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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Derdowski takes charge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derdowski_takes_charge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Katolik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Katolik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span><i>Katolik</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Katolik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_and_fall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_and_fall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Decline and fall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_and_fall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><i><b>Wiarus</b></i> (Veteran Defender) was the name of a Polish-language newspaper published in <a href="/wiki/Winona,_Minnesota" title="Winona, Minnesota">Winona, Minnesota</a> from 1886 to 1893 and 1895 to 1919; in 1893 it was renamed <i>Katolik</i>, but reverted to its original name in 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Winona's Polish community was known at the time as the "Kashubian Capital of America,"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Wiarus</i> was published in the "good" Polish spoken in Warsaw and Krakow. Wiarus also provided printing services for Winona's Kashubian Polish community. From 1886 to 1902, <i>Wiarus</i> was edited by the famed <a href="/wiki/Kashubians" title="Kashubians">Kashubian</a>-born poet and journalist <a href="/wiki/Hieronim_Derdowski" title="Hieronim Derdowski">Hieronim Derdowski</a>. In its heyday, <i>Wiarus</i> was said to be the most widely circulated Polish-language newspaper in the United States. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Establishment">Establishment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiarus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first edition of <i>Wiarus</i> is dated February 11, 1886, but at least one authoritative contemporary source gives Wiarus a starting date of 1885.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The date of 1885 must certainly refer to the discussions culminating in the foundation of <i>Wiarus</i>. Led by the pastor, Reverend <a href="/wiki/Jan_Romuald_Byzewski" title="Jan Romuald Byzewski">Jan Romuald Byzewski</a>, Kashubian Poles from Winona's <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Stanislaus_Kostka_(Winona,_Minnesota)" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of Saint Stanislaus Kostka (Winona, Minnesota)">Saint Stanislaus Kostka Parish</a> pooled their resources to start a newspaper which would represent the interests of Winona's Kashubian Poles, at both the local and national levels. Two Winona Polish papers, <i>Przyjaciel Ludu</i> (People's Friend) and <i>Kurjer Winonski</i> (Winona Courier) had already failed.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Winona Daily Republican for February 18, 1886 states that officers of the Wiarus stock company were: Reverend Jan Byzewski, president; John B. Bambenek, vice-president; V.A. Lorbiecki, secretary; Frank Drazkowski, treasurer. The founders selected the title Wiarus to reflect the paper's values, as expressed below: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Our slogan is 'God Save Polonia.' Under this slogan we wish to unify our forces so as to be firm against our adversities, to preserve our holy faith in its purest form, to save our ethnic traditions, to educate our youth, and to secure for ourselves a respectable position in the United States in political and ethnic fields.</p></blockquote> <p>The first three issues of Wiarus were edited by Frank Drazkowski, the fourth through the tenth by Antoni Paryski (also called Parisso or Parek). Paryski is regarded by Winona historians to have been some kind of a Russian spy,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but, in fact, later founded the influential Toledo-based newspaper <i>Ameryka-Echo</i>, which survived until 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heated allegations such as this were typical of that day's Polish-language press, as editors competed for influence and subscribers among a Polish American community just beginning to recognize its own strength. The third and most famous editor of Wiarus, Hieronim Derdowski, was no stranger to controversy either. Better known (then and now) as an influential Kashubian and Polish poet, Derdowski emigrated to the United States in 1885 and had already worn out his welcome at two Detroit newspapers: the socialist <i>Gazeta Narodowa</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Roman_Catholic_Union_of_America" title="Polish Roman Catholic Union of America">Polish Roman Catholic Union of America</a>-supported <i>Pielgrzym Polski</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidently, he had not been the first choice of Wiarus's editorial board, even though he had expressed interest and his fellow-Kashubian Father Byzewski must have known about him at least by reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But with the eleventh issue of <i>Wiarus</i>, a new era began. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derdowski_takes_charge">Derdowski takes charge</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiarus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Derdowski takes charge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Given free rein by <i>Wiarus'</i>s editorial board, Derdowski assumed his editorial duties with great relish. The editorial board sold <i>Wiarus</i> to Franciszek Gryglaszewski of Minneapolis, censor of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_National_Alliance" title="Polish National Alliance">Polish National Alliance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 19, 1889, Derdowski bought the newspaper from Gryglaszewski for $3,000, becoming both editor and publisher.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Practically nothing escaped Derdowski's attention. He took an interest in both local and national Polish affairs, including developments in what was once Poland. Although himself of Kashubian birth, he took great pride in the quality of his own Polish prose. He also gave himself credit for teaching the Kashubians of Winona "proper Polish," and for a while published a supplement called Kosciuszko for younger Polish American readers. As late as Spring 1892, Wiarus enjoyed the good esteem of the PRCUA, to judge from the Dziennik Chicagoski of March 3, 1892:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unfortunately for Derdowski, he was not a very good businessman. His side ventures as a travel agent and printer did not bring much money, and circulation was therefore always a problem. His own personality gravitated toward the sensational, and if he could channel this into his family business, so much the better. This tactic, however, caused more insult than it did profit. That said, <i>Wiarus</i> performed a unique and important role in America's Polish-language press, not only representing the entire Polish community of the state of Minnesota, but serving as a clearing-house for communication between small Polish communities throughout Minnesota and the Dakotas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Katolik"><i>Katolik</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiarus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Katolik"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning with the June 1, 1893 issue and ending with the August 1, 1895, the name of the paper was changed to Katolik. Some sort of realignment was involved, but it is difficult to tell precisely what. The <i>Katolik</i> contained some interesting things. On page 5 of the February 22, 1894 edition of Katolik appeared an "Oda Perhamska" - a paean to the Polish people of <a href="/wiki/Perham,_Minnesota" title="Perham, Minnesota">Perham, Minnesota</a>. Apparently the change involved more than poetry: <i>Dziennik Chicagoski</i> for March 25, 1895 records a demonstration at Saint Stanislaus Kostka Parish of Chicago against <i>Katolik</i> and another Polish-language paper referred to as Kropidlo.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The April 8 <i>Dziennik Chicagoski</i> represents a similar demonstration by Chicago's Saint John Kantius Parish.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Katolik</i> was also heavily involved in the local uproar at Winona's Saint Stanislaus Kostka Parish. Father Byzewski's 1890 departure as pastor set in motion a test of wills between the local Kashubian community and Rev. Joseph B. Cotter, first bishop of the newly (1889) erected <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Winona" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Winona">Diocese of Winona</a>. There was a revolving door of pastors, including one Father Konstantin Domagalski, who had written for Wiarus under the name of Cyrulik ("The Barber") and Father <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Klawiter" title="Antoni Klawiter">Antoni Klawiter</a>, who would eventually part ways with the Roman Catholic Church and become an "independent" priest. The uproar ended in 1894 when Bishop Cotter appointed Father <a href="/wiki/Jakub_W.J._Pacholski" title="Jakub W.J. Pacholski">Jakub W.J. Pacholski</a> as pastor. From that point Father Pacholski ran Saint Stanislaus - and, indeed, Winona's Kashubian community - with a firm hand until his death in 1932. It is quite likely, pace Ochrymowycz, that Father Pacholski was responsible for changing the name from Katolik back to Wiarus, and not the other way around. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline_and_fall">Decline and fall</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiarus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Decline and fall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A year or so after changing his newspaper's name back to <i>Wiarus</i>, it would appear that Derdowski suffered a stroke. A March 26, 1897 article from <i>Narod Polski</i>, the PRCUA's national newspaper, shows that he retained his power to offend:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It would be impossible for such as <i>Jutrzenka</i>, <i>Glos Ludu</i>, <i>Wiarus</i>, <i>Nowe Zycie,</i> <i>Sztandarek</i> and others to exist in Europe. Not only the government but the public would condemn them.</p></blockquote> <p>But Derdowski had lost his edge. Constant exposure to the high-pressure polemic of America's Polish-language newspaper world and the pressures of providing for his family took its toll on his health. Sadly, Derdowski's death on August 13, 1902 was scarcely even noticed by the Winona newspapers, although remarked by others. After Derdowski's death, Wiarus lost most of its national prominence, although it still sold quite well in Minnesota and in the Dakotas. </p><p>Derdowski's widow, Joanna, kept up the good fight, running <i>Wiarus</i> until 1915, when she sold the newspaper. Wiarus suspended publication on December 17, 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A complete set of bound volumes of <i>Wiarus</i> and <i>Katolik</i> was preserved by John C. Bambenek, the newspaper's last business manager and later, Winona County Treasurer. By courtesy of the Bambenek family, these bound volumes were microfilmed by the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Historical_Society" title="Minnesota Historical Society">Minnesota Historical Society</a> and now reside at the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Cultural_Institute_and_Museum_(Winona,_Minnesota)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Cultural Institute and Museum (Winona, Minnesota)">Polish Cultural Institute and Museum</a> in Winona. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiarus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn90060821/">"Katolik"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Katolik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn90060821%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWiarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bambenek.org/winona-2/kashubian-capital-of-america/">"Kashubian Capital of America – Bambenek.org"</a>. <i>bambenek.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bambenek.org&rft.atitle=Kashubian+Capital+of+America+%E2%80%93+Bambenek.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbambenek.org%2Fwinona-2%2Fkashubian-capital-of-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWiarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fifty Years in the Northwest: With an Introduction and Appendix Containing Reminiscences, Incidents and Notes, p. 729.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leo M. Ochrymowycz, "Polish People of Southeastern Minnesota: Ethnic Heritage," in Gerald J. Langowski (ed.) <i>The Polish Heritage</i> (Winona: 1981), p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ochrymowycz, "Polish People..." p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karen Majewski, <i>Traitors and True Poles: Narrating a Polish-American Identity, 1880-1939,</i> pp. 36-40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rev. Waclaw Kruszka, <i>A History of the Poles in America to 1908</i>, volume 3, page 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ochrymowycz, "Polish People..." pp. 161-162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saint Paul Daily Globe, August 25, 1888</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Winona Daily Republican</i>, January 19, 1889.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120921/http://flps.newberry.org/article/5423968_6_0719">"A Picture of the Polish Press in America (Editorial)"</a>. <i>flps.newberry.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flps.newberry.org/article/5423968_6_0719">the original</a> on 2016-03-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=flps.newberry.org&rft.atitle=A+Picture+of+the+Polish+Press+in+America+%28Editorial%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fflps.newberry.org%2Farticle%2F5423968_6_0719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWiarus" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190159/http://flps.newberry.org/article/5423968_10_0882">"Resolution Adopted at Mass Meeting of Parishioners of St. Stanislaus Kostka Parish"</a>. <i>flps.newberry.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flps.newberry.org/article/5423968_10_0882">the original</a> on 2016-03-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=flps.newberry.org&rft.atitle=Resolution+Adopted+at+Mass+Meeting+of+Parishioners+of+St.+Stanislaus+Kostka+Parish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fflps.newberry.org%2Farticle%2F5423968_10_0882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWiarus" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://flps.newberry.org/article/5423968_10_0876">http://flps.newberry.org/article/5423968_10_0876</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140108183018/http://flps.newberry.org/article/5423968_3_0487">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flps.newberry.org/article/5423968_3_0487">the original</a> on 2014-01-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fflps.newberry.org%2Farticle%2F5423968_3_0487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWiarus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Winona Daily Republican</i>, December 18, 1919.</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wiarus&oldid=1100201076">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wiarus&oldid=1100201076</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish-language_newspapers_published_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Polish-language newspapers published in the United States">Polish-language newspapers published in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kashubian-American_history" title="Category:Kashubian-American history">Kashubian-American history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish-American_culture_in_Minnesota" title="Category:Polish-American culture in Minnesota">Polish-American culture in Minnesota</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kashubian_culture" title="Category:Kashubian culture">Kashubian culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Winona,_Minnesota" title="Category:Winona, Minnesota">Winona, Minnesota</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Non-English-language_newspapers_published_in_Minnesota" title="Category:Non-English-language newspapers published in Minnesota">Non-English-language newspapers published in Minnesota</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_newspapers_published_in_Minnesota" title="Category:Defunct newspapers published in Minnesota">Defunct newspapers published in Minnesota</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_February_2022" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from February 2022">Articles with dead external links from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 July 2022, at 18:08<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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