#cite_note-oppenheimer-9">[8]</a> In 1979, Kennedy founded <a href="/wiki/Citizens_Energy_Corporation" title="Citizens Energy Corporation">Citizens Energy Corporation</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Non-profit_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit organization">non-profit organization</a> to provide discounted <a href="/wiki/Heating_oil" title="Heating oil">heating oil</a> to low-income and elderly families in Massachusetts.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> According to author <a href="/wiki/J._Randy_Taraborrelli" title="J. Randy Taraborrelli">J. Randy Taraborrelli</a>, Kennedy started the venture "to alleviate the burden of heating bills for the poor during the <a href="/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">oil crisis</a> of that year."<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> By 1984, Citizens Energy helped provide low-cost heat for 250,000 families.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> In 2010, Kennedy transformed the organization to become a leader in <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> generation while continuing to use profits to provide energy savings to low-income families.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> (See <a href="#Citizens_Energy_(since_1979)">Citizens Energy (since 1979)</a> section below.) </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="U.S._House_of_Representatives_(1987–1999)">U.S. House of Representatives (1987–1999)</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_II&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: U.S. House of Representatives (1987–1999)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_P._Kennedy_II_and_Mayor_Raymond_L._Flynn_(9516907137).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Joseph_P._Kennedy_II_and_Mayor_Raymond_L._Flynn_%289516907137%29.jpg/220px-Joseph_P._Kennedy_II_and_Mayor_Raymond_L._Flynn_%289516907137%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5770" data-file-height="3910"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Joseph_P._Kennedy_II_and_Mayor_Raymond_L._Flynn_%289516907137%29.jpg/220px-Joseph_P._Kennedy_II_and_Mayor_Raymond_L._Flynn_%289516907137%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Joseph_P._Kennedy_II_and_Mayor_Raymond_L._Flynn_%289516907137%29.jpg/330px-Joseph_P._Kennedy_II_and_Mayor_Raymond_L._Flynn_%289516907137%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Joseph_P._Kennedy_II_and_Mayor_Raymond_L._Flynn_%289516907137%29.jpg/440px-Joseph_P._Kennedy_II_and_Mayor_Raymond_L._Flynn_%289516907137%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Kennedy (left) with <a href="/wiki/Boston_Mayor" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Mayor">Boston Mayor</a> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Flynn" title="Raymond Flynn">Raymond Flynn</a> in the 1980s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_P._Kennedy_II_and_child_(10086195843).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Joseph_P._Kennedy_II_and_child_%2810086195843%29.jpg/220px-Joseph_P._Kennedy_II_and_child_%2810086195843%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4409" data-file-height="4928"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 246px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Joseph_P._Kennedy_II_and_child_%2810086195843%29.jpg/220px-Joseph_P._Kennedy_II_and_child_%2810086195843%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="246" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Joseph_P._Kennedy_II_and_child_%2810086195843%29.jpg/330px-Joseph_P._Kennedy_II_and_child_%2810086195843%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Joseph_P._Kennedy_II_and_child_%2810086195843%29.jpg/440px-Joseph_P._Kennedy_II_and_child_%2810086195843%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Kennedy with a child in Boston, 1980s</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elections">Elections</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_II&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Elections" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1986, incumbent Democrat and <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a> <a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">Thomas Phillip "Tip" O'Neill Jr.</a>, who had held <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27_8th_congressional_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts' 8th congressional district">Massachusetts' 8th congressional district</a> (a Democratic stronghold in Boston and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>)<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> seat since 1953, announced his retirement. Kennedy decided to run for the seat, which his uncle, former president <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, had held from 1947 to 1953. The Democratic nomination was contested by a number of well-known Democrats including state senator <a href="/wiki/George_Bachrach" title="George Bachrach">George Bachrach</a> and state representative <a href="/wiki/Mel_King" title="Mel King">Mel King</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> However, Kennedy garnered <a href="/wiki/Political_endorsement" title="Political endorsement">endorsements</a> from <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a> and the retiring O'Neill. Kennedy won the primary with 53%.<a href="#cite_note-1986Campaign1-17">[16]</a> He won the general election with 72% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-1986Campaign2-18">[17]</a> He won re-election in 1988 (80%), 1990 (72%), 1992 (83%), 1994 (99%), and 1996 (84%).<a href="#cite_note-OurCampaignProfile-19">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenure">Tenure</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_II&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tenure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Kennedy's legislative efforts in the U.S. House of Representatives included<a href="#cite_note-ExecutiveBiography-20">[19]</a> <ul><li>Expanding the availability of credit to working Americans to buy homes and to open businesses.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a></li> <li>Requiring public disclosure of bank-lending practices in poorer neighborhoods and disclosure of bank home-<a href="/wiki/Mortgage_loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortgage loan">mortgage</a> approvals and refusals by race, sex, and income.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> Subsequent <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve Board">Federal Reserve Board</a> studies based on these newly required disclosures found widespread evidence of <a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">discriminatory-loan practices</a>. One study found that white borrowers in the lowest-income category were approved for mortgages more than African American borrowers in the highest-income category. Data from <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a> found that African Americans were turned down at three times the rate of whites.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a></li> <li>Helping create hundreds of thousands of new <a href="/wiki/Affordable_housing" title="Affordable housing">affordable-housing</a> units nationwide by introducing <a href="/wiki/Tax_credit" title="Tax credit">tax credits</a> to stimulate private <a href="/wiki/Investment" title="Investment">investment</a> in neighborhood <a href="/wiki/Housing_developments" class="mw-redirect" title="Housing developments">housing developments</a> after federal housing assistance had been cut by 75 percent during the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a></li> <li>Chairing the House Banking subcommittee on consumer credit and insurance and holding the first <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_hearing" title="United States congressional hearing">U.S. congressional hearings</a> to expose the lack of access to insurance in low-income neighborhoods.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a></li> <li>Proposing a <a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget" title="Balanced budget">balanced-budget</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendment" title="Constitutional amendment">amendment</a> to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a> as a vehicle to end skyrocketing <a href="/wiki/Government_budget_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Government budget deficit">deficits</a>, reduce <a href="/wiki/Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">interest rates</a>, and free up <a href="/wiki/Investment_capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Investment capital">investment capital</a> for business growth rather than <a href="/wiki/Government_bond" title="Government bond">government bonds</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> while fighting to end corporate tax breaks and subsidies.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a></li> <li>Overhauling federal <a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">public-housing</a> law for the first time in almost 60 years, giving local <a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">housing authorities</a> the ability to raise standards while protecting those who depend on public housing for shelter.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a></li> <li>Co-chairing the U.S. congressional biotechnology caucus and proposing to preserve and expand federal research and development accounts that stimulate the creation of new technologies and build the foundation for new jobs and business growth.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a></li> <li>Proposing the "Mom and Pop Protection Act" to help <a href="/wiki/General_store" title="General store">corner-store</a> owners to install safety equipment<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> and a "National Stalker Reduction Act" to require all states to enact comprehensive anti-stalking legislation, track <a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">stalkers</a>, and establish a national <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic-violence</a> <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a> to track violations of <a href="/wiki/Injunction" title="Injunction">civil-protection orders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a></li> <li>Protecting kids from alcohol by proposing to limit television advertising of beer and wine between 7 a.m. and 10 p.m. and to keep outdoor alcohol advertisements away from schools.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a></li> <li>Launching a bipartisan initiative in Massachusetts to fight child hunger that helped lead to an expansion of school breakfast and lunch programs.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a></li></ul> In 1991 Kennedy <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycotted</a> a speech to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">U.S. Congress</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> "in protest to the British occupation in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>."<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> In March 1998, following a year of family troubles that included the <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">skiing</a> death of his brother <a href="/wiki/Michael_LeMoyne_Kennedy" title="Michael LeMoyne Kennedy">Michael LeMoyne Kennedy</a>, he announced that he planned to retire from the U.S. House, citing "a new recognition of our own vulnerabilities and the vagaries of life."<a href="#cite_note-NYT_1998-04-14-37">[36]</a> An editorial in The Boston Globe observed that "Kennedy has remained steadfast in his political life to issues and constituencies no poll would have led him to: the poor, the homeless, disadvantaged children, and others swamped in the current tide of prosperity." He served in the U.S. House for six terms, until January 1999. In his final speech on the U.S. House floor, Kennedy delivered "an impassioned plea for unity and forgiveness"<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> in the midst of Congressional debate regarding the proposed articles of <a href="/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment">impeachment</a> of President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Committee_assignments">Committee assignments</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_II&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Committee assignments" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Throughout his career in the U.S. House, Kennedy served on the <a href="/wiki/House_Banking_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Banking Committee">House Banking Committee</a>,<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> where he played an active role in the federal <a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_crisis" title="Savings and loan crisis">saving-and-loan bailout</a>,<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> credit-reporting reform, the overhaul of the <a href="/wiki/Glass%E2%80%93Steagall" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass–Steagall">Glass–Steagall Act of 1933</a> and financial modernization. Kennedy also served on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Veterans%27_Affairs" title="United States House Committee on Veterans' Affairs">House Veterans' Affairs Committee</a>, passing legislation to strengthen the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs">veterans' health-care system</a>,<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> to investigate the causes of <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War_syndrome" title="Gulf War syndrome">Gulf War syndrome</a>, and to provide medical treatment for veterans of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Persian Gulf War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Citizens_Energy_(since_1999)">Citizens Energy (since 1999)</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_II&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Citizens Energy (since 1999)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_II&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Overview" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> After leaving the House of Representatives, Kennedy returned to Citizens Energy. (During Kennedy's terms in the House, it had been run by his brother Michael.) Citizens Energy pursues commercial ventures aimed at generating <a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">revenues</a> that, in turn, are used to generate funds that could assist those in need in the U.S. and abroad.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> It grew to encompass seven separate companies, including one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">energy-conservation</a> firms in the U.S. Citizens Energy became one of the U.S.'s first energy firms to move large volumes of <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> to more than 30 states.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> As a precursor to market changes under electricity <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a> in the late 1990s, Citizens Energy was a pioneer in moving and marketing electrical power over the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">power grid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> In recent years, Kennedy has led the company into the renewable-energy industry, building solar farms along the East Coast<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> and transmission lines<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> to support charitable programs like one giving free solar panels to low-income families in California.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> In 2019, Citizens Energy announced the completion of one of the largest Low-Income Community Shared Solar projects in the country, funded by its investment in the Sunrise PowerLink Transmission line.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> Totaling 30 megawatts, the record-breaking California project will provide $500 in energy savings to 12,000 low-income families each year.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_policy">Public policy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_II&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Public policy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Since returning to Citizens Energy, Kennedy also has sought to influence energy-related public policy, challenging the Bush administration to invest in energy conservation and efficiency and renewable energy,<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> encouraging Congress to fully fund federal heating assistance programs,<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> proposing that oil-consuming countries work together to balance oil prices against <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Petroleum_Exporting_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries">Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries</a> (OPEC) manipulation,<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> and calling for the federal government and major oil companies to use portions of royalties from oil and gas extracted from federal lands and waters to help low-income families with the high price of energy.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> Kennedy has been criticized for the salaries paid to himself and his wife.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> In 2012, as CEO of Citizens Energy and related organizations, Kennedy was paid a total of $796,000 in compensation, and his wife was paid an additional $344,000 as Director of Marketing.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venezuela">Venezuela</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_II&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Venezuela" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Beginning in 2005, <a href="/wiki/Citgo" title="Citgo">Citgo Petroleum Company</a> (Citgo), a wholly owned <a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">subsidiary</a> of <a href="/wiki/Petr%C3%B3leos_de_Venezuela_S.A." class="mw-redirect" title="Petróleos de Venezuela S.A.">Petróleos de Venezuela</a> (PDVSA)—the <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuelan</a> <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">state-owned</a> oil company—has been the primary <a href="/wiki/Donation" title="Donation">donor</a> of heating oil to Citizens Energy. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> and others criticized Citizens Energy for continuing its relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Venezuela" title="Politics of Venezuela">Venezuelan government</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Venezuela">Venezuelan president</a> <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a>, a harsh critic of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> In response, Kennedy and others<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> have argued that it is hypocritical to criticize a non-profit organization for accepting oil from Venezuela while numerous other American businesses are profiting from robust trade with Venezuela and at a time when the U.S. government has cut low-income fuel assistance.<a href="#cite_note-YesOil-65">[64]</a> Although Citgo donations reportedly dried up in 2015 owing to Venezuela's economic turmoil,<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> the company was reported in 2009 to have donated 83 million gallons of oil over the two previous years, which was used to provide heating assistance to an estimated 200,000 families a year in 23 states.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Kennedy has since turned into a critic of Venezuelan president <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a>, the handpicked successor of Chávez,<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> accusing him of "stealing democracy from the people" and calling for Maduro's removal.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Later_political_considerations">Later political considerations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_II&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Later political considerations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gubernatorial_elections">Gubernatorial elections</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_II&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gubernatorial elections" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1993, a Boston Globe poll showed Kennedy within one percentage point of popular incumbent <a href="/wiki/William_Weld" class="mw-redirect" title="William Weld">William Weld</a> in a hypothetical gubernatorial match-up, prompting prominent state Democrats to try and recruit him for the race.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> Though no other Democrat was polling near Weld, Kennedy decided to forgo the race and remain in Congress. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Roosevelt" title="Mark Roosevelt">Mark Roosevelt</a> won the nomination and <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election,_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts gubernatorial election, 1994">lost to Governor Weld</a> by over 40 points. Kennedy was considered the front runner for the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election,_1998" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts gubernatorial election, 1998">governorship of Massachusetts in 1998</a>,<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> but revelations about his personal life led to a tumultuous fall in public opinion polling, and he decided against running.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> Kennedy explained in a VFW hall in a working-class corner of Boston that he believed he would never be able to focus his candidacy on issues: "The race will focus on personal or family questions. It is not fair to my family, it is not fair to the people of Massachusetts and it is not the right thing to do."<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010_U.S._Senate_election">2010 U.S. Senate election</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_II&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2010 U.S. Senate election" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> With the death of his uncle <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> on August 25, 2009, Kennedy's name had been mentioned as a possible candidate for his uncle's <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> seat representing Massachusetts. In an <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> article, Democratic strategist Dan Payne said, "He wouldn't be human and he wouldn't be a Kennedy if he didn't give serious consideration to running for what is known as the 'Kennedy seat' in Massachusetts."<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> However, Kennedy released a statement on September 7 explaining that he would not pursue the seat. The seat eventually went by appointment to <a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Kirk" title="Paul G. Kirk">Paul G. Kirk</a> and later by election to Republican <a href="/wiki/Scott_Brown_(politician)" title="Scott Brown (politician)">Scott Brown</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endorsements">Endorsements</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_II&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Endorsements" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Kennedy endorsed incumbent Democrat <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign">reelection campaign</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024 United States presidential election</a> over <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr._2024_presidential_campaign" title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr. 2024 presidential campaign">a third-party/independent challenge</a> by his brother Robert Jr.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_II&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Personal life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Wreath-laying_ceremony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Wreath-laying_ceremony.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Wreath-laying_ceremony.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Wreath-laying_ceremony.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Wreath-laying_ceremony.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Wreath-laying_ceremony.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Wreath-laying_ceremony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Wreath-laying_ceremony.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Wreath-laying_ceremony.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Kennedy (center) attends a wreath-laying ceremony to honor President John F. Kennedy at <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>, November 2011</figcaption></figure> On February 22, 1972, Kennedy was on <a href="/wiki/Lufthansa_Flight_649" title="Lufthansa Flight 649">Lufthansa Flight 649</a> when it was hijacked. Shortly after the inflight movie began during the 747's flight from New Delhi to Athens, five gunmen seized the jet and forced it to land at <a href="/wiki/Aden_International_Airport" title="Aden International Airport">Aden International Airport</a>, where all hostages were released the following day.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc-78">[77]</a> In August 1973, a <a href="/wiki/Jeep" title="Jeep">Jeep</a> he was driving on <a href="/wiki/Nantucket" title="Nantucket">Nantucket</a> overturned, fracturing a vertebra of his brother David and permanently <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralyzing</a> David's girlfriend, Pam Kelley.<a href="#cite_note-canellos-79">[78]</a> The police cited Kennedy for <a href="/wiki/Reckless_driving" title="Reckless driving">reckless driving</a> and the judge temporarily suspended his driver's license.<a href="#cite_note-AmericanLeg-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-canellos-79">[78]</a> The Kennedy family paid for Kelley's initial medical treatment and contributed modestly to her care during the years following the accident.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriages_and_reversed_annulment">Marriages and reversed annulment</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_II&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Marriages and reversed annulment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> On February 3, 1979, Kennedy married Sheila Brewster Rauch, a daughter of banker Rudolph Stewart "Stew" Rauch Jr.,<a href="#cite_note-SheilaFather-81">[80]</a> president and then chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Savings_Fund_Society" title="Philadelphia Savings Fund Society">Philadelphia Savings Fund Society</a>. On October 4, 1980, the couple had fraternal twin sons, Matthew Rauch "Matt" Kennedy and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Kennedy_III" title="Joe Kennedy III">Joseph Patrick "Joe" Kennedy III</a>. They were legally divorced in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-MarriageSheila-82">[81]</a> In 1993, Kennedy asked the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Boston" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston">Catholic Archdiocese of Boston</a> for an <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_nullity" title="Declaration of nullity">annulment</a> of his marriage to Rauch, claiming he was mentally incapable of entering into marriage at the time of the wedding. An annulment would have rendered the marriage void in the Church. This would have also allowed Kennedy to marry Anne Elizabeth "Beth" Kelly a former staff member of his, in a Catholic ceremony, as well as allow him to continue receiving <a href="/wiki/Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a> (which is forbidden for a divorced person who remarries outside of the Church).<a href="#cite_note-NYT_1997-04-24-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> Rauch refused to agree to the annulment; Kennedy married Kelly in a non-Catholic <a href="/wiki/Civil_ceremony" title="Civil ceremony">civil ceremony</a> on October 23, 1993.<a href="#cite_note-Shattered-85">[84]</a> The Boston Archdiocese initially ruled in favor of the annulment, which Rauch says she discovered only after the fact, in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_1997-04-24-83">[82]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopalian</a>, she later wrote a book, Shattered Faith: A Woman's Struggle to Stop the Catholic Church from Annulling Her Marriage, explaining that she was opposed to the concept of annulment because it meant in Catholic theology that the marriage had never actually existed. She also claimed that the Kennedy family influence made it possible to unilaterally "cancel" a 12-year marriage. <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Catholic Canon law</a> at the time required a <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_court" title="Ecclesiastical court">tribunal</a> decision in favor of annulment to be automatically appealed, and the decision was not effective until a second, conforming, sentence was granted. Instead of allowing the appeal to take place in the United States, Rauch appealed directly to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a>, the highest appellate tribunal of the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-time-86">[85]</a> The annulment was overturned by the Rota in 2005. Rauch says she was not informed of the decision until 2007, receiving the news from Boston Archdiocese officials.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> As the first decision was never confirmed, there was no time at which the Church finally declared the marriage to be null or gave Kennedy permission to remarry. Because the Rota was sitting as a second-instance appellate court, Kennedy could appeal against the decision to another Rotal panel.<a href="#cite_note-time-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-CCL-88">[87]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_II&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Some early sources misidentified him as Joseph P. Kennedy III, assuming he was named for his uncle <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr.">Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr.</a>, rather than his grandfather. He clarified the issue during his run for Congress.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_II&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AmericanLeg-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AmericanLeg_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AmericanLeg_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AmericanLeg_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHeymann,_Clemens_D.2007" class="citation book cs1">Heymann, Clemens D. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanlegacyst00heym/page/194">American Legacy: The Story of John and Caroline Kennedy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanlegacyst00heym/page/194">194</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7434-9738-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7434-9738-1"><bdi>978-0-7434-9738-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Legacy%3A+The+Story+of+John+and+Caroline+Kennedy&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7434-9738-1&rft.au=Heymann%2C+Clemens+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanlegacyst00heym%2Fpage%2F194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Names & Faces: That's Joseph Kennedy II". <a href="/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Atlanta Journal">The Atlanta Journal</a>. December 5, 1985.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlanta+Journal&rft.atitle=Names+%26+Faces%3A+That%27s+Joseph+Kennedy+II&rft.date=1985-12-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Robert E. Robert F. Kennedy: The Brother Within. Phocion Publishing. p. 128.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+F.+Kennedy%3A+The+Brother+Within&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Phocion+Publishing&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEidell" class="citation web cs1">Eidell, Lynsey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.com/all-about-robert-f-kennedy-jr-siblings-8601220">"Robert F. Kennedy Jr.'s 10 Siblings: All About His Brothers and Sisters"</a>. <a href="/wiki/People_(magazine)" title="People (magazine)">People</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P5G.HTM">the original</a> on January 8, 2010. Retrieved September 3, 2009 – via vatican.va.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Code+of+Canon+Law&rft.atitle=Canon+1444&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG1104%2F__P5G.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+II" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_II&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressK000110" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=K000110">"Joseph P. Kennedy II (id: K000110)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Joseph+P.+Kennedy+II+%28id%3A+K000110%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DK000110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+P.+Kennedy+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0448130/">Joseph P. Kennedy II</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citizensenergy.com/">Citizens Energy Corporation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citizensenergy.com/english/pages/72/team">Citizens Energy Corporation profile of Kennedy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?7510">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">Tip O'Neill</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Representatives_from_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Representatives from Massachusetts">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_8th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 8th congressional district">Massachusetts's 8th congressional district</a> 1987–1999 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Capuano" title="Mike Capuano">Mike Capuano</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">U.S. order of precedence</a> (ceremonial) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Westmoreland" title="Lynn Westmoreland">Lynn Westmoreland</a></div>as Former US Representative </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">Order of precedence of the United States</a> as Former US Representative </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Niki_Tsongas" title="Niki Tsongas">Niki Tsongas</a></div>as Former US Representative </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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<noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_II&oldid=1253294750">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_II&oldid=1253294750</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_II&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 25 October 2024, at 07:06 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%81_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="جوزيف كيندي الثاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جوزيف كيندي الثاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D9%BE%DB%8C._%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="جوزف پی. کندی ایی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جوزف پی. کندی ایی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8_II" title="Джоузеф Кенеди II – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джоузеф Кенеди II" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Patrick_Kennedy_II" title="Joseph Patrick Kennedy II – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Joseph Patrick Kennedy II" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D9%BE%DB%8C._%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="جوزف پی. کندی دوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جوزف پی. کندی دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_II" title="Joseph P. Kennedy II – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Joseph P. Kennedy II" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80%ED%94%84_P._%EC%BC%80%EB%84%A4%EB%94%94_2%EC%84%B8" title="조지프 P. 케네디 2세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조지프 P. 케네디 2세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Patrick_Kennedy_II" title="Joseph Patrick Kennedy II – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Joseph Patrick Kennedy II" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%96%D7%A3_%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99" title="ג'וזף קנדי השני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'וזף קנדי השני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Patrick_Kennedy_II" title="Joseph Patrick Kennedy II – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Joseph Patrick Kennedy II" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_II" title="Joseph P. Kennedy II – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Joseph P. Kennedy II" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_II" title="Joseph P. Kennedy II – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Joseph P. Kennedy II" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Patrick_Kennedy_II" title="Joseph Patrick Kennedy II – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Joseph Patrick Kennedy II" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%E7%94%98%E8%BF%BA%E8%BF%AA%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="約瑟夫甘迺迪二世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="約瑟夫甘迺迪二世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 October 2024, at 07:06 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Kennedy_II&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-rzfvc","wgBackendResponseTime":229,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.047","walltime":"1.357","ppvisitednodes":{"value":17583,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":269745,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":14677,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":243439,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1135.221 1 -total"," 31.15% 353.650 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 29.51% 334.985 2 Template:Reflist"," 12.42% 140.974 6 Template:Navbox"," 10.28% 116.682 1 Template:USRepMA"," 9.68% 109.879 28 Template:Cite_web"," 9.26% 105.096 8 Template:Cite_book"," 8.25% 93.701 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age"," 7.76% 88.086 1 Template:IMDb_name"," 6.71% 76.224 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.522","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10328758,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n}\n\"\"\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-x6txf","timestamp":"20241122140854","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Joseph P. 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