Décoloniser les archives, l’histoire… et les processus !

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class="author-offset"> <aside class="author sans-photo"> <h3> <span>Richard Kistabish, Jimmy Hunter, Maurice J Kistabish, Audrey McLaren, Nancy Wiscutie-Crépeau, Justin Roy et Caroline Lemire</span> </h3> <p>Les auteurs sont tous membres du comité Mitonentcikan.</p> <time datetime="2025-01-18 00:00:00" class="clair">Publié le 18 janvier</time> <strong class="article-type turquoise">Idées</strong> <nav class="category-nav"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href="/opinion/idees"><span>Idées</span></a></li> </ul> </nav> <ul class="social list-unstyled hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <li class="tw"><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=D%C3%A9coloniser+les+archives%2C+l%E2%80%99histoire%E2%80%A6+et+les+processus%21+https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ledevoir.com%2Fopinion%2Fidees%2F834223%2Fdecoloniser-archives-histoire-processus" target="_blank"><span class="normal"><svg width="1200" height="1227" viewBox="0 0 1200 1227" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M714.163 519.284L1160.89 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xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="20.031" viewBox="0 0 14 20.031"><path d="M0 0h14v1H0zM1 19l6.104-4.895.505.597L1 20"/><path d="M6.552 14.867l6.446 5.116v-1l-5.946-4.616M13 0h1v20h-1M0 .032h1v20H0z"/></svg></span><span class="hover"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="20.031" viewBox="0 0 14 20.031"><path fill="none" d="M1 19l6.104-4.895.505.597-.062.05L13 18.97V1H1"/><path d="M13 0H0v20.032h1V20l5.98-4.793 6.018 4.775.002-.003V20h1V0h-1z"/></svg></span></a></li> </ul> </aside> </div> <div class=" text-offset "> <div class="editor scrolling-tracker"> <p>Notre écrit vise à apporter certaines précisions au texte d’opinion <a href="https://www.ledevoir.com/opinion/idees/831769/histoire-autochtone-autochtones" target="_blank">publié le 11 janvier dernier dans </a><i><a href="https://www.ledevoir.com/opinion/idees/831769/histoire-autochtone-autochtones" target="_blank">Le Devoir</a></i> en lien avec notre projet de bibliothèque virtuelle Nipakanatik. Nous remercions Gérard Bouchard de nous donner, avec son texte, l’occasion de clarifier notre démarche.</p><p>Alors que nous présentions une photographie à des aînés de la communauté de Pikogan, ceux-ci y ont reconnu d’anciens amis : Pepici Polson, la première de sa communauté à avoir suivi de plein gré des études collégiales, accompagnée de ses parents. Aux Archives nationales du Québec, la photographie s’appelait « Famille indienne » ; elle s’appelle désormais « Famille Polson ». Sur <a href="https://nipakanatik.org/s/nipakanatik/page/accueil" target="_blank">la bibliothèque virtuelle Nipakanatik</a>, elle peut être consultée avec l’histoire de Pepici. Telle est notre démarche : restituer les archives et restaurer la mémoire des ancêtres, en collaboration avec nos partenaires institutionnels.</p><p>Comme le soulève M. Bouchard, la vérité peut engendrer de la fierté sans être manipulée. C’est ce que démontre notre travail : en identifiant, par exemple, des individus sur une photographie ou encore en nommant en langue anicinabe des objets liés au quotidien de familles ou de communautés, nous posons des gestes réparateurs, capables d’évoquer un sentiment de dignité chez toutes ces personnes qui ne se sont jamais reconnues dans les livres d’histoire. Nous croyons que cette approche peut contribuer à la guérison de certaines blessures causées par la colonisation. Mais elle doit, pour ce faire, respecter certaines valeurs et certains principes.</p><p>Le sens que revêt la notion de guérison pour les Anicinabek peut varier de celui dans la langue française ; celui que nous lui donnons étant influencé par notre langue, notre manière de connaître et de faire. Ce processus de guérison, de notre point de vue, s’inscrit dans une visée de vérité, de justice et de dignité pour un mieux-être collectif, en honorant, notamment, la mémoire des ancêtres et les connaissances des aînés. Cette vision de la guérison ne se réduit pas à une « technique thérapeutique ».</p><h2 class="h2-intertitre">Une démarche culturellement sécurisante</h2><p>Nous aimerions également nuancer la notion de « récit sécurisant » abordée par l’auteur, puisque nous faisons plutôt référence à une « démarche culturellement sécurisante ». Le comité Mitonentcikan (un concept en anicinabemowin qui évoque de manière holistique : la connaissance innée, la sagesse, l’intelligence, l’intellectuel, l’aptitude à retenir et à diffuser l’information), que l’on nomme aussi le comité éthique, n’a pas pour mandat de « réécrire l’histoire » ; il assure la gouvernance de Nipakanatik dans le respect des valeurs, des principes et des aspirations des communautés anicinabek.</p><p>Il est encore trop tôt pour réinterpréter l’histoire puisque nous n’en sommes qu’à l’étape de rassembler, d’organiser et de décoloniser les archives en collaboration avec de nombreux musées et institutions de mémoire.</p><p>À l’instar d’autres instances et organisations autochtones, nous travaillons à l’élaboration d’un protocole de recherche qui servira à mieux encadrer les éventuels travaux qui se réaliseront avec nous, notamment en histoire. Les chercheurs qui voudront collaborer avec Minwashin devront s’engager à établir avec les Anicinabek une relation de confiance fondée sur le respect et la réciprocité plutôt que de les appréhender comme un objet de recherche.</p><p>Pendant longtemps, la recherche sur les Autochtones a servi d’instrument de marginalisation. Des objets ont été volés au nom de la connaissance universitaire, des savoirs ont été détournés pour engendrer du profit, des histoires ont été déformées pour générer des stéréotypes. Dans une visée réparatrice et de guérison, nous encourageons la recherche avec et par les Autochtones en les impliquant activement dans le processus de recherche, l’interprétation des données et la communication des résultats.</p><h2 class="h2-intertitre">Décoloniser la recherche</h2><p>Nous sommes d’avis que nous nous éloignons d’un discours classique entourant la science puisqu’il n’y a pas qu’une seule manière de faire de la recherche en histoire, et encore moins avec les peuples autochtones, qui ont leurs propres manières de connaître et de transmettre leurs savoirs depuis des millénaires. Notre démarche n’est pas moins rigoureuse pour autant. Au contraire, elle est complexe, car nous devons remettre les choses dans leur contexte, leur donner un sens, guérir des blessures de l’usurpation de notre histoire et, enfin, remettre en fonction nos manières de transmettre ces savoirs aux futures générations.</p><p>Nous travaillons en partenariat avec la communauté scientifique, aux côtés d’institutions comme l’Université de Montréal, l’Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue et l’Institut national de recherche scientifique, pour ne nommer que ces partenaires. Loin d’un monde où la recherche autochtone serait « isolée », dans l’avenir qui s’annonce, allochtones et Autochtones dialoguent en tant qu’égaux, dans le respect de la vérité et de l’autre.</p><p>Minwashin embrasse une vision décolonisée de la recherche, vision qui invite les chercheurs à adopter une posture critique face au corpus de connaissances qui a été produit sur les Autochtones au nom de la science et concernant les valeurs et les motivations qui sous-tendent certaines pratiques de recherche. Sans cette réflexion, la recherche peut encore avoir des effets contre-productifs pour les Autochtones. Le projet de bibliothèque virtuelle Nipakanatik, qui vise à décoloniser les archives, puis l’histoire, se situe dans une approche où les deux mondes peuvent se rencontrer, dans un espace où la langue et les savoirs autochtones peuvent dialoguer avec les savoirs scientifiques.</p> <div class="extra_texte"> <p class="encadre-opinion">Ce texte fait partie de notre section Opinion, qui favorise une pluralité des voix et des idées en accueillant autant les analyses et commentaires de ses lecteurs que ceux de penseurs et experts d’ici et d’ailleurs. Envie d’y prendre part? Soumettez votre texte à l’adresse <a href="mailto:opinion@ledevoir.com">opinion@ledevoir.com</a>. Juste envie d’en lire plus? 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