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id="toc-Native_labourer_categories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_labourer_categories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Native labourer categories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_labourer_categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mau_Mau_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mau_Mau_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Mau Mau warfare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mau_Mau_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 British reaction </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-British_reaction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle British reaction subsection </button> <ul id="toc-British_reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_reaction_to_the_uprising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_reaction_to_the_uprising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 British reaction to the uprising </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_reaction_to_the_uprising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_of_emergency_declared_(October_1952)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_of_emergency_declared_(October_1952)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 State of emergency declared (October 1952) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_of_emergency_declared_(October_1952)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Military operations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operation_Anvil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Anvil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Operation Anvil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Anvil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Air power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swynnerton_Plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swynnerton_Plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Swynnerton Plan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swynnerton_Plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detention_programme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detention_programme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Detention programme </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detention_programme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interrogations_and_confessions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interrogations_and_confessions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1 Interrogations and confessions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interrogations_and_confessions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.2 Works camps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Villagisation_programme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Villagisation_programme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Villagisation programme </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Villagisation_programme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_and_social_concessions_by_the_British" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_and_social_concessions_by_the_British"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Political and social concessions by the British </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_and_social_concessions_by_the_British-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Deaths </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 War crimes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-War_crimes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle War crimes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-War_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_war_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_war_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 British war crimes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_war_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chuka_massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chuka_massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Chuka massacre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chuka_massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hola_massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hola_massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Hola massacre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hola_massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mau_Mau_war_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mau_Mau_war_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Mau Mau war crimes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mau_Mau_war_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lari_massacres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lari_massacres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Lari massacres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lari_massacres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Compensation_claims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compensation_claims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Compensation claims </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compensation_claims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Settlement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mau_Mau_status_in_Kenya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mau_Mau_status_in_Kenya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Mau Mau status in Kenya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mau_Mau_status_in_Kenya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Insurgency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insurgency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Insurgency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insurgency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 General </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mau Mau rebellion</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" > 38 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mau_Mau" title="Mau Mau – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mau Mau" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88" title="انتفاضة ماو ماو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انتفاضة ماو ماو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mau_Mau" title="Mau Mau – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mau Mau" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88_%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مائو مائو عوصیانی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مائو مائو عوصیانی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%83_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Въстание Мау Мау – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Въстание Мау Мау" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel%C2%B7li%C3%B3_del_Mau-Mau" title="Rebel·lió del Mau-Mau – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rebel·lió del Mau-Mau" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povst%C3%A1n%C3%AD_Mau_Mau" title="Povstání Mau Mau – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Povstání Mau Mau" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mau_Mau-opr%C3%B8ret" title="Mau Mau-oprøret – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mau Mau-oprøret" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mau-Mau-Krieg" title="Mau-Mau-Krieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mau-Mau-Krieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mau_Mau" title="Mau Mau – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mau Mau" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%AD_Ma%C5%AD" title="Maŭ Maŭ – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maŭ Maŭ" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mau_Mau_matxinada" title="Mau Mau matxinada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mau Mau matxinada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88" title="شورش مائو مائو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شورش مائو مائو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volte_des_Mau_Mau" title="Révolte des Mau Mau – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Révolte des Mau Mau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ir%C3%AD_Amach_na_Mau_Mau" title="Éirí Amach na Mau Mau – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Éirí Amach na Mau Mau" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9A%B0_%EB%A7%88%EC%9A%B0_%EB%B4%89%EA%B8%B0" title="마우 마우 봉기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마우 마우 봉기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mau-Mau_ustanak" title="Mau-Mau ustanak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mau-Mau ustanak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemberontakan_Mau_Mau" title="Pemberontakan Mau Mau – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemberontakan Mau Mau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mau-Mau" title="Mau-Mau – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mau-Mau" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95" title="מאו מאו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מאו מאו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3-%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A7%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მაუ-მაუს აჯანყება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაუ-მაუს აჯანყება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maumau" title="Maumau – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Maumau" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemberontakan_Mau_Mau" title="Pemberontakan Mau Mau – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemberontakan Mau Mau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mau_Mau-opstand" title="Mau Mau-opstand – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mau Mau-opstand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A6%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A6%E5%9B%A3%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1" title="マウマウ団の乱 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マウマウ団の乱" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mau_Mau-oppr%C3%B8ret" title="Mau Mau-opprøret – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mau Mau-opprøret" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mau-mau-oppr%C3%B8ret" title="Mau-mau-opprøret – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mau-mau-opprøret" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="مائو مائو پاڅون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مائو مائو پاڅون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie_Mau_Mau" title="Powstanie Mau Mau – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Powstanie Mau Mau" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolta_dos_Mau-Mau" title="Revolta dos Mau-Mau – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Revolta dos Mau-Mau" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li 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data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mau-mau-kapina" title="Mau-mau-kapina – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mau-mau-kapina" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mau-Mau-r%C3%B6relsen" title="Mau-Mau-rörelsen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mau-Mau-rörelsen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mau_Mau_%C4%B0syan%C4%B1" title="Mau Mau İsyanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Insurgency in Kenya from 1952 to 1960</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the conflict in Kenya. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Mau Mau (disambiguation)">Mau Mau (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Mau Mau rebellion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">decolonisation of Africa</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:KAR_Mau_Mau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/KAR_Mau_Mau.jpg/300px-KAR_Mau_Mau.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/KAR_Mau_Mau.jpg/450px-KAR_Mau_Mau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/KAR_Mau_Mau.jpg/600px-KAR_Mau_Mau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="617" /></a> Troops of the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_African_Rifles" title="King's African Rifles">King's African Rifles</a> on watch for Mau Mau rebels</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>Main Conflict 7 October, 1952 – 21 October 1956 Mau Mau Remnants 1956 – 1960</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/British_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="British Kenya">British Kenya</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> British victory <ul><li>Rebellion suppressed</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Kenya_%281921%E2%80%931963%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya_%281921%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Kenya_%281921%E2%80%931963%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya_%281921%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Kenya_%281921%E2%80%931963%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kenya_%281921%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/British_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="British Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_the_Uganda_Protectorate.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Uganda_Protectorate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_the_Uganda_Protectorate.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Uganda_Protectorate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_the_Uganda_Protectorate.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Uganda_Protectorate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Mau Mau rebels<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Land_and_Freedom_Army" title="Kenya Land and Freedom Army">Kenya Land and Freedom Army</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai</a> Bands (from 1954)<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1951–1955) <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a> (1955–1957) <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a> (1957–1960) <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ian_Henderson_(police_officer)" title="Ian Henderson (police officer)">Ian Henderson</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/George_Erskine" title="George Erskine">George Erskine</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_O%27Connor" title="Kenneth O'Connor">Kenneth O'Connor</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Kenya_%281921%E2%80%931963%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya_%281921%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Kenya_%281921%E2%80%931963%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya_%281921%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Kenya_%281921%E2%80%931963%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kenya_%281921%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Baring,_1st_Baron_Howick_of_Glendale" title="Evelyn Baring, 1st Baron Howick of Glendale">Evelyn Baring</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Kenya_%281921%E2%80%931963%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya_%281921%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Kenya_%281921%E2%80%931963%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya_%281921%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Kenya_%281921%E2%80%931963%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kenya_%281921%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Terence_Gavaghan" title="Terence Gavaghan">Terence Gavaghan</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Dedan_Kimathi" title="Dedan Kimathi">Dedan Kimathi</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Musa_Mwariama" title="Musa Mwariama">Musa Mwariama</a> <a href="/wiki/Waruhiu_Itote" title="Waruhiu Itote">Waruhiu Itote</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Mathenge" title="Stanley Mathenge">Stanley Mathenge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Missing_in_action" title="Missing in action"><abbr title="Missing in action">MIA</abbr></a>) <a href="/wiki/Kubu_Kubu" title="Kubu Kubu">Kubu Kubu</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 10,000 regular troops 21,000 police 25,000 <a href="/wiki/Kikuyu_Home_Guard" title="Kikuyu Home Guard">Kikuyu Home Guard</a><a href="#cite_note-Page_2011_p206-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson20055-5">[4]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 35,000+ insurgents<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 3,000 native Kenyan police and soldiers killed<a href="#cite_note-Elstein_07Apr2011-7">[6]</a> 95 British military personnel killed<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 12,000–20,000+ killed (including 1,090 executed)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson20054-9">[8]</a> 2,633 captured 2,714 surrendered</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Mau_Mau_Uprising" title="Template:Campaignbox Mau Mau Uprising"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Mau_Mau_Uprising" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Mau Mau Uprising"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Mau_Mau_Uprising" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Mau Mau Uprising"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mau_Mau_rebellion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mau Mau rebellion</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1952 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Waruhiu" title="Assassination of Waruhiu">Assassination of Waruhiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jock_Scott" title="Operation Jock Scott">Operation Jock Scott</a></li></ul> 1953 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruck_Family_massacre" title="Ruck Family massacre">Ruck Family massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lari_massacre" title="Lari massacre">Lari massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuka_massacre" title="Chuka massacre">Chuka massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mushroom" title="Operation Mushroom">Operation Mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve_Battle" title="Christmas Eve Battle">Christmas Eve Battle</a></li></ul> 1954 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Anvil_(Mau_Mau_Uprising)" title="Operation Anvil (Mau Mau Uprising)">Operation Anvil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swynnerton_Plan" title="Swynnerton Plan">Swynnerton Plan</a></li></ul> 1956 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Kimathi" title="Capture of Kimathi">Capture of Kimathi</a></li></ul> 1959 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hola_massacre" title="Hola massacre">Hola massacre</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_Colonial_Emergencies" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_Colonial_Emergencies" title="Template:British Colonial Emergencies"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:British_Colonial_Emergencies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:British Colonial Emergencies (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Colonial_Emergencies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British Colonial Emergencies"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_Colonial_Emergencies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">British Colonial Emergencies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mau Mau Rebellion">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland_emergency_of_1959" title="Nyasaland emergency of 1959">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> The Mau Mau rebellion (1952–1960), also known as the Mau Mau uprising, Mau Mau revolt, or Kenya Emergency, was a war in the British <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya Colony</a> (1920–1963) between the <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Land_and_Freedom_Army" title="Kenya Land and Freedom Army">Kenya Land and Freedom Army</a> (KLFA), also known as the Mau Mau, and the British authorities.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> Dominated by <a href="/wiki/Kikuyu_people" title="Kikuyu people">Kikuyu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meru_people" title="Meru people">Meru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Embu_people" title="Embu people">Embu</a> fighters, the KLFA also comprised units of <a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Kamba</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai</a> who fought against the European colonists in Kenya - the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>, and the local <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Regiment" title="Kenya Regiment">Kenya Regiment</a> (British colonists, local auxiliary militia, and pro-British Kikuyu).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[b]</a> The capture of Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Dedan_Kimathi" title="Dedan Kimathi">Dedan Kimathi</a> on 21 October 1956 signalled the defeat of the Mau Mau, and essentially ended the British military campaign.<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> However, the rebellion survived until after Kenya's independence from Britain, driven mainly by the <a href="/wiki/Meru_people" title="Meru people">Meru</a> units led by Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Musa_Mwariama" title="Musa Mwariama">Musa Mwariama</a>. General Baimungi, one of the last Mau Mau leaders, was killed shortly after Kenya attained self-rule.<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> The KLFA failed to capture wide public support.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_F%C3%BCredi" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Füredi">Frank Füredi</a>, in The Mau Mau War in Perspective, suggests this was due to a British <a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">divide and rule</a> strategy,<a href="#cite_note-Mumford_2012_p49-17">[15]</a> which they had developed in suppressing the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a> (1948–60).<a href="#cite_note-Füredi_1989_5-18">[16]</a> The Mau Mau movement remained internally divided, despite attempts to unify the factions. On the colonial side, the uprising created a rift between the European colonial community in Kenya and the <a href="/wiki/Metropole" title="Metropole">metropole</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Maloba_1998-19">[17]</a> as well as violent divisions within the <a href="/wiki/Kikuyu_people" title="Kikuyu people">Kikuyu</a> community:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson20054-9">[8]</a> "Much of the struggle tore through the African communities themselves, an internecine war waged between rebels and 'loyalists' – Africans who took the side of the government and opposed Mau Mau."<a href="#cite_note-Branch_2009_pxii-20">[18]</a> Suppressing the Mau Mau Uprising in the Kenyan colony cost Britain £55 million<a href="#cite_note-Gerlach_2010_213-21">[19]</a> and caused at least 11,000 <a href="#Deaths">deaths</a> among the Mau Mau and other forces, with some estimates considerably higher.<a href="#cite_note-Bloody_uprising_of_the_Mau_Mau-22">[20]</a> This included 1,090 executions by hanging.<a href="#cite_note-Bloody_uprising_of_the_Mau_Mau-22">[20]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mau_Mau_rebellion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 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.sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Kenya" title="Category:History of Kenya">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kenya" title="History of Kenya">History of Kenya</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/wiki/File:Insigne_Keniae.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of Kenya"><img alt="Coat of Arms of Kenya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Insigne_Keniae.svg/50px-Insigne_Keniae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Insigne_Keniae.svg/75px-Insigne_Keniae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Insigne_Keniae.svg/100px-Insigne_Keniae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="611" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content wrap"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Kenya" title="Timeline of Kenya">Overview</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Kenya" title="Timeline of Kenya">Timeline of Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Kenya" title="List of years in Kenya">List of years in Kenya</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content wrap"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kenya#Paleolithic" title="History of Kenya">Pleistocene</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koobi_Fora" title="Koobi Fora">Koobi Fora Hominins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olorgesailie" title="Olorgesailie">Olorgesailie Aechulean hand axe culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kariandusi_prehistoric_site" title="Kariandusi prehistoric site">Kariandusi prehistoric site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enkapune_Ya_Muto" title="Enkapune Ya Muto">Enkapune Ya Muto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataruk" title="Nataruk">Nataruk</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content wrap"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kenya#Neolithic" title="History of Kenya">Neolithic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lothagam_North_Pillar_Site" title="Lothagam North Pillar Site">Lothagam North Monumental Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalokol_Pillar_Site" title="Kalokol Pillar Site">Kalokol Pillar Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmenteitan" title="Elmenteitan">Elmenteitan Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savanna_Pastoral_Neolithic" title="Savanna Pastoral Neolithic">Cushitic expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eburran_industry" title="Eburran industry">Eburran industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrax_Hill" title="Hyrax Hill">Hyrax Hill</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content wrap"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kenya#Iron_Age" title="History of Kenya">African Iron Age</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sirikwa_culture" title="Sirikwa culture">Sirikwa culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilotic_peoples" title="Nilotic peoples">Nilotic expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urewe" title="Urewe">Urewe culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thimlich_Ohinga" title="Thimlich Ohinga">Thimlich Ohinga stone-built ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shungwaya" title="Shungwaya">Shungwaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaya_(Mijikenda)" title="Kaya (Mijikenda)">Mijikenda Kayas (Fortified settlements)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_trade" title="Indian Ocean trade">Indian Ocean trade route</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content wrap"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kenya#Swahili_culture_and_trade" title="History of Kenya">Swahili city-states</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_people" title="Swahili people">Swahili people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_culture" title="Swahili culture">Swahili culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilwa_Sultanate" title="Kilwa Sultanate">Kilwa Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mombasa#History" title="Mombasa">History of Mombasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malindi#History" title="Malindi">History of Malindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamu#History" title="Lamu">History of Lamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins_of_Gedi" title="Ruins of Gedi">Ruins of Gedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumba_la_Mtwana" title="Jumba la Mtwana">Jumba la Mtwana</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content wrap"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kenya#Portuguese_and_Omani_influences" title="History of Kenya">Portuguese and Omani period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Jesus" title="Fort Jesus">Fort Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="East African slave trade">East African slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Said_bin_Sultan" title="Said bin Sultan">Said bin Sultan</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content wrap"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kenya#British_rule_(1895–1963)" title="History of Kenya">British colonial period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_Krapf" title="Johann Ludwig Krapf">Johann Ludwig Krapf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_British_East_Africa_Company" title="Imperial British East Africa Company">Imperial British East Africa Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanga_Kingdom" title="Wanga Kingdom">Wanga Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabongo_Mumia" title="Nabongo Mumia">Nabongo Mumia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya-Uganda_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenya-Uganda Railway">Kenya-Uganda Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandi_Resistance" title="Nandi Resistance">Nandi Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_East_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="British East Africa">British East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Railway" title="Uganda Railway">Kenya-Uganda Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekatilili_Wa_Menza" title="Mekatilili Wa Menza">Mekatilili Wa Menza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East African campaign (World War I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumboism" title="Mumboism">Mumboism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Union_(Welfare_Organisation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luo Union (Welfare Organisation)">Luo Union (Welfare Organisation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Thuku" title="Harry Thuku">Harry Thuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_in_World_War_II" title="Kenya in World War II">Kenya in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_African_Union" title="Kenya African Union">Kenya African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Jomo Kenyatta">Jomo Kenyatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mau Mau Rebellion">Mau Mau Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedan_Kimathi" title="Dedan Kimathi">Dedan Kimathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mboya" title="Tom Mboya">Tom Mboya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oginga_Odinga" class="mw-redirect" title="Oginga Odinga">Oginga Odinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairobi_People%27s_Convention_Party" title="Nairobi People's Convention Party">Nairobi People's Convention Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kennedy_Airlift" title="The Kennedy Airlift">The Kennedy Airlift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_African_National_Union" title="Kenya African National Union">Kenya African National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Conferences_(Kenya)" title="Lancaster House Conferences (Kenya)">Lancaster House Conferences (Kenya)</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content wrap"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kenya#Independence" title="History of Kenya">Early post-independence</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pio_Gama_Pinto" title="Pio Gama Pinto">Pio Gama Pinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bildad_Kaggia" title="Bildad Kaggia">Bildad Kaggia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_People%27s_Union" title="Kenya People's Union">Kenya People's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Kenyan_parliamentary_by-elections" title="1966 Kenyan parliamentary by-elections">'Little general election'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisumu_massacre" title="Kisumu massacre">Kisumu Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gikuyu,_Embu,_and_Meru_Association" title="Gikuyu, Embu, and Meru Association">Gikuyu, Embu, and Meru Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Mwangi_Kariuki" title="Josiah Mwangi Kariuki">Josiah Mwangi Kariuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Presidency of Jomo Kenyatta">Presidency of Jomo Kenyatta</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content wrap"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kenya#Moi_regime_(1978–2002)" title="History of Kenya">Moi era</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Arap_Moi" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Arap Moi">Daniel Arap Moi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Kenyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1982 Kenyan coup d'état attempt">1982 coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagalla_massacre" title="Wagalla massacre">Wagalla massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Kenyan_general_election" title="1992 Kenyan general election">1992 Kenyan general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Kenya" title="HIV/AIDS in Kenya">HIV/AIDS in Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Kenyan_general_election" title="1997 Kenyan general election">1997 Kenyan general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_embassy_bombings" title="1998 United States embassy bombings">1998 United States embassy bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Kenya" title="Terrorism in Kenya">Terrorism in Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Daniel_Moi" title="Presidency of Daniel Moi">Presidency of Daniel Moi</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content wrap"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kenya#Recent_history_(2002_to_present)" title="History of Kenya">Recent history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_Kenyan_general_election" title="2002 Kenyan general election">2002 Kenyan general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwai_Kibaki" title="Mwai Kibaki">Mwai Kibaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Kenyan_constitutional_referendum" title="2005 Kenyan constitutional referendum">2005 Kenyan constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007-2008_Kenyan_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2007-2008 Kenyan crisis">2007-2008 Kenyan crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raila_Odinga" title="Raila Odinga">Raila Odinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Kenyan_constitutional_referendum" title="2010 Kenyan constitutional referendum">2010 Kenyan constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Linda_Nchi" title="Operation Linda Nchi">Operation Linda Nchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westgate_shopping_mall_attack" title="Westgate shopping mall attack">Westgate shopping mall attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpeketoni_attacks" title="Mpeketoni attacks">2014 Mpeketoni attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Mwai_Kibaki" title="Presidency of Mwai Kibaki">Presidency of Mwai Kibaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uhuru_Kenyatta" title="Uhuru Kenyatta">Uhuru Kenyatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ruto" title="William Ruto">William Ruto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garissa_University_College_attack" title="Garissa University College attack">Garissa University College attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2017_Kenyan_presidential_election" title="October 2017 Kenyan presidential election">October 2017 Kenyan presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Kenya_handshake" title="2018 Kenya handshake">2018 Kenya handshake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kenya" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya">COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Uhuru_Kenyatta" title="Presidency of Uhuru Kenyatta">Presidency of Uhuru Kenyatta</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/16px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/24px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Kenya" title="Portal:Kenya">Kenya portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Kenya" title="Template:History of Kenya"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Kenya" title="Template talk:History of Kenya"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Kenya" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Kenya"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kenya_sm02.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Kenya_sm02.png" decoding="async" width="326" height="351" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption>Map of Kenya</figcaption></figure> The origin of the term Mau Mau is uncertain. According to some members of Mau Mau, they never referred to themselves as such, instead preferring the military title Kenya Land and Freedom Army (KLFA).<a href="#cite_note-Kanogo_1992_23to25-23">[21]</a> Some publications, such as Fred Majdalany's State of Emergency: The Full Story of Mau Mau, claim it was an anagram of Uma Uma (which means "Get out! Get out!") and was a military codeword based on a secret language game Kikuyu boys used to play at the time of their circumcision. Majdalany also says the British simply used the name as a label for the Kikuyu ethnic community without assigning any specific definition.<a href="#cite_note-Majdalany_1963_75-24">[22]</a> However, there was a <a href="/wiki/Maji_Maji_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Maji Maji rebellion">Maji Maji rebellion</a> in <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a>/Tanzania in 1905/6, ('Maji' meaning 'water' after a 'water-medicine') so this may be the origin of Mau Mau. As the movement progressed, a <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> <a href="/wiki/Backronym" title="Backronym">backronym</a> was adopted: "<a href="/wiki/Mzungu" title="Mzungu">Mzungu</a> Aende Ulaya, Mwafrika Apate Uhuru", meaning "Let the foreigner go back abroad, let the African regain independence".<a href="#cite_note-Kariuki_1960_167-25">[23]</a> J. M. Kariuki, a member of Mau Mau who was detained during the conflict, suggests the British preferred to use the term Mau Mau instead of KLFA to deny the Mau Mau rebellion international legitimacy.<a href="#cite_note-Kariuki_1960_24-26">[24]</a> Kariuki also wrote that the term Mau Mau was adopted by the rebellion in order to counter what they regarded as colonial propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-Kariuki_1960_167-25">[23]</a> Author and activist <a href="/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a> indicates that, to her, the most interesting story of the origin of the name is the Kikuyu phrase for the beginning of a list. When beginning a list in Kikuyu, one says, "maũndũ ni mau", "the main issues are...", and holds up three fingers to introduce them. Maathai says the three issues for the Mau Mau were land, freedom, and self-governance.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mau_Mau_rebellion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:42%; ; font-size: 85%; color: #202122;background-color: AliceBlue; bold"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote right-aligned" style="text-align: left;"> The principal item in the natural resources of Kenya is the land, and in this term we include the colony's mineral resources. It seems to us that our major objective must clearly be the preservation and the wise use of this most important asset.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis2003320-28">[26]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="text-align: right;">—Deputy Governor to Secretary of State for the Colonies, 19 March 1945</cite> </div> The armed rebellion of the Mau Mau was the culminating response to colonial rule.<a href="#cite_note-Coray_1978_p179-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200515,_22-30">[28]</a> Although there had been previous instances of violent resistance to colonialism, the Mau Mau revolt was the most prolonged and violent anti-colonial warfare in the British Kenya colony. From the start, the land was the primary British interest in Kenya,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis2003320-28">[26]</a> which had "some of the richest agricultural soils in the world, mostly in districts where the elevation and climate make it possible for Europeans to reside permanently".<a href="#cite_note-Ormsby-Gore_1925_p149-31">[29]</a> Though declared a colony in 1920, the formal British colonial presence in Kenya began with a proclamation on 1 July 1895, in which Kenya was claimed as a British <a href="/wiki/Protectorate#Colonial_protection" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Alam_2007_p1-32">[30]</a> Even before 1895, however, Britain's presence in Kenya was marked by <a href="/wiki/Dispossession" class="mw-redirect" title="Dispossession">dispossession</a> and <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a>. In 1894, British MP <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Dilke,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Dilke, 2nd Baronet">Sir Charles Dilke</a> had observed in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>, "The only person who has up to the present time benefited from our enterprise in the heart of Africa has been Mr. <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Maxim" title="Hiram Maxim">Hiram Maxim</a>" (inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Maxim_gun" title="Maxim gun">Maxim gun</a>, the first automatic machine gun).<a href="#cite_note-Ellis_1986_p100-33">[31]</a> During the period in which Kenya's interior was being forcibly opened up for British settlement, there was a great deal of conflict and British troops carried out atrocities against the native population.<a href="#cite_note-Edgerton_1989_4-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meinertzhagen_1957_51_52-35">[33]</a> Opposition to British imperialism had existed from the start of British occupation. The most notable include the <a href="/wiki/Nandi_Resistance" title="Nandi Resistance">Nandi Resistance</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Koitalel_Arap_Samoei" title="Koitalel Arap Samoei">Koitalel Arap Samoei</a> of 1895–1905;<a href="#cite_note-Alam_2007_p2-36">[34]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Giriama_people" title="Giriama people">Giriama</a> Uprising led by <a href="/wiki/Mekatilili_Wa_Menza" title="Mekatilili Wa Menza">Mekatilili wa Menza</a> of 1913–1914;<a href="#cite_note-Brantley_1981-37">[35]</a> the women's revolt against <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labour</a> in <a href="/wiki/Murang%27a_County" title="Murang'a County">Murang'a</a> in 1947;<a href="#cite_note-Atieno-Odhiambo_1995_p25-38">[36]</a> and the Kolloa Affray of 1950.<a href="#cite_note-Ogot_2003_15-39">[37]</a> None of the armed uprisings during the beginning of British colonialism in Kenya were successful.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> The nature of fighting in Kenya led <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> to express concern about the scale of the fighting: "No doubt the clans should have been punished. 160 have now been killed outright without any further casualties on our side.… It looks like a butchery. If the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">H. of C.</a> gets hold of it, all our plans in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">E.A.P.</a> will be under a cloud. Surely it cannot be necessary to go on killing these defenceless people on such an enormous scale."<a href="#cite_note-Maxon_1989_44-41">[39]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:39%; ; font-size: 85%; color: #202122;background-color: AliceBlue;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote right-aligned" style="text-align: left;"> You may travel through the length and breadth of Kitui Reserve and you will fail to find in it any enterprise, building, or structure of any sort which Government has provided at the cost of more than a few sovereigns for the direct benefit of the natives. The place was little better than a wilderness when I first knew it 25 years ago, and it remains a wilderness to-day as far as our efforts are concerned. If we left that district to-morrow the only permanent evidence of our occupation would be the buildings we have erected for the use of our tax-collecting staff.<a href="#cite_note-Ormsby-Gore_1925_p187-42">[40]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="text-align: right;">—Chief Native Commissioner of Kenya, 1925</cite> </div> <a href="/wiki/Settler_society" title="Settler society">Settler societies</a> during the colonial period could own a disproportionate share of land.<a href="#cite_note-Mosley_1983_5-43">[41]</a> The first settlers arrived in 1902 as part of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Eliot_(diplomat)" title="Charles Eliot (diplomat)">Governor Charles Eliot</a>'s plan to have a settler economy pay for the <a href="/wiki/Uganda_Railway" title="Uganda Railway">Uganda Railway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson20053-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> The success of this settler economy would depend heavily on the availability of land, labour and capital,<a href="#cite_note-Kanogo_1993_8-46">[44]</a> and so, over the next three decades, the colonial government and settlers consolidated their control over Kenyan land, and forced native Kenyans to become <a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">wage labourers</a>. Until the mid-1930s, the two primary complaints were low native Kenyan wages and the requirement to carry an identity document, the <a href="/wiki/Kipande" title="Kipande">kipande</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200510-47">[45]</a> From the early 1930s, however, two others began to come to prominence: effective and elected African-political-representation, and land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200510-47">[45]</a> The British response to this clamour for <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_reform" title="Agrarian reform">agrarian reform</a> came in the early 1930s when they set up the Carter Land Commission.<a href="#cite_note-Carter_1934-48">[46]</a> The Commission reported in 1934, but its conclusions, recommendations and concessions to Kenyans were so conservative that any chance of a peaceful resolution to native Kenyan land-hunger was ended.<a href="#cite_note-Coray_1978_p179-29">[27]</a> Through a series of <a href="/wiki/Expropriation" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriation">expropriations</a>, the government seized about 7,000,000 acres (28,000 km2; 11,000 sq mi) of land, most of it in the fertile hilly regions of <a href="/wiki/Central_Province_(Kenya)" title="Central Province (Kenya)">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rift_Valley_Province" title="Rift Valley Province">Rift Valley Provinces</a>, later known as the <a href="/wiki/White_Highlands" title="White Highlands">White Highlands</a> due to the exclusively European-owned farmland there.<a href="#cite_note-Kanogo_1993_8-46">[44]</a> In Nyanza the Commission restricted 1,029,422 native Kenyans to 7,114 square miles (18,430 km2), while granting 16,700 square miles (43,000 km2) to 17,000 Europeans.<a href="#cite_note-Shilaro_2002_123-49">[47]</a> By the 1930s, and for the Kikuyu in particular, land had become the number one grievance concerning colonial rule,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200510-47">[45]</a> the situation so acute by 1948 that 1,250,000 Kikuyu had ownership of 2,000 square miles (5,200 km2), while 30,000 British settlers owned 12,000 square miles (31,000 km2), albeit most of it not on traditional Kikuyu land. "In particular", the British government's 1925 East Africa Commission noted, "the treatment of the <a href="/wiki/Giriama_people" title="Giriama people">Giriama tribe</a> [from the coastal regions] was very bad. This tribe was moved backwards and forwards so as to secure for the Crown areas which could be granted to Europeans."<a href="#cite_note-Ormsby-Gore_1925_p159-50">[48]</a> The Kikuyu, who lived in the <a href="/wiki/Kiambu_County" title="Kiambu County">Kiambu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyeri_County" title="Nyeri County">Nyeri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muranga_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Muranga County">Murang'a</a> areas of what became Central Province, were one of the ethnic groups most affected by the colonial government's land expropriation and European settlement;<a href="#cite_note-Edgerton_1989_5-51">[49]</a> by 1933, they had had over 109.5 square miles (284 km2) of their potentially highly valuable land alienated.<a href="#cite_note-Kanogo_1993_9-52">[50]</a> The Kikuyu mounted a legal challenge against the expropriation of their land, but a Kenya High Court decision of 1921 reaffirmed its legality.<a href="#cite_note-Ormsby-Gore_1925_p29-53">[51]</a> In terms of lost acreage, the <a href="/wiki/Masai_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Masai people">Masai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nandi_people" title="Nandi people">Nandi people</a> were the biggest losers of land.<a href="#cite_note-Welch_1980_p16-54">[52]</a> The colonial government and white farmers also wanted cheap labour<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_2004_p498-55">[53]</a> which, for a period, the government acquired from native Kenyans through force.<a href="#cite_note-Kanogo_1993_9-52">[50]</a> Confiscating the land itself helped to create a pool of wage labourers, but the colony introduced measures that forced more native Kenyans to submit to wage labour: the introduction of the Hut and Poll Taxes (1901 and 1910 respectively);<a href="#cite_note-Kanogo_1993_9-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ormsby-Gore_1925_p173-56">[54]</a> the establishment of reserves for each ethnic group,<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[c]</a> which isolated ethnic groups and often exacerbated overcrowding;[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] the discouragement of native Kenyans' growing <a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">cash crops</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Kanogo_1993_9-52">[50]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Master_and_Servant_Act" title="Master and Servant Act">Masters and Servants Ordinance</a> (1906) and an identification pass known as the kipande (1918) to control the movement of labour and to curb desertion;<a href="#cite_note-Kanogo_1993_9-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_2004_p506-59">[56]</a> and the exemption of wage labourers from forced labour and other detested obligations such as conscription.<a href="#cite_note-Kanogo_1993_13-60">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_2004_p505-61">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_labourer_categories">Native labourer categories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mau_Mau_rebellion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Native labourer categories">edit</a>]</div> Native Kenyan labourers were of three categories: squatter, contract, or casual.<a href="#cite_note-63">[d]</a> By the end of World War I, squatters had become well established on European farms and plantations in Kenya, with Kikuyu squatters constituting the majority of agricultural workers on <a href="/wiki/Kipande_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Kipande system">settler plantations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kanogo_1993_8-46">[44]</a> An unintended consequence of colonial rule,<a href="#cite_note-Kanogo_1993_8-46">[44]</a> the squatters were targeted from 1918 onwards by a series of Resident Native Labourers Ordinances—criticised by at least some <a href="/wiki/Member_of_parliament" title="Member of parliament">MPs</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a>—which progressively curtailed squatter rights and subordinated native Kenyan farming to that of the settlers.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_p17-65">[61]</a> The Ordinance of 1939 finally eliminated squatters' remaining tenancy rights, and permitted settlers to demand 270 days' labour from any squatters on their land.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_2004_p508-66">[62]</a> and, after World War II, the situation for squatters deteriorated rapidly, a situation the squatters resisted fiercely.<a href="#cite_note-Kanogo1987_96-97-67">[63]</a> In the early 1920s, though, despite the presence of 100,000 squatters and tens of thousands more wage labourers,<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_2004_p507-68">[64]</a> there was still not enough native Kenyan labour available to satisfy the settlers' needs.<a href="#cite_note-Ormsby-Gore_1925_p166-69">[65]</a> The colonial government duly tightened the measures to force more Kenyans to become low-paid wage-labourers on settler farms.<a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> The colonial government used the measures brought in as part of its land expropriation and labour 'encouragement' efforts to craft the third plank of its growth strategy for its settler economy: subordinating African farming to that of the Europeans.<a href="#cite_note-Kanogo_1993_9-52">[50]</a> Nairobi also assisted the settlers with rail and road networks, subsidies on freight charges, agricultural and veterinary services, and credit and loan facilities.<a href="#cite_note-Kanogo_1993_8-46">[44]</a> The near-total neglect of native farming during the first two decades of European settlement was noted by the East Africa Commission.<a href="#cite_note-Ormsby-Gore_1925_p155-156-71">[67]</a> The resentment of colonial rule would not have been decreased by the wanting provision of medical services for native Kenyans,<a href="#cite_note-Ormsby-Gore_1925_p180-72">[68]</a> nor by the fact that in 1923, for example, "the maximum amount that could be considered to have been spent on services provided exclusively for the benefit of the native population was slightly over one-quarter of the taxes paid by them".<a href="#cite_note-Ormsby-Gore_1925_p187-42">[40]</a> The tax burden on Europeans in the early 1920s, meanwhile, was very light relative to their income.<a href="#cite_note-Ormsby-Gore_1925_p187-42">[40]</a> Interwar infrastructure-development was also largely paid for by the indigenous population.<a href="#cite_note-Swainson_1980_p23-73">[69]</a> Kenyan employees were often poorly treated by their European employers, with some settlers arguing that native Kenyans "were as children and should be treated as such". Some settlers flogged their servants for petty offences. To make matters even worse, native Kenyan workers were poorly served by colonial labour-legislation and a prejudiced legal-system. The vast majority of Kenyan employees' violations of labour legislation were settled with "rough justice" meted out by their employers. Most colonial magistrates appear to have been unconcerned by the illegal practice of settler-administered flogging; indeed, during the 1920s, flogging was the magisterial punishment-of-choice for native Kenyan convicts. The principle of punitive sanctions against workers was not removed from the Kenyan labour statutes until the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_2004_pp507-526-74">[70]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:33%; ; font-size: 85%; color: #202122;background-color: AliceBlue;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote right-aligned" style="text-align: left;"> The greater part of the wealth of the country is at present in our hands. ... This land we have made is our land by right—by right of achievement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis2003320–321-75">[71]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="text-align: right;">—Speech by Deputy Colonial Governor 30 November 1946</cite> </div> As a result of the situation in the highlands and growing job opportunities in the cities, thousands of Kikuyu migrated into cities in search of work, contributing to the doubling of <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>'s population between 1938 and 1952.<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a> At the same time, there was a small, but growing, class of Kikuyu landowners who consolidated Kikuyu landholdings and forged ties with the colonial administration, leading to an economic rift within the Kikuyu. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mau_Mau_warfare">Mau Mau warfare</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mau_Mau_rebellion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mau Mau warfare">edit</a>]</div> Mau Mau were the militant wing of a growing clamour for political representation and freedom in Kenya. The first attempt to form a countrywide political party began on 1 October 1944.<a href="#cite_note-Ogot_2003_16-77">[73]</a> This fledgling organisation was called the Kenya African Study Union. <a href="/wiki/Harry_Thuku" title="Harry Thuku">Harry Thuku</a> was the first chairman, but he soon resigned. There is dispute over Thuku's reason for leaving KASU: Bethwell Ogot says Thuku "found the responsibility too heavy";<a href="#cite_note-Ogot_2003_16-77">[73]</a> David Anderson states that "he walked out in disgust" as the militant section of KASU took the initiative.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005282-78">[74]</a> KASU changed its name to the <a href="/wiki/Kenya_African_Union" title="Kenya African Union">Kenya African Union</a> (KAU) in 1946. Author Wangari Maathai writes that many of the organizers were ex-soldiers who fought for the British in Ceylon, Somalia, and Burma during the Second World War. When they returned to Kenya, they were never paid and did not receive recognition for their service, whereas their British counterparts were awarded medals and received land, sometimes from the Kenyan veterans.<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> The failure of KAU to attain any significant reforms or redress of grievances from the colonial authorities shifted the political initiative to younger and more militant figures within the native Kenyan trade union movement, among the squatters on the settler estates in the Rift Valley and in KAU branches in Nairobi and the Kikuyu districts of central province.<a href="#cite_note-Berman_1991_p198-80">[76]</a> Around 1943, residents of Olenguruone Settlement radicalised the traditional practice of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oathing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oathing (page does not exist)">oathing</a>, and extended oathing to women and children.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_p25-81">[77]</a> By the mid-1950s, 90% of Kikuyu, Embu and Meru were oathed.<a href="#cite_note-Branch_2007_p1-82">[78]</a> On 3 October 1952, Mau Mau claimed their first European victim when they stabbed a woman to death near her home in Thika.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_32-83">[79]</a> Six days later, on 9 October, Senior Chief Waruhiu was shot dead in broad daylight in his car,<a href="#cite_note-Edgerton_1989_65-84">[80]</a> which was an important blow against the colonial government.<a href="#cite_note-Füredi_1989_116-85">[81]</a> Waruhiu had been one of the strongest supporters of the British presence in Kenya. His assassination gave <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Baring,_1st_Baron_Howick_of_Glendale" title="Evelyn Baring, 1st Baron Howick of Glendale">Evelyn Baring</a> the final impetus to request permission from the Colonial Office to declare a State of Emergency.<a href="#cite_note-Edgerton_1989_66_67-86">[82]</a> The Mau Mau attacks were mostly well organised and planned. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">...the insurgents' lack of heavy weaponry and the heavily entrenched police and Home Guard positions meant that Mau Mau attacks were restricted to nighttime and where loyalist positions were weak. When attacks did commence they were fast and brutal, as insurgents were easily able to identify loyalists because they were often local to those communities themselves. The <a href="/wiki/Lari_massacre" title="Lari massacre">Lari massacre</a> was by comparison rather outstanding and in contrast to regular Mau Mau strikes which more often than not targeted only loyalists without such massive civilian casualties. "Even the attack upon Lari, in the view of the rebel commanders was strategic and specific."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005252-87">[83]</a></blockquote> The Mau Mau command, contrary to the Home Guard who were stigmatised as "the running dogs of British Imperialism",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005239-88">[84]</a> were relatively well educated. General Gatunga had previously been a respected and well-read Christian teacher in his local Kikuyu community. He was known to meticulously record his attacks in a series of five notebooks, which when executed were often swift and strategic, targeting loyalist community leaders he had previously known as a teacher.<a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> The Mau Mau military strategy was mainly guerrilla attacks launched under the cover of darkness. They used improvised and stolen weapons such as guns,<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> as well as weapons such as machetes and bows and arrows in their attacks.<a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a> They maimed cattle and, in one case, poisoned a herd.<a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> In addition to physical warfare, the Mau Mau rebellion also generated a propaganda war, where both the British and Mau Mau fighters battled for the hearts and minds of Kenya's population. Mau Mau propaganda represented the apex of an 'information war' that had been fought since 1945, between colonial information staff and African intellectuals and newspaper editors.<a href="#cite_note-:3-94">[90]</a> The Mau Mau had learned much from - and built upon - the experience and advice of newspaper editors since 1945. In some cases, the editors of various publications in the colony were directly involved in producing Mau Mau propaganda. British Officials struggled to compete with the 'hybrid, porous, and responsive character' during the rebellion, and faced the same challenges in responding to Mau Mau propaganda, particularly in instances where the Mau Mau would use creative ways such as hymns to win and maintain followers.<a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a> This was far more effective than government newspapers; however, once colonial officials brought the insurgency under control by late 1954, information officials gained an uncontested arena through which they won the propaganda war.<a href="#cite_note-:3-94">[90]</a> Women formed a core part of the Mau Mau, especially in maintaining supply lines. Initially able to avoid the suspicion, they moved through colonial spaces and between Mau Mau hideouts and strongholds, to deliver vital supplies and services to guerrilla fighters including food, ammunition, medical care, and of course, information. Women such as <a href="/wiki/Wamuyu_Gakuru" title="Wamuyu Gakuru">Wamuyu Gakuru</a>, exemplified this key role.<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> An unknown number also fought in the war, with the most high-ranking being <a href="/wiki/Muthoni_Kirima" title="Muthoni Kirima">Field Marshal Muthoni</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_reaction">British reaction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mau_Mau_rebellion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: British reaction">edit</a>]</div> The British and international view was that Mau Mau was a savage, violent, and depraved tribal cult, an expression of unrestrained emotion rather than reason. Mau Mau was "perverted tribalism" that sought to take the Kikuyu people back to "the bad old days" before British rule.<a href="#cite_note-Füredi_1989_4-97">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berman_1991_pp182-183-98">[94]</a> The official British explanation of the revolt did not include the insights of agrarian and agricultural experts, of economists and historians, or even of Europeans who had spent a long period living amongst the Kikuyu such as <a href="/wiki/Louis_Leakey" title="Louis Leakey">Louis Leakey</a>. Not for the first time,<a href="#cite_note-Mahone_2006-99">[95]</a> the British instead relied on the purported insights of the ethnopsychiatrist; with Mau Mau, it fell to John Colin Carothers to perform the desired analysis. This ethnopsychiatric analysis guided British psychological warfare, which painted Mau Mau as "an irrational force of evil, dominated by bestial impulses and influenced by world communism", and the later official study of the uprising, the Corfield Report.<a href="#cite_note-McCulloch_2006_64to76-100">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a> The psychological war became of critical importance to military and civilian leaders who tried to "emphasise that there was in effect a civil war, and that the struggle was not black versus white", attempting to isolate Mau Mau from the Kikuyu, and the Kikuyu from the rest of the colony's population and the world outside. In driving a wedge between Mau Mau and the Kikuyu generally, these propaganda efforts essentially played no role, though they could apparently claim an important contribution to the isolation of Mau Mau from the non-Kikuyu sections of the population.<a href="#cite_note-Füredi_1994_119to121-102">[98]</a> By the mid-1960s, the view of Mau Mau as simply irrational activists was being challenged by memoirs of former members and leaders that portrayed Mau Mau as an essential, if radical, component of African nationalism in Kenya and by academic studies that analysed the movement as a modern and nationalist response to the unfairness and oppression of colonial domination.<a href="#cite_note-Berman_1991_pp183-185-103">[99]</a> There continues to be vigorous debate within Kenyan society and among the academic community within and outside Kenya regarding the nature of Mau Mau and its aims, as well as the response to and effects of the uprising.<a href="#cite_note-Clough_1998_p4-104">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Branch_2009_p3-105">[101]</a> Nevertheless, partly because as many Kikuyu fought against Mau Mau on the side of the colonial government as joined them in rebellion,<a href="#cite_note-Branch_2009_pxii-20">[18]</a> the conflict is now often regarded in academic circles as an intra-Kikuyu civil war,<a href="#cite_note-Branch_2009_p3-105">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> a characterisation that remains extremely unpopular in Kenya. In August 1952, Kenyatta told a Kikuyu audience "Mau Mau has spoiled the country...Let Mau Mau perish forever. All people should search for Mau Mau and kill it".<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc_07042011-108">[104]</a> Kenyatta described the conflict in his memoirs as a <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> rather than a rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a> One reason that the revolt was largely limited to the Kikuyu people was, in part, that they had suffered the most as a result of the negative aspects of British colonialism.<a href="#cite_note-Füredi_1989_4to5-110">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berman_1991_p196-111">[107]</a> Wunyabari O. Maloba regards the rise of the Mau Mau movement as "without doubt, one of the most important events in recent African history".<a href="#cite_note-thomas1993-112">[108]</a> David Anderson, however, considers Maloba's and similar work to be the product of "swallowing too readily the propaganda of the Mau Mau war", noting the similarity between such analysis and the "simplistic" earlier studies of Mau Mau.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200510-47">[45]</a> This earlier work cast the Mau Mau war in strictly bipolar terms, "as conflicts between anti-colonial nationalists and colonial collaborators".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200510-47">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Elkins" title="Caroline Elkins">Caroline Elkins</a>' 2005 study, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Reckoning" title="Imperial Reckoning">Imperial Reckoning</a>, awarded the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_General_Nonfiction" title="Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction">Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Pulitzer-113">[109]</a> was also controversial in that she was accused of presenting an equally binary portrayal of the conflict<a href="#cite_note-Ogot_2005_502-114">[110]</a> and of drawing questionable conclusions from limited census data, in particular her assertion that the victims of British punitive measures against the Kikuyu amounted to as many as 300,000 dead.<a href="#cite_note-elstein-115">[111]</a> While Elstein regards the "requirement" for the "great majority of Kikuyu" to live inside 800 "fortified villages" as "serv[ing] the purpose of protection", Professor David Anderson (amongst others) regards the "compulsory resettlement" of "1,007,500 Kikuyu" inside what, for the "most" part, were "little more than concentration camps" as "punitive ... to punish Mau Mau sympathisers".<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:40%; ; font-size: 85%; color: #202122;background-color: AliceBlue;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote right-aligned" style="text-align: left;"> It is often assumed that in a conflict there are two sides in opposition to one another, and that a person who is not actively committed to one side must be supporting the other. During the course of a conflict, leaders on both sides will use this argument to gain active support from the "crowd". In reality, conflicts involving more than two persons usually have more than two sides, and if a resistance movement is to be successful, propaganda and politicization are essential.<a href="#cite_note-Pirouet_1977_197-117">[113]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="text-align: right;">—<a href="/wiki/Louise_Pirouet" title="Louise Pirouet">Louise Pirouet</a></cite> </div> Broadly speaking, throughout Kikuyu history, there have been two traditions: moderate-conservative and radical.<a href="#cite_note-Clough_1998-118">[114]</a> Despite the differences between them, there has been a continuous debate and dialogue between these traditions, leading to a great political awareness among the Kikuyu.<a href="#cite_note-Clough_1998-118">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berman_1991_p197-119">[115]</a> By 1950, these differences, and the impact of colonial rule, had given rise to three native Kenyan political blocs: conservative, moderate nationalist and militant nationalist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200511–12-120">[116]</a> It has also been argued that Mau Mau was not explicitly national, either intellectually or operationally.<a href="#cite_note-Branch_2009_pxi-121">[117]</a> Bruce Berman argues that, "While Mau Mau was clearly not a tribal atavism seeking a return to the past, the answer to the question of 'was it nationalism?' must be yes and no."<a href="#cite_note-Berman_1991_p199-122">[118]</a> As the Mau Mau rebellion wore on, the violence forced the spectrum of opinion within the Kikuyu, Embu and Meru to polarise and harden into the two distinct camps of loyalist and Mau Mau.<a href="#cite_note-Branch_2009_p1-123">[119]</a> This neat division between loyalists and Mau Mau was a product of the conflict, rather than a cause or catalyst of it, with the violence becoming less ambiguous over time,<a href="#cite_note-Branch_2009_p2-124">[120]</a> in a similar manner to other situations.<a href="#cite_note-Pirouet_1977_200-125">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kalyvas_2006-126">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_reaction_to_the_uprising">British reaction to the uprising</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mau_Mau_rebellion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: British reaction to the uprising">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ; font-size: 85%; color: #202122;background-color: AliceBlue;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote right-aligned" style="text-align: left;"> Between 1952 and 1956, when the fighting was at its worst, the Kikuyu districts of Kenya became a police state in the very fullest sense of that term.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson20055-5">[4]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="text-align: right;">—David Anderson</cite> </div><a href="/wiki/Philip_Euen_Mitchell" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Euen Mitchell">Philip Mitchell</a> retired as Kenya's governor in summer 1952, having turned a blind eye to Mau Mau's increasing activity.<a href="#cite_note-Edgerton_1989_31_32-127">[123]</a> Through the summer of 1952, however, Colonial Secretary <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Lyttelton,_1st_Viscount_Chandos" title="Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos">Oliver Lyttelton</a> in London received a steady flow of reports from Acting Governor Henry Potter about the escalating seriousness of Mau Mau violence,<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_32-83">[79]</a> but it was not until the later part of 1953 that British politicians began to accept that the rebellion was going to take some time to deal with.<a href="#cite_note-Nissimi_2006_4-128">[124]</a> At first, the British discounted the Mau Mau rebellion<a href="#cite_note-French_2011_29-129">[125]</a> because of their own technical and military superiority, which encouraged hopes for a quick victory.<a href="#cite_note-Nissimi_2006_4-128">[124]</a> The British army accepted the gravity of the uprising months before the politicians, but its appeals to London and Nairobi were ignored.<a href="#cite_note-Nissimi_2006_4-128">[124]</a> On 30 September 1952, <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Baring,_1st_Baron_Howick_of_Glendale" title="Evelyn Baring, 1st Baron Howick of Glendale">Evelyn Baring</a> arrived in Kenya to permanently take over from Potter; Baring was given no warning by Mitchell or the Colonial Office about the gathering maelstrom into which he was stepping.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_32-83">[79]</a> Aside from military operations against Mau Mau fighters in the forests, the British attempt to defeat the movement broadly came in two stages: the first, relatively limited in scope, came during the period in which they had still failed to accept the seriousness of the revolt; the second came afterwards. During the first stage, the British tried to decapitate the movement by declaring a State of Emergency before arresting 180 alleged Mau Mau leaders in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Jock_Scott" title="Operation Jock Scott">Operation Jock Scott</a> and subjecting six of them (the <a href="/wiki/Kapenguria_Six" title="Kapenguria Six">Kapenguria Six</a>) to a <a href="/wiki/Show_trial" title="Show trial">show trial</a>; the second stage began in earnest in 1954, when they undertook a series of major economic, military and penal initiatives.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The second stage had three main planks: a large military-sweep of Nairobi leading to the internment of tens of thousands of the city's suspected Mau Mau members and sympathisers ( Operation Anvil); the enacting of major agrarian reform (the <a href="/wiki/Swynnerton_Plan" title="Swynnerton Plan">Swynnerton Plan</a>); and the institution of a vast <a href="/wiki/Villagisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Villagisation">villagisation</a> programme for more than a million rural Kikuyu. In 2012, the UK government accepted that prisoners had suffered "<a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> and ill-treatment at the hands of the colonial administration".<a href="#cite_note-bbc-20120717-130">[126]</a> The harshness of the British response was inflated by two factors. First, the settler government in Kenya was, even before the insurgency, probably the most openly racist one in the British empire, with the settlers' violent prejudice attended by an uncompromising determination to retain their grip on power<a href="#cite_note-French_2011_72-131">[127]</a> and half-submerged fears that, as a tiny minority, they could be overwhelmed by the indigenous population.<a href="#cite_note-French_2011_55-132">[128]</a> Its representatives were so keen on aggressive action that <a href="/wiki/George_Erskine" title="George Erskine">George Erskine</a> referred to them as "the White Mau Mau".<a href="#cite_note-French_2011_55-132">[128]</a> Second, the brutality of Mau Mau attacks on civilians made it easy for the movement's opponents—including native Kenyan and loyalist security forces—to adopt a totally dehumanised view of Mau Mau adherents.<a href="#cite_note-French_2011_72-131">[127]</a> Resistance to both the Mau Mau and the British response was illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Ciokaraine_M%27Barungu" title="Ciokaraine M'Barungu">Ciokaraine M'Barungu</a> who famously asked that the British colonial forces not destroy the food used by her villagers, since its destruction could potentially starve the entire region. Instead, she urged the colonial forces to guard the yams and bananas and stop the Mau Mau from killing any more residents.<a href="#cite_note-:2-133">[129]</a> A variety of coercive techniques were initiated by the colonial authorities to punish and break Mau Mau's support: Baring ordered punitive communal-labour, collective fines and other collective punishments, and further confiscation of land and property.<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> By early 1954, tens of thousands of head of livestock had been taken, and were allegedly never returned.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_75-135">[131]</a> Detailed accounts of the policy of seizing livestock from Kenyans suspected of supporting Mau Mau rebels were finally released in April 2012.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_2012_docs-136">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_of_emergency_declared_(October_1952)">State of emergency declared (October 1952)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mau_Mau_rebellion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: State of emergency declared (October 1952)">edit</a>]</div> On 20 October 1952, Governor Baring signed an order declaring a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a>. Early the next morning, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Jock_Scott" title="Operation Jock Scott">Operation Jock Scott</a> was launched: the British carried out a mass-arrest of <a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Jomo Kenyatta">Jomo Kenyatta</a> and 180 other alleged Mau Mau leaders within Nairobi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200562-137">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_pp35-36-138">[134]</a> Jock Scott did not decapitate the movement's leadership as hoped, since news of the impending operation was leaked. Thus, while the moderates on the wanted list awaited capture, the real militants, such as Dedan Kimathi and <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Mathenge" title="Stanley Mathenge">Stanley Mathenge</a> (both later principal leaders of Mau Mau's forest armies), fled to the forests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200563-139">[135]</a> The day after the round up, another prominent loyalist chief, Nderi, was hacked to pieces,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200568-140">[136]</a> and a series of gruesome murders against settlers were committed throughout the months that followed.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_p38-141">[137]</a> The violent and random nature of British tactics during the months after Jock Scott served merely to alienate ordinary Kikuyu and drive many of the wavering majority into Mau Mau's arms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200569-142">[138]</a> Three battalions of the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_African_Rifles" title="King's African Rifles">King's African Rifles</a> were recalled from Uganda, Tanganyika and Mauritius, giving the regiment five battalions in all in Kenya, a total of 3,000 native Kenyan troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200562-137">[133]</a> To placate settler opinion, one <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalion</a> of British troops, from the <a href="/wiki/Lancashire_Fusiliers" title="Lancashire Fusiliers">Lancashire Fusiliers</a>, was also flown in from <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> to Nairobi on the first day of Operation Jock Scott.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200562–63-143">[139]</a> In November 1952, Baring requested assistance from the <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5 Security Service</a>. For the next year, the Service's A.M. MacDonald would reorganise the Special Branch of the Kenya Police, promote collaboration with Special Branches in adjacent territories, and oversee coordination of all intelligence activity "to secure the intelligence Government requires".<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:41%; ; font-size: 85%; color: #202122;background-color: AliceBlue;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote right-aligned" style="text-align: left;"> Our sources have produced nothing to indicate that Kenyatta, or his associates in the UK, are directly involved in Mau Mau activities, or that Kenyatta is essential to Mau Mau as a leader, or that he is in a position to direct its activities.<a href="#cite_note-Andrew_2009_p454-145">[141]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="text-align: right;">—<a href="/wiki/Percy_Sillitoe" title="Percy Sillitoe">Percy Sillitoe</a>, Director General of <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a> Letter to Evelyn Baring, 9 January 1953</cite> </div>In January 1953, six of the most prominent detainees from Jock Scott, including Kenyatta, were put <a href="/wiki/Kapenguria_Six" title="Kapenguria Six">on trial</a>, primarily to justify the declaration of the Emergency to critics in London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200563-139">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_p39-146">[142]</a> The trial itself was claimed to have featured a suborned lead defence-witness, a bribed judge, and other serious violations of the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">right to a fair trial</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Native Kenyan political activity was permitted to resume at the end of the military phase of the Emergency.<a href="#cite_note-Berman_1991_189-147">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_operations">Military operations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mau_Mau_rebellion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Military operations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lieutenant_General_Sir_George_Erskine,_Commander-in-Chief,_East_Africa_(centre),_observing_operations_against_the_Mau_Mau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Lieutenant_General_Sir_George_Erskine%2C_Commander-in-Chief%2C_East_Africa_%28centre%29%2C_observing_operations_against_the_Mau_Mau.jpg/220px-Lieutenant_General_Sir_George_Erskine%2C_Commander-in-Chief%2C_East_Africa_%28centre%29%2C_observing_operations_against_the_Mau_Mau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Lieutenant_General_Sir_George_Erskine%2C_Commander-in-Chief%2C_East_Africa_%28centre%29%2C_observing_operations_against_the_Mau_Mau.jpg/330px-Lieutenant_General_Sir_George_Erskine%2C_Commander-in-Chief%2C_East_Africa_%28centre%29%2C_observing_operations_against_the_Mau_Mau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Lieutenant_General_Sir_George_Erskine%2C_Commander-in-Chief%2C_East_Africa_%28centre%29%2C_observing_operations_against_the_Mau_Mau.jpg/440px-Lieutenant_General_Sir_George_Erskine%2C_Commander-in-Chief%2C_East_Africa_%28centre%29%2C_observing_operations_against_the_Mau_Mau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption>Lieutenant General Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Erskine" title="George Erskine">George Erskine</a>, Commander-in-Chief, <a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Command" title="East Africa Command">East Africa Command</a> (centre), observing operations against the Mau Mau</figcaption></figure> The onset of the Emergency led hundreds, and eventually thousands, of Mau Mau adherents to flee to the forests, where a decentralised leadership had already begun setting up platoons.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_p37-148">[144]</a> The primary zones of Mau Mau military strength were the <a href="/wiki/Aberdare_Range" title="Aberdare Range">Aberdares</a> and the forests around Mount Kenya, whilst a passive support-wing was fostered outside these areas.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_pp37-38-149">[145]</a> Militarily, the British defeated Mau Mau in four years (1952–1956)<a href="#cite_note-Clough_1998_p25b-150">[146]</a> using a more expansive version of "coercion through exemplary force".<a href="#cite_note-French_2011_116-151">[147]</a> In May 1953, the decision was made to send General <a href="/wiki/George_Erskine" title="George Erskine">George Erskine</a> to oversee the restoration of order in the colony.<a href="#cite_note-Edgerton_1989_83-152">[148]</a> By September 1953, the British knew the leading personalities in Mau Mau, and the capture and 68 hour interrogation of <a href="/wiki/General_China" class="mw-redirect" title="General China">General China</a> on 15 January the following year provided a massive intelligence boost on the forest fighters.<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-French_2011_32-157">[153]</a> Erskine's arrival did not immediately herald a fundamental change in strategy, thus the continual pressure on the gangs remained, but he created more mobile formations that delivered what he termed "special treatment" to an area. Once gangs had been driven out and eliminated, loyalist forces and police were then to take over the area, with military support brought in thereafter only to conduct any required pacification operations. After their successful dispersion and containment, Erskine went after the forest fighters' source of supplies, money and recruits, i.e. the native Kenyan population of Nairobi. This took the form of Operation Anvil, which commenced on 24 April 1954.<a href="#cite_note-French_2011_116to117-158">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Operation_Anvil">Operation Anvil</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mau_Mau_rebellion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Operation Anvil">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Anvil_(Mau_Mau_Uprising)" title="Operation Anvil (Mau Mau Uprising)">Operation Anvil (Mau Mau Uprising)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patrol_Kenya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Patrol_Kenya.jpg/220px-Patrol_Kenya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Patrol_Kenya.jpg/330px-Patrol_Kenya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Patrol_Kenya.jpg/440px-Patrol_Kenya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="791" /></a><figcaption>British Army patrol crossing a stream carrying <a href="/wiki/FN_FAL" title="FN FAL">FN FAL</a> rifle (1st and 2nd soldiers from right); <a href="/wiki/Sten" title="Sten">Sten</a> Mk5 (3rd soldier); and the <a href="/wiki/Jungle_carbine" title="Jungle carbine">Lee–Enfield No. 5</a> (4th and 5th soldiers)<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a></figcaption></figure> By 1954, Nairobi was regarded as the nerve centre of Mau Mau operations.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_p124-160">[156]</a> The insurgents in the highlands of the Aberdares and Mt Kenya were being supplied provisions and weapons by supporters in Nairobi via couriers.<a href="#cite_note-henderson1958manhunt-161">[157]</a> Anvil was the ambitious attempt to eliminate Mau Mau's presence within Nairobi in one fell swoop. 25,000 members of British security forces under the control of General George Erskine were deployed as Nairobi was sealed off and underwent a sector-by-sector purge. All native Kenyans were taken to temporary barbed-wire enclosures. Those who were not Kikuyu, Embu or Meru were released; those who were remained in detention for screening.<a href="#cite_note-163">[e]</a> Whilst the operation itself was conducted by Europeans, most suspected members of Mau Mau were picked out of groups of the Kikuyu-Embu-Meru detainees by a native Kenyan informer. Male suspects were then taken off for further screening, primarily at Langata Screening Camp, whilst women and children were readied for 'repatriation' to the reserves (many of those slated for deportation had never set foot in the reserves before). Anvil lasted for two weeks, after which the capital had been cleared of all but certifiably loyal Kikuyu; 20,000 Mau Mau suspects had been taken to Langata, and 30,000 more had been deported to the reserves.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_pp121-125-164">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air_power">Air power</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mau_Mau_rebellion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Air power">edit</a>]</div> For an extended period of time, the chief British weapon against the forest fighters was air power. Between June 1953 and October 1955, the RAF provided a significant contribution to the conflict—and, indeed, had to, for the army was preoccupied with providing security in the reserves until January 1955, and it was the only service capable of both psychologically influencing and inflicting considerable casualties on the Mau Mau fighters operating in the dense forests. Lack of timely and accurate intelligence meant bombing was rather haphazard, but almost 900 insurgents had been killed or wounded by air attacks by June 1954, and it did cause forest gangs to disband, lower their morale, and induce their pronounced relocation from the forests to the reserves.<a href="#cite_note-Chappell_2011-165">[160]</a> At first armed <a href="/wiki/North_American_Harvard" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Harvard">Harvard</a> training aircraft were used, for direct ground support and also some camp interdiction. As the campaign developed, <a href="/wiki/Avro_Lincoln" title="Avro Lincoln">Avro Lincoln</a> heavy bombers were deployed, flying missions in Kenya from 18 November 1953 to 28 July 1955, dropping nearly 6 million bombs.<a href="#cite_note-Chappell_2011_68-166">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edgerton_1989_86+quote-167">[162]</a> They and other aircraft, such as blimps, were also deployed for reconnaissance, as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda war</a>, conducting large-scale leaflet-drops.<a href="#cite_note-Chappell_2011_67-168">[163]</a> A flight of <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire" title="De Havilland Vampire">de Havilland Vampire</a> jets flew in from <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a>, but were used for only ten days of operations. Some light aircraft of the Police Air Wing also provided support.<a href="#cite_note-169">[164]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Lari_massacre" title="Lari massacre">Lari massacre</a> for example, British planes dropped leaflets showing graphic pictures of the Kikuyu women and children who had been hacked to death. Unlike the rather indiscriminate activities of British ground forces, the use of air power was more restrained (though there is disagreement<a href="#cite_note-Edgerton_1989_86-170">[165]</a> on this point), and air attacks were initially permitted only in the forests. Operation Mushroom extended bombing beyond the forest limits in May 1954, and Churchill consented to its continuation in January 1955.<a href="#cite_note-Chappell_2011-165">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swynnerton_Plan">Swynnerton Plan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mau_Mau_rebellion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Swynnerton Plan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Swynnerton_Plan" title="Swynnerton Plan">Swynnerton Plan</a></div> Baring knew the massive deportations to the already-overcrowded reserves could only make things worse. Refusing to give more land to the Kikuyu in the reserves, which could have been seen as a concession to Mau Mau, Baring turned instead in 1953 to Roger Swynnerton, Kenya's assistant director of agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_1988_I-171">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_p127-172">[167]</a> The primary goal of the Swynnerton Plan was the creation of family holdings large enough to keep families self-sufficient in food and to enable them to practise alternate husbandry, which would generate a cash income.<a href="#cite_note-Ogot_1995_48-173">[168]</a> The projected costs of the <a href="/wiki/Swynnerton_Plan" title="Swynnerton Plan">Swynnerton Plan</a> were too high for the cash-strapped colonial government, so Baring tweaked repatriation and augmented the Swynnerton Plan with plans for a massive expansion of the Pipeline coupled with a system of work camps to make use of detainee labour. All Kikuyu employed for public works projects would now be employed on Swynnerton's poor-relief programmes, as would many detainees in the work camps.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_1988_II-174">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_pp128-129-175">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detention_programme">Detention programme</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mau_Mau_rebellion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Detention programme">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Detention_Camps_during_the_Mau_Mau_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="List of British Detention Camps during the Mau Mau Uprising">List of British Detention Camps during the Mau Mau Uprising</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; ; font-size: 85%; color: #202122;background-color: AliceBlue;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote right-aligned" style="text-align: left;"> It would be difficult to argue that the colonial government envisioned its own version of a gulag when the Emergency first started. Colonial officials in Kenya and Britain all believed that Mau Mau would be over in less than three months.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_p125-176">[171]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="text-align: right;">—Caroline Elkins</cite> </div>When the mass deportations of Kikuyu to the reserves began in 1953, Baring and Erskine ordered all Mau Mau suspects to be screened. Of the scores of screening camps which sprang up, only fifteen were officially sanctioned by the colonial government. Larger detention camps were divided into compounds. The screening centres were staffed by settlers who had been appointed temporary district-officers by Baring.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_pp62-90-177">[172]</a> Thomas Askwith, the official tasked with designing the British 'detention and rehabilitation' programme during the summer and autumn of 1953, termed his system the Pipeline.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_p109-178">[173]</a> The British did not initially conceive of rehabilitating Mau Mau suspects through brute force and other ill-treatment—Askwith's final plan, submitted to Baring in October 1953, was intended as "a complete blueprint for winning the war against Mau Mau using socioeconomic and civic reform".<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_p108-179">[174]</a> What developed, however, has been described as a British <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">gulag</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[f]</a> The Pipeline operated a white-grey-black classification system: 'whites' were co-operative detainees, and were repatriated back to the reserves; 'greys' had been oathed but were reasonably compliant, and were moved down the Pipeline to works camps in their local districts before release; and 'blacks' were the 'hard core' of Mau Mau. These were moved up the Pipeline to special detention camps. Thus a detainee's position in Pipeline was a straightforward reflection of how cooperative the Pipeline personnel deemed her or him to be. Cooperation was itself defined in terms of a detainee's readiness to confess their Mau Mau oath. Detainees were screened and re-screened for confessions and intelligence, then re-classified accordingly.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_p136-181">[175]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:40%; ; font-size: 85%; color: #202122;background-color: AliceBlue;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote right-aligned" style="text-align: left;"> [T]here is something peculiarly chilling about the way colonial officials behaved, most notoriously but not only in Kenya, within a decade of the liberation of the [Nazi] concentration camps and the return of thousands of emaciated British prisoners of war from the Pacific. One courageous judge in Nairobi explicitly drew the parallel: Kenya's Belsen, he called one camp. <a href="#cite_note-guardian_11042011-182">[176]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="text-align: right;">—Guardian Editorial, 11 April 2011</cite> </div> A detainee's journey between two locations along the Pipeline could sometimes last days. During transit, there was frequently little or no food and water provided, and seldom any sanitation. Once in camp, talking was forbidden outside the detainees' accommodation huts, though improvised communication was rife. Such communication included propaganda and disinformation, which went by such names as the Kinongo Times, designed to encourage fellow detainees not to give up hope and so to minimise the number of those who confessed their oath and cooperated with camp authorities. Forced labour was performed by detainees on projects like the thirty-seven-mile-long South Yatta irrigation furrow.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_pp154-91-183">[177]</a> Family outside and other considerations led many detainees to confess.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2008_75_76,89,91-184">[178]</a> During the first year after Operation Anvil, colonial authorities had little success in forcing detainees to co-operate. Camps and compounds were overcrowded, forced-labour systems were not yet perfected, screening teams were not fully coordinated, and the use of torture was not yet systematised.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_p178-185">[179]</a> This failure was partly due to the lack of manpower and resources, as well as the vast numbers of detainees. Officials could scarcely process them all, let alone get them to confess their oaths. Assessing the situation in the summer of 1955, Alan Lennox-Boyd wrote of his "fear that the net figure of detainees may still be rising. If so the outlook is grim."<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_p178-185">[179]</a> Black markets flourished during this period, with the native Kenyan guards helping to facilitate trading. It was possible for detainees to bribe guards in order to obtain items or stay punishment.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_pp154-91-183">[177]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; ; font-size: 85%; color: #202122;background-color: AliceBlue;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote right-aligned" style="text-align: left;"> [T]he horror of some of the so-called Screening Camps now present a state of affairs so deplorable that they should be investigated without delay, so that the ever increasing allegations of inhumanity and disregard of the rights of the African citizen are dealt with and so that the Government will have no reason to be ashamed of the acts which are done in its own name by its own servants.<a href="#cite_note-times_13042011a-186">[180]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="text-align: right;">—Letter from Police Commissioner Arthur Young to Governor Evelyn Baring, 22 November 1954</cite> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interrogations_and_confessions">Interrogations and confessions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mau_Mau_rebellion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Interrogations and confessions">edit</a>]</div> By late 1955, however, the Pipeline had become a fully operational, well-organised system. Guards were regularly shifted around the Pipeline too in order to prevent relationships developing with detainees and so undercut the black markets, and inducements and punishments became better at discouraging fraternising with the enemy.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_pp179-191-187">[181]</a> The grinding nature of the improved detention and interrogation regimen began to produce results. Most detainees confessed, and the system produced ever greater numbers of spies and informers within the camps, while others switched sides in a more open, official fashion, leaving detention behind to take an active role in interrogations, even sometimes administering beatings.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_pp179-191-187">[181]</a> The most famous example of side-switching was Peter Muigai Kenyatta—Jomo Kenyatta's son—who, after confessing, joined screeners at Athi River Camp, later travelling throughout the Pipeline to assist in interrogations.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_p148-188">[182]</a> Suspected informers and spies within a camp were treated in the time-honoured Mau Mau fashion: the preferred method of execution was strangulation then mutilation: "It was just like in the days before our detention", explained one Mau Mau member later. "We did not have our own jails to hold an informant in, so we would strangle him and then cut his tongue out." The end of 1955 also saw screeners being given a freer hand in interrogation, and harsher conditions than straightforward confession were imposed on detainees before they were deemed 'cooperative' and eligible for final release.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_pp179-191-187">[181]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:29%; ; font-size: 85%; color: #202122;background-color: AliceBlue;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote right-aligned" style="text-align: left;"> In a half-circle against the reed walls of the enclosure stand eight young, African women. There's neither hate nor apprehension in their gaze. It's like a talk in the headmistress's study; a headmistress who is firm but kindly.<a href="#cite_note-189">[183]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="text-align: right;">—A contemporary BBC-description of screening</cite> </div> While oathing, for practical reasons, within the Pipeline was reduced to an absolute minimum, as many new initiates as possible were oathed. A newcomer who refused to take the oath often faced the same fate as a recalcitrant outside the camps: they were murdered. "The detainees would strangle them with their blankets or, using blades fashioned from the corrugated-iron roofs of some of the barracks, would slit their throats", writes Elkins.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_176to77-190">[184]</a> The camp authorities' preferred method of capital punishment was public hanging. Commandants were told to clamp down hard on intra-camp oathing, with several commandants hanging anyone suspected of administering oaths.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_pp179-191-187">[181]</a> Even as the Pipeline became more sophisticated, detainees still organised themselves within it, setting up committees and selecting leaders for their camps, as well as deciding on their own "rules to live by". Perhaps the most famous compound leader was <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Mwangi_Kariuki" title="Josiah Mwangi Kariuki">Josiah Mwangi Kariuki</a>. Punishments for violating the "rules to live by" could be severe.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_pp154-91-183">[177]</a> European missionaries and native Kenyan Christians played their part by visiting camps to evangelise and encourage compliance with the colonial authorities, providing intelligence, and sometimes even assisting in interrogation. Detainees regarded such preachers with nothing but contempt.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_pp171-177-191">[185]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:38%; ; font-size: 85%; color: #202122;background-color: AliceBlue;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote right-aligned" style="text-align: left;"> The number of cases of pulmonary tuberculosis which is being disclosed in Prison and Detention Camps is causing some embarrassment.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_p144-192">[186]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="text-align: right;">—Memorandum to Commissioner of Prisons John 'Taxi' Lewis from Kenya's Director of Medical Services, 18 May 1954</cite> </div> The lack of decent sanitation in the camps meant that epidemics of diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Typhoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoid">typhoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> swept through them. Detainees would also develop vitamin deficiencies, for example <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a>, due to the poor rations provided. Official medical reports detailing the shortcomings of the camps and their recommendations were ignored, and the conditions being endured by detainees were lied about and denied.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_C5-193">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-Curtis_2003_pp316-333-194">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[189]</a> A British rehabilitation officer found in 1954 that detainees from Manyani were in "shocking health", many of them suffering from malnutrition,<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2008_p84-196">[190]</a> while Langata and GilGil were eventually closed in April 1955<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_p262-197">[191]</a> because, as the colonial government put it, "they were unfit to hold Kikuyu ... for medical epidemiological reasons".<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_p262-197">[191]</a> While the Pipeline was primarily designed for adult males, a few thousand women and young girls were detained at an all-women camp at Kamiti, as well as a number of unaccompanied young children. Dozens of babies<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_pp151-152-198">[192]</a> were born to women in captivity: "We really do need these cloths for the children as it is impossible to keep them clean and tidy while dressed in dirty pieces of sacking and blanket", wrote one colonial officer.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_p227-199">[193]</a> Wamumu Camp was set up solely for all the unaccompanied boys in the Pipeline, though hundreds, maybe thousands, of boys moved around the adult parts of the Pipeline. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Works_camps">Works camps</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mau_Mau_rebellion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Works camps">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; ; font-size: 85%; color: #202122;background-color: AliceBlue;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote right-aligned" style="text-align: left;"> Short rations, overwork, brutality, humiliating and disgusting treatment and flogging—all in violation of the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Curtis_2003_p327-200">[194]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="text-align: right;">—One colonial officer's description of British works camps</cite> </div>There were originally two types of works camps envisioned by Baring: the first type were based in Kikuyu districts with the stated purpose of achieving the Swynnerton Plan; the second were punitive camps, designed for the 30,000 Mau Mau suspects who were deemed unfit to return to the reserves. These <a href="/wiki/Forced-labour_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced-labour camp">forced-labour camps</a> provided a much needed source of labour to continue the colony's infrastructure development.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_p153-201">[195]</a> Colonial officers also saw the second sort of works camps as a way of ensuring that any confession was legitimate and as a final opportunity to extract intelligence. Probably the worst works camp to have been sent to was the one run out of Embakasi Prison, for Embakasi was responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta_International_Airport" title="Jomo Kenyatta International Airport">Embakasi Airport</a>, the construction of which was demanded to be finished before the Emergency came to an end. The airport was a massive project with an unquenchable thirst for labour, and the time pressures ensured the detainees' forced labour was especially hard.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_pp179-191-187">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Villagisation_programme">Villagisation programme</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mau_Mau_rebellion&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Villagisation programme">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:43%; ; font-size: 85%; color: #202122;background-color: AliceBlue;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote right-aligned" style="text-align: left;"> At the end of 1953, the Administration were faced with the serious problem of the concealment of terrorists and supply of food to them. This was widespread and, owing to the scattered nature of the homesteads, fear of detection was negligible; so, in the first instance, the inhabitants of those areas were made to build and live in concentrated villages. This first step had to be taken speedily, somewhat to the detriment of usual health measures and was definitely a punitive short-term measure.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_pp240-241-202">[196]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="text-align: right;">—District Commissioner of Nyeri</cite> </div>If military operations in the forests and Operation Anvil were the first two phases of Mau Mau's defeat, Erskine expressed the need and his desire for a third and final phase: cut off all the militants' support in the reserves.<a href="#cite_note-French_2011_116to137-203">[197]</a> The means to this terminal end was originally suggested by the man brought in by the colonial government to do an <a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychiatry" title="Cross-cultural psychiatry">ethnopsychiatric</a> 'diagnosis' of the uprising, JC Carothers: he advocated a Kenyan version of the <a href="/wiki/Villagisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Villagisation">villagisation</a> programmes that the British were <a href="/wiki/Briggs_Plan" title="Briggs Plan">already using in places like Malaya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McCulloch_2006_70-204">[198]</a> So it was that in June 1954, the War Council took the decision to undertake a full-scale forced-resettlement programme of Kiambu, Nyeri, Murang'a and Embu Districts to cut off Mau Mau's supply lines.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_pp234-235-205">[199]</a> Within eighteen months, 1,050,899 Kikuyu in the reserves were inside 804 villages consisting of some 230,000 huts.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_p235-206">[200]</a> The government termed them "protected villages", purportedly to be built along "the same lines as the villages in the North of England",<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_p240-207">[201]</a> though the term was actually a "euphemism for the fact that hundreds of thousands of civilians were corralled, often against their will, into settlements behind barbed-wire fences and watch towers."<a href="#cite_note-French_2011_116-151">[147]</a> While some of these villages were to protect loyalist Kikuyu, "most were little more than concentration camps to punish Mau Mau sympathizers."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005294-208">[202]</a> The villagisation programme was the <a href="/wiki/Coup_de_gr%C3%A2ce" title="Coup de grâce">coup de grâce</a> for Mau Mau.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005294-208">[202]</a> By the end of the following summer, Lieutenant General Lathbury no longer needed Lincoln bombers for raids because of a lack of targets,<a href="#cite_note-Chappell_2011-165">[160]</a> and, by late 1955, Lathbury felt so sure of final victory that he reduced army forces to almost pre-Mau Mau levels.<a href="#cite_note-Nissimi_2006_9to10-209">[203]</a> He noted, however, that the British should have "no illusions about the future. Mau Mau has not been cured: it has been suppressed. The thousands who have spent a long time in detention must have been embittered by it. Nationalism is still a very potent force and the African will pursue his aim by other means. Kenya is in for a very tricky political future."<a href="#cite_note-Chappell_2011-165">[160]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; ; font-size: 85%; color: #202122;background-color: AliceBlue;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote right-aligned" style="text-align: left;"> Whilst they [the Kikuyu] could not be expected to take kindly at first to a departure from their traditional way of life, such as living in villages, they need and desire to be told just what to do.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_p239-210">[204]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="text-align: right;">—Council of Kenya-Colony's Ministers, July 1954</cite> </div> The government's public relations officer, Granville Roberts, presented villagisation as a good opportunity for rehabilitation, particularly of women and children, but it was, in fact, first and foremost designed to break Mau Mau and protect loyalist Kikuyu, a fact reflected in the extremely limited resources made available to the Rehabilitation and Community Development Department.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_pp236-237-211">[205]</a> Refusal to move could be punished with the destruction of property and livestock, and the roofs were usually ripped off of homes whose occupants demonstrated reluctance.<a href="#cite_note-French_2011_120-212">[206]</a> Villagisation also solved the practical and financial problems associated with a further, massive expansion of the Pipeline programme,<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_p238-213">[207]</a> and the removal of people from their land hugely assisted the enaction of Swynnerton Plan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005294-208">[202]</a> The villages were surrounded by deep, spike-bottomed trenches and barbed wire, and the villagers themselves were watched over by members of the <a href="/wiki/Kikuyu_Home_Guard" title="Kikuyu Home Guard">Kikuyu Home Guard</a>, often neighbours and relatives. In short, rewards or collective punishments such as curfews could be served much more readily after villagisation, and this quickly broke Mau Mau's passive wing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005293-214">[208]</a> Though there were degrees of difference between the villages,<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_p252-215">[209]</a> the overall conditions engendered by villagisation meant that, by early 1955, districts began reporting starvation and malnutrition.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_pp259-260-216">[210]</a> One provincial commissioner blamed child hunger on parents deliberately withholding food, saying the latter were aware of the "propaganda value of apparent malnutrition".<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_p260-217">[211]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:42%; ; font-size: 85%; color: #202122;background-color: AliceBlue;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote right-aligned" style="text-align: left;"> From the health point of view, I regard villagisation as being exceedingly dangerous and we are already starting to reap the benefits.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_p263a-218">[212]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="text-align: right;">—Meru's District Commissioner, 6 November 1954, four months after the institution of villagisation</cite> </div> The Red Cross helped mitigate the food shortages, but even they were told to prioritise loyalist areas.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_p260-217">[211]</a> The Baring government's medical department issued reports about "the alarming number of deaths occurring amongst children in the 'punitive' villages", and the "political" prioritisation of Red Cross relief.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_p260-217">[211]</a> One of the colony's ministers blamed the "bad spots" in Central Province on the mothers of the children for "not realis[ing] the great importance of proteins", and one former missionary reported that it "was terribly pitiful how many of the children and the older Kikuyu were dying. They were so emaciated and so very susceptible to any kind of disease that came along".<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_p262-197">[191]</a> Of the 50,000 deaths which John Blacker attributed to the Emergency, half were children under the age of ten.<a href="#cite_note-Blacker_2007-219">[213]</a> The lack of food did not just affect the children, of course. The Overseas Branch of the British Red Cross commented on the "women who, from progressive undernourishment, had been unable to carry on with their work".<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_pp260-261-220">[214]</a> Disease prevention was not helped by the colony's policy of returning sick detainees to receive treatment in the reserves,<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_p263b-221">[215]</a> though the reserves' medical services were virtually non-existent, as Baring himself noted after a tour of some villages in June 1956.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_pp263-264-222">[216]</a> The policy of "villagization" did not officially end until around 1962, when Kenya gained its independence from British colonial rule. During the course of the Mau Mau Uprising, it is conservatively estimated that 1.5 million Kenyans were forcibly relocated into these fortified villages.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElkins2005a[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-223">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[218]</a> The government of an independent Kenya implementated a similar policy of forced villagization during the <a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a> in 1966 of ethnic <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somalis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_Eastern_Province_(Kenya)" title="North Eastern Province (Kenya)">North Eastern Province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_and_social_concessions_by_the_British">Political and social concessions by the British</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mau_Mau_rebellion&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Political and social concessions by the British">edit</a>]</div> Kenyans were granted nearly<a href="#cite_note-226">[220]</a> all of the demands made by the KAU in 1951. On 18 January 1955, the Governor-General of Kenya, <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Baring,_1st_Baron_Howick_of_Glendale" title="Evelyn Baring, 1st Baron Howick of Glendale">Evelyn Baring</a>, offered an amnesty to Mau Mau activists. The offer was that they would not face prosecution for previous offences, but might still be detained. European settlers were appalled at the leniency of the offer. On 10 June 1955 with no response forthcoming, the offer of amnesty to the Mau Mau was revoked. In June 1956, a programme of land reform increased the land holdings of the Kikuyu.<a href="#cite_note-:0-227">[221]</a> This was coupled with a relaxation of the ban on native Kenyans growing coffee, a primary cash crop.<a href="#cite_note-:0-227">[221]</a> In the cities the colonial authorities decided to dispel tensions by raising urban wages, thereby strengthening the hand of moderate union organisations like the KFRTU. By 1956, the British had granted direct election of native Kenyan members of the Legislative Assembly, followed shortly thereafter by an increase in the number of local seats to fourteen. A Parliamentary conference in January 1960 indicated that the British would accept "one person—one vote" majority rule. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaths">Deaths</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mau_Mau_rebellion&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Deaths">edit</a>]</div> The number of deaths attributable to the Emergency is disputed. David Anderson estimates 25,000<a href="#cite_note-Bloody_uprising_of_the_Mau_Mau-22">[20]</a> people died; British demographer John Blacker's estimate is 50,000 deaths—half of them children aged ten or below. He attributes this death toll mostly to increased malnutrition, starvation and disease from wartime conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Blacker_2007-219">[213]</a> Caroline Elkins says "tens of thousands, perhaps hundreds of thousands" died.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_pxiv-228">[222]</a> Elkins' numbers have been challenged by Blacker, who demonstrated in detail that her numbers were overestimated, explaining that Elkins' figure of 300,000 deaths "implies that perhaps half of the adult male population would have been wiped out—yet the censuses of 1962 and 1969 show no evidence of this—the age-sex pyramids for the Kikuyu districts do not even show indentations."<a href="#cite_note-Blacker_2007-219">[213]</a> His study dealt directly with Elkins' claim that "somewhere between 130,000 and 300,000 Kikuyu are unaccounted for" at the 1962 census,<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_p366-229">[223]</a> and was read by both David Anderson and John Lonsdale prior to publication.<a href="#cite_note-Elstein_07Apr2011-7">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Elstein" title="David Elstein">David Elstein</a> has noted that leading authorities on Africa have taken issue with parts of Elkins' study, in particular her mortality figures: "The senior British historian of Kenya, John Lonsdale, whom Elkins thanks profusely in her book as 'the most gifted scholar I know', warned her to place no reliance on anecdotal sources, and regards her statistical analysis—for which she cites him as one of three advisors—as 'frankly incredible'."<a href="#cite_note-Elstein_07Apr2011-7">[6]</a> The British possibly killed more than 20,000 Mau Mau militants,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson20054-9">[8]</a> but in some ways more notable is the smaller number of Mau Mau suspects dealt with by capital punishment: by the end of the Emergency, the total was 1,090. At no other time or place in the British Empire was capital punishment dispensed so aggressively—the total is more than double the number executed by <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">the French in Algeria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson20057-230">[224]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a> suggests that more than one hundred thousand Africans, mostly Kikuyus, may have died in the concentration camps and emergency villages.<a href="#cite_note-231">[225]</a> Officially 1,819 Native Kenyans were killed by the Mau Mau. David Anderson believes this to be an undercount and cites a higher figure of 5,000 killed by the Mau Mau.<a href="#cite_note-Elstein_07Apr2011-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200584-232">[226]</a> In addition, 95 British military personnel died as a result of the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-233">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_crimes">War crimes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mau_Mau_rebellion&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: War crimes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes#1952–1960:_Mau_Mau_uprising" title="List of war crimes">List of war crimes § 1952–1960: Mau Mau uprising</a></div><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crimes</a> have been broadly defined by the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_principles" title="Nuremberg principles">Nuremberg principles</a> as "violations of the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws of war">laws or customs of war</a>", which includes <a href="/wiki/Massacres" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacres">massacres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bomb" title="Bomb">bombings</a> of <a href="/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">civilian</a> targets, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mutilation" title="Mutilation">mutilation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, and murder of <a href="/wiki/Detention_(imprisonment)" title="Detention (imprisonment)">detainees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a>. Additional common crimes include <a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">theft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">arson</a>, and the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a> not warranted by <a href="/wiki/Military_necessity" title="Military necessity">military necessity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-234">[228]</a> David Anderson says the rebellion was "a story of atrocity and excess on both sides, a dirty war from which no one emerged with much pride, and certainly no glory".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson20052-235">[229]</a> Political scientist <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Goldhagen" title="Daniel Goldhagen">Daniel Goldhagen</a> describes the campaign against the Mau Mau as an example of <a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">eliminationism</a>, though this verdict has been fiercely criticised.<a href="#cite_note-Elstein_07Apr2011-7">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_war_crimes">British war crimes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mau_Mau_rebellion&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: British war crimes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:40%; ; font-size: 85%; color: #202122;background-color: AliceBlue;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote right-aligned" style="text-align: left;"> We knew the slow method of torture [at the Mau Mau Investigation Center] was worse than anything we could do. Special Branch there had a way of slowly electrocuting a Kuke—they'd rough up one for days. Once I went personally to drop off one gang member who needed special treatment. I stayed for a few hours to help the boys out, softening him up. Things got a little out of hand. By the time I cut his balls off, he had no ears, and his eyeball, the right one, I think, was hanging out of its socket. Too bad, he died before we got much out of him.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_p87-236">[230]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="text-align: right;">One settler's description of British interrogation. The extent to which such accounts can be taken at face value has been questioned.<a href="#cite_note-237">[231]</a></cite> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></div> The British authorities suspended <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> in Kenya. Many Kikuyu were forced to move. According to British authorities 80,000 were <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">interned</a>. <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Elkins" title="Caroline Elkins">Caroline Elkins</a> estimated that between 160,000 and 320,000 were interned in <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Detention_Camps_during_the_Mau_Mau_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="List of British Detention Camps during the Mau Mau Uprising">detention camps</a> also known as concentration camps.<a href="#cite_note-Guard-238">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[g]</a> Most of the rest—more than a million Kikuyu—were held in "enclosed villages" as part of the villagisation program. Although some were Mau Mau guerrillas, most were victims of <a href="/wiki/Collective_punishment" title="Collective punishment">collective punishment</a> that colonial authorities imposed on large areas of the country. Thousands were beaten or <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">sexually assaulted</a> to extract information about the Mau Mau threat. Later, prisoners suffered even worse mistreatment in an attempt to force them to renounce their allegiance to the insurgency and to obey commands. Prisoners were questioned with the help of "slicing off ears, boring holes in eardrums, flogging until death, pouring paraffin over suspects who were then set alight, and burning eardrums with lit cigarettes."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis2003324-240">[233]</a> The use of castration and denying access to medical aid to the detainees by the British were also widespread and common.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis2003324–330-241">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElkins2005124–145-242">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[236]</a> As described by Ian Cobain of The Guardian in 2013:<blockquote>Among the detainees who suffered severe mistreatment was <a href="/wiki/Hussein_Onyango_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussein Onyango Obama">Hussein Onyango Obama</a>, the grandfather of [U.S. President] <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>. According to his widow, British soldiers forced pins into his fingernails and buttocks and squeezed his testicles between metal rods. Two of the original five claimants who brought the test case against the British were castrated.<a href="#cite_note-MAU-244">[237]</a></blockquote> The historian Robert Edgerton describes the methods used during the emergency: "If a question was not answered to the interrogator's satisfaction, the subject was beaten and kicked. If that did not lead to the desired confession, and it rarely did, more force was applied. Electric shock was widely used, and so was fire. Women were choked and held under water; gun barrels, beer bottles, and even knives were thrust into their vaginas. Men had beer bottles thrust up their rectums, were dragged behind Land Rovers, whipped, burned and bayoneted... Some police officers did not bother with more time-consuming forms of torture; they simply shot any suspect who refused to answer, then told the next suspect, to dig his own grave. When the grave was finished, the man was asked if he would now be willing to talk."<a href="#cite_note-245">[238]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:40%; ; font-size: 85%; color: #202122;background-color: AliceBlue;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote right-aligned" style="text-align: left;"> [E]lectric shock was widely used, as well as cigarettes and fire. Bottles (often broken), gun barrels, knives, snakes, vermin, and hot eggs were thrust up men's rectums and women's vaginas. The screening teams whipped, shot, burned and mutilated Mau Mau suspects, ostensibly to gather intelligence for military operations and as court evidence.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_p66-246">[239]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="text-align: right;">—Caroline Elkins</cite> </div> In June 1957, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Griffith-Jones" title="Eric Griffith-Jones">Eric Griffith-Jones</a>, the attorney general of the British administration in Kenya, wrote to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colonial governors of Kenya">Governor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Baring,_1st_Baron_Howick_of_Glendale" title="Evelyn Baring, 1st Baron Howick of Glendale">Sir Evelyn Baring</a>, detailing the way the regime of abuse at the colony's detention camps was being subtly altered. He said that the mistreatment of the detainees is "distressingly reminiscent of conditions in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> or <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Communist Russia</a>". Despite this, he said that in order for abuse to remain legal, Mau Mau suspects must be beaten mainly on their upper body, "vulnerable parts of the body should not be struck, particularly the spleen, liver or kidneys", and it was important that "those who administer violence ... should remain collected, balanced and dispassionate"; he also reminded the governor that "If we are going to sin", he wrote, "we must sin quietly."<a href="#cite_note-MAU-244">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[240]</a> According to Author <a href="/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a>, three out of every four Kikuyu men were in detention in 1954. Maathai states that detainees were made to do forced labor and that their land was taken from them and given to collaborators. Maathai further states that the Home Guard in particular, raped women and had a reputation for cruelty in the form of terror and intimidation, whereas the Mau Mau soldiers were initially respectful of women.<a href="#cite_note-248">[241]</a> Only a small handful of rape cases went to trial. Fifty-six British soldiers and colonial police officers were tried for rape, of which 17 were convicted. The harshest sentences imposed were six-year sentences imposed on three British soldiers convicted of gang-raping a woman.<a href="#cite_note-249">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chuka_massacre">Chuka massacre</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mau_Mau_rebellion&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Chuka massacre">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Chuka_massacre" title="Chuka massacre">Chuka massacre</a>, which happened in <a href="/wiki/Chuka,_Kenya" title="Chuka, Kenya">Chuka, Kenya</a>, was perpetrated by members of the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_African_Rifles" title="King's African Rifles">King's African Rifles</a> B Company in June 1953 with 20 unarmed people killed during the Mau Mau uprising. Members of the 5th KAR B Company entered the Chuka area on 13 June 1953, to flush out rebels suspected of hiding in the nearby forests. Over the next few days, the regiment had captured and executed 20 people suspected of being Mau Mau fighters for unknown reasons. The people executed belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Kikuyu_Home_Guard" title="Kikuyu Home Guard">Kikuyu Home Guard</a>—a loyalist militia recruited by the British to fight the guerrillas. All of the soldiers involved in the Chuka patrols were placed under open arrest at Nairobi's Buller Camp, but were not prosecuted. Instead, only their commanding officer, Major Gerald Selby Lee Griffiths, stood trial. Furthermore, rather than risk bringing publicity to the incident, Griffiths was charged with the murder of two other suspects in a separate incident that had taken place several weeks earlier. He was acquitted, but following public outcry, Griffiths was then tried under six separate charges of torture and disgraceful conduct for torturing two unarmed detainees, including a man named Njeru Ndwega. At his court-martial, it was stated that Griffiths had made Ndwega take off his pants, before telling a teenage African private to castrate him. When the private, a 16-year-old Somali named Ali Segat, refused to do this, Griffiths instead ordered him to cut off Ndwega's ear, to which Segat complied.<a href="#cite_note-250">[243]</a> On 11 March 1954, Griffiths was found guilty on five counts. He was sentenced to five years in prison and was <a href="/wiki/Cashiered" class="mw-redirect" title="Cashiered">cashiered</a> from the Army.<a href="#cite_note-251">[244]</a> He served his sentence at <a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Wormwood_Scrubs" title="HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs">Wormwood Scrubs Prison</a> in London.<a href="#cite_note-auto-252">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[246]</a> None of the other ranks involved in the massacre has been prosecuted.<a href="#cite_note-FAB-254">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-252">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hola_massacre">Hola massacre</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mau_Mau_rebellion&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Hola massacre">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Hola_massacre" title="Hola massacre">Hola massacre</a> was an incident during the conflict in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> against <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British colonial rule</a> at a colonial detention camp in <a href="/wiki/Hola,_Kenya" title="Hola, Kenya">Hola, Kenya</a>. By January 1959, the camp had a population of 506 detainees, of whom 127 were held in a secluded "closed camp". This more remote camp near <a href="/wiki/Garissa" title="Garissa">Garissa</a>, eastern Kenya, was reserved for the most uncooperative of the detainees. They often refused, even when threats of force were made, to join in the colonial "rehabilitation process" or perform manual labour or obey colonial orders. The camp commandant outlined a plan that would force 88 of the detainees to bend to work. On 3 March 1959, the camp commandant put this plan into action—as a result, 11 detainees were clubbed to death by guards.<a href="#cite_note-258">[251]</a> 77 surviving detainees sustained serious permanent injuries.<a href="#cite_note-ogiek-259">[252]</a> The British government accepts that the colonial administration tortured detainees, but denies liability.<a href="#cite_note-260">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mau_Mau_war_crimes">Mau Mau war crimes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mau_Mau_rebellion&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Mau Mau war crimes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:40%; ; font-size: 85%; color: #202122;background-color: AliceBlue;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote right-aligned" style="text-align: left;"> Mau Mau fighters, ... contrary to African customs and values, assaulted old people, women and children. The horrors they practiced included the following: decapitation and general mutilation of civilians, torture before murder, bodies bound up in sacks and dropped in wells, burning the victims alive, gouging out of eyes, splitting open the stomachs of pregnant women. No war can justify such gruesome actions. In man's inhumanity to man, there is no race distinction. The Africans were practicing it on themselves. There was no reason and no restraint on both sides.<a href="#cite_note-Ogot_2005_502-114">[110]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="text-align: right;">—<a href="/wiki/Bethwell_Allan_Ogot" title="Bethwell Allan Ogot">Bethwell Ogot</a></cite> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lari_massacres">Lari massacres</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mau_Mau_rebellion&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Lari massacres">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lari_massacre" title="Lari massacre">Lari massacre</a></div> Mau Mau militants perpetrated numerous war crimes. One such incident was their attack on the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Lari_Constituency" title="Lari Constituency">Lari</a>, on the night of 25–26 March 1953, in which they herded men, women and children into huts and set fire to them, hacking down with <a href="/wiki/Machete" title="Machete">machetes</a> anyone who attempted escape, before throwing them back into the burning huts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005119–180-261">[254]</a> The attack at Lari was so extreme that "African policemen who saw the bodies of the victims ... were physically sick and said 'These people are animals. If I see one now I shall shoot with the greatest eagerness'",<a href="#cite_note-French_2011_72-131">[127]</a> and it "even shocked many Mau Mau supporters, some of whom would subsequently try to excuse the attack as 'a mistake'". A total of 309 rebels would be prosecuted for the massacre, of which 136 were convicted. Seventy-one of those convicted were executed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005127-262">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[256]</a> A retaliatory massacre was immediately perpetrated by Kenyan security forces who were partially overseen by British commanders. Official estimates place the death toll from the first Lari massacre at 74, and the retaliatory attack at 150, though neither of these figures account for persons who may have been 'disappeared'. Whatever the actual number of victims, "[t]he grim truth was that, for every person who died in Lari's first massacre, at least two more were killed in retaliation in the second."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005132-264">[257]</a> Aside from the Lari massacres, Kikuyu were also tortured, mutilated and murdered by Mau Mau on many other occasions.<a href="#cite_note-Ogot_2005_502-114">[110]</a> Mau Mau were estimated to have killed 1,819 of their fellow native Kenyans, though again, this number may exclude those whose bodies were never found. Anderson estimates the true number to be around 5,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200584-232">[226]</a> Thirty-two European and twenty-six Asian civilians were also murdered by Mau Mau militants, with similar numbers wounded. The best known European victim was Michael Ruck, aged six, who was hacked to death with <a href="/wiki/Machete#Cultural_variations" title="Machete">pangas</a> along with his parents, Roger and Esme, and one of the Rucks' farm workers, Muthura Nagahu, who had tried to help the family.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_2005_p94-265">[258]</a> Newspapers in Kenya and abroad published graphic murder details, including images of young Michael with bloodied teddy bears and trains strewn on his bedroom floor.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_p42-266">[259]</a> In 1952, the poisonous <a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">latex</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_grantii" title="Euphorbia grantii">African milk bush</a> was used by members of Mau Mau to kill cattle in an incident of <a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">biological warfare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-carus2002_63-65-267">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mau_Mau_rebellion&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> Although Mau Mau was effectively crushed by the end of 1956, it was not until the <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Conferences_(Kenya)" title="Lancaster House Conferences (Kenya)">First Lancaster House Conference</a>, in January 1960, that native Kenyan majority rule was established and the period of colonial transition to independence initiated.<a href="#cite_note-Wasserman_1976_1a-268">[261]</a> Before the conference, it was anticipated by both native Kenyan and European leaders that Kenya was set for a European-dominated multi-racial government.<a href="#cite_note-Wasserman_1976_1a-268">[261]</a> There is continuing debate about Mau Mau's and the rebellion's effects on decolonisation and on Kenya after independence. Regarding decolonisation, the most common view is that Kenya's independence came about as a result of the British government's deciding that a continuance of colonial rule would entail a greater use of force than that which the British public would tolerate.<a href="#cite_note-Nissimi_2006_2-269">[262]</a> Nissimi argues, though, that such a view fails to "acknowledge the time that elapsed until the rebellion's influence actually took effect [and does not] explain why the same liberal tendencies failed to stop the dirty war the British conducted against the Mau Mau in Kenya while it was raging on". Others contend that, as the 1950s progressed, nationalist intransigence increasingly rendered official plans for political development irrelevant, meaning that after the mid-1950s British policy increasingly accepted Kenyan nationalism and moved to co-opt its leaders and organisations into collaboration.<a href="#cite_note-Berman_1991_189-147">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bra&Che_2006_11-270">[263]</a> It has been argued that the conflict helped set the stage for Kenyan independence in December 1963,<a href="#cite_note-Percox_2005_752-271">[264]</a> or at least secured the prospect of Black-majority rule once the British left.<a href="#cite_note-Londsale-272">[265]</a> However, this is disputed and other sources downplay the contribution of Mau Mau to decolonisation.<a href="#cite_note-Wasserman_1976_1b-273">[266]</a> On 12 December 1964, <a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Jomo Kenyatta">President Kenyatta</a> issued an amnesty to Mau Mau fighters to surrender to the government. Some Mau Mau members insisted that they should get land and be absorbed into the civil service and Kenya army. On 28 January 1965, the Kenyatta government sent the Kenya army to Meru district, where Mau Mau fighters gathered under the leadership of Field Marshal Mwariama and Field Marshal Baimungi. These leaders and several Mau Mau fighters were killed. On 14 January 1965, the Minister for Defence Dr Njoroge Mungai was quoted in the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Nation_(Kenya)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Nation (Kenya)">Daily Nation</a> saying: "They are now outlaws, who will be pursued and brought to punishment. They must be outlawed as well in the minds of all the people of Kenya."<a href="#cite_note-274">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[268]</a> On 12 September 2015, the British government unveiled a Mau Mau memorial statue in Nairobi's Uhuru Park that it had funded "as a symbol of reconciliation between the British government, the Mau Mau, and all those who suffered". This followed a June 2013 decision by Britain to compensate more than 5,000 Kenyans it had tortured and abused during the Mau Mau insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-276">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compensation_claims">Compensation claims</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mau_Mau_rebellion&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Compensation claims">edit</a>]</div> In 1999, a collection of former fighters calling themselves the Mau Mau Original Group announced that they would attempt a £5 billion claim against the UK on behalf of hundreds of thousands of Kenyans for ill-treatment that they said they had suffered during the rebellion, though nothing came of it.<a href="#cite_note-277">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[271]</a> In November 2002, the Mau Mau Trust—a welfare group for former members of the movement—announced that it would attempt to sue the British government for widespread human rights violations it said had been committed against its members.<a href="#cite_note-279">[272]</a> Until September 2003, the Mau Mau movement was banned.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_ban-280">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[274]</a> Once the ban was removed, former Mau Mau members who had been castrated or otherwise tortured were supported by the Kenya Human Rights Commission, in particular by the commission's George Morara, in their attempt to take on the British government;<a href="#cite_note-282">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-HG_2012-283">[276]</a> their lawyers had amassed 6,000 depositions regarding human rights abuses by late 2002.<a href="#cite_note-284">[277]</a> 42 potential claimants were interviewed, from whom five were chosen to prosecute a test case; one of the five, Susan Ciong'ombe Ngondi, has since died.<a href="#cite_note-HG_2012-283">[276]</a> The remaining four test claimants are: Ndiku Mutua, who was castrated; Paulo Muoka Nzili, who was castrated; Jane Muthoni Mara, who was subjected to sexual assault that included having bottles filled with boiling water pushed up her vagina; and Wambugu Wa Nyingi, who survived the <a href="/wiki/Hola_massacre" title="Hola massacre">Hola massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-285">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-Permission_2011-287">[280]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Macintyre" title="Ben Macintyre">Ben Macintyre</a> of The Times said of the legal case: "Opponents of these proceedings have pointed out, rightly, that the Mau Mau was a brutal terrorist force, guilty of the most dreadful atrocities. Yet only one of the claimants is of that stamp—Mr Nzili. He has admitted taking the Mau Mau oath and said that all he did was to ferry food to the fighters in the forest. None has been accused, let alone convicted, of any crime."<a href="#cite_note-not_accused-288">[281]</a> Upon publication of Caroline Elkins' <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Reckoning" title="Imperial Reckoning">Imperial Reckoning</a> in 2005, Kenya called for an apology from the UK for atrocities committed during the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-289">[282]</a> The British government claimed that the issue was the responsibility of the Kenyan government, on the ground of <a href="/wiki/Succession_of_states" title="Succession of states">"state succession"</a> for former colonies, relying on an obscure legal precedent relating to <a href="/wiki/Patagonian_toothfish" title="Patagonian toothfish">Patagonian toothfish</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_05.04.2011-290">[283]</a> and the declaration of martial law in Jamaica in 1860.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_07.04.2011-291">[284]</a> In July 2011, "George Morara strode down the corridor and into a crowded little room [in Nairobi] where 30 elderly Kenyans sat hunched together around a table clutching cups of hot tea and sharing plates of biscuits. 'I have good news from London', he announced. 'We have won the first part of the battle!' At once, the room erupted in cheers."<a href="#cite_note-Permission_2011-287">[280]</a> The good news was that a British judge had ruled that the Kenyans could sue the British government for their torture.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_21072011-292">[285]</a> Morara said that, if the first test cases succeeded, perhaps 30,000 others would file similar complaints of torture.<a href="#cite_note-Permission_2011-287">[280]</a> Explaining his decision, <a href="/wiki/Richard_McCombe" title="Richard McCombe">Mr Justice McCombe</a> said the claimants had an "arguable case",<a href="#cite_note-BBC_21072011-293">[286]</a> and added: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It may well be thought strange, or perhaps even dishonourable, that a legal system which will not in any circumstances admit into its proceedings evidence obtained by torture should yet refuse to entertain a claim against the Government in its own jurisdiction for that Government's allegedly negligent failure to prevent torture which it had the means to prevent. Furthermore, resort to technicality ... to rule such a claim out of court appears particularly misplaced.<a href="#cite_note-Times_21Jul2011-294">[287]</a></blockquote>A Times editorial noted with satisfaction that "Mr Justice McCombe told the FCO, in effect, to get lost. ... Though the arguments against reopening very old wounds are seductive, they fail morally. There are living claimants and it most certainly was not their fault that the documentary evidence that seems to support their claims was for so long 'lost' in the governmental filing system."<a href="#cite_note-Times_ed_2011-295">[288]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:35%; ; font-size: 85%; color: #202122;background-color: AliceBlue;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote right-aligned" style="text-align: left;"> If we are going to sin, we must sin quietly.<a href="#cite_note-times_12042011-296">[289]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="text-align: right;">—Kenyan Attorney-General Eric Griffith-Jones</cite> </div>During the course of the Mau Mau legal battle in London, a large amount of what was stated to be formerly lost Foreign Office archival material was finally brought to light, while yet more was discovered to be missing.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2011-297">[290]</a> The files, known as <a href="/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office_migrated_archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign and Commonwealth Office migrated archives">migrated archives</a>, provided details of British human rights abuses (torture, rape, execution)<a href="#cite_note-298">[291]</a> in its former colonies during the final stages of empire, including during Mau Mau, and even after decolonisation. Regarding the Mau Mau Uprising, the records included confirmation of "the extent of the violence inflicted on suspected Mau Mau rebels"<a href="#cite_note-times_13042011-299">[292]</a> in British detention camps documented in Caroline Elkins' study.<a href="#cite_note-guardian_14042011a-300">[293]</a> Numerous allegations of murder and rape by British military personnel are recorded in the files, including an incident where a native Kenyan baby was "burnt to death", the "defilement of a young girl", and a soldier in Royal Irish Fusiliers who killed "in cold blood two people who had been his captives for over 12 hours".<a href="#cite_note-Torture_2011-301">[294]</a> Baring himself was aware of the "extreme brutality" of the sometimes lethal torture meted out—which included "most drastic" beatings, solitary confinement, starvation, castration, whipping, burning, rape, sodomy, and forceful insertion of objects into orifices—but took no action.<a href="#cite_note-guardian_11042011-182">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-times_13042011-299">[292]</a> Baring's inaction was despite the urging of people like Arthur Young, Commissioner of Police for Kenya for less than eight months of 1954 before he resigned in protest, that "the horror of some of the [camps] should be investigated without delay".<a href="#cite_note-times_13042011a-186">[180]</a> In February 1956, a provincial commissioner in Kenya, "Monkey" Johnson, wrote to Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Manningham-Buller,_1st_Viscount_Dilhorne" title="Reginald Manningham-Buller, 1st Viscount Dilhorne">Reginald Manningham-Buller</a> urging him to block any enquiry into the methods used against Mau Mau: "It would now appear that each and every one of us, from the Governor downwards, may be in danger of removal from public service by a commission of enquiry as a result of enquiries made by the CID."<a href="#cite_note-Indie_08.04.2011-302">[295]</a> The April 2012 release also included detailed accounts of the policy of seizing livestock from Kenyans suspected of supporting Mau Mau rebels.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_2012_docs-136">[132]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; ; font-size: 85%; color: #202122;background-color: AliceBlue;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote right-aligned" style="text-align: left;"> Main criticism we shall have to meet is that 'Cowan plan'<a href="#cite_note-303">[296]</a> which was approved by Government contained instructions which in effect authorised unlawful use of violence against detainees.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_12042011-304">[297]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="text-align: right;">Colonial Secretary <a href="/wiki/Alan_Lennox-Boyd,_1st_Viscount_Boyd_of_Merton" title="Alan Lennox-Boyd, 1st Viscount Boyd of Merton">Alan Lennox-Boyd</a></cite> </div>Commenting on the papers, David Anderson stated that the "documents were hidden away to protect the guilty",<a href="#cite_note-times_05042011b-305">[298]</a> and "that the extent of abuse now being revealed is truly disturbing".<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_25_July_2011-306">[299]</a> "Everything that could happen did happen. Allegations about beatings and violence were widespread. Basically you could get away with murder. It was systematic", Anderson said.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_07042011-108">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[300]</a> An example of this impunity is the case of eight colonial officials accused of having prisoners tortured to death going unpunished even after their actions were reported to London.<a href="#cite_note-Indie_08.04.2011-302">[295]</a> Huw Bennett of King's College London, who had worked with Anderson on the Chuka Massacre, said in a witness statement to the court that the new documents "considerably strengthen" the knowledge that the British Army were "intimately involved" with the colonial security forces, whom they knew were "systematically abusing and torturing detainees in screening centres and detention camps".<a href="#cite_note-Torture_2011-301">[294]</a> In April 2011, lawyers for the Foreign and Commonwealth Office continued to maintain that there was no such policy.<a href="#cite_note-Torture_2011-301">[294]</a> As early as November 1952, however, military reports noted that "[t]he Army has been used for carrying out certain functions that properly belonged to the Police, eg. searching of huts and screening of Africans", and British soldiers arrested and transferred Mau Mau suspects to camps where they were beaten and tortured until they confessed. Bennett said that "the British Army retained ultimate operational control over all security forces throughout the Emergency", and that its military intelligence operation worked "hand in glove" with the Kenyan Special Branch "including in screening and interrogations in centres and detention camps".<a href="#cite_note-Torture_2011-301">[294]</a> The Kenyan government sent a letter to the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs">Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">William Hague</a>, insisting that the UK government was legally liable for the atrocities.<a href="#cite_note-times_05042011b-305">[298]</a> The Foreign Office, however, reaffirmed its position that it was not, in fact, liable for colonial atrocities,<a href="#cite_note-times_05042011b-305">[298]</a> and argued that the documents had not "disappeared" as part of a cover-up.<a href="#cite_note-ft_050411-308">[301]</a> Nearly ten years before, in late 2002, as the BBC aired a documentary detailing British human rights abuses committed during the rebellion and 6,000 depositions had been taken for the legal case, former district colonial officer <a href="/wiki/John_Nottingham" title="John Nottingham">John Nottingham</a> had expressed concern that compensation be paid soon, since most victims were in their 80s and would soon die. He told the BBC: "What went on in the Kenya camps and villages was brutal, savage torture. It is time that the mockery of justice that was perpetrated in this country at that time, should be, must be righted. I feel ashamed to have come from a Britain that did what it did here [in Kenya]."<a href="#cite_note-309">[302]</a> Thirteen boxes of "top secret" Kenya files are still missing.<a href="#cite_note-MaKe_15Apr2012-310">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elkins_18Apr2012-311">[304]</a> In October 2012, Mr Justice McCombe granted the surviving elderly test claimants the right to sue the UK for damages.<a href="#cite_note-312">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[306]</a> The UK government then opted for what the claimants' lawyers called the "morally repugnant" decision to appeal McCombe's ruling.<a href="#cite_note-314">[307]</a> In May 2013, it was reported that the appeal was on hold while the UK government held compensation negotiations with the claimants.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_5_May_2013-315">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bennett_05May12-316">[309]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlement">Settlement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mau_Mau_rebellion&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Settlement">edit</a>]</div> On 6 June 2013, the foreign secretary, William Hague, told parliament that the UK government had reached a settlement with the claimants. He said it included "payment of a settlement sum in respect of 5,228 claimants, as well as a gross costs sum, to the total value of £19.9 million. The Government will also support the construction of a memorial in Nairobi to the victims of torture and ill-treatment during the colonial era."<a href="#cite_note-:1-317">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[311]</a> However he added, "We continue to deny liability on behalf of the Government and British taxpayers today for the actions of the colonial administration in respect of the claims".<a href="#cite_note-:1-317">[310]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mau_Mau_status_in_Kenya">Mau Mau status in Kenya</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mau_Mau_rebellion&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Mau Mau status in Kenya">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:43%; ; font-size: 85%; color: #202122;background-color: AliceBlue;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote right-aligned" style="text-align: left;"> Partisan questions about the Mau Mau war have ... echoed round Kenya's political arena during 40 years of independence. How historically necessary was Mau Mau? Did its secretive violence alone have the power to destroy white supremacy? Or did it merely sow discord within a mass nationalism that—for all the failings of the Kenya African Union (KAU)—was bound to win power in the end? Did Mau Mau aim at freedom for all Kenyans? or did moderate, constitutional politicians rescue that pluralist prize from the jaws of its ethnic chauvinism? Has the self-sacrificial victory of the poor been unjustly forgotten, and appropriated by the rich? or are Mau Mau's defeats and divisions best buried in oblivion?<a href="#cite_note-Lonsdale_2003_47-319">[312]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="text-align: right;">—John Lonsdale</cite> </div>It is often argued that the Mau Mau Uprising was suppressed as a subject for public discussion in Kenya during the periods under Kenyatta and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_arap_Moi" title="Daniel arap Moi">Daniel arap Moi</a> because of the key positions and influential presence of some loyalists in government, business and other elite sectors of Kenyan society post-1963.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_pp360-363-320">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-Branch_2009_ppxii-xiii-321">[314]</a> Unsurprisingly, during this same period opposition groups tactically embraced the Mau Mau rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-Branch_2009_pxii-20">[18]</a> Members of Mau Mau are currently recognised by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kenya" title="Government of Kenya">Kenyan Government</a> as freedom-independence heroes and heroines who sacrificed their lives in order to free Kenyans from colonial rule.<a href="#cite_note-speech2009-322">[315]</a> Since 2010, Mashujaa Day (Heroes Day) has been marked annually on 20 October (the same day Baring signed the Emergency order).<a href="#cite_note-323">[316]</a> According to the Kenyan Government, Mashujaa Day will be a time for Kenyans to remember and honour Mau Mau and other Kenyans who participated in the independence struggle.<a href="#cite_note-speech2009-322">[315]</a> Mashujaa Day will replace Kenyatta Day; the latter has until now also been held on 20 October.<a href="#cite_note-324">[317]</a> In 2001, the Kenyan Government announced that important Mau Mau sites were to be turned into national monuments.<a href="#cite_note-monuments-325">[318]</a> This official celebration of Mau Mau is in marked contrast to post-colonial Kenyan governments' rejection of the Mau Mau as an engine of national liberation.<a href="#cite_note-Branch_2009_pxi-121">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_2005_pp335-336-326">[319]</a> Such a turnabout has attracted criticism of government manipulation of the Mau Mau uprising for political ends.<a href="#cite_note-monuments-325">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-Branch_2009_ppxii-xiv-327">[320]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; ; font-size: 85%; color: #202122;background-color: AliceBlue;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote right-aligned" style="text-align: left;"> We are determined to have independence in peace, and we shall not allow hooligans to rule Kenya. We must have no hatred towards one another. Mau Mau was a disease which had been eradicated, and must never be remembered again.<a href="#cite_note-Clough_1998_p25b-150">[146]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="text-align: right;">—Speech by Jomo Kenyatta, April 1963</cite> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mau_Mau_rebellion&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Man%27s_Land_Trilogy" title="The Black Man's Land Trilogy">The Black Man's Land Trilogy</a>, series of films on Kenya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Kitson" title="Frank Kitson">Frank Kitson</a>, author of Gangs and Counter-gangs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurito_ole_Kisio" title="Kurito ole Kisio">Kurito ole Kisio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthoni_Kirima" title="Muthoni Kirima">Muthoni</a> wa Kirima</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Chic_%26_Mau-Mauing_the_Flak_Catchers" title="Radical Chic & Mau-Mauing the Flak Catchers">Radical Chic & Mau-Mauing the Flak Catchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ruark" title="Robert Ruark">Robert Ruark</a>, author of Something of Value and Uhuru</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weep_Not,_Child" title="Weep Not, Child">Weep Not, Child</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insurgency">Insurgency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mau_Mau_rebellion&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Insurgency">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mungiki" title="Mungiki">Mungiki</a>, contemporary Kikuyu insurgency within Kenya</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mau_Mau_rebellion&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: General">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_military_history" class="mw-redirect" title="British military history">British military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kenya" title="History of Kenya">History of Kenya</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mau_Mau_rebellion&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> The name <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Land_and_Freedom_Army" title="Kenya Land and Freedom Army">Kenya Land and Freedom Army</a> is sometimes heard in connection with Mau Mau. KLFA was the name that Dedan Kimathi used for a coordinating body which he tried to set up for Mau Mau. It was also the name of another militant group that sprang up briefly in the spring of 1960; the group was broken up during a brief operation from 26 March to 30 April.<a href="#cite_note-Nissimi_2006_11-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> In English, the Kikuyu people also are known as the "Kikuyu" and as the "Wakikuyu" people, but their preferred <a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">exonym</a> is "Gĩkũyũ", derived from the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili language</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Though finalised in 1926, reserves were first instituted by the Crown Lands Ordinance of 1915.<a href="#cite_note-Ormsby-Gore_1925_p29-53">[51]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> "Squatter or resident labourers are those who reside with their families on European farms usually for the purpose of work for the owners. ... Contract labourers are those who sign a contract of service before a magistrate, for periods varying from three to twelve months. Casual labourers leave their reserves to engage themselves to European employers for any period from one day upwards."<a href="#cite_note-Ormsby-Gore_1925_p173-56">[54]</a> In return for his services, a squatter was entitled to use some of the settler's land for cultivation and grazing.<a href="#cite_note-Kanogo_1993_10-62">[59]</a> Contract and casual workers are together referred to as migratory labourers, in distinction to the permanent presence of the squatters on farms. The phenomenon of squatters arose in response to the complementary difficulties of Europeans in finding labourers and of Africans in gaining access to arable and grazing land.<a href="#cite_note-Kanogo_1993_8-46">[44]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> During the Emergency, screening was the term used by colonial authorities to mean the interrogation of a Mau Mau suspect. The alleged member or sympathiser of Mau Mau would be interrogated in order to obtain an admission of guilt—specifically, a confession that they had taken the Mau Mau oath—as well as for intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_2005_p63-162">[158]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> The term gulag is used by David Anderson and Caroline Elkins. For Anderson, see his 2005 Histories of the Hanged, p. 7: "Virtually every one of the acquitted men ... would spend the next several years in the notorious detention camps of the Kenyan gulag"; for Elkins, see the UK edition of her 2005 book, Britain's Gulag: The Brutal End of Empire in Kenya. </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> Other estimates are as high as 450,000 interned.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mau_Mau_rebellion&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes_2">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mau_Mau_rebellion&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Nissimi_2006_11-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Nissimi_2006_11_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNissimi2006">Nissimi 2006</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNewsinger1981" class="citation journal cs1">Newsinger, John (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40402312">"Revolt and Repression in Kenya: The "Mau Mau" Rebellion, 1952-1960"</a>. Science & Society. 45 (2): 159–185. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40402312">40402312</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Revolt+and+Repression+in+Kenya%3A+The+%22Mau+Mau%22+Rebellion%2C+1952-1960&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=159-185&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40402312%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Newsinger&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40402312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Page_2011_p206-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Page_2011_p206_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPage2011">Page 2011</a>, p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson20055-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson20055_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson20055_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2005">Anderson 2005</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Durrani, Shiraz. Mau Mau, the Revolutionary, Anti-Imperialist Force from Kenya, 1948–63: Selection from Shiraz Durrani's Kenya's War of Independence: Mau Mau and Its Legacy of Resistance to Colonialism and Imperialism, 1948–1990. Vita Books, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elstein_07Apr2011-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elstein_07Apr2011_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elstein_07Apr2011_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elstein_07Apr2011_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elstein_07Apr2011_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elstein_07Apr2011_7-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Elstein2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Elstein" title="David Elstein">David Elstein</a> (7 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215172234/http://www.opendemocracy.net/david-elstein/daniel-goldhagen-and-kenya-recycling-fantasy">"Daniel Goldhagen and Kenya: recycling fantasy"</a>. openDemocracy.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opendemocracy.net/david-elstein/daniel-goldhagen-and-kenya-recycling-fantasy">the original</a> on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daniel+Goldhagen+and+Kenya%3A+recycling+fantasy&rft.pub=openDemocracy.org&rft.date=2011-04-07&rft.au=David+Elstein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendemocracy.net%2Fdavid-elstein%2Fdaniel-goldhagen-and-kenya-recycling-fantasy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> ""UK armed forces Deaths: Operational deaths post World War II"" (PDF). Ministry of defense. 25 March 2021 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson20054-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson20054_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson20054_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson20054_9-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2005">Anderson 2005</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlakeley2009" class="citation book cs1">Blakeley, Ruth (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rft8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA80">State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-04246-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-04246-3"><bdi>978-1-134-04246-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Terrorism+and+Neoliberalism%3A+The+North+in+the+South&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-134-04246-3&rft.aulast=Blakeley&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drft8AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborne2010" class="citation journal cs1">Osborne, Myles (2010). "The Kamba and Mau Mau: Ethnicity, Development, and Chiefship, 1952–1960". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 43 (1): 63–87. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0361-7882">0361-7882</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25741397">25741397</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+African+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Kamba+and+Mau+Mau%3A+Ethnicity%2C+Development%2C+and+Chiefship%2C+1952%E2%80%931960&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63-87&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25741397%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0361-7882&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=Myles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2005">Anderson 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army (1994) p. 350 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,875584,00.html">"Kenya: A Love for the Forest"</a>. Time. 17 January 1964. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200423115834/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,875584,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Kenya%3A+A+Love+for+the+Forest&rft.date=1964-01-17&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C875584%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army (1994) p. 346. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mumford_2012_p49-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Mumford_2012_p49_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMumford2012">Mumford 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zGj92OzwW08C&pg=PA49">49</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Füredi_1989_5-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Füredi_1989_5_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFüredi1989">Füredi 1989</a>, p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-Maloba_1998-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Maloba_1998_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaloba1998">Maloba 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Branch_2009_pxii-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Branch_2009_pxii_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Branch_2009_pxii_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Branch_2009_pxii_20-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBranch2009">Branch 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assets.cambridge.org/97805211/30905/frontmatter/9780521130905_frontmatter.pdf">xii</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerlach_2010_213-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Gerlach_2010_213_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2010">Gerlach 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=48N-XbOltMEC&pg=PA213">213</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloody_uprising_of_the_Mau_Mau-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloody_uprising_of_the_Mau_Mau_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloody_uprising_of_the_Mau_Mau_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloody_uprising_of_the_Mau_Mau_22-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-12997138">"Bloody uprising of the Mau Mau"</a>. BBC News. 7 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200102004920/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-12997138">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bloody+uprising+of+the+Mau+Mau&rft.date=2011-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-12997138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kanogo_1992_23to25-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Kanogo_1992_23to25_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKanogo1992">Kanogo 1992</a>, pp. 23–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-Majdalany_1963_75-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Majdalany_1963_75_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajdalany1963">Majdalany 1963</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kariuki_1960_167-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kariuki_1960_167_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kariuki_1960_167_25-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKariuki1975">Kariuki 1975</a>, p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kariuki_1960_24-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Kariuki_1960_24_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKariuki1975">Kariuki 1975</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangari_Maathai2006" class="citation book cs1">Wangari Maathai (2006). Unbowed: a memoir. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0307263487" title="Special:BookSources/0307263487"><bdi>0307263487</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unbowed%3A+a+memoir&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0307263487&rft.au=Wangari+Maathai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis2003320-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis2003320_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis2003320_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurtis2003">Curtis 2003</a>, p. 320. </li> <li id="cite_note-Coray_1978_p179-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coray_1978_p179_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coray_1978_p179_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoray1978">Coray 1978</a>, p. 179: "The [colonial] administration's refusal to develop mechanisms whereby African grievances against non-Africans might be resolved on terms of equity, moreover, served to accelerate a growing disaffection with colonial rule. The investigations of the Kenya Land Commission of 1932–1934 are a case study in such lack of foresight, for the findings and recommendations of this commission, particularly those regarding the claims of the Kikuyu of Kiambu, would serve to exacerbate other grievances and nurture the seeds of a growing African nationalism in Kenya". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200515,_22-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson200515,_22_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2005">Anderson 2005</a>, pp. 15, 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ormsby-Gore_1925_p149-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Ormsby-Gore_1925_p149_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrmsby-Gore,_et_al.1925">Ormsby-Gore, et al. 1925</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-Alam_2007_p1-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Alam_2007_p1_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlam2007">Alam 2007</a>, p. 1: The colonial presence in Kenya, in contrast to, say, India, where it lasted almost 200 years, was brief but equally violent. It formally started when Her Majesty's agent and Counsel General at Zanzibar, A.H. Hardinge, in a proclamation on 1 July 1895, announced that he was taking over the <a href="/wiki/Coast_Province" title="Coast Province">Coastal areas</a> as well as the interior that included the Kikuyu land, now known as Central Province." </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellis_1986_p100-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Ellis_1986_p100_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllis1986">Ellis 1986</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R_IBgm_G8zcC&pg=PA100">100</a>. You can read Dilke's speech in full here: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1894/jun/01/class-v#S4V0025P0_18940601_HOC_113">"Class V; House of Commons Debate, 1 June 1894"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a>. Series 4, Vol. 25, cc. 181–270. 1 June 1894. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215172307/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1894/jun/01/class-v#S4V0025P0_18940601_HOC_113">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.atitle=Class+V%3B+House+of+Commons+Debate%2C+1+June+1894&rft.date=1894-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1894%2Fjun%2F01%2Fclass-v%23S4V0025P0_18940601_HOC_113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edgerton_1989_4-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Edgerton_1989_4_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdgerton1989">Edgerton 1989</a>, p. 4. Francis Hall, an officer in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_British_East_Africa_Company" title="Imperial British East Africa Company">Imperial British East Africa Company</a> and after whom <a href="/wiki/Murang%27a" title="Murang'a">Fort Hall</a> was named, asserted: "There is only one way to improve the Wakikuyu [and] that is wipe them out; I should be only too delighted to do so, but we have to depend on them for food supplies." </li> <li id="cite_note-Meinertzhagen_1957_51_52-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Meinertzhagen_1957_51_52_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeinertzhagen1957">Meinertzhagen 1957</a>, pp. 51–52 <a href="/wiki/Richard_Meinertzhagen" title="Richard Meinertzhagen">Richard Meinertzhagen</a> wrote of how, on occasion, they massacred Kikuyu by the hundreds. </li> <li id="cite_note-Alam_2007_p2-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Alam_2007_p2_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlam2007">Alam 2007</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-Brantley_1981-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Brantley_1981_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrantley1981">Brantley 1981</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Atieno-Odhiambo_1995_p25-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Atieno-Odhiambo_1995_p25_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAtieno-Odhiambo1995">Atieno-Odhiambo 1995</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AmFVjigwkxwC&pg=PA25">25</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ogot_2003_15-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Ogot_2003_15_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOgot2003">Ogot 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mbKOXGsytcIC&pg=PA15">15</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeys1973">Leys 1973</a>, p. 342, which notes they were "always hopeless failures. Naked spearmen fall in swathes before machine-guns, without inflicting a single casualty in return. Meanwhile, the troops burn all the huts and collect all the live stock within reach. Resistance once at an end, the leaders of the rebellion are surrendered for imprisonment ... Risings that followed such a course could hardly be repeated. A period of calm followed. And when unrest again appeared it was with other leaders ... and other motives." A particularly interesting example, albeit outside Kenya and featuring guns instead of spears, of successful armed resistance to maintain crucial aspects of autonomy is the <a href="/wiki/Basuto_Gun_War" title="Basuto Gun War">Basuto Gun War</a> of 1880–1881, whose ultimate legacy remains tangible even today, in the form of <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Maxon_1989_44-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Maxon_1989_44_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaxon1989">Maxon 1989</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtcJl7I_5vsC&pg=PA44">44</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ormsby-Gore_1925_p187-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ormsby-Gore_1925_p187_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ormsby-Gore_1925_p187_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ormsby-Gore_1925_p187_42-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrmsby-Gore,_et_al.1925">Ormsby-Gore, et al. 1925</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mosley_1983_5-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Mosley_1983_5_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMosley1983">Mosley 1983</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assets.cambridge.org/97805211/02452/excerpt/9780521102452_excerpt.pdf">5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson20053-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson20053_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2005">Anderson 2005</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdgerton1989">Edgerton 1989</a>, pp. 1–5. <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, p. 2, notes that the (British taxpayer) loans were never repaid on the Uganda Railway; they were written off in the 1930s. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kanogo_1993_8-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kanogo_1993_8_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kanogo_1993_8_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kanogo_1993_8_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kanogo_1993_8_46-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kanogo_1993_8_46-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kanogo_1993_8_46-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFKanogo1993">Kanogo 1993</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_go9AGqld1AC&pg=PA8">8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200510-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson200510_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson200510_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson200510_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson200510_47-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson200510_47-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2005">Anderson 2005</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-Carter_1934-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Carter_1934_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarter1934">Carter 1934</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Shilaro_2002_123-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Shilaro_2002_123_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShilaro2002">Shilaro 2002</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aFLdEiAdhesC&pg=123">123</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ormsby-Gore_1925_p159-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Ormsby-Gore_1925_p159_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrmsby-Gore,_et_al.1925">Ormsby-Gore, et al. 1925</a>, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-Edgerton_1989_5-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Edgerton_1989_5_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdgerton1989">Edgerton 1989</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kanogo_1993_9-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kanogo_1993_9_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kanogo_1993_9_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kanogo_1993_9_52-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kanogo_1993_9_52-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kanogo_1993_9_52-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kanogo_1993_9_52-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFKanogo1993">Kanogo 1993</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_go9AGqld1AC&pg=PA9">9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ormsby-Gore_1925_p29-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ormsby-Gore_1925_p29_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ormsby-Gore_1925_p29_53-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrmsby-Gore,_et_al.1925">Ormsby-Gore, et al. 1925</a>, p. 29: "This judgment is now widely known to Africans in Kenya, and it has become clear to them that, without their being previously informed or consulted, their rights in their tribal land, whether communal or individual, have 'disappeared' in law and have been superseded by the rights of the Crown." </li> <li id="cite_note-Welch_1980_p16-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Welch_1980_p16_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEmerson_Welch1980">Emerson Welch 1980</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XSngDaqpkoYC&dq=%22heaviest+losers%22%22masai+and+nandi%22&pg=PA16">16</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson_2004_p498-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_2004_p498_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2004">Anderson 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vD-ZqX4pbbYC&pg=PA498">498</a>. "The recruitment of African labor at poor rates of pay and under primitive conditions of work was characteristic of the operation of colonial capitalism in Africa during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. ... [C]olonial states readily colluded with capital in providing the legal framework necessary for the recruitment and maintenance of labor in adequate numbers and at low cost to the employer. ... The colonial state shared the desire of the European settler to encourage Africans into the labour market, whilst also sharing a concern to moderate the wages paid to workers". </li> <li id="cite_note-Ormsby-Gore_1925_p173-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ormsby-Gore_1925_p173_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ormsby-Gore_1925_p173_56-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrmsby-Gore,_et_al.1925">Ormsby-Gore, et al. 1925</a>, p. 173: "Casual labourers leave their reserves ... to earn the wherewithal to pay their 'Hut Tax' and to get money to purchase trade goods." </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShilaro2002">Shilaro 2002</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aFLdEiAdhesC&pg=117">117</a>: "African reserves in Kenya were legally constituted in the Crown Lands Amendment Ordinance of 1926". </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson_2004_p506-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_2004_p506_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2004">Anderson 2004</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vD-ZqX4pbbYC&pg=PA506">506</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kanogo_1993_13-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Kanogo_1993_13_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKanogo1993">Kanogo 1993</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_go9AGqld1AC&pg=PA13">13</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson_2004_p505-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_2004_p505_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2004">Anderson 2004</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vD-ZqX4pbbYC&pg=PA505">505</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kanogo_1993_10-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Kanogo_1993_10_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKanogo1993">Kanogo 1993</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_go9AGqld1AC&pg=PA10">10</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreech_Jones1937" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Creech_Jones" title="Arthur Creech Jones">Creech Jones, Arthur</a> (10 November 1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1937/nov/10/native-labour">"Native Labour; House of Commons Debate, 10 November 1937"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a>. Series 5, Vol. 328, cc. 1757-9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215221829/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1937/nov/10/native-labour">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.atitle=Native+Labour%3B+House+of+Commons+Debate%2C+10+November+1937&rft.date=1937-11-10&rft.aulast=Creech+Jones&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1937%2Fnov%2F10%2Fnative-labour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_p17-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_p17_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson_2004_p508-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_2004_p508_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2004">Anderson 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vD-ZqX4pbbYC&pg=PA508">508</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kanogo1987_96-97-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Kanogo1987_96-97_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKanogo1993">Kanogo 1993</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_go9AGqld1AC&pg=PA183">96–97</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson_2004_p507-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_2004_p507_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2004">Anderson 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vD-ZqX4pbbYC&pg=PA507">507</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ormsby-Gore_1925_p166-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Ormsby-Gore_1925_p166_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrmsby-Gore,_et_al.1925">Ormsby-Gore, et al. 1925</a>, p. 166: "In many parts of the territory we were informed that the majority of farmers were having the utmost difficulty in obtaining labour to cultivate and to harvest their crops". </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kenyaembassydc.org/aboutkenyahistory.html">"History"</a>. kenyaembassydc.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190522124317/http://kenyaembassydc.org/aboutkenyahistory.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=kenyaembassydc.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kenyaembassydc.org%2Faboutkenyahistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ormsby-Gore_1925_p155-156-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Ormsby-Gore_1925_p155-156_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrmsby-Gore,_et_al.1925">Ormsby-Gore, et al. 1925</a>, pp. 155–156. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ormsby-Gore_1925_p180-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Ormsby-Gore_1925_p180_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrmsby-Gore,_et_al.1925">Ormsby-Gore, et al. 1925</a>, p. 180: "The population of the district to which one medical officer is allotted amounts more often than not to over a quarter of a million natives distributed over a large area. ... [T]here are large areas in which no medical work is being undertaken." </li> <li id="cite_note-Swainson_1980_p23-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Swainson_1980_p23_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwainson1980">Swainson 1980</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-pzxavse89gC&pg=PA23">23</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson_2004_pp507-526-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_2004_pp507-526_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2004">Anderson 2004</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vD-ZqX4pbbYC&pg=PA516">516–528</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis2003320–321-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis2003320–321_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurtis2003">Curtis 2003</a>, pp. 320–321. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._M._A._Van_ZwanenbergAnne_King1975" class="citation book cs1">R. M. A. Van Zwanenberg; Anne King (1975). An Economic History of Kenya and Uganda 1800–1970. The Bowering Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-17671-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-17671-9"><bdi>978-0-333-17671-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Economic+History+of+Kenya+and+Uganda+1800%E2%80%931970&rft.pub=The+Bowering+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-333-17671-9&rft.au=R.+M.+A.+Van+Zwanenberg&rft.au=Anne+King&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ogot_2003_16-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ogot_2003_16_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ogot_2003_16_77-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOgot2003">Ogot 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mbKOXGsytcIC&pg=PA16">16</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005282-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005282_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2005">Anderson 2005</a>, p. 282. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangari_Maathai2006" class="citation book cs1">Wangari Maathai (2006). Unbowed: a memoir. Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 61–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0307263487" title="Special:BookSources/0307263487"><bdi>0307263487</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unbowed%3A+a+memoir&rft.pages=61-63&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0307263487&rft.au=Wangari+Maathai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berman_1991_p198-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Berman_1991_p198_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerman1991">Berman 1991</a>, p. 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_p25-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_p25_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-Branch_2007_p1-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Branch_2007_p1_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBranch2007">Branch 2007</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_32-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_32_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_32_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_32_83-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-Edgerton_1989_65-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Edgerton_1989_65_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdgerton1989">Edgerton 1989</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-Füredi_1989_116-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Füredi_1989_116_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFüredi1989">Füredi 1989</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rTmL3ePiFRMC&pg=PA116">116</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Edgerton_1989_66_67-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Edgerton_1989_66_67_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdgerton1989">Edgerton 1989</a>, pp. 66–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005252-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005252_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2005">Anderson 2005</a>, p. 252. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005239-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005239_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2005">Anderson 2005</a>, p. 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Bijl2017" class="citation book cs1">Van der Bijl, Nicholas (2017). Mau Mau Rebellion. Pen and Sword. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1473864603" title="Special:BookSources/978-1473864603"><bdi>978-1473864603</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/988759275">988759275</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mau+Mau+Rebellion&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F988759275&rft.isbn=978-1473864603&rft.aulast=Van+der+Bijl&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aGYnXInkdmk">These guns were more powerful psychologically than they were physically, with Jonathan Ferguson</a> August 28, 2024. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Armouries_Museum" title="Royal Armouries Museum">Royal Armouries Museum</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.nam.ac.uk/detail.php?acc=1963-09-6-4">"Mau Mau reed shafted arrows with some barbed 'wire' iron arrow heads and bound nocks, Kenya, 1953"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Army_Museum" title="National Army Museum">National Army Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20230716000753/https://collection.nam.ac.uk/detail.php?acc=1963-09-6-4">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mau+Mau+reed+shafted+arrows+with+some+barbed+%27wire%27+iron+arrow+heads+and+bound+nocks%2C+Kenya%2C+1953&rft.pub=National+Army+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollection.nam.ac.uk%2Fdetail.php%3Facc%3D1963-09-6-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoddard2020" class="citation thesis cs1">Stoddard, James (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221112195601/https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1137&context=etd2020">Mau Mau Blasters: The Homemade Guns of the Mau Mau Uprising</a> (MA). University of Central Florida. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1137&context=etd2020">the original</a> on 12 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Mau+Mau+Blasters%3A+The+Homemade+Guns+of+the+Mau+Mau+Uprising&rft.inst=University+of+Central+Florida&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Stoddard&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstars.library.ucf.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1137%26context%3Detd2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410145343/http://owaahh.com/when-the-mau-mau-used-a-biological-weapon/">"When the Mau Mau Used a Biological Weapon"</a>. Owaahh. 30 October 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://owaahh.com/when-the-mau-mau-used-a-biological-weapon/">the original</a> on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Owaahh&rft.atitle=When+the+Mau+Mau+Used+a+Biological+Weapon&rft.date=2014-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fowaahh.com%2Fwhen-the-mau-mau-used-a-biological-weapon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborne2015" class="citation journal cs1">Osborne, Myles (30 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs002185371400067x">"'The Rooting Out of Mau Mau from the Minds of the Kikuyu is a Formidable Task': Propaganda and the Mau Mau War"</a>. The Journal of African History. 56 (1): 77–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs002185371400067x">10.1017/s002185371400067x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8537">0021-8537</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159690162">159690162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=%27The+Rooting+Out+of+Mau+Mau+from+the+Minds+of+the+Kikuyu+is+a+Formidable+Task%27%3A+Propaganda+and+the+Mau+Mau+War&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-97&rft.date=2015-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159690162%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0021-8537&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs002185371400067x&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=Myles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fs002185371400067x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeakey1954" class="citation journal cs1">Leakey, L.S.B. (1954). "The religious element in Mau Mau". African Music: Journal of the African Music Society. 1 (1): 78–79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21504%2Famj.v1i1.235">10.21504/amj.v1i1.235</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Music%3A+Journal+of+the+African+Music+Society&rft.atitle=The+religious+element+in+Mau+Mau&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=78-79&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21504%2Famj.v1i1.235&rft.aulast=Leakey&rft.aufirst=L.S.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPresley1992" class="citation book cs1">Presley, Cora Ann (1992). Kikuyu Women, the Mau Mau Rebellion and Social Change in Kenya. Boulder: Westview Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kikuyu+Women%2C+the+Mau+Mau+Rebellion+and+Social+Change+in+Kenya&rft.place=Boulder&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Presley&rft.aufirst=Cora+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Füredi_1989_4-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Füredi_1989_4_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFüredi1989">Füredi 1989</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rTmL3ePiFRMC&dq=%22perverted+tribalism%22&pg=PA4">4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Berman_1991_pp182-183-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Berman_1991_pp182-183_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerman1991">Berman 1991</a>, pp. 182–183. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahone_2006-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Mahone_2006_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMahone2006">Mahone 2006</a>, p. 241: "This article opens with a retelling of colonial accounts of the 'mania of 1911', which took place in the Kamba region of Kenya Colony. The story of this 'psychic epidemic' and others like it were recounted over the years as evidence depicting the predisposition of Africans to episodic mass hysteria." </li> <li id="cite_note-McCulloch_2006_64to76-100"><a href="#cite_ref-McCulloch_2006_64to76_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCulloch2006">McCulloch 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FToFMwnBacQC&pg=PA64">64–76</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarothers1947" class="citation journal cs1">Carothers, J. C. (July 1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-mental-science/article/abs/study-of-mental-derangement-in-africans-and-an-attempt-to-explain-its-peculiarities-more-especially-in-relation-to-the-african-attitude-to-life/1E5DB8896931A8255D8A3DC7DA13BD26">"A Study of Mental Derangement in Africans, and an Attempt to Explain its Peculiarities, More Especially in Relation to the African Attitude to Life"</a>. Journal of Mental Science. 93 (392): 548–597. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fbjp.93.392.548">10.1192/bjp.93.392.548</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0368-315X">0368-315X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20273401">20273401</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231027013000/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-mental-science/article/abs/study-of-mental-derangement-in-africans-and-an-attempt-to-explain-its-peculiarities-more-especially-in-relation-to-the-african-attitude-to-life/1E5DB8896931A8255D8A3DC7DA13BD26">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mental+Science&rft.atitle=A+Study+of+Mental+Derangement+in+Africans%2C+and+an+Attempt+to+Explain+its+Peculiarities%2C+More+Especially+in+Relation+to+the+African+Attitude+to+Life&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=392&rft.pages=548-597&rft.date=1947-07&rft.issn=0368-315X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20273401&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1192%2Fbjp.93.392.548&rft.aulast=Carothers&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-mental-science%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fstudy-of-mental-derangement-in-africans-and-an-attempt-to-explain-its-peculiarities-more-especially-in-relation-to-the-african-attitude-to-life%2F1E5DB8896931A8255D8A3DC7DA13BD26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Füredi_1994_119to121-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Füredi_1994_119to121_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFüredi1994">Füredi 1994</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e2vetUPTks4C&pg=PA119">119–121</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Berman_1991_pp183-185-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Berman_1991_pp183-185_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerman1991">Berman 1991</a>, pp. 183–185. </li> <li id="cite_note-Clough_1998_p4-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Clough_1998_p4_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClough1998">Clough 1998</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jpbZEfiAPW0C&pg=PA4">4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Branch_2009_p3-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Branch_2009_p3_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Branch_2009_p3_105-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBranch2009">Branch 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assets.cambridge.org/97805211/30905/excerpt/9780521130905_excerpt.pdf">3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2005">Anderson 2005</a>, p. 4: "Much of the struggle tore through the African communities themselves, an internecine war waged between rebels and so-called 'loyalists' – Africans who took the side of the government and opposed Mau Mau." </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> John Reader, Africa: A Biography of the Continent (1997), p. 641. </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc_07042011-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_07042011_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_07042011_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12997138">"Mau Mau uprising: Bloody history of Kenya conflict"</a>. BBC News. 7 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110410182853/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12997138">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2011. <q>There was lots of suffering on the other side too. This was a dirty war. It became a civil war—though that idea remains extremely unpopular in Kenya today.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mau+Mau+uprising%3A+Bloody+history+of+Kenya+conflict&rft.date=2011-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-12997138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> (The quote is of Professor David Anderson) </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewsinger1981" class="citation journal cs1">Newsinger, John (1981). "Revolt and Repression in Kenya: The "Mau Mau" Rebellion, 1952–1960". Science & Society. 45 (2): 159–185. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40402312">40402312</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Revolt+and+Repression+in+Kenya%3A+The+%22Mau+Mau%22+Rebellion%2C+1952%E2%80%931960&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=159-185&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40402312%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Newsinger&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Füredi_1989_4to5-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Füredi_1989_4to5_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFüredi1989">Füredi 1989</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rTmL3ePiFRMC&pg=PA4">4–5</a>: "Since they were the most affected by the colonial system and the most educated about its ways, the Kikuyu emerged as the most politicized African community in Kenya." </li> <li id="cite_note-Berman_1991_p196-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Berman_1991_p196_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerman1991">Berman 1991</a>, p. 196: "The impact of colonial capitalism and the colonial state hit the Kikuyu with greater force and effect than any other of Kenya's peoples, setting off new processes of differentiation and class formation." </li> <li id="cite_note-thomas1993-112"><a href="#cite_ref-thomas1993_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1993" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, Beth (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/36/index-ba.html">"Historian, Kenya native's book on Mau Mau revolt"</a>. UpDate. 13 (13): 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225224617/http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/36/index-ba.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UpDate&rft.atitle=Historian%2C+Kenya+native%27s+book+on+Mau+Mau+revolt&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Beth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hartford-hwp.com%2Farchives%2F36%2Findex-ba.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pulitzer-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Pulitzer_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pulitzer.org/">"Pulitzer Prize Winners: General Nonfiction"</a>. pulitzer.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080224184433/http://www.pulitzer.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2008. Retrieved 16 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pulitzer+Prize+Winners%3A+General+Nonfiction&rft.pub=pulitzer.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pulitzer.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ogot_2005_502-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ogot_2005_502_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ogot_2005_502_114-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ogot_2005_502_114-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFOgot2005">Ogot 2005</a>, p. 502: "There was no reason and no restraint on both sides, although Elkins sees no atrocities on the part of Mau Mau." </li> <li id="cite_note-elstein-115"><a href="#cite_ref-elstein_115-0">^</a> See in particular <a href="/wiki/David_Elstein" title="David Elstein">David Elstein</a>'s angry letters: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v27/n11/letters">"Letters: Tell me where I'm wrong"</a>. London Review of Books. 27 (11). 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191003091349/https://www.lrb.co.uk/v27/n11/letters">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Letters%3A+Tell+me+where+I%27m+wrong&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=11&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fv27%2Fn11%2Fletters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2005/jun/23/the-end-of-the-mau-mau">"The End of the Mau Mau"</a>. The New York Review of Books. 52 (11). 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150927224513/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2005/jun/23/the-end-of-the-mau-mau/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 3 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=The+End+of+the+Mau+Mau&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=11&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2Farchives%2F2005%2Fjun%2F23%2Fthe-end-of-the-mau-mau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v27/n14/letters">"Letters: Tell me where I'm wrong"</a>. London Review of Books. 27 (14). 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170705055835/https://www.lrb.co.uk/v27/n14/letters">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Letters%3A+Tell+me+where+I%27m+wrong&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=14&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fv27%2Fn14%2Fletters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> See Elstein's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opendemocracy.net/david-elstein/daniel-goldhagen-and-kenya-recycling-fantasy">"Daniel Goldhagen and Kenya: recycling fantasy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215172234/http://www.opendemocracy.net/david-elstein/daniel-goldhagen-and-kenya-recycling-fantasy">Archived</a> 15 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2005">Anderson 2005</a>, p. 294. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pirouet_1977_197-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Pirouet_1977_197_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPirouet1977">Pirouet 1977</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uZY3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA197">197</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Clough_1998-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clough_1998_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clough_1998_118-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFClough1998">Clough 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Berman_1991_p197-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Berman_1991_p197_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerman1991">Berman 1991</a>, p. 197: "[D]eveloping conflicts ... in Kikuyu society were expressed in a vigorous internal debate." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200511–12-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson200511–12_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2005">Anderson 2005</a>, pp. 11–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-Branch_2009_pxi-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Branch_2009_pxi_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Branch_2009_pxi_121-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBranch2009">Branch 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assets.cambridge.org/97805211/30905/frontmatter/9780521130905_frontmatter.pdf">xi</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Berman_1991_p199-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Berman_1991_p199_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerman1991">Berman 1991</a>, p. 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-Branch_2009_p1-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Branch_2009_p1_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBranch2009">Branch 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assets.cambridge.org/97805211/30905/excerpt/9780521130905_excerpt.pdf">1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Branch_2009_p2-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Branch_2009_p2_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBranch2009">Branch 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assets.cambridge.org/97805211/30905/excerpt/9780521130905_excerpt.pdf">2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pirouet_1977_200-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Pirouet_1977_200_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPirouet1977">Pirouet 1977</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uZY3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA200">200</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalyvas_2006-126"><a href="#cite_ref-Kalyvas_2006_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKalyvas2006">Kalyvas 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Edgerton_1989_31_32-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Edgerton_1989_31_32_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdgerton1989">Edgerton 1989</a>, pp. 31–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nissimi_2006_4-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nissimi_2006_4_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nissimi_2006_4_128-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nissimi_2006_4_128-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNissimi2006">Nissimi 2006</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-French_2011_29-129"><a href="#cite_ref-French_2011_29_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2011">French 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cd6VtsGltmAC&dq=%22in+both+kenya+and+cyprus+officials+at+least+initially+refused+to+accept+that+the+mau+mau+and+eoka+constituted+the+same+kind+of+serious+threat+that+the+mcp+posed+in+malaya%22&pg=PA29">29</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-20120717-130"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc-20120717_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-18874040">"Mau Mau case: UK government accepts abuse took place"</a>. BBC News. 17 July 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180811065408/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-18874040">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mau+Mau+case%3A+UK+government+accepts+abuse+took+place&rft.date=2012-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-18874040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-French_2011_72-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-French_2011_72_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-French_2011_72_131-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-French_2011_72_131-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2011">French 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cd6VtsGltmAC&pg=PA72">72</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-French_2011_55-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-French_2011_55_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-French_2011_55_132-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2011">French 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cd6VtsGltmAC&pg=PA55">55</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-133"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/story/ciokaraine-the-story-of-the-female-meru-diviner/TwLCrIdWF1WDJg">"Ciokaraine: The Story of the Female Meru Diviner"</a>. Google Arts & Culture. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200813052356/https://artsandculture.google.com/story/ciokaraine-the-story-of-the-female-meru-diviner/TwLCrIdWF1WDJg">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Arts+%26+Culture&rft.atitle=Ciokaraine%3A+The+Story+of+the+Female+Meru+Diviner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartsandculture.google.com%2Fstory%2Fciokaraine-the-story-of-the-female-meru-diviner%2FTwLCrIdWF1WDJg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2022" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, Thomas J. (4 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03086534.2022.2093475">"'Constituencies of Control' – Collective Punishments in Kenya's Mau Mau Emergency, 1952–55"</a>. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 51 (2): 323–350. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03086534.2022.2093475">10.1080/03086534.2022.2093475</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250321705">250321705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Imperial+and+Commonwealth+History&rft.atitle=%27Constituencies+of+Control%27+%E2%80%93+Collective+Punishments+in+Kenya%27s+Mau+Mau+Emergency%2C+1952%E2%80%9355&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=323-350&rft.date=2022-07-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03086534.2022.2093475&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250321705%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F03086534.2022.2093475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_75-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_75_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, p. 75: "According to Emergency regulations, the governor could issue Native Land Rights Confiscation Orders, whereby '[e]ach of the persons named in the schedule ... participated or aided in violent resistance against the forces of law and order' and therefore had his land confiscated". </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_2012_docs-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_2012_docs_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_2012_docs_136-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallis2012" class="citation news cs1">Wallis, Holly (18 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-17734735">"British colonial files released following legal challenge"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120614083715/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-17734735">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=British+colonial+files+released+following+legal+challenge&rft.date=2012-04-18&rft.aulast=Wallis&rft.aufirst=Holly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-17734735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200562-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson200562_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson200562_137-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2005">Anderson 2005</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_pp35-36-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_pp35-36_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, pp. 35–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200563-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson200563_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson200563_139-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2005">Anderson 2005</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200568-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson200568_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2005">Anderson 2005</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_p38-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_p38_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200569-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson200569_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2005">Anderson 2005</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200562–63-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson200562–63_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2005">Anderson 2005</a>, pp. 62–63. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrew2009">Andrew 2009</a>, pp. 456–457. See also: <a href="#CITEREFWalton2013">Walton 2013</a>, pp. 236–286. </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrew_2009_p454-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Andrew_2009_p454_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrew2009">Andrew 2009</a>, p. 454. See also the relevant footnote, n.96 of p. 454. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_p39-146"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_p39_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-Berman_1991_189-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berman_1991_189_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berman_1991_189_147-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerman1991">Berman 1991</a>, p. 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_p37-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_p37_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_pp37-38-149"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_pp37-38_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, pp. 37–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-Clough_1998_p25b-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clough_1998_p25b_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clough_1998_p25b_150-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFClough1998">Clough 1998</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jpbZEfiAPW0C&pg=PA25">25</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-French_2011_116-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-French_2011_116_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-French_2011_116_151-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2011">French 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cd6VtsGltmAC&pg=PA116">116</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Edgerton_1989_83-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Edgerton_1989_83_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdgerton1989">Edgerton 1989</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article98279887">"They Follow the Dug-Out General"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Mail_(Brisbane)" title="The Sunday Mail (Brisbane)">Sunday Mail</a>. Brisbane. 19 April 1953. p. 15. Retrieved 17 November 2013 – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Mail&rft.atitle=They+Follow+the+Dug-Out+General.&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1953-04-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article98279887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18508452">"End May Be Near For The Mau Mau"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Herald_(Sydney)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sunday Herald (Sydney)">The Sunday Herald</a>. Sydney. 30 August 1953. p. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240409023617/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/18508452">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2024. Retrieved 17 November 2013 – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Herald&rft.atitle=End+May+Be+Near+For+The+Mau+Mau&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1953-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article18508452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psywar.org/maumau.php">"PSYOP of the Mau-Mau UprisingSGM"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200426161001/https://www.psywar.org/maumau.php">Archived</a> 26 April 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Herbert A. Friedman (Ret.) 4 January 2006, accessed 9 November 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18413571">"Mau Mau General Surrenders"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a>. 9 March 1954. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240409023618/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/18413571">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2024. Retrieved 9 November 2013 – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Mau+Mau+General+Surrenders&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1954-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article18413571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-French_2011_32-157"><a href="#cite_ref-French_2011_32_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2011">French 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cd6VtsGltmAC&pg=PA32">32</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-French_2011_116to117-158"><a href="#cite_ref-French_2011_116to117_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2011">French 2011</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cd6VtsGltmAC&pg=PA115">116–7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCashner2013" class="citation book cs1">Cashner, Bob (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qpDvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT23">The FN FAL Battle Rifle</a>. Oxford, UK: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78096-903-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78096-903-9"><bdi>978-1-78096-903-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240409023657/https://books.google.com/books?id=qpDvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT23#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+FN+FAL+Battle+Rifle&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78096-903-9&rft.aulast=Cashner&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqpDvCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_p124-160"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_p124_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, p. 124: "There was an unusual consensus in the ranks of both the military and Baring's civilian government that the colony's capital was the nerve center for Mau Mau operations. Nearly three-quarters of the city's African male population of sixty thousand were Kikuyu, and most of these men, along with some twenty thousand Kikuyu women and children accompanying them, were allegedly 'active or passive supporters of Mau Mau'." </li> <li id="cite_note-henderson1958manhunt-161"><a href="#cite_ref-henderson1958manhunt_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHendersonGoodhart1958">Henderson & Goodhart 1958</a>, p. 14: "In the first months of the emergency the Mau Mau discipline was so strong that a terrorist in the forest who gave his money to a courier could be almost certain of getting what he wanted from any shop in Nairobi." </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_p63-162"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_p63_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_pp121-125-164"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_pp121-125_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, pp. 121–125. </li> <li id="cite_note-Chappell_2011-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chappell_2011_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chappell_2011_165-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chappell_2011_165-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chappell_2011_165-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFChappell2011">Chappell 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Chappell_2011_68-166"><a href="#cite_ref-Chappell_2011_68_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChappell2011">Chappell 2011</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-Edgerton_1989_86+quote-167"><a href="#cite_ref-Edgerton_1989_86+quote_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdgerton1989">Edgerton 1989</a>, p. 86: "Before the Emergency ended, the <a href="/wiki/RAF" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF">RAF</a> dropped the amazing total of 50,000 tons of bombs on the forests and fired over 2 million rounds from machine guns during strafing runs. It is not known how many humans or animals were killed." </li> <li id="cite_note-Chappell_2011_67-168"><a href="#cite_ref-Chappell_2011_67_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChappell2011">Chappell 2011</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Smith, J. T. Mau Mau! A Case study in Colonial Air Power <a href="/wiki/Air_Enthusiast" title="Air Enthusiast">Air Enthusiast</a> 64 July–August 1996 pp. 65–71 </li> <li id="cite_note-Edgerton_1989_86-170"><a href="#cite_ref-Edgerton_1989_86_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdgerton1989">Edgerton 1989</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson_1988_I-171"><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_1988_I_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson1988">Anderson 1988</a>: "The Swynnerton Plan was among the most comprehensive of all the post-war colonial development programmes implemented in British Africa. Largely framed prior to the declaration of the State of Emergency in 1952, but not implemented until two years later, this development is central to the story of Kenya's decolonization". </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_p127-172"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_p127_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ogot_1995_48-173"><a href="#cite_ref-Ogot_1995_48_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOgot1995">Ogot 1995</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AmFVjigwkxwC&pg=PA48">48</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson_1988_II-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_1988_II_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson1988">Anderson 1988</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_pp128-129-175"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_pp128-129_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, pp. 128–129. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_p125-176"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_p125_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_pp62-90-177"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_pp62-90_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, pp. 62–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_p109-178"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_p109_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_p108-179"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_p108_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_p136-181"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_p136_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian_11042011-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardian_11042011_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian_11042011_182-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEditorial2011" class="citation news cs1">Editorial (11 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/apr/11/mau-mau-empire-british-government-responsibility">"Mau Mau abuse case: Time to say sorry"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130930033329/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/apr/11/mau-mau-empire-british-government-responsibility">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Mau+Mau+abuse+case%3A+Time+to+say+sorry&rft.date=2011-04-11&rft.au=Editorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2011%2Fapr%2F11%2Fmau-mau-empire-british-government-responsibility&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_pp154-91-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_pp154-91_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_pp154-91_183-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_pp154-91_183-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, pp. 154–191. </li> <li id="cite_note-Peterson_2008_75_76,89,91-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2008_75_76,89,91_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeterson2008">Peterson 2008</a>, pp. 75–76, 89, 91: "Some detainees, worried that the substance of their lives was draining away, thought their primary duty lay with their families. They therefore confessed to British officers, and sought an early release from detention. Other detainees refused to accept the British demand that they sully other people's reputations by naming those whom they knew to be involved in Mau Mau. This 'hard core' kept their mouths closed, and languished for years in detention. The battle behind the wire was not fought over detainees' loyalty to a Mau Mau movement. Detainees' intellectual and moral concerns were always close to home. ... British officials thought that those who confessed had broken their allegiance to Mau Mau. But what moved detainees to confess was not their broken loyalty to Mau Mau, but their devotion to their families. British officials played on this devotion to hasten a confession. ... The battle behind the wire was not fought between patriotic hard-core Mau Mau and weak-kneed, wavering, broken men who confessed. ... Both hard core and soft core had their families in mind." </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_p178-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_p178_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_p178_185-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-times_13042011a-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-times_13042011a_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-times_13042011a_186-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEditorial2011" class="citation news cs1">Editorial (13 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/leaders/article2982973.ece">"Taking on the Boss: The quiet whistleblowers on events in Kenya deserve praise"</a>. The Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121004210454/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/leaders/article2982973.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 13 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Taking+on+the+Boss%3A+The+quiet+whistleblowers+on+events+in+Kenya+deserve+praise&rft.date=2011-04-13&rft.au=Editorial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Ftto%2Fopinion%2Fleaders%2Farticle2982973.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_pp179-191-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_pp179-191_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_pp179-191_187-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_pp179-191_187-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_pp179-191_187-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_pp179-191_187-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, pp. 179–191. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_p148-188"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_p148_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, p. 148. It is debatable whether Peter Kenyatta was sympathetic to Mau Mau in the first place and therefore whether he truly switched sides. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Thompson2011" class="citation news cs1">Mike Thompson (7 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_9449000/9449775.stm">"Mau Mau blame 'goes right to the top'"</a>. Today. BBC. 00:40–00:54. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110410213759/http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_9449000/9449775.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Today&rft.atitle=Mau+Mau+blame+%27goes+right+to+the+top%27&rft.pages=00%3A40-00%3A54&rft.date=2011-04-07&rft.au=Mike+Thompson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Ftoday%2Fhi%2Ftoday%2Fnewsid_9449000%2F9449775.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_176to77-190"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_176to77_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, pp. 176–177. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_pp171-177-191"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_pp171-177_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, pp. 171–177. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_p144-192"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_p144_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_C5-193"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_C5_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, Chapter 5: The Birth of Britain's Gulag. </li> <li id="cite_note-Curtis_2003_pp316-333-194"><a href="#cite_ref-Curtis_2003_pp316-333_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurtis2003">Curtis 2003</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SvRhIh5sbWAC&pg=PA316">316–333</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_CobainPeter_Walker2011" class="citation news cs1">Ian Cobain; Peter Walker (11 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/11/mau-mau-high-court-foreign-office-documents">"Secret memo gave guidelines on abuse of Mau Mau in 1950s"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110412173711/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/11/mau-mau-high-court-foreign-office-documents">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2011. Retrieved 13 April 2011. <q>Baring informed Lennox-Boyd that eight European officers were facing accusations of a series of murders, beatings and shootings. They included: "One District Officer, murder by beating up and roasting alive of one African." Despite receiving such clear briefings, Lennox-Boyd repeatedly denied that the abuses were happening, and publicly denounced those colonial officials who came forward to complain.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Secret+memo+gave+guidelines+on+abuse+of+Mau+Mau+in+1950s&rft.date=2011-04-11&rft.au=Ian+Cobain&rft.au=Peter+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Fapr%2F11%2Fmau-mau-high-court-foreign-office-documents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peterson_2008_p84-196"><a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2008_p84_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeterson2008">Peterson 2008</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_p262-197">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_p262_197-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_p262_197-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_p262_197-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, p. 262. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_pp151-152-198"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_pp151-152_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, pp. 151–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_p227-199"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_p227_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, p. 227. </li> <li id="cite_note-Curtis_2003_p327-200"><a href="#cite_ref-Curtis_2003_p327_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurtis2003">Curtis 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SvRhIh5sbWAC&pg=PA327">327</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_p153-201"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_p153_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_pp240-241-202"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_pp240-241_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, pp. 240–241. </li> <li id="cite_note-French_2011_116to137-203"><a href="#cite_ref-French_2011_116to137_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2011">French 2011</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cd6VtsGltmAC&pg=PA116">116–137</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-McCulloch_2006_70-204"><a href="#cite_ref-McCulloch_2006_70_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCulloch2006">McCulloch 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FToFMwnBacQC&pg=PA70">70</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_pp234-235-205"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_pp234-235_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, pp. 234–235. See also n.3 of p. 235. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_p235-206"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_p235_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, p. 235. <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2005">Anderson 2005</a>, p. 294, gives a slightly lower figure (1,007,500) for the number of individuals affected. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_p240-207"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_p240_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, p. 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005294-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005294_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005294_208-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005294_208-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2005">Anderson 2005</a>, p. 294. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nissimi_2006_9to10-209"><a href="#cite_ref-Nissimi_2006_9to10_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNissimi2006">Nissimi 2006</a>, pp. 9–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_p239-210"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_p239_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, p. 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_pp236-237-211"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_pp236-237_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, pp. 236–237. </li> <li id="cite_note-French_2011_120-212"><a href="#cite_ref-French_2011_120_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2011">French 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cd6VtsGltmAC&pg=PA120">120</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_p238-213"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_p238_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, p. 238. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005293-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005293_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2005">Anderson 2005</a>, p. 293. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_p252-215"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_p252_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, p. 252. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_pp259-260-216"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_pp259-260_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, pp. 259–260. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_p260-217">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_p260_217-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_p260_217-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_p260_217-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_p263a-218"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_p263a_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, p. 263. </li> <li id="cite_note-Blacker_2007-219">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blacker_2007_219-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blacker_2007_219-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blacker_2007_219-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlacker2007">Blacker 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_pp260-261-220"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_pp260-261_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, pp. 260–261. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_p263b-221"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_p263b_221-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, p. 263: "It is accepted policy that cases of pulmonary tuberculosis ... be returned to their reserve to avail themselves of the routine medical control and treatment within their areas". (The quote is of the colony's director of medical services). </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_pp263-264-222"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_pp263-264_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, pp. 263–4: "The financial situation has now worsened. ... Schemes of medical help, however desirable and however high their medical priority, could not in [these] circumstances be approved". (The quote is of Baring). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElkins2005a[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElkins2005a[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005a">Elkins 2005a</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisAnderson" class="citation web cs1">Weis, Julianne; Anderson, David M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/14155653">"The prosecution of rape in wartime: Evidence from Kenya's Mau Mau rebellion, 1952-60"</a>. Academia.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907202516/https://www.academia.edu/14155653">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=The+prosecution+of+rape+in+wartime%3A+Evidence+from+Kenya%27s+Mau+Mau+rebellion%2C+1952-60&rft.aulast=Weis&rft.aufirst=Julianne&rft.au=Anderson%2C+David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F14155653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittaker2012" class="citation journal cs1">Whittaker, Hannah (2012). "Forced Villagization during the Shifta Conflict in Kenya, ca. 1963–1968". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 45 (3): 343–364. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24393053">24393053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+African+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Forced+Villagization+during+the+Shifta+Conflict+in+Kenya%2C+ca.+1963%E2%80%931968&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=343-364&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24393053%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Whittaker&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGadsden1980" class="citation journal cs1">Gadsden, Fay (October 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0021853700018727/type/journal_article">"The African Press in Kenya, 1945–1952"</a>. The Journal of African History. 21 (4): 515–535. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021853700018727">10.1017/S0021853700018727</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8537">0021-8537</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154367771">154367771</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240409023624/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/abs/african-press-in-kenya-19451952/B05D64CF5762CA345A1148260FE0A833">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2024. Retrieved 28 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=The+African+Press+in+Kenya%2C+1945%E2%80%931952&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=515-535&rft.date=1980-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154367771%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0021-8537&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021853700018727&rft.aulast=Gadsden&rft.aufirst=Fay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0021853700018727%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_227-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinckneyKimuyu1994" class="citation journal cs1">Pinckney, Thomas C.; Kimuyu, Peter K. (1 April 1994). 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Journal of African Economies. 3 (1): 1–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.jae.a036794">10.1093/oxfordjournals.jae.a036794</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0963-8024">0963-8024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+Economies&rft.atitle=Land+Tenure+Reform+in+East+Africa%3A+Good%2C+Bad+or+Unimportant%3F1&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-28&rft.date=1994-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.jae.a036794&rft.issn=0963-8024&rft.aulast=Pinckney&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&rft.au=Kimuyu%2C+Peter+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_pxiv-228"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_pxiv_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, p. xiv. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_p366-229"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_p366_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, p. 366. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson20057-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson20057_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2005">Anderson 2005</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaathai2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangari Maathai">Maathai, Wangari</a> (2006). Unbowed: a memoir. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0307263487" title="Special:BookSources/0307263487"><bdi>0307263487</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unbowed%3A+a+memoir&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0307263487&rft.aulast=Maathai&rft.aufirst=Wangari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200584-232">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson200584_232-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson200584_232-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2005">Anderson 2005</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/972075/20210325_UK_armed_forces_Operational_deaths_post_World_War_II-O.pdf">""UK armed forces Deaths: Operational deaths post World War II""</a> (PDF). Ministry of defense. 25 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+defense&rft.atitle=%E2%80%9CUK+armed+forces+Deaths%3A+Operational+deaths+post+World+War+II%E2%80%9D&rft.date=2021-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F972075%2F20210325_UK_armed_forces_Operational_deaths_post_World_War_II-O.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGary_D._Solis2010" class="citation book cs1">Gary D. Solis (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6FKf0ocxEPAC&pg=PA301">The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 301–303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48711-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48711-5"><bdi>978-1-139-48711-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240409023657/https://books.google.com/books?id=6FKf0ocxEPAC&pg=PA301#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2024. Retrieved 17 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Law+of+Armed+Conflict%3A+International+Humanitarian+Law+in+War&rft.pages=301-303&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-48711-5&rft.au=Gary+D.+Solis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6FKf0ocxEPAC%26pg%3DPA301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson20052-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson20052_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2005">Anderson 2005</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_p87-236"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_p87_236-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBethwell2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bethwell, Ogot (2005). "Review: Britain's Gulag". The Journal of African History. 46 (3): 494.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Britain%27s+Gulag&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=494&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Bethwell&rft.aufirst=Ogot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guard-238"><a href="#cite_ref-Guard_238-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau">"Mau Mau uprising: Bloody history of Kenya conflict"</a>. The Guardian. 18 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190601152655/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Mau+Mau+uprising%3A+Bloody+history+of+Kenya+conflict&rft.date=2016-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2Faug%2F18%2Funcovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis2003324-240"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis2003324_240-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurtis2003">Curtis 2003</a>, p. 324. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis2003324–330-241"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis2003324–330_241-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurtis2003">Curtis 2003</a>, pp. 324–330. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElkins2005124–145-242"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElkins2005124–145_242-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, pp. 124–145. </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Anderson2013" class="citation book cs1">David Anderson (23 January 2013). Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire. W. W. Norton. pp. 150–154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histories+of+the+Hanged%3A+The+Dirty+War+in+Kenya+and+the+End+of+Empire&rft.pages=150-154&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2013-01-23&rft.au=David+Anderson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MAU-244">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MAU_244-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAU_244-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobain,_Ian2013" class="citation news cs1">Cobain, Ian (5 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/05/kenyan-mau-mau-payout-uk-regret-abuse">"Kenya: UK Expresses Regret Over Abuse as Mau Mau Promised Payout"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170302094811/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/05/kenyan-mau-mau-payout-uk-regret-abuse">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2016. <q>Among the detainees who suffered severe mistreatment was Hussein Onyango Obama, the grandfather of Barack Obama. According to his widow, British soldiers forced pins into his fingernails and buttocks and squeezed his testicles between metal rods. Two of the original five claimants who brought the test case against the British were castrated.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Kenya%3A+UK+Expresses+Regret+Over+Abuse+as+Mau+Mau+Promised+Payout&rft.date=2013-06-05&rft.au=Cobain%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fjun%2F05%2Fkenyan-mau-mau-payout-uk-regret-abuse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgerton1990" class="citation book cs1">Edgerton, R. (1990). Mau Mau: An African Crucible. London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 144–159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85043-207-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85043-207-4"><bdi>1-85043-207-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mau+Mau%3A+An+African+Crucible&rft.place=London&rft.pages=144-159&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=1-85043-207-4&rft.aulast=Edgerton&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_p66-246"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_p66_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/05/kenyan-mau-mau-payout-uk-regret-abuse">"Sins of colonialists lay concealed for decades in secret archive"</a>. The Guardian. London. 18 April 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170302094811/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/05/kenyan-mau-mau-payout-uk-regret-abuse">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sins+of+colonialists+lay+concealed+for+decades+in+secret+archive&rft.date=2012-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fjun%2F05%2Fkenyan-mau-mau-payout-uk-regret-abuse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangari_Maathai2006" class="citation book cs1">Wangari Maathai (2006). Unbowed: a memoir. Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 65, 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0307263487" title="Special:BookSources/0307263487"><bdi>0307263487</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unbowed%3A+a+memoir&rft.pages=65%2C+67&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0307263487&rft.au=Wangari+Maathai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonWeis2018" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, David M.; Weis, Julianne (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26564585">"The Prosecution of Rape in Wartime: Evidence from the Mau Mau Rebellion, Kenya 1952–60"</a>. Law and History Review. 36 (2): 267–294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0738248017000670">10.1017/S0738248017000670</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0738-2480">0738-2480</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26564585">26564585</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208055326/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26564585">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2024. 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"Nasty, Brutish and in shorts? British colonial rule, violence and the historians of Mau Mau". The Round Table. 96 (389): 201–223. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00358530701303392">10.1080/00358530701303392</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-8533">0035-8533</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154259805">154259805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Round+Table&rft.atitle=Nasty%2C+Brutish+and+in+shorts%3F+British+colonial+rule%2C+violence+and+the+historians+of+Mau+Mau&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=389&rft.pages=201-223&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154259805%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0035-8533&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00358530701303392&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> Maloba, Wunyabari O. Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of a Peasant Revolt. (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana: 1993) pp. 142–143. </li> <li id="cite_note-ogiek-259"><a href="#cite_ref-ogiek_259-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041021223543/http://www.ogiek.org/indepth/special-report-3.htm">"indepth/special-report-3"</a>. ogiek.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ogiek.org/indepth/special-report-3.htm">the original</a> on 21 October 2004. Retrieved 28 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=indepth%2Fspecial-report-3&rft.pub=ogiek.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ogiek.org%2Findepth%2Fspecial-report-3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-20543140">"Mau Mau massacre documents revealed"</a>. BBC News. 30 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220305111344/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-20543140">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mau+Mau+massacre+documents+revealed&rft.date=2012-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-20543140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005119–180-261"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005119–180_261-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2005">Anderson 2005</a>, pp. 119–180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005127-262"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005127_262-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2005">Anderson 2005</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uni360y1y.wdfiles.com/local--files/lecture-ten-friday-november-16-2007/Histories%20of%20the%20Hanged.pdf">"Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire"</a> (PDF). p. 175. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230624204817/http://uni360y1y.wdfiles.com/local--files/lecture-ten-friday-november-16-2007/Histories%20of%20the%20Hanged.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 June 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Histories+of+the+Hanged%3A+The+Dirty+War+in+Kenya+and+the+End+of+Empire&rft.pages=175&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funi360y1y.wdfiles.com%2Flocal--files%2Flecture-ten-friday-november-16-2007%2FHistories%2520of%2520the%2520Hanged.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005132-264"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005132_264-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2005">Anderson 2005</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson_2005_p94-265"><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_2005_p94_265-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2005">Anderson 2005</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_p42-266"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_p42_266-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-carus2002_63-65-267"><a href="#cite_ref-carus2002_63-65_267-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarus2002" class="citation book cs1">Carus, W. Seth (2002). Bioterrorism and Biocrimes: The Illicit Use of Biological Agents Since 1900 (Reprint of 1st ed.). Amsterdam: Fredonia Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1jEP8Ve4zwgC&dq=%22Common%20poisonous%20plants%20of%20East%20Africa%22&pg=PA63">63–65</a>. <q>This episode is not mentioned in histories of the Mau Mau revolt, suggesting that such incidents were rare.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bioterrorism+and+Biocrimes%3A+The+Illicit+Use+of+Biological+Agents+Since+1900&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=63-65&rft.edition=Reprint+of+1st&rft.pub=Fredonia+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Carus&rft.aufirst=W.+Seth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wasserman_1976_1a-268">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wasserman_1976_1a_268-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wasserman_1976_1a_268-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWasserman1976">Wasserman 1976</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assets.cambridge.org/97805211/00236/excerpt/9780521100236_excerpt.pdf">1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nissimi_2006_2-269"><a href="#cite_ref-Nissimi_2006_2_269-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNissimi2006">Nissimi 2006</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bra&Che_2006_11-270"><a href="#cite_ref-Bra&Che_2006_11_270-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBranchCheeseman2006">Branch & Cheeseman 2006</a>, p. 11: "The co-option of sympathetic African elites during the colonial twilight into the bureaucracy, the legislature and the private property-based economy meant that the allies of colonialism and representatives of transnational capital were able to reap the benefits of independence. . . . The post-colonial state must therefore be seen as a representation of the interests protected and promoted during the latter years of colonial rule. Under Jomo Kenyatta, the post-colonial state represented a 'pact-of-domination' between transnational capital, the elite and the executive." </li> <li id="cite_note-Percox_2005_752-271"><a href="#cite_ref-Percox_2005_752_271-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPercox2005">Percox 2005</a>, p. 752. </li> <li id="cite_note-Londsale-272"><a href="#cite_ref-Londsale_272-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLonsdale2000">Lonsdale 2000</a>, pp. 109–110. "Mau Mau, despite its problematic claims to be called 'nationalist' . . . forced the issue of power in a way that KAU had never done. It was not that Mau Mau won its war against the British; guerrilla movements rarely win in military terms; and militarily Mau Mau was defeated. But in order to crown peace with sustainable civil governance—and thus reopen a prospect of controlled decolonization—the British had to abandon 'multiracialism' and adopt African rule as their vision of Kenya's future. . . . The blood of Mau Mau, no matter how peculiarly ethnic in source and aim, was the seed of Kenya's all-African sovereignty." </li> <li id="cite_note-Wasserman_1976_1b-273"><a href="#cite_ref-Wasserman_1976_1b_273-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWasserman1976">Wasserman 1976</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assets.cambridge.org/97805211/00236/excerpt/9780521100236_excerpt.pdf">1</a>: "Although the rise of nationalist movements in Africa was certainly a contributing factor in the dismantling of the colonial empires, one cannot wholly attribute the 'demise of colonialism' to the rise of nationalism. ... [T]he decolonization process was shaped by an adaptive reaction of colonial political and economic interests to the political ascendency of a nationalist elite and to the threat of disruption by the masses." </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnaïs_Angelo2017" class="citation journal cs1">Anaïs Angelo (2017). "Jomo Kenyatta and the repression of the 'last' Mau Mau leaders, 1961–1965". 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The Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318185731/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/leaders/article3101596.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Good+News+from+London&rft.date=2011-07-22&rft.au=Editorial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Ftto%2Fopinion%2Fleaders%2Farticle3101596.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-times_12042011-296"><a href="#cite_ref-times_12042011_296-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Macintyre2011" class="citation news cs1">Ben Macintyre (12 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/columnists/benmacintyre/article2981528.ece">"Torture device No 1: the legal rubber stamp"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121004210117/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/columnists/benmacintyre/article2981528.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Torture+device+No+1%3A+the+legal+rubber+stamp&rft.date=2011-04-12&rft.au=Ben+Macintyre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Ftto%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnists%2Fbenmacintyre%2Farticle2981528.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2011-297"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2011_297-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2011">Elkins 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/kenya/9407422/Kenyans-were-tortured-during-Mau-Mau-rebellion-High-Court-hears.html">"Kenyans were tortured during Mau Mau rebellion, High Court hears"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. London. 18 July 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/kenya/9407422/Kenyans-were-tortured-during-Mau-Mau-rebellion-High-Court-hears.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Kenyans+were+tortured+during+Mau+Mau+rebellion%2C+High+Court+hears&rft.date=2012-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fafricaandindianocean%2Fkenya%2F9407422%2FKenyans-were-tortured-during-Mau-Mau-rebellion-High-Court-hears.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-times_13042011-299">^ <a href="#cite_ref-times_13042011_299-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-times_13042011_299-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_MacintyreBilly_Kenber2011" class="citation news cs1">Ben Macintyre; Billy Kenber (13 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/article2983138.ece">"Brutal beatings and the 'roasting alive' of a suspect: what secret Mau Mau files reveal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121004210420/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/article2983138.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 13 April 2011. <q>Sir Evelyn Baring, the Governor of Kenya, in a telegram to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, reported allegations of extreme brutality made against eight European district officers. They included 'assault by beating up and burning of two Africans during screening [interrogation]' and one officer accused of 'murder by beating up and roasting alive of one African'. No action was taken against the accused.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Brutal+beatings+and+the+%27roasting+alive%27+of+a+suspect%3A+what+secret+Mau+Mau+files+reveal&rft.date=2011-04-13&rft.au=Ben+Macintyre&rft.au=Billy+Kenber&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Ftto%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Farticle2983138.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian_14042011a-300"><a href="#cite_ref-guardian_14042011a_300-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaroline_Elkins2011" class="citation news cs1">Caroline Elkins (14 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/apr/14/torture-mau-mau-camps-kenya">"My critics ignored evidence of torture in Mau Mau detention camps"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130930033530/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/apr/14/torture-mau-mau-camps-kenya">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=My+critics+ignored+evidence+of+torture+in+Mau+Mau+detention+camps&rft.date=2011-04-14&rft.au=Caroline+Elkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2011%2Fapr%2F14%2Ftorture-mau-mau-camps-kenya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Torture_2011-301">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Torture_2011_301-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torture_2011_301-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torture_2011_301-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torture_2011_301-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenber2011" class="citation news cs1">Kenber, Billy (19 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/politics/article2992053.ece">"New documents show how Britain sanctioned Mau Mau torture"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150317212807/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/politics/article2992053.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=New+documents+show+how+Britain+sanctioned+Mau+Mau+torture&rft.date=2011-04-19&rft.aulast=Kenber&rft.aufirst=Billy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Ftto%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Farticle2992053.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Indie_08.04.2011-302">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Indie_08.04.2011_302-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Indie_08.04.2011_302-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndy_McSmith2011" class="citation news cs1">Andy McSmith (8 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/cabinet-hushed-up-torture-of-mau-mau-rebels-2264955.html">"Cabinet 'hushed up' torture of Mau Mau rebels"</a>. The Independent. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220512/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/cabinet-hushed-up-torture-of-mau-mau-rebels-2264955.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Cabinet+%27hushed+up%27+torture+of+Mau+Mau+rebels&rft.date=2011-04-08&rft.au=Andy+McSmith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Fcabinet-hushed-up-torture-of-mau-mau-rebels-2264955.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> Question, House of Lords, London 12 May 1959 – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1959/may/12/deaths-in-kenya-detention-camp">'Whether the Government will make available to this House the text of the Cowan plan'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240409023846/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1959/may/12/deaths-in-kenya-detention-camp">Archived</a> 9 April 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc_12042011-304"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_12042011_304-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDominic_Casciani2011" class="citation news cs1">Dominic Casciani (12 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13044974">"British Mau Mau abuse papers revealed"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110503211353/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13044974">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=British+Mau+Mau+abuse+papers+revealed&rft.date=2011-04-12&rft.au=Dominic+Casciani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-13044974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-times_05042011b-305">^ <a href="#cite_ref-times_05042011b_305-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-times_05042011b_305-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-times_05042011b_305-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Macintyre2011" class="citation news cs1">Ben Macintyre (5 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/article2973063.ece">"Tales of brutality and violence that could open the claims floodgate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121004205836/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/article2973063.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2011. <q>A letter was sent to William Hague on March 31 stating: 'The Republic of Kenya fully supports the claimants' case and has publicly denied any notion that responsibility for any acts and atrocities committed by the British colonial administration during the Kenya 'Emergency' was inherited by the Republic of Kenya.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Tales+of+brutality+and+violence+that+could+open+the+claims+floodgate&rft.date=2011-04-05&rft.au=Ben+Macintyre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Ftto%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Farticle2973063.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian_25_July_2011-306"><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_25_July_2011_306-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Anderson2011" class="citation news cs1">David Anderson (25 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jul/25/kenya-empire-mau-mau-britain">"It's not just Kenya. Squaring up to the seamier side of empire is long overdue"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130930123152/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jul/25/kenya-empire-mau-mau-britain">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=It%27s+not+just+Kenya.+Squaring+up+to+the+seamier+side+of+empire+is+long+overdue&rft.date=2011-07-25&rft.au=David+Anderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2011%2Fjul%2F25%2Fkenya-empire-mau-mau-britain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> For more on Anderson's reaction to the 'missing' papers, see: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13317076">"Colonial secret papers to be made public"</a>. BBC News. 6 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110509052134/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13317076">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Colonial+secret+papers+to+be+made+public&rft.date=2011-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-13317076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Thompson2011" class="citation news cs1">Mark Thompson (7 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_9449000/9449775.stm">"Mau Mau blame 'goes right to the top'"</a>. Today. BBC. 02:38–03:31. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110410213759/http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_9449000/9449775.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2011. <q>These new documents were withheld because they were considered to be particularly sensitive, so we can but imagine what will be in these documents. . . . Senior members of the Commonwealth Office in London did know what was happening; senior legal officials in London did, to some extent, sanction the use of coercive force; and also, at Cabinet level, the Secretary of State for the Colonies certainly knew of the excesses that were taking place.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Today&rft.atitle=Mau+Mau+blame+%27goes+right+to+the+top%27&rft.pages=02%3A38-03%3A31&rft.date=2011-04-07&rft.au=Mark+Thompson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Ftoday%2Fhi%2Ftoday%2Fnewsid_9449000%2F9449775.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> (The quote is of Anderson)</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-ft_050411-308"><a href="#cite_ref-ft_050411_308-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Blitz2011" class="citation news cs1">James Blitz (5 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c4fde0d2-5fb6-11e0-a718-00144feab49a.html">"Mau Mau case casts light on colonial records"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c4fde0d2-5fb6-11e0-a718-00144feab49a.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Mau+Mau+case+casts+light+on+colonial+records&rft.date=2011-04-05&rft.au=James+Blitz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Fc4fde0d2-5fb6-11e0-a718-00144feab49a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGhie2002" class="citation news cs1">McGhie, John (9 November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/correspondent/2416049.stm">"Kenya: White Terror"</a>. Correspondent. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080206191801/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/correspondent/2416049.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Correspondent&rft.atitle=Kenya%3A+White+Terror&rft.date=2002-11-09&rft.aulast=McGhie&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fprogrammes%2Fcorrespondent%2F2416049.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MaKe_15Apr2012-310"><a href="#cite_ref-MaKe_15Apr2012_310-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacintyreKenber2011" class="citation news cs1">Macintyre, Ben; Kenber, Billy (15 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/article2987040.ece">"Hundreds more top secret files missing in Mau Mau abuse case"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150517122008/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/article2987040.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2012. <q>In a statement to the court dated March 8, released to The Times yesterday, Martin Tucker, head of corporate records at the Foreign Office, reported that the 13 missing boxes could not be found. 'There were at one time a further 13 boxes of material retrieved from Kenya at independence which are additional to the documents discovered in Hanslope Park [the closed Foreign Office repository in Buckinghamshire] in January of this year', he wrote. He found evidence that the files had once been stored in the basement of the Old Admiralty Building in Whitehall, but traces of them had vanished after 1995.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Hundreds+more+top+secret+files+missing+in+Mau+Mau+abuse+case&rft.date=2011-04-15&rft.aulast=Macintyre&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Kenber%2C+Billy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Ftto%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Farticle2987040.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_18Apr2012-311"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_18Apr2012_311-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElkins2012" class="citation news cs1">Elkins, Caroline (18 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2012/apr/18/colonial-papers-fco-transparency-myth">"The colonial papers: FCO transparency is a carefully cultivated myth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140901081050/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2012/apr/18/colonial-papers-fco-transparency-myth">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+colonial+papers%3A+FCO+transparency+is+a+carefully+cultivated+myth&rft.date=2012-04-18&rft.aulast=Elkins&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2012%2Fapr%2F18%2Fcolonial-papers-fco-transparency-myth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobain2012" class="citation news cs1">Cobain, Ian (5 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/05/mau-mau-veterans-win-torture-case">"Mau Mau torture case: Kenyans win ruling against UK"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131031191413/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/05/mau-mau-veterans-win-torture-case">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Mau+Mau+torture+case%3A+Kenyans+win+ruling+against+UK&rft.date=2012-10-05&rft.aulast=Cobain&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2012%2Foct%2F05%2Fmau-mau-veterans-win-torture-case&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDayLeader2012" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martyn_Day_(lawyer)" title="Martyn Day (lawyer)">Day, Martyn</a>; Leader, Dan (5 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/oct/05/kenyans-tortured-by-british">"The Kenyans tortured by the British must now be justly treated"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103414/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/oct/05/kenyans-tortured-by-british">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Kenyans+tortured+by+the+British+must+now+be+justly+treated&rft.date=2012-10-05&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Martyn&rft.au=Leader%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2012%2Foct%2F05%2Fkenyans-tortured-by-british&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownsend2012" class="citation news cs1">Townsend, Mark (23 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/23/britain-fights-kenya-torture-ruling">"Fury as Britain fights ruling on Kenya torture victims"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130905024523/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/23/britain-fights-kenya-torture-ruling">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Fury+as+Britain+fights+ruling+on+Kenya+torture+victims&rft.date=2012-12-23&rft.aulast=Townsend&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2012%2Fdec%2F23%2Fbritain-fights-kenya-torture-ruling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian_5_May_2013-315"><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_5_May_2013_315-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobainHatcher2013" class="citation news cs1">Cobain, Ian; Hatcher, Jessica (5 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/05/mau-mau-victims-kenya-settlement">"Kenyan Mau Mau victims in talks with UK government over legal settlement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230625164614/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/05/mau-mau-victims-kenya-settlement">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Kenyan+Mau+Mau+victims+in+talks+with+UK+government+over+legal+settlement&rft.date=2013-05-05&rft.aulast=Cobain&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Hatcher%2C+Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fmay%2F05%2Fmau-mau-victims-kenya-settlement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bennett_05May12-316"><a href="#cite_ref-Bennett_05May12_316-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2013" class="citation news cs1">Bennett, Huw (5 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/may/05/kenyan-mau-mau-cover-up-mistreatment">"Kenyan Mau Mau: official policy was to cover up brutal mistreatment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004007/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/may/05/kenyan-mau-mau-cover-up-mistreatment">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Kenyan+Mau+Mau%3A+official+policy+was+to+cover+up+brutal+mistreatment&rft.date=2013-05-05&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Huw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2013%2Fmay%2F05%2Fkenyan-mau-mau-cover-up-mistreatment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-317">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_317-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_317-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/statement-to-parliament-on-settlement-of-mau-mau-claims">"Statement to Parliament on settlement of Mau Mau claims"</a>. GOV.UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190322151801/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/statement-to-parliament-on-settlement-of-mau-mau-claims">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=Statement+to+Parliament+on+settlement+of+Mau+Mau+claims&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fnews%2Fstatement-to-parliament-on-settlement-of-mau-mau-claims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-22790037">"Mau Mau abuse victims to get payouts"</a>. 6 June 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190323170304/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-22790037">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mau+Mau+abuse+victims+to+get+payouts&rft.date=2013-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-22790037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lonsdale_2003_47-319"><a href="#cite_ref-Lonsdale_2003_47_319-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLonsdale2003">Lonsdale 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mbKOXGsytcIC&pg=PA47">47</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_2005_pp360-363-320"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2005_pp360-363_320-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElkins2005">Elkins 2005</a>, pp. 360–363: "During the run-up to independence and the years that followed, former loyalists also wielded political clout to consolidate their own interests and power. Under Kenyatta many became influential members of the new government. ... This system of loyalist patronage percolated all the way down to the local level of government, with former Home Guards dominating bureaucracies that had once been the preserve of the young British colonial officers in the African districts. Of the numerous vacancies created by decolonization—powerful posts like provincial commissioner and district commissioner—the vast majority were filled by one time loyalists." </li> <li id="cite_note-Branch_2009_ppxii-xiii-321"><a href="#cite_ref-Branch_2009_ppxii-xiii_321-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBranch2009">Branch 2009</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assets.cambridge.org/97805211/30905/frontmatter/9780521130905_frontmatter.pdf">xii–xiii</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-speech2009-322">^ <a href="#cite_ref-speech2009_322-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-speech2009_322-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacob_Ole_Miaron,_Permanent_Secretary_of_the_Vice_President_Ministry_of_State_for_National_Heritage_and_Culture2009" class="citation web cs1">Jacob Ole Miaron, Permanent Secretary of the Vice President Ministry of State for National Heritage and Culture (26 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111009161558/http://www.nationalheritage.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=19&tmpl=component&format=raw&Itemid=54">"Speech to the 52nd Commemoration of the Memory of Dedan Kimathi"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalheritage.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=19&tmpl=component&format=raw&Itemid=54">the original</a> on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Speech+to+the+52nd+Commemoration+of+the+Memory+of+Dedan+Kimathi&rft.date=2009-02-26&rft.au=Jacob+Ole+Miaron%2C+Permanent+Secretary+of+the+Vice+President+Ministry+of+State+for+National+Heritage+and+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalheritage.go.ke%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_docman%26task%3Ddoc_view%26gid%3D19%26tmpl%3Dcomponent%26format%3Draw%26Itemid%3D54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130402042845/http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/Constitution_of_Kenya__2010.pdf">"Chapter Two – The Republic"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kenya" title="Constitution of Kenya">Constitution of Kenya, 2010</a>. National Council for Law Reporting. Article 9, p. 15. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/Constitution_of_Kenya__2010.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 April 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2012. <q>The national days . . . [shall include] Mashujaa Day, to be observed on 20 October</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Constitution+of+Kenya%2C+2010&rft.atitle=Chapter+Two+%E2%80%93+The+Republic&rft.pages=Article+9%2C+p.-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kenyalaw.org%2Fklr%2Ffileadmin%2Fpdfdownloads%2FConstitution_of_Kenya__2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDominic_Odipo2010" class="citation news cs1">Dominic Odipo (10 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121125350/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/columnists/InsidePage.php?id=2000009290">"Who are Kenya's real heroes?"</a>. The Standard. Nairobi: Standard Group. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/columnists/InsidePage.php?id=2000009290">the original</a> on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2010. <q>Changing Kenyatta Day to Mashujaa Day is not just an innocuous and harmless exercise in constitutional semantics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=Who+are+Kenya%27s+real+heroes%3F&rft.date=2010-05-10&rft.au=Dominic+Odipo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.standardmedia.co.ke%2Fcolumnists%2FInsidePage.php%3Fid%3D2000009290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-monuments-325">^ <a href="#cite_ref-monuments_325-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-monuments_325-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2001" class="citation news cs1">Jenkins, Cathy (22 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1236807.stm">"Monuments for the Mau Mau"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060514182307/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1236807.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2006. Retrieved 30 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Monuments+for+the+Mau+Mau&rft.date=2001-03-22&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Cathy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F1236807.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson_2005_pp335-336-326"><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_2005_pp335-336_326-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2005">Anderson 2005</a>, pp. 335–336: "[Kenyatta] often spoke of the need to 'forgive and forget', and to 'bury the past'. He acknowledged the part the freedom fighters had played in the struggle, but he never once made any public statement that conceded to them any rights or any genuine compensation. Mau Mau was a thing best forgotten. ... In Kenyatta's Kenya there would be a deafening silence about Mau Mau". </li> <li id="cite_note-Branch_2009_ppxii-xiv-327"><a href="#cite_ref-Branch_2009_ppxii-xiv_327-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBranch2009">Branch 2009</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assets.cambridge.org/97805211/30905/frontmatter/9780521130905_frontmatter.pdf">xiii–xiv</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mau_Mau_rebellion&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Adekson, J. 'Bayo (1981). "The Algerian and Mau Mau Revolts: a Comparative Study in Revolutionary Warfare". Comparative Strategy. 3 (1): 69–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01495938108402629">10.1080/01495938108402629</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Strategy&rft.atitle=The+Algerian+and+Mau+Mau+Revolts%3A+a+Comparative+Study+in+Revolutionary+Warfare&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69-92&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01495938108402629&rft.aulast=Adekson&rft.aufirst=J.+%27Bayo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlam2007" class="citation book cs1">Alam, S.M. Shamsul (2007). Rethinking the Mau Mau in Colonial Kenya. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-8374-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-8374-9"><bdi>978-1-4039-8374-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+the+Mau+Mau+in+Colonial+Kenya&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-8374-9&rft.aulast=Alam&rft.aufirst=S.M.+Shamsul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1988" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, David (1988). "Smallholder Agriculture in Colonial Kenya: the Official Mind and the Swynnerton Plan. By Anne Thurston. Cambridge: University Press, 1987. Pp. 141". <a href="/wiki/African_Affairs" title="African Affairs">African Affairs</a>. 87 (348): 472. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.afraf.a098069">10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098069</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902-99319-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-902-99319-4"><bdi>0-902-99319-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/722455">722455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Affairs&rft.atitle=Smallholder+Agriculture+in+Colonial+Kenya%3A+the+Official+Mind+and+the+Swynnerton+Plan.+By+Anne+Thurston.+Cambridge%3A+University+Press%2C+1987.+Pp.+141.&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=348&rft.pages=472&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F722455%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.afraf.a098069&rft.isbn=0-902-99319-4&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2004" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, David (2004). "Kenya, 1895–1939: Registration and Rough Justice". In Douglas Hay & Paul Craven (eds.). Masters, Servants, and Magistrates in Britain and the Empire, 1562–1955. 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Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84719-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84719-9"><bdi>978-0-297-84719-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histories+of+the+Hanged%3A+The+Dirty+War+in+Kenya+and+the+End+of+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-297-84719-9&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, David; Bennett, Huw; Branch, Daniel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/94607680/A-Very-British-Massacre-Anderson-Bennett-Branch-2006">"A Very British Massacre"</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_Today" title="History Today">History Today</a>. 56 (8): 20–22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130720032200/http://www.scribd.com/doc/94607680/A-Very-British-Massacre-Anderson-Bennett-Branch-2006">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=A+Very+British+Massacre&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=20-22&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Huw&rft.au=Branch%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F94607680%2FA-Very-British-Massacre-Anderson-Bennett-Branch-2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Andrew_(historian)" title="Christopher Andrew (historian)">Andrew, Christopher</a> (2009). <a href="/wiki/The_Defence_of_the_Realm" title="The Defence of the Realm">The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5</a>. London: Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9885-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9885-6"><bdi>978-0-7139-9885-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Defence+of+the+Realm%3A+The+Authorized+History+of+MI5&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9885-6&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtieno-Odhiambo1995" class="citation book cs1">Atieno-Odhiambo, Elisha Stephen (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/decolonizationin0000unse/page/25">"The Formative Years: 1945–55"</a>. In Bethwell Allan Ogot & William Robert Ochieng' (eds.). Decolonization and Independence in Kenya, 1940–93. Oxford: James Currey. pp. 25–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-1051-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-1051-6"><bdi>978-0-8214-1051-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Formative+Years%3A+1945%E2%80%9355&rft.btitle=Decolonization+and+Independence+in+Kenya%2C+1940%E2%80%9393&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=25-47&rft.pub=James+Currey&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8214-1051-6&rft.aulast=Atieno-Odhiambo&rft.aufirst=Elisha+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdecolonizationin0000unse%2Fpage%2F25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bennett, Huw. Fighting the Mau Mau: The British army and counter-insurgency in the Kenya emergency. Cambridge University Press, 2013.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman1991" class="citation journal cs1">Berman, Bruce (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/94922305/BERMAN-Bruce-1991-Nationalism-Ethnicity-and-Modernity-The-Paradox-of-Mau-Mau">"Nationalism, Ethnicity, and Modernity: The Paradox of Mau Mau"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Journal_of_African_Studies" title="Canadian Journal of African Studies">Canadian Journal of African Studies</a>. 25 (2): 181–206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F485216">10.2307/485216</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/485216">485216</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130719075714/http://www.scribd.com/doc/94922305/BERMAN-Bruce-1991-Nationalism-Ethnicity-and-Modernity-The-Paradox-of-Mau-Mau">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2017 – via Scribd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Nationalism%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+Modernity%3A+The+Paradox+of+Mau+Mau&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=181-206&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F485216&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F485216%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F94922305%2FBERMAN-Bruce-1991-Nationalism-Ethnicity-and-Modernity-The-Paradox-of-Mau-Mau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlacker2007" class="citation journal cs1">Blacker, John (2007). "The Demography of Mau Mau: Fertility and Mortality in Kenya in the 1950s: A Demographer's Viewpoint". <a href="/wiki/African_Affairs" title="African Affairs">African Affairs</a>. 106 (423): 205–227. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fafraf%2Fadm014">10.1093/afraf/adm014</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4496439">4496439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Demography+of+Mau+Mau%3A+Fertility+and+Mortality+in+Kenya+in+the+1950s%3A+A+Demographer%27s+Viewpoint&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=423&rft.pages=205-227&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fafraf%2Fadm014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4496439%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Blacker&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranch2007" class="citation journal cs1">Branch, Daniel (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/30200/Branch%20Enemy%20Within.pdf">"The Enemy Within: Loyalists and the War Against Mau Mau in Kenya"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_African_History" title="The Journal of African History">The Journal of African History</a>. 48 (2): 291–315. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021853707002812">10.1017/s0021853707002812</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10036%2F30200">10036/30200</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4501043">4501043</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145734278">145734278</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200423152450/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/30200/Branch%20Enemy%20Within.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=The+Enemy+Within%3A+Loyalists+and+the+War+Against+Mau+Mau+in+Kenya&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=291-315&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10036%2F30200&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145734278%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4501043%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0021853707002812&rft.aulast=Branch&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fore.exeter.ac.uk%2Frepository%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10036%2F30200%2FBranch%2520Enemy%2520Within.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranch2009" class="citation book cs1">— (2009). Defeating Mau Mau, Creating Kenya: Counterinsurgency, Civil War, and Decolonization. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13090-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13090-5"><bdi>978-0-521-13090-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defeating+Mau+Mau%2C+Creating+Kenya%3A+Counterinsurgency%2C+Civil+War%2C+and+Decolonization&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-13090-5&rft.aulast=Branch&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranchCheeseman2006" class="citation journal cs1">Branch, Daniel; Cheeseman, Nicholas (2006). "The Politics of Control in Kenya: Understanding the Bureaucratic-Executive State, 1952–78". <a href="/wiki/Review_of_African_Political_Economy" title="Review of African Political Economy">Review of African Political Economy</a>. 33 (107): 11–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03056240600671183">10.1080/03056240600671183</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10.1080%2F03056240600671183">10.1080/03056240600671183</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4007109">4007109</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155009475">155009475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+African+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Control+in+Kenya%3A+Understanding+the+Bureaucratic-Executive+State%2C+1952%E2%80%9378&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=107&rft.pages=11-31&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10.1080%2F03056240600671183&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155009475%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4007109%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03056240600671183&rft.aulast=Branch&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Cheeseman%2C+Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrantley1981" class="citation book cs1">Brantley, Cynthia (1981). The Giriama and Colonial Resistance in Kenya, 1800–1920. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04216-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04216-2"><bdi>978-0-520-04216-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Giriama+and+Colonial+Resistance+in+Kenya%2C+1800%E2%80%931920&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04216-2&rft.aulast=Brantley&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarothers1953" class="citation book cs1">Carothers, John Colin (1953). 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(1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/74835533/CAB-24-248-The-Kenya-Land-Commission-Report-1934">"The Kenya Land Commission Report"</a>. London: Government Printer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190309120614/https://www.scribd.com/doc/74835533/CAB-24-248-The-Kenya-Land-Commission-Report-1934">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Kenya+Land+Commission+Report&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Government+Printer&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F74835533%2FCAB-24-248-The-Kenya-Land-Commission-Report-1934&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChappell2011" class="citation journal cs1">Chappell, Stephen (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020080650/http://www.rusi.org/downloads/assets/RUSI_Journal_Feb_2011_Chappell.pdf">"Air Power in the Mau Mau Conflict: The Government's Chief Weapon"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/RUSI_Journal" title="RUSI Journal">RUSI Journal</a>. 156 (1): 64–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03071847.2011.559986">10.1080/03071847.2011.559986</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153183293">153183293</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rusi.org/downloads/assets/RUSI_Journal_Feb_2011_Chappell.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RUSI+Journal&rft.atitle=Air+Power+in+the+Mau+Mau+Conflict%3A+The+Government%27s+Chief+Weapon&rft.volume=156&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=64-70&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03071847.2011.559986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153183293%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chappell&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusi.org%2Fdownloads%2Fassets%2FRUSI_Journal_Feb_2011_Chappell.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClough1998" class="citation book cs1">Clough, Marshall S. (1998). Mau Mau Memoirs: History, Memory and Politics. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-555-87537-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-555-87537-4"><bdi>978-1-555-87537-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mau+Mau+Memoirs%3A+History%2C+Memory+and+Politics&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-555-87537-4&rft.aulast=Clough&rft.aufirst=Marshall+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoray1978" class="citation journal cs1">Coray, Michael S. (1978). "The Kenya Land Commission and the Kikuyu of Kiambu". <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_History_(journal)" title="Agricultural History (journal)">Agricultural History</a>. 52 (1): 179–193. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3742957">3742957</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agricultural+History&rft.atitle=The+Kenya+Land+Commission+and+the+Kikuyu+of+Kiambu&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=179-193&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3742957%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Coray&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Curtis_(British_author)" title="Mark Curtis (British author)">Curtis, Mark</a> (2003). Web of Deceit: Britain's Real Role in the World. London: Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-099-44839-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-099-44839-6"><bdi>978-0-099-44839-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Web+of+Deceit%3A+Britain%27s+Real+Role+in+the+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-099-44839-6&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgerton1989" class="citation book cs1">Edgerton, Robert B. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maumauafricancru00edge">Mau Mau: An African Crucible</a>. New York, NY: The Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-029-08920-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-029-08920-0"><bdi>978-0-029-08920-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mau+Mau%3A+An+African+Crucible&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=The+Free+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-029-08920-0&rft.aulast=Edgerton&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaumauafricancru00edge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElkins2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Elkins" title="Caroline Elkins">Elkins, Caroline</a> (2005). Britain's Gulag: The Brutal End of Empire in Kenya (UK ed.). London: Jonathan Cape. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-224-07363-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-224-07363-9"><bdi>978-0-224-07363-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Gulag%3A+The+Brutal+End+of+Empire+in+Kenya&rft.place=London&rft.edition=UK&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-224-07363-9&rft.aulast=Elkins&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElkins2005a" class="citation book cs1">— (2005a). <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Reckoning:_The_Untold_Story_of_Britain%27s_Gulag_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya">Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya</a> (US ed.). New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-805-07653-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-805-07653-0"><bdi>978-0-805-07653-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Reckoning%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+Britain%27s+Gulag+in+Kenya&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=US&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-805-07653-0&rft.aulast=Elkins&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElkins2011" class="citation journal cs1">— (2011). "Alchemy of Evidence: Mau Mau, the British Empire, and the High Court of Justice". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 39 (5): 731–748. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03086534.2011.629084">10.1080/03086534.2011.629084</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159551587">159551587</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Imperial+and+Commonwealth+History&rft.atitle=Alchemy+of+Evidence%3A+Mau+Mau%2C+the+British+Empire%2C+and+the+High+Court+of+Justice&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=731-748&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03086534.2011.629084&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159551587%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Elkins&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1986" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, John (1986) [1975]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialhistoryoft00elli_0">The Social History of the Machine Gun</a>. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-801-83358-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-801-83358-8"><bdi>978-0-801-83358-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+History+of+the+Machine+Gun&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-801-83358-8&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocialhistoryoft00elli_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmerson_Welch1980" class="citation book cs1">Emerson Welch, Claude (1980). Anatomy of Rebellion. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-873-95441-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-873-95441-9"><bdi>978-0-873-95441-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+Rebellion&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-873-95441-9&rft.aulast=Emerson+Welch&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench2011" class="citation book cs1">French, David (2011). The British Way in Counter-Insurgency, 1945–1967. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-199-58796-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-199-58796-4"><bdi>978-0-199-58796-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Way+in+Counter-Insurgency%2C+1945%E2%80%931967&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-199-58796-4&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFüredi1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Furedi" title="Frank Furedi">Füredi, Frank</a> (1989). The Mau Mau War in Perspective. London: James Currey; Nairobi: Heinemann Kenya; Athens, OH: Ohio University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-821-40940-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-821-40940-4"><bdi>978-0-821-40940-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mau+Mau+War+in+Perspective&rft.pub=London%3A+James+Currey%3B+Nairobi%3A+Heinemann+Kenya%3B+Athens%2C+OH%3A+Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-821-40940-4&rft.aulast=F%C3%BCredi&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFüredi1994" class="citation book cs1">— (1994). Colonial Wars and the Politics of Third World Nationalism. London: I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-850-43784-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-850-43784-0"><bdi>978-1-850-43784-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+Wars+and+the+Politics+of+Third+World+Nationalism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-850-43784-0&rft.aulast=F%C3%BCredi&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerlach2010" class="citation book cs1">Gerlach, Christian (2010). Extremely Violent Societies: Mass Violence in the Twentieth-Century World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88058-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88058-9"><bdi>978-0-521-88058-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extremely+Violent+Societies%3A+Mass+Violence+in+the+Twentieth-Century+World&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88058-9&rft.aulast=Gerlach&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendersonGoodhart1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Henderson_(Britain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Henderson (Britain)">Henderson, Ian</a>; Goodhart, Philip (1958). Man Hunt in Kenya. New York: Doubleday and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man+Hunt+in+Kenya&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday+and+Company&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Goodhart%2C+Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalyvas2006" class="citation book cs1">Kalyvas, Stathis N. (2006). <a href="/wiki/The_Logic_of_Violence_in_Civil_War" title="The Logic of Violence in Civil War">The Logic of Violence in Civil War</a>. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85409-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85409-2"><bdi>978-0-521-85409-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Logic+of+Violence+in+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85409-2&rft.aulast=Kalyvas&rft.aufirst=Stathis+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanogo1992" class="citation book cs1">Kanogo, Tabitha (1992). Dedan Kimathi: A Biography. 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Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9966-46-326-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9966-46-326-5"><bdi>978-9966-46-326-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Squatters+and+the+Roots+of+Mau+Mau%2C+1905%E2%80%9363&rft.place=Nairobi&rft.pub=East+African+Educational+Publishers&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-9966-46-326-5&rft.aulast=Kanogo&rft.aufirst=Tabitha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKariuki1975" class="citation book cs1">Kariuki, Josiah Mwangi (1975). "Mau Mau" Detainee: The Account by a Kenya African of his Experiences in Detention Camps 1953–1960. 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London: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Cass" title="Frank Cass">Frank Cass</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-714-61688-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-714-61688-9"><bdi>978-0-714-61688-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kenya&rft.place=London&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-714-61688-9&rft.aulast=Leys&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLonsdale2000" class="citation journal cs1">Lonsdale, John (2000). "KAU's Cultures: Imaginations of Community and Constructions of Leadership in Kenya after the Second World War". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_African_Cultural_Studies" title="Journal of African Cultural Studies">Journal of African Cultural Studies</a>. 13 (1): 107–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F713674307">10.1080/713674307</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1771859">1771859</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143712816">143712816</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+Cultural+Studies&rft.atitle=KAU%27s+Cultures%3A+Imaginations+of+Community+and+Constructions+of+Leadership+in+Kenya+after+the+Second+World+War&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=107-124&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143712816%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1771859%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F713674307&rft.aulast=Lonsdale&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLonsdale2003" class="citation book cs1">— (2003). 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Oxford: James Currey. pp. 46–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-852-55478-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-852-55478-4"><bdi>978-0-852-55478-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Authority%2C+Gender+%26+Violence%3A+The+war+within+Mau+Mau%27s+fight+for+land+%26+freedom&rft.btitle=Mau+Mau+and+Nationhood%3A+Arms%2C+Authority+and+Narration&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=46-75&rft.pub=James+Currey&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-852-55478-4&rft.aulast=Lonsdale&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahone2006" class="citation journal cs1">Mahone, Sloan (2006). 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Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-852-55745-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-852-55745-7"><bdi>978-0-852-55745-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mau+Mau+and+Kenya%3A+An+Analysis+of+a+Peasant+Revolt&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-852-55745-7&rft.aulast=Maloba&rft.aufirst=Wunyabari+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaumaukenyaanaly00malo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxon1989" class="citation book cs1">Maxon, Robert M. (1989). Conflict and Accommodation in Western Kenya: The Gusii and the British, 1907–1963. 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Oxford: James Currey. pp. 48–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-1051-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-1051-6"><bdi>978-0-8214-1051-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Decisive+Years%3A+1956%E2%80%9363&rft.btitle=Decolonization+and+Independence+in+Kenya%2C+1940%E2%80%9393&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=48-82&rft.pub=James+Currey&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8214-1051-6&rft.aulast=Ogot&rft.aufirst=Bethwell+Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdecolonizationin0000unse%2Fpage%2F48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgot2003" class="citation book cs1">— (2003). "Mau Mau & Nationhood: The Untold Story". 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"Britain's Gulag – Histories of the Hanged: Britain's Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire. By David Anderson. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2005. Pp. viii+406. Britain's Gulag: The Brutal End of Empire in Kenya. By Caroline Elkins (London: Jonathan Cape, 2005). Pp. xiv+475". <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_African_History" title="The Journal of African History">The Journal of African History</a>. 46: 493–505. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021853705000939">10.1017/S0021853705000939</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-84719-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-84719-8"><bdi>0-297-84719-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=Britain%27s+Gulag+%E2%80%93+Histories+of+the+Hanged%3A+Britain%27s+Dirty+War+in+Kenya+and+the+End+of+Empire.+By+David+Anderson.+London%3A+Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson%2C+2005.+Pp.+viii%2B406.+Britain%27s+Gulag%3A+The+Brutal+End+of+Empire+in+Kenya.+By+Caroline+Elkins+%28London%3A+Jonathan+Cape%2C+2005%29.+Pp.+xiv%2B475&rft.volume=46&rft.pages=493-505&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021853705000939&rft.isbn=0-297-84719-8&rft.aulast=Ogot&rft.aufirst=Bethwell+Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrmsby-Gore,_et_al.1925" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Ormsby-Gore,_4th_Baron_Harlech" title="William Ormsby-Gore, 4th Baron Harlech">Ormsby-Gore, William</a>; et al. (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/55821771/CAB-24-173-Report-of-the-East-Africa-Commission-1925">Report of the East Africa Commission</a>. London: Government Printer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305144151/https://www.scribd.com/doc/55821771/CAB-24-173-Report-of-the-East-Africa-Commission-1925">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+East+Africa+Commission&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Government+Printer&rft.date=1925&rft.au=Ormsby-Gore%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F55821771%2FCAB-24-173-Report-of-the-East-Africa-Commission-1925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPage2011" class="citation book cs1">Page, Malcolm (2011) [1996]. King's African Rifles: A History. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-438-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-438-4"><bdi>978-1-84884-438-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King%27s+African+Rifles%3A+A+History&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84884-438-4&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPercox2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Percox, David A. (2005). "Kenya: Mau Mau Revolt". In Kevin Shillington (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_African_History" title="Encyclopedia of African History">Encyclopedia of African History</a>, Volume 2, H–O. New York, NY: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 751–752. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-579-58245-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-579-58245-6"><bdi>978-1-579-58245-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kenya%3A+Mau+Mau+Revolt&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+History%2C+Volume+2%2C+H%E2%80%93O&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=751-752&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-579-58245-6&rft.aulast=Percox&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2008" class="citation journal cs1">Peterson, Derek R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/133476876/Derek-Peterson-2008-Intellectual-Lives-of-Mau-Mau-Detainees-The-Journal-of-African-History-Vol-49-No-1-pp-73%E2%80%9391">"The Intellectual Lives of Detainees"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_African_History" title="The Journal of African History">The Journal of African History</a>. 49 (1): 73–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021853708003411">10.1017/s0021853708003411</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40206614">40206614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=The+Intellectual+Lives+of+Detainees&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-91&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0021853708003411&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40206614%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Derek+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F133476876%2FDerek-Peterson-2008-Intellectual-Lives-of-Mau-Mau-Detainees-The-Journal-of-African-History-Vol-49-No-1-pp-73%25E2%2580%259391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPirouet1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louise_Pirouet" title="Louise Pirouet">Pirouet, M. Louise</a> (1977). "Armed Resistance and Counter-Insurgency: Reflections on the Anya Nya and Mau Mau Experiences". In <a href="/wiki/Ali_Mazrui" title="Ali Mazrui">Ali A. Mazrui</a> (ed.). The Warrior Tradition in Modern Africa. Leiden: Brill. pp. 197–214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-05646-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-05646-6"><bdi>978-9-004-05646-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Armed+Resistance+and+Counter-Insurgency%3A+Reflections+on+the+Anya+Nya+and+Mau+Mau+Experiences&rft.btitle=The+Warrior+Tradition+in+Modern+Africa&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=197-214&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-9-004-05646-6&rft.aulast=Pirouet&rft.aufirst=M.+Louise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Ranger, T. O. (1968). "Connexions between 'Primary Resistance' Movements and Modern Mass Nationalism in East and Central Africa. Part I". <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_African_History" title="The Journal of African History">The Journal of African History</a>. 9 (3): 437–453. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021853700008665">10.1017/s0021853700008665</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/180275">180275</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161489985">161489985</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=Connexions+between+%27Primary+Resistance%27+Movements+and+Modern+Mass+Nationalism+in+East+and+Central+Africa.+Part+I&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=437-453&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161489985%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F180275%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0021853700008665&rft.aulast=Ranger&rft.aufirst=T.+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShilaro2002" class="citation book cs1">Shilaro, Priscilla M. (2002). "Colonial Land Policies: The Kenya Land Commission and the Kakamega Gold Rush, 1932–4". In William Robert Ochieng (ed.). Historical Studies and Social Change in Western Kenya: Essays in Memory of Professor Gideon S. Were. Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers. pp. 110–128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9966-25-152-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9966-25-152-7"><bdi>978-9966-25-152-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Colonial+Land+Policies%3A+The+Kenya+Land+Commission+and+the+Kakamega+Gold+Rush%2C+1932%E2%80%934&rft.btitle=Historical+Studies+and+Social+Change+in+Western+Kenya%3A+Essays+in+Memory+of+Professor+Gideon+S.+Were&rft.place=Nairobi&rft.pages=110-128&rft.pub=East+African+Educational+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-9966-25-152-7&rft.aulast=Shilaro&rft.aufirst=Priscilla+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwainson1980" class="citation book cs1">Swainson, Nicola (1980). The Development of Corporate Capitalism in Kenya, 1918–77. Berkeley & Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03988-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03988-9"><bdi>978-0-520-03988-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Corporate+Capitalism+in+Kenya%2C+1918%E2%80%9377&rft.place=Berkeley+%26+Los+Angeles%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03988-9&rft.aulast=Swainson&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalton2013" class="citation book cs1">Walton, Calder (2013). Empire of Secrets: British Intelligence, the Cold War and the Twilight of Empire. London: HarperPress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-007-45796-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-007-45796-0"><bdi>978-0-007-45796-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+Secrets%3A+British+Intelligence%2C+the+Cold+War+and+the+Twilight+of+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperPress&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-007-45796-0&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=Calder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasserman1976" class="citation book cs1">Wasserman, Gary (1976). Politics of Decolonization: Kenya Europeans and the Land Issue 1960–1965 (digital reprint ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-10023-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-10023-6"><bdi>978-0-521-10023-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+of+Decolonization%3A+Kenya+Europeans+and+the+Land+Issue+1960%E2%80%931965&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=digital+reprint&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-521-10023-6&rft.aulast=Wasserman&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mau_Mau_rebellion&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2022" class="citation book cs1">Ali, Tariq (2022). Winston Churchill: his times, his crimes. London; New York: Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78873-577-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78873-577-3"><bdi>978-1-78873-577-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winston+Churchill%3A+his+times%2C+his+crimes&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-78873-577-3&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnettNjama2021" class="citation book cs1">Barnett, Donald; Njama, Karari (2021). Mau Mau from Within: The Story of the Kenya Land and Freedom Army. Daraja Press, republishing original 1966 title. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-988832-59-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-988832-59-3"><bdi>978-1-988832-59-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mau+Mau+from+Within%3A+The+Story+of+the+Kenya+Land+and+Freedom+Army&rft.pub=Daraja+Press%2C+republishing+original+1966+title&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-988832-59-3&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Njama%2C+Karari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2012" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Huw (2012). Fighting the Mau Mau: The British Army and Counter-Insurgency in the Kenya Emergency. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02970-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02970-5"><bdi>978-1-107-02970-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+the+Mau+Mau%3A+The+British+Army+and+Counter-Insurgency+in+the+Kenya+Emergency&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-107-02970-5&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Huw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman1990" class="citation book cs1">Berman, Bruce (1990). Control & Crisis in Colonial Kenya: The Dialectic of Domination. Oxford: James Currey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-852-55069-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-852-55069-4"><bdi>978-0-852-55069-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Control+%26+Crisis+in+Colonial+Kenya%3A+The+Dialectic+of+Domination&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=James+Currey&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-852-55069-4&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBermanLonsdale1992" class="citation book cs1">Berman, Bruce; Lonsdale, John (1992). Unhappy Valley: Conflict in Kenya and Africa; Book One: State & Class. Oxford: James Currey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-852-55021-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-852-55021-2"><bdi>978-0-852-55021-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unhappy+Valley%3A+Conflict+in+Kenya+and+Africa%3B+Book+One%3A+State+%26+Class&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=James+Currey&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-852-55021-2&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Lonsdale%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBermanLonsdale1992" class="citation book cs1">Berman, Bruce; Lonsdale, John (1992). Unhappy Valley: Conflict in Kenya and Africa; Book Two: Violence & Ethnicity. Oxford: James Currey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-852-55099-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-852-55099-1"><bdi>978-0-852-55099-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unhappy+Valley%3A+Conflict+in+Kenya+and+Africa%3B+Book+Two%3A+Violence+%26+Ethnicity&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=James+Currey&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-852-55099-1&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Lonsdale%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranch2006" class="citation journal cs1">Branch, Daniel (2006). "Loyalists, Mau Mau, and Elections in Kenya: The First Triumph of the System, 1957–1958". <a href="/wiki/Africa_Today" title="Africa Today">Africa Today</a>. 53 (2): 27–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fat.2006.0069">10.1353/at.2006.0069</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4187771">4187771</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154783897">154783897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa+Today&rft.atitle=Loyalists%2C+Mau+Mau%2C+and+Elections+in+Kenya%3A+The+First+Triumph+of+the+System%2C+1957%E2%80%931958&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=27-50&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154783897%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4187771%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fat.2006.0069&rft.aulast=Branch&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClough1990" class="citation book cs1">Clough, Marshall S. (1990). Fighting Two Sides: Kenyan Chiefs and Politicians, 1918–1940. Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-870-81207-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-870-81207-1"><bdi>978-0-870-81207-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+Two+Sides%3A+Kenyan+Chiefs+and+Politicians%2C+1918%E2%80%931940&rft.place=Niwot%2C+CO&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Colorado&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-870-81207-1&rft.aulast=Clough&rft.aufirst=Marshall+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorfield1960" class="citation book cs1">Corfield, Frank (1960). The Origins and Growth of Mau Mau: an Historical Survey ('The Corfield Report'). Nairobi: Government of Kenya. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13090-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13090-5"><bdi>978-0-521-13090-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+and+Growth+of+Mau+Mau%3A+an+Historical+Survey+%28%27The+Corfield+Report%27%29&rft.place=Nairobi&rft.pub=Government+of+Kenya&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0-521-13090-5&rft.aulast=Corfield&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerrick2008" class="citation book cs1">Derrick, Jonathan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africasagitators0000derr">Africa's "Agitators": Militant Anti-Colonialism in Africa and the West, 1918–1939</a>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70056-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70056-6"><bdi>978-0-231-70056-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa%27s+%22Agitators%22%3A+Militant+Anti-Colonialism+in+Africa+and+the+West%2C+1918%E2%80%931939&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-231-70056-6&rft.aulast=Derrick&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafricasagitators0000derr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElkins2022" class="citation book cs1">Elkins, Caroline (2022). Legacy of violence: a history of the British empire. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-27242-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-27242-3"><bdi>978-0-307-27242-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legacy+of+violence%3A+a+history+of+the+British+empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-307-27242-3&rft.aulast=Elkins&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroganSharp1900" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ewart_Grogan" title="Ewart Grogan">Grogan, Ewart S.</a>; Sharp, Arthur H. (1900). From the Cape to Cairo: The First Traverse of Africa from South to North. London: Hurst and Blackett. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL14008812M">14008812M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Cape+to+Cairo%3A+The+First+Traverse+of+Africa+from+South+to+North&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hurst+and+Blackett&rft.date=1900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL14008812M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Grogan&rft.aufirst=Ewart+S.&rft.au=Sharp%2C+Arthur+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinlein2002" class="citation book cs1">Heinlein, Frank (2002). British Government Policy and Decolonisation, 1945–1963: Scrutinising the Official Mind. London: Frank Cass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5220-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5220-7"><bdi>978-0-7146-5220-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Government+Policy+and+Decolonisation%2C+1945%E2%80%931963%3A+Scrutinising+the+Official+Mind&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5220-7&rft.aulast=Heinlein&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewitt2008" class="citation book cs1">Hewitt, Peter (2008) [1999]. Kenya Cowboy: A Police Officer's Account of the Mau Mau Emergency. Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-920-14323-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-920-14323-7"><bdi>978-1-920-14323-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kenya+Cowboy%3A+A+Police+Officer%27s+Account+of+the+Mau+Mau+Emergency&rft.place=Johannesburg&rft.pub=30%C2%B0+South+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-920-14323-7&rft.aulast=Hewitt&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKyle1999" class="citation book cs1">Kyle, Keith (1999). The Politics of the Independence of Kenya. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-72008-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-72008-0"><bdi>978-0-333-72008-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+the+Independence+of+Kenya&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-333-72008-0&rft.aulast=Kyle&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapping1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Lapping" title="Brian Lapping">Lapping, Brian</a> (1989). End of Empire (revised ed.). London: Paladin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-586-08870-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-586-08870-8"><bdi>978-0-586-08870-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=End+of+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Paladin&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-586-08870-8&rft.aulast=Lapping&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLonsdale1990" class="citation journal cs1">Lonsdale, John (1990). "Mau Maus of the Mind: Making Mau Mau and Remaking Kenya". <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_African_History" title="The Journal of African History">The Journal of African History</a>. 31 (3): 393–421. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021853700031157">10.1017/s0021853700031157</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10539%2F9062">10539/9062</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/182877">182877</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162867744">162867744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=Mau+Maus+of+the+Mind%3A+Making+Mau+Mau+and+Remaking+Kenya&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=393-421&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10539%2F9062&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162867744%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F182877%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0021853700031157&rft.aulast=Lonsdale&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovatt_Smith2005" class="citation book cs1">Lovatt Smith, David (2005). Kenya, the Kikuyu and Mau Mau. Mawenzi Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-954-47132-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-954-47132-3"><bdi>978-0-954-47132-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kenya%2C+the+Kikuyu+and+Mau+Mau&rft.pub=Mawenzi+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-954-47132-3&rft.aulast=Lovatt+Smith&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyttelton1962" class="citation book cs1">Lyttelton, Oliver (1962). The Memoirs of Lord Chandos. London: Bodley Head.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Memoirs+of+Lord+Chandos&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bodley+Head&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Lyttelton&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshKingsnorth1972" class="citation book cs1">Marsh, Zoe; Kingsnorth, G. W. (1972). A History of East Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08348-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08348-5"><bdi>978-0-521-08348-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+East+Africa&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-521-08348-5&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=Zoe&rft.au=Kingsnorth%2C+G.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy1999" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Philip (1999) [1995]. Party Politics and Decolonization: The Conservative Party and British Colonial Policy in Tropical Africa, 1951–1964. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820505-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820505-0"><bdi>978-0-19-820505-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Party+Politics+and+Decolonization%3A+The+Conservative+Party+and+British+Colonial+Policy+in+Tropical+Africa%2C+1951%E2%80%931964&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820505-0&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy1999" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Philip (1999). Alan Lennox-Boyd: A Biography. London: I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-406-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-406-1"><bdi>978-1-86064-406-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alan+Lennox-Boyd%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-406-1&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNjagi1991" class="citation book cs1">Njagi, David (1991). The Last Mau Mau (Kenya's Freedom Heroes or Villains?). Nairobi: Property Magazine and Guide. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28563585">28563585</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Mau+Mau+%28Kenya%27s+Freedom+Heroes+or+Villains%3F%29&rft.place=Nairobi&rft.pub=Property+Magazine+and+Guide&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28563585&rft.aulast=Njagi&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgot2012" class="citation book cs1">Ogot, Bethwell Allan (2012). "Essence of ethnicity: an African perspective". In Hiroyuki Hino; John Lonsdale; Gustav Ranis & Frances Stewart (eds.). Ethnic Diversity and Economic Stability in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 91–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02599-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02599-8"><bdi>978-1-107-02599-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Essence+of+ethnicity%3A+an+African+perspective&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Diversity+and+Economic+Stability+in+Africa&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=91-126&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-107-02599-8&rft.aulast=Ogot&rft.aufirst=Bethwell+Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons1999" class="citation book cs1">Parsons, Timothy (1999). African Rank-and-File: Social Implications of Colonial Military Service in the King's African Rifles, 1902–1964. Hanover, NH: Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-325-00140-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-325-00140-1"><bdi>978-0-325-00140-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Rank-and-File%3A+Social+Implications+of+Colonial+Military+Service+in+the+King%27s+African+Rifles%2C+1902%E2%80%931964&rft.place=Hanover%2C+NH&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-325-00140-1&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPercox2011" class="citation book cs1">Percox, David (2011) [2004]. Britain, Kenya and the Cold War: Imperial Defence, Colonial Security and Decolonisation. London: I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-966-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-966-1"><bdi>978-1-84885-966-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%2C+Kenya+and+the+Cold+War%3A+Imperial+Defence%2C+Colonial+Security+and+Decolonisation&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84885-966-1&rft.aulast=Percox&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandgren2012" class="citation book cs1">Sandgren, David (2012). Mau Mau's Children: The Making of Kenya's Postcolonial Elite. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-28784-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-28784-9"><bdi>978-0-299-28784-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mau+Mau%27s+Children%3A+The+Making+of+Kenya%27s+Postcolonial+Elite&rft.place=Madison%2C+WI&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-299-28784-9&rft.aulast=Sandgren&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThiong'o2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ng%C5%A9g%C4%A9_wa_Thiong%27o" title="Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o">Thiong'o, Ngugi wa</a> (2010) [1997]. "Detained: A Writer's Prison Diary". In Roy R. Grinker; Stephen C. Lubkemann & Christopher B. Steiner (eds.). Perspectives on Africa: A Reader in Culture, History and Representation (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 462–470. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-444-33522-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-444-33522-4"><bdi>978-1-444-33522-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Detained%3A+A+Writer%27s+Prison+Diary&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+Africa%3A+A+Reader+in+Culture%2C+History+and+Representation&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=462-470&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-444-33522-4&rft.aulast=Thiong%27o&rft.aufirst=Ngugi+wa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThroup1987" class="citation book cs1">Throup, David (1987). Economic and Social Origins of Mau Mau, 1945–53. Oxford: James Currey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-024-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-024-3"><bdi>978-0-85255-024-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+and+Social+Origins+of+Mau+Mau%2C+1945%E2%80%9353&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=James+Currey&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-85255-024-3&rft.aulast=Throup&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMau+Mau+rebellion" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mau_Mau_rebellion&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mau_Mau_Uprising" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mau Mau Uprising">Mau Mau Uprising</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishpathe.com/search/query/mau+mau">Archive newsreels</a> from <a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_News" title="Pathé News">Pathé News</a>. Includes footage of: military operations against Mau Mau; the capture of Dedan Kimathi; capture of <a href="/wiki/Waruhiu_Itote" title="Waruhiu Itote">General China (Waruhiu Itote)</a>; the survivors of the Lari massacre and the defendants' trial; Operation Anvil.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colonialfilm.org.uk/search-content?keys=mau+mau&x=0&y=0">Colonial Film's archive footage of Mau Mau</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/dcasciani">"Lost" Mau Mau-era government-documents posted by the BBC's Dominic Casciani</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiolab.org/episodes/mau-mau">"Mau-Mau"</a> Podcast about the Mau Mau Uprising and British repression from Radiolab (WNYC – New York Public Radio)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/339189978/Mau-Mau-Emergency-Surrender-Pass-January-1955">Surrender Pass issued under Baring's 18 January 1955 Amnesty</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kenya_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kenya_topics" title="Template:Kenya topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kenya_topics" title="Template talk:Kenya topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kenya_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kenya topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kenya_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Kenya-related_articles" title="Index of Kenya-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kenya" title="History of Kenya">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Kenya" title="Timeline of Kenya">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanga_Kingdom" title="Wanga Kingdom">Wanga Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Railway" title="Uganda Railway">Uganda Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya Colony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_in_World_War_II" title="Kenya in World War II">In World War II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilemi_Triangle" title="Ilemi Triangle">Ilemi Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_African_Union" title="Kenya African Union">Kenya African Union</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kenya_(1963)" title="Constitution of Kenya (1963)">1963 Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Kenyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1982 Kenyan coup d'état attempt">1982 coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldenberg_scandal" title="Goldenberg scandal">Goldenberg scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Kenyan_general_election" title="1992 Kenyan general election">1992 Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_Kenyan_crisis" title="2007–2008 Kenyan crisis">2007–2008 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Kenyan_constitutional_referendum" title="2010 Kenyan constitutional referendum">2010 referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Kenyan_general_election" title="2013 Kenyan general election"> 2013 Elections</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya" title="Coat of arms of Kenya"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya_%28Official%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya_%28Official%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya_%28Official%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya_%28Official%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya_%28Official%29.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya_%28Official%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="695" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kenya" title="Geography of Kenya">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_Africa#Kenya" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Africa">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kenya#Climate" title="Geography of Kenya">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Kenya" title="List of ecoregions in Kenya">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Kenya" title="Environmental issues in Kenya">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rift_Valley" title="Great Rift Valley">Great Rift Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Kenya" title="List of lakes of Kenya">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Kenya" title="Category:Mountains of Kenya">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Kenya" title="List of national parks of Kenya">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Kenya" title="List of rivers of Kenya">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Kenya" title="List of volcanoes in Kenya">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Kenya" title="Wildlife of Kenya">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Kenya" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Kenya">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Kenya">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Kenya" title="List of cities in Kenya">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Kenya" title="Counties of Kenya">Counties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kenya" title="Politics of Kenya">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kenya" title="Constitution of Kenya">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kenya" title="Elections in Kenya">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kenya" title="Foreign relations of Kenya">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kenya" title="Government of Kenya">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kenya" title="Human rights in Kenya">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Kenya" title="Intersex rights in Kenya">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Kenya" title="LGBT rights in Kenya">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Kenya" title="Judiciary of Kenya">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Kenya" title="Law enforcement in Kenya">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Defence_Forces" title="Kenya Defence Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Kenya">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_Buildings_(Kenya)" title="Parliament Buildings (Kenya)">Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Kenya" title="List of political parties in Kenya">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Kenya" title="President of Kenya">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Kenya" title="List of heads of state of Kenya">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_President_of_Kenya" title="Deputy President of Kenya">Deputy President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kenya" title="Prime Minister of Kenya">Prime Minister (defunct)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kenya" title="Economy of Kenya">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Kenya" title="Agriculture in Kenya">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Kenya" title="Central Bank of Kenya">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_industry_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee industry of Kenya">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Kenya" title="Energy in Kenya">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_Kenya" title="Real estate in Kenya">Real Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_shilling" title="Kenyan shilling">Shilling (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kenya" title="Telecommunications in Kenya">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Kenya" title="Tourism in Kenya">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kenya" title="Transport in Kenya">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Kenya" title="Category:Society of Kenya">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Child marriage in Kenya">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Kenya" title="Corruption in Kenya">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Kenya" title="Crime in Kenya">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kenya" title="Demographics of Kenya">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kenya" title="Education in Kenya">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Kenya" title="Health in Kenya">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Kenya" title="Human trafficking in Kenya">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kenya" title="Languages of Kenya">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Kenya" title="Polygamy in Kenya">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Kenya" title="Prostitution in Kenya">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Kenya" title="Squatting in Kenya">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Kenya" title="Water supply and sanitation in Kenya">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kenya" title="Women in Kenya">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kenya" title="Culture of Kenya">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ee_Mungu_Nguvu_Yetu" title="Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kenya" title="Cinema of Kenya">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya" title="Coat of arms of Kenya">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_English" title="Kenyan English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engsh" title="Engsh">Engsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kenya" title="Flag of Kenya">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kenyan_names" title="Category:Kenyan names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_literature" title="Kenyan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Kenya">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Kenya" title="List of museums in Kenya">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kenya" title="Music of Kenya">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Kenya" title="Public holidays in Kenya">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Kenya" title="Sport in Kenya">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng_slang" title="Sheng slang">Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in Kenya">Video gaming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Kenya" title="Outline of Kenya">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Kenya-related_articles" title="Index of Kenya-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kenya" title="Category:Kenya">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kenya" title="Portal:Kenya">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colonial_conflicts_involving_the_English/British_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Template:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Template talk:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colonial_conflicts_involving_the_English/British_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Colonial conflicts involving the <a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a>/<a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Ireland</a> (1593–1603)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Powhatan_Wars" title="Anglo-Powhatan Wars">Virginia</a> (1609–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Swally" title="Battle of Swally">Swally</a> (1612)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_capture_of_Ormuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Persian capture of Ormuz">Ormuz</a> (1622)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinago_Genocide_of_1626" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinago Genocide of 1626">Saint Kitts</a> (1626)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_17_July_1628" title="Action of 17 July 1628">Quebec</a> (1628)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequot War</a> (1634–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion</a> (1641)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a> (1641–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a> (1649–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Acadians#English_colony_(1654–1667)" title="History of the Acadians">Acadia</a> (1654–67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1654%E2%80%931660)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> (1654–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Maroon_War" title="First Maroon War">Jamaica</a> (1655–1739)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1662)" title="Battle of Tangier (1662)">1st Tangier</a> (1662)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1664)" title="Battle of Tangier (1664)">2nd Tangier</a> (1664)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a> (1675–78)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mughal_War_(1686%E2%80%931690)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690)">Child's War</a> (1686–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_War" title="Anglo-Siamese War">Siam</a> (1687)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a> (1688–91)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a> (1688–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komenda_Wars" title="Komenda Wars">Ghana</a> (1694–1700)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a> (1702–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_War" title="Tuscarora War">Tuscarora War</a> (1711–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamasee_War" title="Yamasee War">Yamasee War</a> (1715–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Father Rale's War/Dummer's War</a> (1722–25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a> (1740–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a> (1744–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">Carnatic Wars</a> (1746–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Nova Scotia</a> (1749–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (1754–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> (1756–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_War" title="Bengal War">Bengal War</a> (1756–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Cherokee_War" title="Anglo-Cherokee War">Anglo-Cherokee War</a> (1758–61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacky%27s_Revolt" title="Tacky's Revolt">Jamaica</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1762%E2%80%931763)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> (1762–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a> (1763–66)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_Movement_in_North_Carolina" title="Regulator Movement in North Carolina">Regulator Movement in North Carolina</a> (1765–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Carib_War" title="First Carib War">First Carib War</a> (1769–73)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Rohilla_War" title="First Rohilla War">Rohilkhand</a> (1773–74)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Dunmore%27s_War" title="Lord Dunmore's War">Lord Dunmore's War</a> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> (1775–83)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1775–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1779–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley%27s_Gold_Coast_expedition" title="Shirley's Gold Coast expedition">Gold Coast</a> (1781–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Radharam" title="Revolt of Radharam">Assam</a> (1786)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">Australian frontier wars</a> (1788–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Crisis" title="Nootka Crisis">Nootka Sound</a> (1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1789–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotiote_War" title="Cotiote War">Cotiote (Wayanad) War</a> (1793–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Rohilla_War" title="Second Rohilla War">Rohilkhand</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Cape_Colony" title="Invasion of the Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Maroon_War" title="Second Maroon War">Jamaica</a> (1795–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9don%27s_rebellion" title="Fédon's rebellion">Grenada</a> (1795–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Ceylon" title="Invasion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan Wars</a> (1796–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion</a> (1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Siege of Malta (1798–1800)">Malta</a> (1798–1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1798–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dwyer#Guerilla_campaign" title="Michael Dwyer">Dwyer's guerrilla campaign</a> (1799–1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a> (1799–1805)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Irish_Uprising_in_Newfoundland" title="United Irish Uprising in Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> (1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1803–05)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill_convict_rebellion" title="Castle Hill convict rebellion">Castle Hill convict rebellion</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Surinam_(1804)" title="Invasion of Surinam (1804)">Surinam</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Cape Colony</a> (1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_invasions_of_the_River_Plate" title="British invasions of the River Plate">Río de la Plata</a> (1806–07)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_expedition_of_1807" title="Alexandria expedition of 1807">Egypt</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Froberg_mutiny" title="Froberg mutiny">Froberg mutiny</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santo_Domingo_of_1808" title="Siege of Santo Domingo of 1808">Santo Domingo</a> (1808–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Martinique_(1809)" title="Invasion of Martinique (1809)">Martinique</a> (1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">Persian Gulf</a> (1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1810)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1810)">Guadeloupe</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_%C3%8Ele_Bonaparte" title="Invasion of Île Bonaparte">Reunion</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Isle_de_France" title="Invasion of Isle de France">Mauritius</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles#The_Quincy_era" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Spice_Islands" title="Invasion of the Spice Islands">Spice Islands</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Java_(1811)" title="Invasion of Java (1811)">Java</a> (1810–11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa Wars</a> (1811–79)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">USA</a> (1812–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Nepal</a> (1814–16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1815)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1815)">Guadeloupe</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slachter%27s_Nek_Rebellion" title="Slachter's Nek Rebellion">Cape Colony</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">Algiers</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1817–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1819" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1819">Persian Gulf</a> (1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demerara_rebellion_of_1823" title="Demerara rebellion of 1823">Guiana</a> (1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ashanti_wars" title="Anglo-Ashanti wars">Anglo-Ashanti wars</a> (1824–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="First Anglo-Burmese War">First Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1824–26)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War (Van Diemen's Land)</a> (1828–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_War" title="Baptist War">Jamaica</a> (1831–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naning_War" title="Naning War">Malacca</a> (1831–33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Rebellion" title="Lower Canada Rebellion">Lower Canada</a> (1837–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Rebellion" title="Upper Canada Rebellion">Upper Canada</a> (1837–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Expedition" title="Aden Expedition">Aden Expedition</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1839%E2%80%931841)" title="Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)">Egyptian–Ottoman War</a> (1839–41)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1839–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a> (1839–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a> (1845–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a> (1845–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (1845–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Canton" title="Expedition to Canton">Canton</a> (1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_War_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Caste War of Yucatán">British Honduras</a> (1847–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matale_rebellion" title="Matale rebellion">Ceylon</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a> (1848–49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Second Anglo-Burmese War">Second Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion" title="Eureka Rebellion">Eureka Rebellion</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_War" title="Åland War">Åland War</a> (1854–56)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_War" title="Anglo-Persian War">Anglo-Persian War</a> (1856–57)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a> (1856–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion</a> (1857–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Rajab_Ali" title="Revolt of Rajab Ali">Revolt of Rajab Ali</a> (1857–58)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Kagoshima" title="Bombardment of Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambela_campaign" title="Ambela campaign">Ambela campaign</a> (1863–64)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki_campaign" title="Shimonoseki campaign">Shimonoseki</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duar_War" title="Duar War">Duar War</a> (1864–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">Fenian Rebellion in Canada</a> (1866–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Expedition_to_Abyssinia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Expedition to Abyssinia">Abyssinia</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Manitoba</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak_War" title="Perak War">Perak</a> (1875–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War" title="Anglo-Zulu War">Anglo-Zulu War</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1879–80)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basuto_Gun_War" title="Basuto Gun War">Basutoland</a> (1880–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a> (1880–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War</a> (1881–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War" title="Anglo-Egyptian War">Anglo-Egyptian War</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Rebellion" title="North-West Rebellion">Saskatchewan</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Third Anglo-Burmese War">Third Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition" title="Emin Pasha Relief Expedition">Central Africa</a> (1886–89)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_Expedition_of_1888" title="Hazara Expedition of 1888">Hazara</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Column" title="Pioneer Column">Mashonaland</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunza%E2%80%93Nagar_Campaign" title="Hunza–Nagar Campaign">Hunza–Nagar Campaign</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Manipur_War" title="Anglo-Manipur War">Anglo-Manipur War</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Uprising" title="Pahang Uprising">Pahang Uprising</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Matabele_War" title="First Matabele War">Matabeleland</a> (1893–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat_Salleh_Rebellion" title="Mat Salleh Rebellion">North Borneo</a> (1894–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitral_Expedition" title="Chitral Expedition">Chitral Expedition</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Raid" title="Jameson Raid">Jameson Raid South Africa</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zanzibar_War" title="Anglo-Zanzibar War">Anglo-Zanzibar War</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chimurenga" class="mw-redirect" title="First Chimurenga">Matabeleland</a> (1896–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_Expedition_of_1897" title="Benin Expedition of 1897">Benin Expedition</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malakand" title="Siege of Malakand">Siege of Malakand</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1897%E2%80%931898" title="Mohmand campaign of 1897–1898">First Mohmand campaign</a> (1897–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirah_campaign" title="Tirah campaign">Tirah campaign</a> (1897–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War_(1899)" title="Six-Day War (1899)">Six-Day War</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> (1898–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> (1899–1902)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland</a> (1900–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Aro_War" title="Anglo-Aro War">West Africa</a> (1901–02)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">Tibet expedition</a> (1903–04)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambatha_Rebellion" title="Bambatha Rebellion">Bambatha Rebellion</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_in_the_Tochi" title="Operations in the Tochi">Tochi</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilembwe_uprising" title="Chilembwe uprising">Nyasaland</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bussa_rebellion" title="Bussa rebellion">Nigeria</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_against_the_Mohmands,_Bunerwals_and_Swatis_in_1915" title="Operations against the Mohmands, Bunerwals and Swatis in 1915">Peshawar</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_blockade" title="Mohmand blockade">Mohmand</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Quebec</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adubi_War" title="Adubi War">Nigeria</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)">Waziristan campaign</a> (1919–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_rebellion" title="Malabar rebellion">Malabar rebellion</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji_revolts" title="Mahmud Barzanji revolts">Kurdistan</a> (1922–24)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adwan_Rebellion" title="Adwan Rebellion">Transjordan</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink%27s_War" title="Pink's War">Pink's War</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhwan_revolt" title="Ikhwan revolt">Ikhwan revolt</a> (1927–30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afridi_Redshirt_Rebellion,_Indian_North_West_Frontier_1930%E2%80%931931" title="Afridi Redshirt Rebellion, Indian North West Frontier 1930–1931">Tirah</a> (1930–31)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Barzani_revolt" title="Ahmed Barzani revolt">Barzani revolt</a> (1931–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1935" title="Mohmand campaign of 1935">Second Mohmand campaign</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">Arab revolt in Palestine</a> (1936–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1936%E2%80%931939)" title="Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)">Waziristan campaign</a> (1936–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woyane_rebellion" title="Woyane rebellion">Ethiopia</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine">Jewish revolt in Palestine</a> (1944–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Indochina</a> (1945–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Surabaya" title="Battle of Surabaya">Indonesia</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cession_movement_of_Sarawak" title="Anti-cession movement of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> (1946–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a> (1948–60)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kenya Emergency</a> (1952–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Oman</a> (1954–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a> (1955–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar Rebellion">Oman</a> (1962–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_revolt" title="Brunei revolt">Brunei</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Sarawak</a> (1962–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Malaysia</a> (1962–66)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden</a> (1963–67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands</a> (1982)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q476855#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" 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alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5cd4cd96d5-86grn","wgBackendResponseTime":182,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.989","walltime":"3.398","ppvisitednodes":{"value":24244,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":589009,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":37374,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":35,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":843407,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2895.687 1 -total"," 35.88% 1039.025 2 Template:Reflist"," 14.52% 420.327 82 Template:Cite_book"," 10.70% 309.737 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict"," 10.27% 297.367 61 Template:Cite_news"," 10.20% 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[\"CITEREFBennett2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerman1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerman1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBermanLonsdale1992\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBethwell2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlacker2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlakeley2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBranch2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBranch2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBranch2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBranchCheeseman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrantley1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaroline_Elkins2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarothers1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarothers1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarter1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarus2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCashner2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChappell2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClough1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClough1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCobain,_Ian2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCobain2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCobainHatcher2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoray1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorfield1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCreech_Jones1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurtis2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Anderson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Anderson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Elstein2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDayLeader2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDerrick2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDominic_Casciani2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDominic_Odipo2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdgerton1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdgerton1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEditorial2011\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFElkins2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElkins2005a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElkins2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElkins2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElkins2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllis1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmerson_Welch1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrench2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFüredi1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFüredi1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGadsden1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGary_D._Solis2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerlach2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroganSharp1900\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeinlein2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHendersonGoodhart1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHewitt2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIan_CobainPeter_Walker2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIreland2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacob_Ole_Miaron,_Permanent_Secretary_of_the_Vice_President_Ministry_of_State_for_National_Heritage_and_Culture2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_Blitz2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenkins2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalyvas2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKanogo1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKanogo1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKariuki1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenber2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKyle1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLapping1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeakey1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeys1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLonsdale1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLonsdale2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLonsdale2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLovatt_Smith2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyttelton1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaathai2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacintyre2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacintyreKenber2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacintyreRalphMcConnell2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahone2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajdalany1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaloba1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark_Thompson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshKingsnorth1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaxon1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcConnell2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCulloch2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGhie2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMeinertzhagen1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMike_Pflanz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMike_Thompson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMosley1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMumford2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNewsinger1981\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNissimi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNjagi1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOgot1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOgot2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOgot2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOgot2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrmsby-Gore,_et_al.1925\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsborne2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsborne2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwen_Bowcott2011\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFPage2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParsons1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPercox2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPercox2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeterson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinckneyKimuyu1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPirouet1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlaut2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPresley1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._M._A._Van_ZwanenbergAnne_King1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandgren2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShilaro2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoddard2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwainson1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThiong\u0026#039;o2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThroup1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTownsend2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_der_Bijl2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallis2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalton2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangari_Maathai2006\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFWasserman1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeisAnderson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhittaker2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2022\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"' \\\"\"] = 2,\n [\"-\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"British Colonial Emergencies\"] = 1,\n [\"British colonial campaigns\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Mau Mau Uprising\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 82,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 39,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 61,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 17,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 4,\n [\"Efn\"] = 7,\n [\"Executed\"] = 2,\n [\"Flag\"] = 2,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 6,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 4,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 174,\n [\"History of Kenya\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"Kenya topics\"] = 1,\n [\"London Gazette\"] = 1,\n [\"MIA\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Mdash\"] = 6,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 22,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 42,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] 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