CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-not-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>View source for Wikipedia:Citing sources - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-not-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":true,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat": "dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"de2e7df7-d52c-4be8-866a-b0f5e148e434","wgCanonicalNamespace":"Project","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":4,"wgPageName":"Wikipedia:Citing_sources","wgTitle":"Citing sources","wgCurRevisionId":1259078049,"wgRevisionId":0,"wgArticleId":49698,"wgIsArticle":false,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"edit","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages with policy or guideline editnotice"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Wikipedia:Citing_sources","wgRelevantArticleId":49698,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}}, "wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgDiscussionToolsFeaturesEnabled":{"replytool":true,"newtopictool":true,"sourcemodetoolbar":true,"topicsubscription":false,"autotopicsub":false,"visualenhancements":false,"visualenhancements_reply":false,"visualenhancements_pageframe":false},"wgDiscussionToolsFallbackEditMode":"source","wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform", "platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","oojs-ui-core.styles":"ready","oojs-ui.styles.indicators":"ready","mediawiki.widgets.styles":"ready","oojs-ui-core.icons":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","mediawiki.ui.button":"ready","ext.charinsert.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.discussionTools.init.styles":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.edit.collapsibleFooter","site","mediawiki.page.ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.charinsert","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.extra-toolbar-buttons","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.discussionTools.init","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.checkUser.clientHints","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.charinsert.styles%7Cext.discussionTools.init.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.ui.button%7Cmediawiki.widgets.styles%7Coojs-ui-core.icons%2Cstyles%7Coojs-ui.styles.indicators%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow,max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="View source for Wikipedia:Citing sources - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="ext-discussiontools-replytool-enabled ext-discussiontools-newtopictool-enabled ext-discussiontools-sourcemodetoolbar-enabled skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-4 ns-subject page-Wikipedia_Citing_sources rootpage-Wikipedia_Citing_sources skin-vector-2022 action-edit"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Wikipedia%3ACiting+sources&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Wikipedia%3ACiting+sources&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Wikipedia%3ACiting+sources&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Wikipedia%3ACiting+sources&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">View source for Wikipedia:Citing sources</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Add languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-project" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="View the project page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Project page</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Citing_sources" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Citing_sources&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Citing_sources&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Citing_sources&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Citing_sources&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Citing_sources&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DWikipedia%3ACiting_sources%26action%3Dedit"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DWikipedia%3ACiting_sources%26action%3Dedit"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q642335" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">← <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Wikipedia:Citing sources</a></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><p>You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons: </p> <ul class="permissions-errors"><li class="mw-permissionerror-protectedpagetext"><div class="mw-parser-output"> <div class="mw-parser-output"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1099782930">.mw-parser-output .pptext-whywhat h2{margin-top:1em;border-bottom:0;font-size:130%;font-weight:bold;padding:0.15em}.mw-parser-output .pptext-submit{list-style:none;display:inline;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .pptext-whywhat{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:2em}.mw-parser-output .pptext-whywhat>div{flex:1 1 400px}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238441935">.mw-parser-output .fmbox{clear:both;margin:0.2em 0;width:100%;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .fmbox-warning{border:1px solid #bb7070;background-color:#ffdbdb}.mw-parser-output .fmbox-editnotice{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .fmbox-warning{background-color:#300}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .fmbox-warning{background-color:#300}}</style><table id="mw-protectedpagetext" class="plainlinks fmbox fmbox-system" role="presentation" style="border-style:none;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436933">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-protection" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/60px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/80px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="font-weight:bold; font-size:130%;"><div style="text-align: center;">This page is currently semi-protected so that only <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_access_levels#Autoconfirmed" title="Wikipedia:User access levels">established</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Why_create_an_account%3F" title="Wikipedia:Why create an account?">registered users</a> can edit it.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="pptext-whywhat"> <div class="pptext-why"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Why_is_the_page_protected?"><span id="Why_is_the_page_protected.3F"></span>Why is the page protected?</h2></div> <ul> <li>While most articles can be edited by anyone, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#Semi-protection" title="Wikipedia:Protection policy">semi-protection</a> is sometimes necessary to prevent <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vandalism" title="Wikipedia:Vandalism">vandalism</a> to popular pages.</li> <li>The reason for protection can be found in the <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=protect&page=Wikipedia%3ACiting+sources">protection log</a>. If there are no relevant entries in the protection log, the page may have been moved after being protected. </li> </ul> </div> <div class="pptext-what"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="What_can_I_do?"><span id="What_can_I_do.3F"></span>What can I do?</h2></div> <ul> <li>If you have a user account, <a href="/wiki/Special:UserLogin" title="Special:UserLogin">log in</a> first. If you do not yet have an account, you may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&type=signup&campaign=semiprotectednotice">create one</a>; after <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_access_levels#Autoconfirmed_users" title="Wikipedia:User access levels">4 days and 10 edits</a>, you will be able to edit semi-protected pages.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia talk:Citing sources">Discuss this page</a> with others.</li> <li>For move-protected pages, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_moves" title="Wikipedia:Requested moves">requested moves</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_page_protection#Current_requests_for_reduction_in_protection_level" title="Wikipedia:Requests for page protection">Request that the page's protection level be reduced</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Help:Introduction">Find out more about how to get started editing Wikipedia</a>.</li> <li>If you have noticed an error or have a suggestion for a <b>simple, non-controversial change</b>, you can submit an edit request by clicking the button below and following the instructions. An <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_access_levels#Autoconfirmed_users" title="Wikipedia:User access levels">established user</a> may then make the change on your behalf. Please check <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia talk:Citing sources">the talk page</a> first in case the issue is already being discussed.</li> <li class="pptext-submit"><div> <p><span class="plainlinks clickbutton"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_talk%3ACiting_sources&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+semi-protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Semi-protected+edit+request+on+24+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+semi-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Wikipedia%3ACiting+sources"><span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive">Submit an edit request</span></a></span> </p> </div></li> <li>If you wrote any text, please save it temporarily to your device until you can edit this page.</li> </ul> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div id="editnotice-area" class="editnotice-area mw-parser-output" style="clear: both; width: 100%;"> <div class="editnotice-link" style="clear: both; float: right; margin: 0px 0.8em; padding: 0; line-height: 1em;"> <small><span class="editnotice-redlink sysop-show templateeditor-show extendedmover-show" style="display: none;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Editnotices/Group/Wikipedia:Citing_sources&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Editnotices/Group/Wikipedia:Citing sources (page does not exist)">Group notice</a>  </span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Editnotices/Page/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Template:Editnotices/Page/Wikipedia:Citing sources">Page notice</a></small> </div> <div class="editnotice-page" style="clear: both; width: 100%;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238441935"><table id="policy-guideline-editnotice" class="fmbox fmbox-editnotice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text" style="background-color: var(--background-color-error-subtle, #ffe9e5); color: inherit;font-size: 135%;"><div class="editnotice-header" style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 150%;"><div style="text-align: center;">Attention:</div></div> <div style="text-align: center;">You are editing a page that documents an English Wikipedia <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">guideline</a>. While you may <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Be_bold#Wikipedia_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Be bold">be bold</a> in making minor changes to this page, consider <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines#Substantive_changes" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">discussing any substantive changes first</a> on the page's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia talk:Citing sources">talk page</a>. Editors of policy and guideline pages are strongly encouraged to follow <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:1RR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:1RR">WP:1RR</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:0RR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:0RR">WP:0RR</a> standards. See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines#Content_changes" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">content changes to policies and guidelines</a> for more details.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div style="clear: both;"></div></div> </div></li><li class="mw-permissionerror-blockedtext"> <div id="mw-blocked-text" style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, ivory); color: inherit; padding: 1.5em; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 26px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/50px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/75px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/100px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><b> This IP address has been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> from <i>editing</i> Wikipedia.</b></span><br /><span style="font-size: 18px;">This does not affect your ability to <i>read</i> Wikipedia pages.</span></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><b>Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong.</b> Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:L235" title="User:L235">‪L235‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <div class="user-block colocation-webhost" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: #ffefd5; border: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0.7em;"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/40px-Server-multiple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/60px-Server-multiple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/80px-Server-multiple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b>The <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a <a href="/wiki/Web_hosting_service" title="Web hosting service">web host provider</a> or <a href="/wiki/Colocation_centre" title="Colocation centre">colocation provider</a>.</b> To prevent abuse, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked</a> from editing Wikipedia. <div style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; clear: both">You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">proxy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">VPN</a>. <p><b>We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit.</b> For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in. </p><p>If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption#Requesting_and_granting_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">request an IP block exemption</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">appeal this block</a> by adding the following text on your <a href="/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">talk page</a>: <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unblock" title="Template:Unblock">unblock</a>|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. <i>Place any further information here.</i> ~~~~}}</code>. <b>You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated.</b> Your IP address can be determined <span class="plainlinks"><b><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Get_my_IP_address?withJS=MediaWiki:Get-my-ip.js">here</a></b></span>. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unblock_Ticket_Request_System" title="Wikipedia:Unblock Ticket Request System">unblock ticket request system</a>. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.</div></div> <p><span class="sysop-show" style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="border:#707070 solid 1px;background-color:#ffe0e0;padding:2px"><b>Administrators:</b></span> The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">IP block exemption</a> user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CheckUser" title="Wikipedia:CheckUser">CheckUser</a> needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPI#Quick_CheckUser_requests" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPI">SPI Quick Checkuser Requests</a>. <b>Unblocking</b> an IP or IP range with this template <b>is highly discouraged</b> without at least contacting the blocking administrator.</span> </p> </div></div> </div> <p>This block will expire on 18:23, 24 August 2026. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even when blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit your <a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Special:MyTalk">user talk page</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Emailing_users" title="Wikipedia:Emailing users">email</a> administrators and other editors. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>For information on how to proceed, please read the <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block#Common_questions" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">FAQ for blocked users</a></b> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">guideline on block appeals</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_appealing_blocks" title="Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks">guide to appealing blocks</a> may also be helpful. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">Blocking policy</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li><li class="mw-permissionerror-globalblocking-blockedtext-range"> <div id="mw-blocked-text" style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, ivory); color: inherit; padding: 1.5em; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 26px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/50px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/75px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/100px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><b> This IP address range has been <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">globally blocked</a>.</b></span><br /><span style="font-size: 18px;">This does not affect your ability to <i>read</i> Wikipedia pages.</span></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><b>Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong.</b> Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>This block affects editing on all Wikimedia wikis. </p><p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been globally <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:Jon_Kolbert" title="User:Jon Kolbert">‪Jon Kolbert‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <p><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </p> </div> <p>This block will expire on 15:12, 27 August 2028. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1"><noinclude>{{short description|Guideline on how to cite sources}}{{pp-semi-indef}}{{pp-move-indef}}</noinclude> {{for-multi|information on referencing citations in Wikipedia articles|Help:Footnotes|and|Wikipedia:Inline citation|information about citing Wikipedia articles for use in work outside of Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia}} {{Redirect2|WP:CITE|WP:REF|the Citation Needed information page|WP:CITENEED|the reference desk|WP:REFD}} {{Redirect|WP:CS|the policy on clean start|Wikipedia:Clean start|the computer science WikiProject|Wikipedia:WikiProject Computer science}} {{bots|deny=Citation bot}} {{subcat guideline|content guideline|Citing sources|WP:CS|WP:CITE|WP:REF}} {{nutshell|Cite [[WP:RS|reliable sources]]. You can add a citation by selecting from the drop-down [[File:VisualEditor - Cite Pulldown.png|40px|alt="cite"]] menu at the top of the [[Help:Edit#Edit screen(s)|editing box]]. In [[Help:Wikitext|markup]], you can add a citation manually using [[Wikipedia:Citing_sources#How to place an inline citation using ref tags|ref tags]]. More elaborate and useful ways to cite sources are detailed below.}} {{beginner version|Help:Referencing for beginners}} A '''citation''', or '''reference''',{{notetag|Words like ''citation'' and ''reference'' are used interchangeably on the English Wikipedia. On talk pages, where the language can be more informal, or in edit summaries or templates where space is a consideration, ''reference'' is often abbreviated ''ref'', with the plural ''refs''. ''Footnote'' may refer specifically to citations using [[Help:Footnote|ref tag formatting]] or to explanatory text; ''endnotes'' specifically refers to citations placed at the end of the page. See also: [[Wikipedia:Glossary#Reference|Wikipedia:Glossary]].}} uniquely identifies a [[WP:SOURCE|source]] of information, e.g.: {{block indent|{{cite book |last1=Ritter |first1=R. M. |date=2003 |title=The Oxford Style Manual |page=1 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-860564-5 |ref=none}}}} Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] policy requires [[Wikipedia:Inline citation|inline citations]] for any material [[WP:CHALLENGED|challenged or likely to be challenged]], and for all quotations, anywhere in [[WP:Mainspace|article space]]. A citation or reference in an article usually has two parts. In the first part, each section of text that is either based on, or quoted from, an outside source is marked as such with an [[WP:INCITE|inline citation]]. This is usually displayed as a superscript [[Help:footnotes|footnote]] number: {{dummy ref}} The second necessary part of the citation or reference is the list of full references, which provides complete, formatted detail about the source, so that anyone reading the article can find it and verify it. This page explains how to place and format both parts of the citation. Each article should use one citation method or style throughout. If an article already has citations, preserve consistency by using that method or seek consensus on the talk page before changing it {{crossref|(the principle is reviewed at {{section link||Variation in citation methods}})}}. While you should try to write citations correctly, what matters most is that you provide enough information to identify the source. Others will improve the formatting if needed. See: "[[Help:Referencing for beginners]]", for a brief introduction on how to put references in Wikipedia articles; and [[Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User_guide#Using_standard_cite_templates|cite templates in Visual Editor]], about a graphical way for citation, included in Wikipedia. {{guideline list}} ==Citation types== {{Shortcut|WP:CITETYPE}} * An '''inline citation''' means any citation added close to the material it supports, for example after the sentence or paragraph, normally in the form of a footnote. * '''In-text attribution''' involves adding the source of a statement to the article text, such as {{xt|Rawls argues that X.<sup>[5]</sup>}} This is done whenever a writer or speaker should be credited, such as with quotations, [[WP:close paraphrasing|close paraphrasing]], or statements of opinion or uncertain fact. The in-text attribution does not give full details of the source – this is done in a footnote in the normal way. See [[#In-text attribution|In-text attribution]] below. * A '''general reference''' is a citation that supports content, but is not linked to any particular piece of material in the article through an inline citation. General references are usually listed at the end of the article in a References section. They are usually found in underdeveloped articles, especially when all article content is supported by a single source. They may also be listed in more developed articles as a supplement to inline citations. ===Short and full citations <span id="Shortened and full footnotes"></span><span id="Short citations"></span>=== {{anchor|CITESHORT|SFN|}}{{shortcut|WP:CITESHORT|WP:SFN}} {{main|Help:Shortened footnotes}} * A '''full citation''' fully identifies a [[WP:SOURCES|reliable source]] and, where applicable, the place in that source (such as a page number) where the information in question can be found. For example: {{xt|Rawls, John. ''A Theory of Justice''. Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 1.}} This type of citation is usually given as a [[Help:Footnotes|footnote]], and is the most commonly used citation method in Wikipedia articles. * A '''short citation''' is an inline citation that identifies the place in a source where specific information can be found, but without giving full details of the source. Some Wikipedia articles use it, giving summary information about the source together with a page number. For example, {{tag|ref|content=Rawls 1971, p. 1.}}, which renders as {{xt|Rawls 1971, p. 1.}}. These are used together with ''full citations'', which are listed in a separate "References" section or provided in an earlier footnote. Forms of short citations used include author-date referencing ([[APA style]], [[Harvard style]], or [[The Chicago Manual of Style|Chicago style]]), and author-title or author-page referencing ([[The MLA Style Manual|MLA style]] or Chicago style). As before, the list of footnotes is automatically generated in a "Notes" or "Footnotes" section, which immediately precedes the "References" section containing the full citations to the source. Short citations can be written manually, or by using either the [[Template:Harvard citation documentation#Shortened footnote|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>{{harvnb}}</nowiki></code>]] templates or the [[Template:R#R-style shortened references|<code><nowiki>{{r}}</nowiki></code>]] referencing template. (Note that templates should not be added without consensus to an article that already uses a consistent referencing style.) The short citations and full citations may be linked so that the reader can click on the short note to find full information about the source. See the [[Template:harvard citation documentation|template documentation]] for details and solutions to common problems. For variations with and without templates, see [[/Further considerations#Wikilinks to full references|wikilinks to full references]]. For a set of realistic examples, see [[Wikipedia:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods#Shortened notes|these]]. This is how short citations look in the edit box: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line highlight="4,7-8"> The Sun is pretty big,<ref>Miller 2005, p. 23.</ref> but the Moon is not so big.<ref>Brown 2006, p. 46.</ref> The Sun is also quite hot.<ref>Miller 2005, p. 34.</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == * Brown, Rebecca (2006). "Size of the Moon", ''Scientific American'', 51 (78). * Miller, Edward (2005). ''The Sun''. Academic Press. </syntaxhighlight> This is how they look in the article:{{anchor|refnote}} <div style="background:white; padding:1em; border:1px solid #999;"> The Sun is pretty big,<sup id="nbFoot01b" class="reference">[[#noteFoot01b|[1]]]</sup> but the Moon is not so big.<sup id="nbFoot02b" class="reference">[[#noteFoot02b|[2]]]</sup> The Sun is also quite hot.<sup id="nbFoot03b" class="reference">[[#noteFoot03b|[3]]]</sup><br /><br /> <span style="font-size:medium">Notes</span> ---- <ol class="references"> <li id="noteFoot01b">'''[[#nbFoot01b|^]]''' Miller 2005, p. 23.</li> <li id="noteFoot02b">'''[[#nbFoot02b|^]]''' Brown 2006, p. 46.</li> <li id="noteFoot03b">'''[[#nbFoot03b|^]]''' Miller 2005, p. 34.</li> </ol><br /> <span style="font-size:medium">References</span> ---- * Brown, Rebecca (2006). "Size of the Moon", ''Scientific American'', 51 (78). * Miller, Edward (2005). ''The Sun''. Academic Press. </div> Shortened notes using titles rather than publication dates would look like this in the article: <div style="background:white; padding:1em; border:1px solid #999;"> <span style="font-size:medium">Notes</span> ---- <ol class="references"> <li id="noteFoot01b">'''[[#nbFoot01b|^]]''' Miller, ''The Sun'', p. 23.</li> <li id="noteFoot02b">'''[[#nbFoot02b|^]]''' Brown, "Size of the Moon", p. 46.</li> <li id="noteFoot03b">'''[[#nbFoot03b|^]]''' Miller, ''The Sun'', p. 34.</li> </ol> </div> When using manual links it is easy to introduce errors such as duplicate anchors and unused references. The script [[User:Trappist the monk/HarvErrors]] will show many related errors. Duplicate anchors may be found by using the [[W3C Markup Validation Service]]. ==When and why to cite sources== {{Shortcut|WP:WHYCITE}} {{Further|Wikipedia:When to cite}} By citing sources for Wikipedia content you enable users to [[WP:V|verify]] that the cited information is supported by reliable sources – improving the [[reliability of Wikipedia|credibility of Wikipedia]] while showing that the content is [[WP:NOR|not original research]]. You also help users find [[WP:LINK|additional information]] on the subject; and by giving attribution you avoid [[WP:PLAGFORM|plagiarising]] the source of your words or ideas. In particular, sources are needed for material that is [[WP:V|challenged or likely to be challenged]]. If reliable sources cannot be found for challenged material, it is likely to be removed from the article. Sources are also required when [[WP:QUOTE|quoting]] someone, with or without quotation marks, or [[WP:close paraphrasing|closely paraphrasing]] a source. But the need to cite sources is not limited to those situations: editors are always encouraged to add or improve citations for any information in an article. Citations are especially desirable for statements about living persons, particularly when the statements are contentious or potentially defamatory. In accordance with the [[WP:BLP|biography of living persons policy]], unsourced information of this type is likely to be removed on sight. ===Multimedia=== For an image or other media file, details of its origin and copyright status should appear on its [[Help:File description page|file page]]. Image [[Wikipedia:Caption|captions]] should be referenced as appropriate just like any other part of the article. A citation is not needed for descriptions such as [[Wikipedia:Alternative text for images|alt text]] that are verifiable directly from the image itself, or for text that merely identifies a source (e.g., the caption "''[[Belshazzar's Feast (Rembrandt)|Belshazzar's Feast]]'' (1635)" for ''[[:File:Rembrandt-Belsazar.jpg]]''). ===When <em>not</em> to cite=== {{Shortcut|WP:WHENNOTCITE}} {{See|Wikipedia:When to cite#When a source or citation may not be needed}} Citations are {{em|not}} used on [[WP:MOSDAB|disambiguation pages]] (sourcing for the information given there should be done in the target articles). Citations are often omitted from the [[WP:LEAD|lead section]] of an article, insofar as the lead summarizes information for which sources are given later in the article, although quotations and controversial statements, particularly if about living persons, should be supported by citations even in the lead. See [[WP:LEADCITE]] for more information. ===Consecutive cites of the same source=== {{shortcut|WP:CONSECUTIVECITE}} Per [[WP:PAIC]], citations should be placed at the end of the text that they support. Material that is repeated multiple times in a paragraph does not require an inline citation for every mention. If you say an elephant is a mammal more than once, provide one only at the first instance. Avoid cluttering text with redundant citations like this: <blockquote>Elephants are large{{dummy ref|1}} land{{dummy ref|2}} mammals{{dummy ref|3}} ... Elephants' teeth{{dummy ref|4}} are very different{{dummy ref|4}} from those of most other mammals.{{dummy ref|3}}{{dummy ref|4}} Unlike most mammals,{{dummy ref|3}} which grow baby teeth{{dummy ref|5}} and then replace them with a permanent set of adult teeth,{{dummy ref|4}} elephants have cycles of tooth{{dummy ref|5}} rotation throughout their entire{{dummy ref|6}} lives.{{dummy ref|4}}</blockquote> This does not apply to lists or tables, nor does it apply when [[WP:INTEGRITY|multiple sources support different parts of a paragraph or passage]]. Citation requirements for [[WP:DYK]] may require a citation to be inserted (for the duration of the DYK listing) even within a passage completely cited to the same sources.{{efn|See [[Special:Permalink/1175370901#WHENNOTCITE vs DYK|discussion.]]}} ==Inline citations== {{Shortcut|WP:INCITE|WP:INLINECITE}} {{See|Wikipedia:Inline citation}} Inline citations allow the reader to associate a given piece of material in an article with the specific reliable source(s) that support it. Inline citations are added using [[#Footnotes|footnotes]], long or [[#Shortened footnotes|short]]. ===<span id="Adding the citation"></span><span id="Inline reference"></span><span id="Footnotes and references"></span>How to place an inline citation using ref tags=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEFOOT}} {{hatnote|Further information: [[Help:Footnotes#Footnotes: the basics|Footnotes: the basics]]}} To create a footnote, use the <code><nowiki><ref>...</ref></nowiki></code> syntax at the appropriate place in the article text, for example: * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>Justice is a human invention.<ref>Rawls, John. ''A Theory of Justice''. Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 1.</ref> It ...</syntaxhighlight> which will be displayed as something like: * Justice is a human invention.{{dummy ref|1}} It ... It will also be necessary to generate the list of footnotes (where the citation text is actually displayed); for this, see the previous section. As in the above example, citation markers are normally placed {{em|after}} adjacent punctuation such as periods (full stops) and commas. For exceptions, see the {{Section link|WP:Manual of Style#Punctuation and footnotes}}. Note also that no space is added before the citation marker. Citations should not be placed within, or on the same line as, section headings. The citation should be added close to the material it supports, offering [[#Text–source integrity|text–source integrity]]. If a word or phrase is particularly contentious, an inline citation may be added next to that word or phrase within the sentence, but it is usually sufficient to add the citation to the end of the clause, sentence, or paragraph, so long as it's clear which source supports which part of the text. ====Avoiding clutter==== {{Shortcut|WP:ILCLUTTER|WP:INLINECLUTTER|WP:INLINECITECLUTTER}} Inline references can significantly bloat the wikitext in the edit window and can become confusing and difficult to manage. There are two main methods to avoid [[visual pollution|clutter]] in the edit window: * Using [[Help:Footnotes#List-defined_references|list-defined references]] by collecting the full citation code within the [[Template:Reflist#List-defined references|reference list template]] {{tlg|reflist|nolink=yes}}, and then inserting them in the text with a shortened reference tag, for example <code><nowiki><ref name="Smith 2001, p99" /></nowiki></code>. * Inserting [[#Short citations|short citations]] (see below) that then refer to a full list of source texts As with other citation formats, articles should not undergo large-scale conversion between formats without consensus to do so. Note, however, that references defined in the reference list template can no longer be edited with the [[Wikipedia:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]]. ====Repeated citations==== {{shortcut|WP:REPEATCITE}} {{hatnote|Further information: [[Help:Footnotes#Footnotes: using a source more than once|Footnotes: using a source more than once]]}} For multiple use of the same inline citation or footnote, you can use the [[WP:NAMEDREFS|named references]] feature, choosing a name to identify the inline citation, and typing {{tag|ref|params=name="<var>name</var>"|content=text of the citation}}. Thereafter, the same named reference may be reused any number of times either before or after the defining use by typing the previous reference name, like this: {{tag|ref|params=name="<var>name</var>"|s}}. The use of the slash before the <code>&gt;</code> means that the tag is self-closing, and the {{tag|ref|c}} used to close other references must not be used in addition. The text of the <code>name</code> can be almost anything{{nsmdns}}apart from being completely numeric. If spaces are used in the text of the <code>name</code>, the text must be placed within double quotes. Placing all named references within double quotes may be helpful to future editors who do not know that rule. To help with page maintenance, it is recommended that the text of the <code>name</code> have a connection to the inline citation or footnote, for example "author year page": {{tag|ref|params=name="<var>Smith 2005 p94</var>"|content=text of the citation}}. Use straight quotation marks <code>"</code> to enclose the reference name. Do not use curly quotation marks <code>“”</code>. Curly marks are treated as another character, not as delimiters. The page will display an error if one style of quotation marks is used when first naming the reference, and the other style is used in a repeated reference, or if a mix of styles is used in the repeated references. ====<span id="MultiPages"></span>Citing multiple pages of the same source==== {{anchor|IBID|op.cit.}}{{shortcut|WP:IBID|WP:OPCIT}} {{see|Help:References and page numbers}} When an article cites many different pages from the same source, to avoid the redundancy of many big, nearly identical full citations, most Wikipedia editors use one of these options: * [[WP:NAMEDREFS|Named references]] in conjunction with a combined list of page numbers using the [[Help:Citation Style 1#Pages|{{para|pages}}]] parameter of the {{cite xxx}} templates (can become confusing for large number of pages) * Named references in conjunction with the {{tl2|rp}} or {{tl2|r}} templates to specify the page * [[WP:CITESHORT|Short citations]] The use of ''[[ibid.]]'', ''[[id.]]'', or similar abbreviations is discouraged, as they may become broken as new references are added (''[[op. cit.]]'' is less problematic in that it should refer explicitly to a citation contained in the article; however, not all readers are familiar with the meaning of the terms). If the use of ''ibid'' is extensive, tag the article using the {{tl|ibid}} template. ===What information to include <span id="Putting together the citation"></span><span id="HOW"></span>=== {{shortcut|WP:CITEHOW|WP:HOWCITE}} Listed below is the information that a typical inline citation or general reference will provide, though other details may be added as necessary. This information is included in order to identify the source, assist readers in finding it, and (in the case of inline citations) indicate the place in the source where the information is to be found. (If an article uses [[#Short citations|short citations]], then the inline citations will refer to this information in abbreviated form, as described in the relevant sections above.) In general, the citation information should be cited as it appears in the original source. For example, the album notes from ''[[Hurts 2B Human]]'' should not be cited as being from the album ''Hurts to be Human'', or an [[X (social media platform)|X]] (formerly Twitter) user named "i😍dogs" should not be cited as "i[love]dogs". Retain the original special glyphs and spelling. [[File:Good citations vs bad citations.jpg|thumb|Use details in citing. Citations 1–3 are good, while citations 4–6 should be improved.]] ===Examples=== ====Books==== {{hatnote|See also the template {{tl|cite book}}.}} Citations for books typically include: * name of author(s) * title of book * volume when appropriate * name of publisher * place of publication * date of publication of the edition * chapter or page numbers cited, if appropriate * edition, if not the first edition * [[WP:ISBN|ISBN]] (optional) Some edited books have individually authored chapters. Citations for these chapters are recommended. They typically include: *name of author(s) *title of the chapter *name of book's editor *name of book and other details as above *chapter number or page numbers for the chapter (optional) In some instances, the [[Recto and verso|verso]] of a book's title page may record, "Reprinted with corrections XXXX" or similar, where "XXXX" is a year. This is a different version of a book in the same way that different editions are different versions. Note this in your citation. See {{sectionlink||Dates and reprints}} for further information. ====Journal articles==== {{hatnote|See also the template {{tl|cite journal}}.}} Citations for journal articles typically include: * name of the author(s) * year and sometimes month of publication * title of the article * name of the journal * volume number, issue number, and page numbers (article numbers in some electronic journals) * [[WP:DOI|DOI]] and/or other [[List of academic databases and search engines|identifiers]] are optional and can often be used in place of a less stable URL (although URLs may also be listed in a journal citation) ====Newspaper articles==== {{hatnote|See also the template {{tl|cite news}}.}} Citations for newspaper articles typically include: * [[byline]] (author's name), if any * title of the article * name of the newspaper in italics * city of publication (if not included in name of newspaper) * date of publication * page number(s) are optional and may be substituted with negative number(s) on microfilm reels ====Web pages==== {{shortcut|WP:CITEWEB}} {{hatnote|See also the template {{tl|cite web}}.}} Citations for World Wide Web pages typically include: * URL of the specific web page {{em|where the referenced content can be found}} * name of the author(s) * title of the article * title or domain name of the website * publisher, if known * date of publication * page number(s) (if applicable) * the date you retrieved (or accessed) the web page (required if the publication date is unknown) ====Sound recordings==== {{More|Help:References and page numbers#Other in-source locations}} Citations for sound recordings typically include: * name of the composer(s), songwriter(s), script writer(s) or the like * name of the performer(s) * title of the song or individual track * title of the album (if applicable) * name of the record label * year of release * medium (for example: LP, audio cassette, CD, MP3 file) * approximate time at which event or point of interest occurs, where appropriate Do not cite an entire body of work by one performer. Instead, make one citation for each work your text relies on. ====Film, television, or video recordings==== {{hatnote|See also the template {{tl|cite AV media}}.}} Citations for films, TV episodes, or video recordings typically include: * name of the director * name of the producer, if relevant * names of major performers * the title of a TV episode * title of the film or TV series * name of the studio * year of release * medium (for example: film, videocassette, DVD) * approximate time at which event or point of interest occurs, where appropriate ====Wikidata==== {{hatnote|See also the template {{tl|cite Q}}.}} Wikidata is largely user-generated, and articles should not directly cite Wikidata as a source (just as it would be inappropriate to cite other Wikipedias' articles as sources). But Wikidata's statements can be directly transcluded into articles; this is usually done to provide external links or infobox data. For example, more than two million external links from Wikidata are shown through the {{tl|Authority control}} template. There has been controversy over the use of Wikidata in the English Wikipedia due to vandalism and its own sourcing. While there is no consensus on whether information from Wikidata should be used at all, there is general agreement that any Wikidata statements that are transcluded need to be just as – or more – reliable compared to Wikipedia content. As such, [[Module:WikidataIB]] and some related modules and templates filter Wikidata statements not supported by a reference by default; however, other modules and templates, such as [[Module:Wikidata]], do not. To transclude an item from Wikidata, the [[d:Wikidata:Glossary#QID|QID (Q number)]] of an item in Wikidata needs to be known. QID can by found by searching for an item by the name or [[Digital object identifier|DOI]] in Wikidata. A book, a journal article, a musical recording, sheet music or any other item can be represented by a structured item in Wikidata. The {{tl|Cite Q}} template can be used to cite works whose metadata is held in Wikidata, provided the cited work meets Wikipedia's standards. As of December 2020, {{tlx|Cite Q}} does not support "last, first" or Vancouver-style author name lists, so it should not be used in articles in which "last, first" or Vancouver-style author names are the [[WP:CITEVAR|dominant citation style]]. ====Other==== See also: * {{tl|cite album notes}} * {{tl|cite comic}} * {{tl|cite conference}} for conference reports or papers * {{tl|cite court}} for court cases or legal decisions * {{tl|cite act}} for a law or legal act * {{tl|cite encyclopedia}} * {{tl|cite episode}} for TV or radio series * {{tl|cite mailing list}} * {{tl|cite map}} * {{tl|cite newsgroup}} * {{tl|cite patent}} for patents * {{tl|cite press release}} * {{tl|cite report}} * {{tl|cite thesis}} * {{tl|cite video game}} ===Identifying parts of a source=== {{shortcut|WP:PAGENUM}} {{see|Help:References and page numbers}} When citing lengthy sources, you should identify which part of a source is being cited. ====Books and print articles==== Specify the page number or range of page numbers. Page numbers are not required for a reference to the book or article as a whole. When you specify a page number, it is helpful to specify the version (date and edition for books) of the source because the layout, pagination, length, etc. can change between editions. If there are no page numbers, whether in [[ebook]]s or print materials, then you can use other means of identifying the relevant section of a lengthy work, such as the chapter number, the section title, or the specific entry. In some works, such as plays and ancient works, there are standard methods of referring to sections, such as "Act 1, scene 2" for plays and [[Bekker numbering|Bekker numbers]] for Aristotle's works. Use these methods whenever appropriate. ====Audio and video sources==== Specify the time at which the event or other point of interest occurs. Be as precise as possible about the version of the source that you are citing; for example, movies are often released in different editions or "cuts". Due to variations between formats and playback equipment, precision may not be accurate in some cases. However, many government agencies do not publish minutes and transcripts but do post video of official meetings online; generally the subcontractors who handle audio-visual are quite precise. ===Links and ID numbers=== A citation ideally includes a link or ID number to help editors locate the source. If you have a URL (web page) link, you can add it to the title part of the citation, so that when you add the citation to Wikipedia the URL becomes hidden and the title becomes clickable. To do this, enclose the URL and the title in square brackets—the URL first, then a space, then the title. For example: <syntaxhighlight lang="moin">''[https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol66/mono66-7.pdf IARC Monographs On The Evaluation Of Carcinogenic Risks To Humans – Doxefazepam]''. International Agency For Research On Cancer (IARC). 66: 97–104. 13–20 February 1996.</syntaxhighlight> For web-only sources with no publication date, the "Retrieved" date (or the date you accessed the web page) should be included, in case the web page changes in the future. For example: {{xt|Retrieved 15 July 2011}} or you can use the [[Wikipedia:RefToolbar 2.0#Automatic date insertion|access-date]] parameter in the automatic [[Wikipedia:refToolbar 2.0]] editing window feature. You can also add an ID number to the end of a citation. The ID number might be an [[ISBN]] for a book, a [[Digital object identifier|DOI]] (digital object identifier) for an article or some e-books, or any of several ID numbers that are specific to particular article databases, such as a PMID number for articles on [[PubMed]]. It may be possible to format these so that they are automatically activated and become clickable when added to Wikipedia, for example by typing ISBN (or PMID) followed by a space and the ID number. If your source is not available online, it should be available in reputable libraries, archives, or collections. If a citation without an external link is challenged as unavailable, any of the following is sufficient to show the material to be reasonably available (though not necessarily [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Reliable sources|reliable]]): providing an [[ISBN]] or [[OCLC]] number; linking to an established Wikipedia article about the source (the work, its author, or its publisher); or directly quoting the material on the talk page, [[WP:COPYVIO|briefly]] and in context. ====Linking to pages in PDF files==== {{anchor|PDF|pdf}} {{shortcut|WP:PAGELINKS|WP:BOOKLINKS}} Links to long PDF documents can be made more convenient by taking readers to a specific page with the addition of <code>#page=<var>n</var></code> to the document URL, where <code>n</code> is the page number. For example, using <code><nowiki>https://www.domain.com/document.pdf#page=5</nowiki></code> as the citation URL displays page five of the document in any PDF viewer that supports this feature. If the viewer or browser does not support it, it will display the first page instead. ====Linking to Google Books pages==== {{shortcut|WP:GBOOKS}} {{further information|Wikipedia:Google Books and Wikipedia}} [[Google Books]] sometimes allows numbered book pages to be linked to directly. Page links should only be added when the book is available for preview; they will not work with snippet view. Keep in mind that availability varies by location. No editor is required to add page links, but if another editor adds them, they should not be removed without cause; see the [[Wikipedia_talk:Citing_sources/Archive_30#Linking_to_Google_Books_pages|October 2010 RfC]] for further information. These can be added in several ways (with and without citation templates): *Rawls, John. [https://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PA18 ''A Theory of Justice'']. Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 18. *Or with a template: {{cite book |last=Rawls |first=John |title=A Theory of Justice |publisher=Harvard University Press |date=1971 |page=18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PA18}} *[https://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PA18 Rawls 1971, p. 18]. *[https://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PA18 Rawls 1971], p. 18. *Rawls 1971, [https://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PA18 p. 18]. *Rawls 1971, [https://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PA18 18]. In edit mode, the URL for p. 18 of ''[[A Theory of Justice]]'' can be entered like this using the {{tl|Cite book}} template: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{cite book |last=Rawls |first=John |date=1971 |title=A Theory of Justice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PA18 |publisher=Harvard University Press |page=18}}</syntaxhighlight> or like this, in the first of the above examples, formatted manually: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Rawls, John. [https://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PA18 ''A Theory of Justice'']. Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 18.</syntaxhighlight> When the page number is a [[Roman numeral]], commonly seen at the beginning of books, the URL looks like this for [https://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PR17 page xvii] (Roman numeral 17) of the same book:<br /> {{in5}}<code><nowiki>https://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PR17</nowiki></code><br /> The <samp>&pg=PR17</samp> indicates "page, Roman, 17", in contrast to the <samp>&pg=PA18</samp>, "page, [[Arabic numeral|Arabic]], 18" the URL given earlier. You can also link to a [[tipped-in page]], such as an unnumbered page of images between two regular pages. (If the page contains an image that is protected by copyright, it will be replaced by a tiny notice saying "copyrighted image".) The URL for [https://books.google.com/books?id=dBs4CO1DsF4C&pg=PA304-IA11 eleventh tipped-in page inserted after page 304] of ''The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony'', looks like this:<br /> {{in5}}<code><nowiki>https://books.google.com/books?id=dBs4CO1DsF4C&pg=PA304-IA11</nowiki></code><br /> The <samp>&pg=PA304-IA11</samp> can be interpreted as "page, Arabic, 304; inserted after: 11". Note that some templates properly support links only in parameters specifically designed to hold URLs like {{para|url}} and {{para|archive-url}} and that placing links in other parameters may not link properly or will cause mangled [[COinS]] metadata output. However, the {{para|page}} and {{para|pages}} parameters of all {{cs1}}/{{cs2}} citation templates, the family of {{tl|sfn}}- and {{tl|harv}}-style templates, as well as {{tl|r}}, {{tl|rp}} and {{tl|ran}} are designed to be safe in this regard as well. [https://citer.toolforge.org/ Citer] may be helpful. Users may also link the quotation on Google Books to individual titles, via a short [[permalink]] which ends with their related ISBN, [[OCLC]] or [[Library of Congress Control Number|LCCN]] numerical code, e.g.: <code><nowiki>https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0521349931</nowiki></code>, a permalink to the Google book with the [[International Standard Book Number|ISBN]] code 0521349931. For further details, you may see [https://support.google.com/books/partner/answer/3474239?hl=en/ How-to explanation] on support.google.com. ===Say where <em>you</em> read it <span id="SAYWHEREYOUGOTIT"></span>=== {{shortcut|WP:SAYWHEREYOUREADIT|WP:SAYWHEREYOUGOTIT|WP:SWYRT|WP:SWYGT|WP:SAYWHERE}} "Say where {{em|you}} read it" follows the practice in academic writing of citing sources directly only if you have read the source yourself. If your knowledge of the source is secondhand—that is, if you have read Jones (2010), who cited Smith (2009), and you want to use what Smith (2009) said—make clear that your knowledge of Smith is based on your reading of Jones. When citing the source, write the following (this formatting is just an example): {{quote|John Smith (2009). ''Name of Book I Haven't Seen'', Cambridge University Press, p. 99, cited in Paul Jones (2010). ''Name of Encyclopedia I Have Seen'', Oxford University Press, p. 29.}} Or if you are using short citations: {{quote|Smith (2009), p. 99, cited in Jones (2010), p. 29.}} The same principle applies when indicating the source of images and other media files in an article. '''Note''': The advice to "say where {{em|you}} read it" does {{em|not}} mean that you have to give credit to any search engines, websites, libraries, library catalogs, archives, subscription services, bibliographies, or other sources that led you to Smith's book. If you have read a book or article yourself, that's all you have to cite. You do not have to specify {{em|how}} you obtained and read it. So long as you are confident that you read a true and accurate copy, it does not matter whether you read the material using an online service like Google Books; using preview options at a bookseller's website like Amazon; through your library; via online [[Wikipedia:PAYWALL|paid databases of scanned publications]], such as [[JSTOR]]; using [[reading machine]]s; on an [[e-reader]] (except to the extent that this affects page numbering); or any other method. ===Dates and reprints=== {{anchor|Dates and reprints of older publications}} Date a book that is identically reprinted or printed-on-demand to the first date in which the edition became available. For example, if an edition of a book was first released in 2005 with an identical reprinting in 2007, date it to 2005. If substantive changes were made in a reprint, sometimes marked on the verso with "Reprinted with corrections", note the edition and append the corrected reprint year to it (e.g. "1st ed. reprinted with corrections 2005"). Editors should be aware that older sources (especially those in the public domain) are sometimes republished with modern publication dates; treat these as new publications. When this occurs and the citation style being used requires it, cite {{em|both}} the new and original publication dates, e.g.: * {{cite book |last=Darwin |first=Charles |date=1964 |orig-date=1859 |title=On the Origin of Species |edition=facsimile of 1st |publisher= Harvard University Press}} This is done automatically in the {{tl|citation}} and {{tl|cite book}} templates when you use the {{para|orig-date}} parameter. Alternately, information about the reprint can be appended as a textual note: * {{cite book |last=Boole |first=George |title=An Investigation of the Laws of Thought on Which Are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities |date=1854 |publisher= Macmillan}} Reprinted with corrections, Dover Publications, New York, NY, 1958. ===Seasonal publication dates and differing calendar systems=== Publication dates, for both older and recent sources, should be written with the goal of helping the reader find the publication and, once found, confirm that the correct publication has been located. For example, if the publication date bears a date in the Julian calendar, it should not be converted to the Gregorian calendar. If the publication date was given as a season or holiday, such as "Winter" or "Christmas" of a particular year or two-year span, it should not be converted to a month or date, such as {{!xt|July–August}} or {{!xt|December 25}}. If a publication provided both seasonal and specific dates, prefer the specific one. ===Additional annotation=== {{shortcut|WP:ANNOTATION|WP:FOOTQUOTE|WP:FQ}} In most cases it is sufficient for a citation footnote simply to identify the source (as described in the sections above); readers can then consult the source to see how it supports the information in the article. Sometimes, however, it is useful to include additional [[annotation]] in the footnote, for example to indicate precisely which information the source is supporting (particularly when a single footnote lists more than one source – {{crossref|see {{section link||Bundling citations}} and {{section link||Text–source integrity}}, below}}). A footnote may also contain a relevant quotation from the source. This is especially helpful when the cited text is long or dense. A quotation allows readers to immediately identify the applicable portion of the reference. Quotes are also useful if the source is not easily accessible. However, caution should be exercised, as always, to avoid copyright violations. In the case of non-English sources, it may be helpful to quote from the original text and then give an English translation. If the article itself contains a translation of a quote from such a source (without the original), then the original should be included in the footnote. {{crossref|(See the {{section link|WP:Verifiability|Non-English sources}} policy for more information.)}} ==Notes and references section== {{main|WP:Manual of Style/Layout#Notes and references}} {{Anchor|Footnotes}} {{see also|Help:Footnotes|WP:Manual of Style/Layout#Standard appendices and footers}} This section describes how to add footnotes and also describes how to create a list of full bibliography citations to support shortened footnotes. The first editor to add footnotes to an article must create a dedicated citations [[Help:section|section]] where they are to appear. Any reasonable name may be chosen.{{efn|One reason this guideline does not standardize section headings for citations and explanatory notes is that Wikipedia draws editors from many disciplines (history, English, science, etc.), each with its own note and reference section-naming convention (or conventions). For more, see [[Wikipedia:Perennial proposals#Changes to standard appendices|Wikipedia:Perennial proposals § Changes to standard appendices]], [[Wikipedia:Perennial proposals#Establish a house citation style|§ Establish a house citation style]], and [[Template:Cnote2/example]].}} The most frequent choice is "References". Other options in diminishing order of popularity are, "Notes", "Footnotes", or "Works cited", although these are more often used to distinguish between multiple end-matter sections or subsections. For an example of headings of a notes section, see the article [[Tezcatlipoca]]. ===General references=== {{shortcut|WP:GENREF}} A general reference is a citation to a reliable source that supports content, but is not linked to any particular text in the article through an [[Wikipedia:Inline citation|inline citation]]. General references are usually listed at the end of the article in a "References" section, and are usually sorted by the last name of the author or the editor. General reference sections are most likely to be found in underdeveloped articles, especially when all article content is supported by a single source. The disadvantage of general references is that [[#Text–source integrity|text–source integrity]] is lost, unless the article is very short. They are frequently reworked by later editors into inline citations. The appearance of a general references section is the same as those given above in the sections on [[#Short citations|short citations]] and [[#Parenthetical referencing|parenthetical references]]. If both cited and uncited references exist, their distinction can be highlighted with separate section names, e.g., "References" and "General references". ===How to create the list of citations=== {{Shortcut|WP:REFLIST}} With some exceptions discussed below, citations appear in a single section containing only the <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code> tag or the {{Tlx|Reflist}} template. For example: <nowiki>== References ==</nowiki> <nowiki>{{Reflist}}</nowiki> or <nowiki>== References ==</nowiki> <nowiki><references /></nowiki> The footnotes will then automatically be listed under that section heading. Each numbered footnote marker in the text is a clickable link to the corresponding footnote, and each footnote contains a [[caret]] that links back to the corresponding point in the text. {{Anchor|Avoid scrolling lists|Scrolling lists|ASL}}{{Shortcut|WP:ASL}} Scrolling lists, or lists of citations appearing within a [[scroll box]], should never be used. This is because of issues with readability, browser compatibility, [[Wikipedia:Accessibility|accessibility]], printing, and [[Wikipedia:Mirrors and forks|site mirroring]].{{notetag|See [[Wikipedia talk:Citing sources/Archive 19#Scrolling Reference Lists: Formal Policy Discussion|this July 2007 discussion]] for more detail on why scrolling reference lists should not be used.}} If an article contains a list of [[#General references|general references]], this is usually placed in a separate section, titled, for example, "References". This usually comes immediately after the section(s) listing footnotes, if any. (If the general references section is called "References", then the citations section is usually called "Notes".) ====Separating citations from explanatory footnotes==== {{see also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Notes and references|Help:Explanatory notes}} {{shortcut|WP:EXPLNOTESECT}} If an article contains both footnoted citations and other (explanatory) footnotes, then it is possible (but not necessary) to divide them into two separate lists using [[Help:Footnotes#Footnotes: groups|footnotes groups]]. The explanatory footnotes and the citations are then placed in separate sections, called (for example) "Notes" and "References", respectively. Another method of separating explanatory footnotes from footnoted references is using {{tl|efn}} for the explanatory footnotes. The advantage of this system is that the content of an explanatory footnote can in this case be referenced with a footnoted citation. When explanatory footnotes and footnoted references are not in separate lists, {{tl|refn}} can be used for explanatory footnotes containing footnoted citations. ====Duplicate citations==== {{anchor|DupCites|DUPCITES}}{{shortcuts|WP:DUPCITES|WP:DUPREF}} Combine ''precisely duplicated full citations'', in keeping with the existing citation style (if any). In this context "precisely duplicated" means having the same content, not necessarily identical strings ("The New York Times" is the same as "NY Times"; different access-dates are not significant). Do not discourage editors, particularly [[WP:BITE|inexperienced]] ones, from adding duplicate citations when the use of the source is appropriate, because a duplicate is better than no citation. But any editor should feel free to combine them, and doing so is the best practice on Wikipedia. ''Citations to different pages or parts of the same source'' can also be combined (preserving the distinct parts of the citations), as described in [[Help:References and page numbers]]. Any method that is consistent with the existing citation style (if any) may be used, or consensus can be sought to change the existing style. Some tools are listed at {{slink|Help:Citation tools#Duplicate reference finders}}. ==Citation style <span id="Citation styles"></span>== {{shortcut|WP:CITESTYLE}} While citations should aim to provide the information listed above, Wikipedia does not have a single [[style guide|house style]], though citations within any given article should follow a consistent style. A number of citation styles exist, including those described in the Wikipedia articles for [[Citation]], [[APA style]], [[ASA style]], [[MLA style]], ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'', [[Author-date referencing]], the [[Vancouver system]] and ''[[Bluebook]]''. Although nearly any consistent style may be used, {{em|avoid}} all-numeric date formats other than YYYY-MM-DD, because of the ambiguity concerning which number is the month and which the day. For example, {{xt|2002-06-11}} may be used, but not {{!xt|11/06/2002}}. The YYYY-MM-DD format should in any case be limited to [[Gregorian calendar]] dates where the year is after 1582. Because it could easily be confused with a range of years, the format YYYY-MM (for example: {{!xt|2002-06}}) is not used. For more information on the capitalization of cited works, see {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters|All caps and small caps}}. ===Variation in citation methods <span id="Style variation and consistency"></span>=== {{shortcut|WP:CITEVAR|WP:WHENINROME}} Editors should not attempt to change an article's established citation style, merely on the grounds of personal preference or to make it match other articles, without first seeking [[WP:Consensus|consensus]] for the change.{{notetag|The arbitration committee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Preferred styles|ruled in 2006]]: "Wikipedia does not mandate styles in many different areas; these include (but are not limited to) American vs. British spelling, date formats, and citation style. Where Wikipedia does not mandate a specific style, editors should not attempt to convert Wikipedia to their own preferred style, nor should they edit articles for the sole purpose of converting them to their preferred style, or removing examples of, or references to, styles which they dislike."}} As with [[WP:ENGVAR|spelling differences]], it is normal practice to defer to the style used by the first major contributor or adopted by the consensus of editors already working on the page, unless a change in consensus has been achieved. If the article you are editing is already using a particular citation style, you should follow it; if you believe it is inappropriate for the needs of the article, seek consensus for a change on the talk page. If you are the first contributor to add citations to an article, you may choose whichever style you think best for the article. However, [[Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)/Archive 171#Deprecate parenthetical citations|since 5 September 2020]], inline [[#Parenthetical referencing|parenthetical referencing]] is a deprecated citation style on English-language Wikipedia. If all or most of the citations in an article consist of [[WP:bare URLs|bare URLs]], or otherwise fail to provide needed bibliographic data{{snd}} such as the name of the source, the title of the article or web page consulted, the author (if known), the publication date (if known), and the page numbers (where relevant){{snd}} then that would not count as a "consistent citation style" and can be changed freely to insert such data. The data provided should be sufficient to uniquely identify the source, allow readers to find it, and allow readers to initially evaluate a source without retrieving it. ====Generally considered helpful==== The following are standard practice: * improving existing citations by adding missing information, such as by replacing bare URLs with full bibliographic citations: an improvement because it aids [[WP:Verifiability|verifiability]], and fights [[WP:Link rot|link rot]]; * replacing some or all general references with inline citations: an improvement because it provides more verifiable information to the reader, and helps maintain text–source integrity; * imposing one style on an article with inconsistent citation styles (e.g., some of the citations in footnotes and others as parenthetical references): an improvement because it makes the citations easier to understand and edit; * fixing errors in citation coding, including incorrectly used template parameters, and <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code> markup problems: an improvement because it helps the citations to be parsed correctly; * combining duplicate citations {{crossref|(see {{section link||Duplicate citations}}, above)}}; * converting [[WP:PAREN|parenthetical referencing]] to an acceptable referencing style; * replacing opaque [[WP:NAMEDREFS|named-reference]] names with conventional ones, such as "Einstein-1905" instead of ":27"; and * making citations added by other editors match the existing style (if any). Do not revert someone else's contribution merely because the citation style doesn't match. [[WP:SOFIXIT|If you know how to fix it, then fix it]]. ====To be avoided==== When an article is already consistent, avoid: * switching between major citation styles or replacing the preferred style of one academic discipline with another's – except when moving away from deprecated styles, such as [[#Parenthetical referencing|parenthetical referencing]]; * adding citation templates to an article that already uses a consistent system without templates, or removing citation templates from an article that uses them consistently; * changing where the references are defined, e.g., moving [[WP:LDRHOW|reference definitions in the reflist]] to the prose, or moving reference definitions from the prose into the reflist. ====Parenthetical referencing==== {{redirect|WP:PARENTHETICAL|guidelines on the use of parentheses (round brackets)|WP:Manual of Style#Brackets and parentheses}} {{shortcut|WP:PAREN}}  Since September 2020, inline [[parenthetical referencing]] has been [[Special:PermanentLink/976895063#Deprecate parenthetical citations|'''deprecated''' on Wikipedia]]. This includes short citations in parentheses placed ''within the article text itself'', such as {{!xt|(Smith 2010, p. 1)}}. This does not affect short citations that use {{tag|ref|o}} tags, which are not inline parenthetical references; see the [[#Short and full citations|section on short citations]] above for that method. As part of the deprecation process in existing articles, discussion of how best to convert inline parenthetical citations into currently accepted formats should be held if there is objection to a particular method. This should no longer be used, and should be replaced with footnotes if encountered: {{block indent|style=background: white; padding: 1em; border: 1px solid #999;|1={{cross}} The Sun is pretty big (Miller 2005, p. 1), but the Moon is not so big (Brown 2006, p. 2). The Sun is also quite hot (Miller 2005, p. 3). {{fake heading|References}} * Brown, R. (2006). "Size of the Moon", ''Scientific American'', 51 (78). * Miller, E. (2005). ''The Sun'', Academic Press. }} ==Handling links in citations== As noted above under [[#What information to include|"What information to include"]], it is helpful to include hyperlinks to source material, when available. Here we note some issues concerning these links. ===Avoid embedded links=== {{Shortcut|WP:CS:EMBED}} {{Seealso|WP:NOELBODY}} Embedded links to external websites should not be used as a form of inline citation, because they are highly susceptible to [[WP:Linkrot|linkrot]]. Wikipedia allowed this in its early years—for example by adding a link after a sentence, like this: <nowiki>[https://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1601858,00.html]</nowiki>, which is rendered as: [https://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1601858,00.html]. This is no longer recommended. Raw links are not recommended in lieu of properly written out citations, even if placed between ref tags, like this <code><nowiki><ref>[https://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1601858,00.html]</ref></nowiki></code>. Since any citation that accurately identifies the source is better than none, do not revert the good-faith addition of partial citations. They should be considered temporary, and replaced with more complete, properly formatted citations as soon as possible. Embedded links should never be used to place [[WP:EL|external links]] in the content of an article, like this: {{!xt|"[https://example.com {{!xt|Example Inc.}}] announced their latest product ..."}}. ===Convenience links=== {{see|Wikipedia:Copyrights#Linking to copyrighted works|Help:Citation Style 1#Online sources}} {{Shortcut|WP:CONLINK}} A ''convenience link'' is a link to a copy of your source on a web page provided by someone other than the original publisher or author. For example, a copy of a newspaper article no longer available on the newspaper's website may be hosted elsewhere. When offering convenience links, it is important to be reasonably certain that the convenience copy is a true copy of the original, without any changes or inappropriate commentary, and that it does not infringe the original rights-holders' copyrights. Accuracy can be assumed when the hosting website appears reliable. For [[Scholarly communication|academic sources]], the convenience link is typically a reprint provided by an [[open-access repository]], such as the author's university's library or [[institutional repository]]. Such [[green open access]] links are generally preferable to [[paywall]]ed or otherwise commercial and [[Free content|unfree]] sources. Where several sites host a copy of the material, the site selected as the convenience link should be the one whose general content appears most in line with [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view]] and [[Wikipedia:Verifiability]]. ===Indicating availability=== {{Shortcut|WP:INDICATEAVAIL}} If your source is not available online, it should be available in libraries, archives, or collections. If a citation without an external link is challenged as unavailable, any of the following is sufficient to show the material to be reasonably available (though not necessarily [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Reliable sources|reliable]]): providing an [[ISBN]] or [[OCLC]] number; linking to an established Wikipedia article about the source (the work, its author, or its publisher); or directly quoting the material on the talk page, [[WP:COPYVIO|briefly]] and in context. ===Links to sources=== {{Shortcut|WP:SOURCELINKS}} For a source available in [[hardcopy]], [[microform]], and/or [[Online and offline|online]], omit, in most cases, which one you read. While it is useful to cite author, title, edition (1st, 2nd, etc.), and similar information, it generally is not important to cite a database such as [[ProQuest]], [[EBSCOhost]], or [[JSTOR]] (see the [[list of academic databases and search engines]]) or to link to such a database requiring a subscription or a third party's login. The basic bibliographic information you provide should be enough to search for the source in any of these databases that have the source. Don't add a URL that has a part of a password embedded in the URL. However, you may provide the [[Wikipedia:Digital Object Identifier|DOI]], [[Wikipedia:ISBN|ISBN]], or another uniform identifier, if available. If the publisher offers a link to the source or its abstract that does not require a payment or a third party's login for access, you may provide the URL for that link. If the source only exists online, give the link even if access is restricted (see [[WP:PAYWALL]]). ===Preventing and repairing dead links <span id="Dead links"></span>=== {{see also|Wikipedia:Link rot|Help:Archiving a source}} {{Shortcut|WP:DEADREF}} To help prevent [[Wikipedia:Dead external links|dead links]], persistent identifiers are available for some sources. Some journal articles have a [[digital object identifier]] (DOI); some online newspapers and blogs, and also Wikipedia, have [[permalink]]s that are stable. When permanent links aren't available, consider making an archived copy of the cited document when writing the article; on-demand web archiving services such as the [[Wayback Machine]] (https://web.archive.org/save) or [[archive.today]] (https://archive.today) are fairly easy to use (see [[Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations#Pre-emptive archiving|pre-emptive archiving]]). '''Do not delete a citation merely because the URL is not working'''. Dead links should be repaired or replaced if possible. If you encounter a dead URL being used as a reliable source to support article content, follow these steps prior to deleting it: # '''Confirm status''': First, check the link to confirm that it is dead and not temporarily down. Search the website to see whether it has been rearranged. The online service [https://www.isitdownrightnow.com/ "Is it down right now?"] can help to determine if a ''site'' is down, and any information known. # '''Check for a changed URL on the same Web site''': Pages are frequently moved to different locations on the same site as they become archive content rather than news. The site's error page may have a "Search" box; alternatively, in both the Google and DuckDuckGo search engines – among others – the keyterm "site:" can be used. For instance: <code>site:nytimes.com "the goose is loose"</code>. # '''Check for web archives''': Many [[web archiving]] services exist (for a full list, see: [[Wikipedia:List of web archives on Wikipedia]]); link to their archive of the URL's content, if available. Examples: #* [[Internet Archive]] has billions of archived web pages. See [[Wikipedia:Using the Wayback Machine]]. #* [[archive.today]] See [[Wikipedia:Using archive.today]] #* The [[UK Government Web Archive]] (https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/webarchive/) preserves 1500 UK central government websites. ::If multiple archive dates are available, try to use one that is most likely to be the contents of the page seen by the editor who entered the reference on the {{para|access-date}}. If that parameter is not specified, a [http://wikipedia.ramselehof.de/wikiblame.php?lang=en search of the article's revision history] can be performed to determine when the link was added to the article. ::For most citation templates, archive locations are entered using the {{para|archive-url}}, {{para|archive-date}} and {{para|url-status}} parameters. The primary link is switched to the archive link when {{para|url-status|dead}}. This retains the original link location for reference. ::If the web page now leads to a completely different website, set {{para|url-status|usurped}} to hide the original website link in the citation. ::''Note:'' Some archives currently operate with a delay of ~18 months before a link is made public. As a result, editors should wait ~24 months after the link is first tagged as dead before declaring that no web archive exists. Dead URLs to reliable sources should normally be tagged with {{Tlx|dead link|date{{=}}{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}}}, so that you can estimate how long the link has been dead. ::'''Bookmarklets''' to check common archive sites for archives of the current page: ::;Archive.org: <syntaxhighlight lang="javascript" inline>javascript:void(window.open('https://web.archive.org/web/*/'+location.href))</syntaxhighlight> ::;archive.today / archive.is: <syntaxhighlight lang="javascript" inline>javascript:void(window.open('https://archive.today/'+location.href))</syntaxhighlight> ::;Mementos interface: <syntaxhighlight lang="javascript" inline>javascript:void(window.open('https://www.webarchive.org.uk/mementos/search/'+encodeURIComponent(location.href)+'?referrer='+encodeURIComponent(document.referrer)))</syntaxhighlight> # <li value="4">'''Remove convenience links''': If the material was published on paper (e.g., academic journal, newspaper article, magazine, book), then the dead URL is not necessary. Simply remove the dead URL, leaving the remainder of the reference intact.</li> # '''Find a replacement source''': Search the web for quoted text, the article title, and parts of the URL. Consider contacting the website/person that originally published the reference and asking them to republish it. Ask other editors for help finding the reference somewhere else, including the user who added the reference. Find a different source that says essentially the same thing as the reference in question. # '''Remove hopelessly-lost web-only sources''': If the source material does not exist offline, {{em|and}} if there is no archived version of the web page (be sure to wait ~24 months), {{em|and}} if you cannot find another copy of the material, then the dead citation should be removed and the material it supports should be regarded as unverified if there is no other supporting citation. If it is material that is [[WP:MINREF|specifically required by policy to have an inline citation]], then please consider tagging it with {{tlx|citation needed}}. It may be appropriate for you to move the citation to the talk page with an explanation, and notify the editor who added the now-dead link. ==Text–source integrity== {{anchor|INTEGRITY}}{{shortcut|WP:TSI|WP:INTEGRITY}} {{redirect|WP:INTEGRITY|WikiProject Integrity|WP:WPINTEGRITY}} When using inline citations, it is important to maintain text–source integrity. The point of an inline citation is to allow readers and other editors to see which part of the material is supported by the citation; that point is lost if the citation is not clearly placed. The distance between material and its source is a matter of editorial judgment, but adding text without clearly placing its source may lead to allegations of [[WP:NOR|original research]], of violations of the [[WP:V|sourcing policy]], and even of [[WP:PLAGFORM|plagiarism]]. ===Keeping citations close=== Editors should exercise caution when rearranging or inserting material to ensure that text–source relationships are maintained. References should not be moved if doing so might break the text–source relationship. If a sentence or paragraph is footnoted with a source, adding new material that is not supported by the existing source to the sentence/paragraph, without a source for the new text, is highly misleading if placed to appear that the cited source supports it. When new text is inserted into a paragraph, make sure it is supported by the existing or a new source. For example, when editing text originally reading <blockquote style="background:white; padding:1em; border:1px solid #999;"> The sun is pretty big.<sup id="nbFoot01a" class="reference">[[#noteFoot01a|[1]]]</sup> <br /><br /> <span style="font-size:medium">Notes</span> ---- <ol class="references"> <li id="noteFoot01a" >'''[[#nbFoot01a|^]]''' Miller, Edward. ''The Sun''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.</li> </ol> </blockquote> an edit that does not imply that the new material is supported by the same reference is <blockquote style="background:white; padding:1em; border:1px solid #999;"> The sun is pretty big.<sup id="nbFoot01a" class="reference">[[#noteFoot01a|[1]]]</sup> The sun is also quite hot.<sup id="nbFoot03a" class="reference">[[#noteFoot03a|[2]]]</sup> <br /><br /> <span style="font-size:medium">Notes</span> ---- <ol class="references"> <li id="noteFoot01a" >'''[[#nbFoot01a|^]]''' Miller, Edward. ''The Sun''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.</li> <li id="noteFoot03a" >'''[[#nbFoot03a|^]]''' Smith, John. ''The Sun's Heat''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.</li> </ol> </blockquote> Do not add other facts or assertions into a fully cited paragraph or sentence: <blockquote style="background:white; padding:1em; border:1px solid #999;">{{cross}} The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big.<sup id="nbFoot01a" class="reference">[[#noteFoot01a|[1]]]</sup> The sun is also quite hot.<sup id="nbFoot03a" class="reference">[[#noteFoot03a|[2]]]</sup> <br /><br /> <span style="font-size:medium">Notes</span> ---- <ol class="references"> <li id="noteFoot01a" >'''[[#nbFoot01a|^]]''' Miller, Edward. ''The Sun''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.</li> <li id="noteFoot03a" >'''[[#nbFoot03a|^]]''' Smith, John. ''The Sun's Heat''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.</li> </ol> </blockquote> Include a source to support the new information. There are several ways to write this, including: <blockquote style="background:white; padding:1em; border:1px solid #999;">{{tick}} The sun is pretty big,<sup id="nbFoot01a" class="reference">[[#noteFoot01a|[1]]]</sup> but the moon is not so big.<sup id="nbFoot02a" class="reference">[[#noteFoot02a|[2]]]</sup> The sun is also quite hot.<sup id="nbFoot03a" class="reference">[[#noteFoot03a|[3]]]</sup> <br /><br /> <span style="font-size:medium">Notes</span> ---- <ol class="references"> <li id="noteFoot01a" >'''[[#nbFoot01a|^]]''' Miller, Edward. ''The Sun''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.</li> <li id="noteFoot02a" >'''[[#nbFoot02a|^]]''' Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon", ''Scientific American'', 51 (78): 46.</li> <li id="noteFoot03a" >'''[[#nbFoot03a|^]]''' Smith, John. ''The Sun's Heat''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.</li> </ol> </blockquote> ===Citation order=== {{redirect|Wikipedia:REFORDER|the RfC|Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)/Archive 136#RfC: AWB bot ref reordering}} {{shortcut|WP:CITEORDER}} There is no consensus for a specific ordering of citations, and editors should not [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|edit-war]] over it, nor make [[WP:MEATBOT|mass changes]] of ordering to suit personal preferences. In particular, references need not be moved solely to maintain the numerical order of footnotes as they appear in the article. ===Bundling citations=== {{shortcut|WP:CITEBUNDLE|WP:BUNDLING}} {{main|Help:Citation merging}} {{See also|Help:Shortened footnotes#Bundling citations|Wikipedia:Citation overkill}} Sometimes the article is more readable if multiple citations are bundled into a single footnote. For example, when there are multiple sources for a given sentence, and each source applies to the entire sentence, the sources can be placed at the end of the sentence, like this:{{dummy ref|4}}{{dummy ref|5}}{{dummy ref|6}}{{dummy ref|7}} Or they can be bundled into one footnote at the end of the sentence or paragraph, like this:{{dummy ref|4}} Bundling is also useful if the sources each support a different portion of the preceding text, or if the sources all support the same text. Bundling has several advantages: :*It helps readers and other editors see at a glance which source supports which point, maintaining [[#Text–source integrity|text–source integrity]]; :*It avoids the visual clutter of multiple clickable footnotes inside a sentence or paragraph; :*It avoids the confusion of having multiple sources listed separately after sentences, with no indication of which source to check for each part of the text, such as this.{{dummy ref|1}}{{dummy ref|2}}{{dummy ref|3}}{{dummy ref|4}} :*It makes it less likely that inline citations will be moved inadvertently when text is re-arranged, because the footnote states clearly which source supports which point. To concatenate multiple citations for the same content into a single footnote, there are several layouts available, as illustrated below: <div style="background:white; padding:1em; border:1px solid #999;"> The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big. The sun is also quite hot.<sup id="nbFoot01a" class="reference">[[#noteFoot01a|[1]]]</sup> <br /><br /> <span style="font-size:medium">Notes</span> ---- '''Use {{tl|Unbulleted list citebundle}}:''' <ol class="references"> <li id="noteFoot02a" value="1"> '''[[#nbFoot02a|^]]''' {{Unbulleted list citebundle |For the sun's size, see: Miller, Edward. ''The Sun''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1. |For the moon's size, see: Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon", ''Scientific American'', 2007, 51 (78): 46. |For the sun's heat, see: Smith, John. ''The Sun's Heat''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2. }}</li> </ol> '''Use an inline paragraph:''' <ol class="references"> <li id="noteFoot03a" value="1"> '''[[#nbFoot03a|^]]''' For the sun's size, see: Miller, Edward. ''The Sun''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1. For the moon's size, see: Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon", ''Scientific American'', 2007, 51 (78): 46. For the sun's heat, see: Smith, John. ''The Sun's Heat''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.</li> </ol> '''Use a bullet list:''' <ol class="references"> <li id="noteFoot01a" value="1"> '''[[#nbFoot01a|^]]''' Multiple sources: * For the sun's size, see: Miller, Edward. ''The Sun''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1. * For the moon's size, see: Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon", ''Scientific American'', 2007, 51 (78): 46. * For the sun's heat, see: Smith, John. ''The Sun's Heat''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.</li> </ol> This last approach needs an introductory line like "Multiple sources:" to prevent an unwanted linebreak after the footnote number. </div> Simply using line breaks to separate list items breaches {{section link|MOS:Accessibility|Nobreaks}}: {{tq|"{{tag|br|s}} line breaks&nbsp;... should not be used."}} {{tlx|Unbulleted list citebundle}} a.k.a. {{tlx|Multiref}} was made specifically for this purpose. Some other templates in the same vein are listed at the disambiguation page [[Template:Multiple references]]. Within a given article only a single layout should generally be used, except that inline may always be appropriate for shortened references, often all for the same statement: <div style="background:white; padding:1em; border:1px solid #999;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="noteFoot03a" value="1"> '''[[#nbFoot03a|^]]''' For the sun's size, see: Miller (2005), p. 1; Brown (2007), p. 46; Smith (2005), p. 2.</li> </ol> </div> ==In-text attribution== {{Shortcut|WP:INTEXT}} {{see|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Attributing and specifying biased statements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Point of view}} '''In-text attribution''' is the attribution inside a sentence of material to its source, in addition to an [[WP:INCITE|inline citation]] after the sentence. In-text attribution may need to be used with [[direct speech]] (a source's words between quotation marks or as a [[block quotation]]); [[indirect speech]] (a source's words modified without quotation marks); and [[WP:close paraphrasing|close paraphrasing]]. It may also be used when loosely summarizing a source's position in your own words, and it should always be used for [[Wikipedia:ATTRIBUTEPOV|biased statements of opinion]]. For certain [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources|frequently discussed sources]], in-text attribution is always recommended. It avoids inadvertent plagiarism and helps the reader see where a position is coming from. An inline citation should follow the attribution, usually at the end of the sentence or paragraph in question. For example: {{quotation|{{cross}} To reach fair decisions, parties must consider matters as if behind a [[veil of ignorance]].{{dummy ref|2}} }} {{quotation|{{tick}} [[John Rawls]] argues that, to reach fair decisions, parties must consider matters as if behind a [[veil of ignorance]].{{dummy ref|2}} }} {{quotation|{{tick}} [[John Rawls]] argues that, to reach fair decisions, parties must consider matters as if "situated behind a [[veil of ignorance]]".{{dummy ref|2}} }} When using in-text attribution, make sure it doesn't lead to an inadvertent [[WP:UNDUE|neutrality]] violation. For example, the following implies parity between the sources, without making clear that the position of Darwin is the [[WP:WEIGHT|majority view]]: {{quotation|{{cross}} [[Charles Darwin]] says that human beings evolved through [[natural selection]], but John Smith writes that we arrived here in pods from Mars.}} {{quotation|{{tick}} Humans evolved through [[natural selection]], as first explained in [[Charles Darwin]]'s ''[[The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex]]''.}} Neutrality issues apart, there are other ways in-text attribution can mislead. The sentence below suggests ''The New York Times'' has alone made this important discovery: {{quotation|{{cross}} According to ''The New York Times'', the sun will set in the west this evening.}} {{quotation|{{tick}} The sun sets in the west each evening.}} It is preferable not to clutter articles with information best left to the references. Interested readers can click on the ref to find out the publishing journal: {{quotation|{{cross}} In an article published in ''The Lancet'' in 2012, researchers announced the discovery of the new tissue type.{{dummy ref|3}} }} {{quotation|{{tick}} Researchers announced the new tissue type in 2012.{{dummy ref|3}} }} Simple facts such as this can have inline citations to reliable sources as an aid to the reader, but normally the text itself is best left as a plain statement without in-text attribution: {{quotation|{{tick}} By mass, oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium.{{dummy ref|4}} }} ==<span id="Unsourced material"></span>Dealing with unsourced material==  {{Shortcut|WP:NOCITE|WP:BLPCITE}} If an article has no references at all, then: * If the entire article is [[WP:PN|patent nonsense]], tag it for [[WP:CSD|speedy deletion]] using criterion G1. * If the article is a biography of a living person, it can be tagged with <nowiki>{{subst:prod blp}}</nowiki> to propose deletion. If it's a biography of a living person and is an attack page, then it should be tagged for speedy deletion using criterion G10, which will blank the page. * If the article doesn't fit into the above two categories, then consider finding references yourself, or commenting on the article talk page or the talk page of the article creator. You may also tag the article with the {{tlx|unreferenced}} template and consider nominating it for [[WP:AFD|deletion]]. For individual claims in an article not supported by a reference: * If the article is a biography of a living person, then any {{em|contentious}} material must be removed immediately: see [[WP:Biographies of living persons|Biographies of living persons]]. If the material lacking reference is seriously inappropriate, it may need to be hidden from general view, in which case [[WP:RFO|request admin assistance]]. * If the material added appears to be false or an expression of opinion, remove it and inform the editor who added the unsourced material. The {{tlx|uw-unsourced1}} template may be placed on their talk page. * In any other case consider finding references yourself, or commenting on the article talk page or the talk page of the editor who added the unsourced material. You may place a {{tlx|citation needed}} or {{tlx|dubious}} tag against the added text. ==Citation templates and tools <span class="anchor" id="generators"></span><span class="anchor" id="Citation generation tools"></span><span class="anchor" id="Duplicate reference finders"></span><span class="anchor" id="Programming tool"></span><span class="anchor" id="Reference management software"></span> == {{shortcut|WP:CITECONSENSUS|WP:TEMPLATEREFS}} {{see|Wikipedia:Citation templates|Help:Citation tools}} {{for|a comparison of citations using templates with citations written freehand|Wikipedia:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods#Footnotes}} [[WP:Citation templates|Citation templates]] can be used to format citations in a consistent way. The use of citation templates is neither encouraged nor discouraged: an article should not be switched between templated and non-templated citations without good reason and consensus – see [[#Variation in citation methods|"Variation in citation methods"]], above. If citation templates are used in an article, the parameters should be accurate. It is inappropriate to set parameters to false values to cause the template to render as if it were written in some style other than the style normally produced by the template (e.g., [[The MLA Style Manual|MLA style]]). ===Metadata=== Citations may be accompanied by metadata, though it is not mandatory. Most citation templates on Wikipedia use the [[COinS]] standard. Metadata such as this allow browser plugins and other automated software to make citation data accessible to the user, for instance by providing links to their library's online copies of the cited works. In articles that format citations manually, metadata may be added manually in a span, according to the [https://ocoins.info/ COinS specification]. ==See also== '''How to cite''' * [[Wikipedia:References dos and don'ts]] – a concise summary of some of the most important guidance on this page * [[Help:Referencing for beginners]] – a simple practical guide to getting started * [[Help:How to mine a source]] – case study on getting maximum information from cited material * [[Wikipedia:Verification methods]] – listing examples of the most common ways that citations are used in Wikipedia articles * [[Wikipedia:Improving referencing efforts]] – essay on why references are important * [[Wikipedia:Citation templates]] – a full listing of various styles for citing all sorts of materials * [[Wikipedia:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods]] – showing comparative edit mode representations for different citation methods and techniques * [[Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations]] – additional considerations for citing sources * [[Wikipedia:Inline citation]] – more information on inline citations * [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes]] – how-to guide on "nesting" footnotes * [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Further reading|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout § Further reading]] – for information about the "Further reading" section * [[Wikipedia:External links]] – for information about the "External links" section * [[Wikipedia:Plagiarism#Public-domain sources|Wikipedia:Plagiarism § Public-domain sources]] – guideline covering the inclusion of material in the public domain * [[Wikipedia:Scientific citation guidelines]] – guidelines for dealing with scientific and mathematical articles * [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Shared Resources]] – project guide on finding resources * [[mw:Extension:Cite|MediaWiki:Extension:Cite]] – details of the software which support the {{tag|ref|o}} parser hooks '''Citation problems''' * [[:Template:Irrelevant citation]] – inline template to note source simply is not relevant to the material * [[:Template:More citations needed]] – template to add to article (or section) where citations are insufficient * [[:Template:Text-source]] – template to add to article (or section) where text–source integrity is questioned * [[Wikipedia:Citation needed]] – explanation of template to tag statements that need a citation * [[Wikipedia:Citation overkill]] – why too many citations on one fact can be a bad thing * [[Wikipedia:Copyright problems]] – in case of text that has been copied verbatim inappropriately * [[Wikipedia:Link rot]] – guide to preventing [[link rot]] * [[Wikipedia:More seasoning doesn't mean more flavor]] – an essay about how less detail doesn't always mean less info * [[Wikipedia:You don't need to cite that the sky is blue]] – an essay advising: do not cite already obvious information * [[Wikipedia:You do need to cite that the sky is blue|Wikipedia:You ''do'' need to cite that the sky is blue]] – an essay advising: just because something appears obvious to you does not mean it is obvious to everyone * [[Wikipedia:Video links]] – an essay discussing the use of citations linking to YouTube and other user-submitted video sites * [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Citation cleanup]] – a group of people devoted to cleaning up citations * [[Wikipedia:Reference database]] – essay/proposal '''Changing citation style formats''' * [[WP:CITEVAR]] ==Notes== {{notefoot}} {{notelist}} ==Further reading== * {{cite book |title=[[New Oxford Style Manual]] |chapter=Online Style Guide |date=2016 |chapter-url= https://www.ox.ac.uk/public-affairs/style-guide# |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-0-19-876725-1}} * {{cite book |title=[[The Chicago Manual of Style]] |date=2017 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |edition=17th |isbn=978-0-226-28705-8}} * {{cite web |title=Academic Writing: Citing Sources |url=https://writersworkshop.illinois.edu/resources-2/writer-resources/academic-writing/citing-sources/ |website=Writers Workshop |publisher=[[University of Illinois]]}} * {{cite web |title=Citation Style Guides & Management Tools |url=https://liu.cwp.libguides.com/sb.php?subject_id=13235 |website=Library Guides|publisher=[[LIU Post]]}} * {{cite web |title=Citing: Help & how-to |url=https://library.concordia.ca/help/citing/ |publisher=[[Concordia University Library]]}} * {{cite web |title=Citation Help |url=https://guides.lib.uiowa.edu/citationhelp |website=Subject Guides |publisher=[[University of Iowa]]}} * {{cite web |title=Guide to Citation Style Guides |url=https://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/journalism/cite.html |website=Journalism Resources |publisher=University of Iowa}} * {{cite web |title=Library: Citing Sources & Citation Generators |url=https://capital.libguides.com/c.php?g=76089&p=6809978 |publisher=[[Capital Community College]]}} * {{cite web |title=Research and Citation Resources |url=https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/resources.html |website=[[Online Writing Lab]]|publisher=Purdue University}} * {{cite web |title=The Writer's Handbook: Documentation |url=https://writing.wisc.edu/handbook/documentation/ |website=Writing Center |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin–Madison]]}} * {{cite web |title=ACS Style Guide |url=https://researchguides.library.wisc.edu/acsstyle |website=Research Guides |publisher=University of Wisconsin–Madison}} * {{cite web |title=Samples of Formatted References for Authors of Journal Articles |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html |website=MEDLINE and PubMed: The Resources Guide |publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine]] |date=26 April 2018}} ==External links== {{commonscat|Citation needed}} * {{cite web |title=reFill |url=https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/ |website=[[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] |publisher=[[WP:ReFill]]}} – tool that expands bare references semi-automatically * {{cite AV media|title=Wikipedia editing basics: Citing sources (part 1) |medium=[[YouTube]] |language= |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m2HFdEtYDyc |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}} * {{cite AV media|title=Wikipedia editing basics: Citing sources (part 2) |medium=[[YouTube]] |language= |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W_a9fBc13b4 |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}} {{Wikipedia policies and guidelines|state=collapsed}} {{Wikipedia referencing|state=expanded}} {{Citation Style 1|state=expanded}} [[Category:Wikipedia citation administration| ]] [[Category:Wikipedia how-to]] [[Category:Wikipedia style guidelines]] [[Category:Wikipedia verifiability]]  </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:!xt" title="Template:!xt">Template:!xt</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:!xt&action=edit" title="Template:!xt">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Abbr" title="Template:Abbr">Template:Abbr</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Abbr&action=edit" title="Template:Abbr">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Allow_wrap" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Allow wrap">Template:Allow wrap</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Allow_wrap&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Allow wrap">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Anchor" title="Template:Anchor">Template:Anchor</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Anchor&action=edit" title="Template:Anchor">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Beginner_version" title="Template:Beginner version">Template:Beginner version</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Beginner_version&action=edit" title="Template:Beginner version">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Big" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Big">Template:Big</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Big&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Big">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Block_indent" title="Template:Block indent">Template:Block indent</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Block_indent&action=edit" title="Template:Block indent">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Block_indent/styles.css" title="Template:Block indent/styles.css">Template:Block indent/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Block_indent/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Block indent/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Blockquote" title="Template:Blockquote">Template:Blockquote</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Blockquote&action=edit" title="Template:Blockquote">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Blockquote/styles.css" title="Template:Blockquote/styles.css">Template:Blockquote/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Blockquote/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Blockquote/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Bots" title="Template:Bots">Template:Bots</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Bots&action=edit" title="Template:Bots">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_Style_1" title="Template:Citation Style 1">Template:Citation Style 1</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Citation_Style_1&action=edit" title="Template:Citation Style 1">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media" title="Template:Cite AV media">Template:Cite AV media</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_AV_media&action=edit" title="Template:Cite AV media">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">Template:Cite book</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit" title="Template:Cite book">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">Template:Cite web</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit" title="Template:Cite web">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_xxx" title="Template:Cite xxx">Template:Cite xxx</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_xxx&action=edit" title="Template:Cite xxx">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Commons_category" title="Template:Commons category">Template:Commons category</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Commons_category&action=edit" title="Template:Commons category">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonscat" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Commonscat">Template:Commonscat</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Commonscat&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Commonscat">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cross">Template:Cross</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cross&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cross">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Crossref" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Crossref">Template:Crossref</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Crossref&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Crossref">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Crossreference" title="Template:Crossreference">Template:Crossreference</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Crossreference&action=edit" title="Template:Crossreference">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Crossreference/styles.css" title="Template:Crossreference/styles.css">Template:Crossreference/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Crossreference/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Crossreference/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cs1" title="Template:Cs1">Template:Cs1</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cs1&action=edit" title="Template:Cs1">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cs2" title="Template:Cs2">Template:Cs2</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cs2&action=edit" title="Template:Cs2">view source</a>) (semi-protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Dummy_ref" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Dummy ref">Template:Dummy ref</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Dummy_ref&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Dummy ref">view source</a>) (semi-protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Dummy_reference" title="Template:Dummy reference">Template:Dummy reference</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Dummy_reference&action=edit" title="Template:Dummy reference">view source</a>) (semi-protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Efn" title="Template:Efn">Template:Efn</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Efn&action=edit" title="Template:Efn">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Em" title="Template:Em">Template:Em</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Em&action=edit" title="Template:Em">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Encodefirst" title="Template:Encodefirst">Template:Encodefirst</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Encodefirst&action=edit" title="Template:Encodefirst">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fake_heading" title="Template:Fake heading">Template:Fake heading</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Fake_heading&action=edit" title="Template:Fake heading">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fake_heading/styles.css" title="Template:Fake heading/styles.css">Template:Fake heading/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Fake_heading/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Fake heading/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fake_link/styles.css" title="Template:Fake link/styles.css">Template:Fake link/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Fake_link/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Fake link/styles.css">view source</a>) (semi-protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:For" title="Template:For">Template:For</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:For&action=edit" title="Template:For">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:For-multi" title="Template:For-multi">Template:For-multi</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:For-multi&action=edit" title="Template:For-multi">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Further" title="Template:Further">Template:Further</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Further&action=edit" title="Template:Further">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Further_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Further information">Template:Further information</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Further_information&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Further information">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Guideline" title="Template:Guideline">Template:Guideline</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Guideline&action=edit" title="Template:Guideline">view source</a>) (semi-protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Guideline_list" title="Template:Guideline list">Template:Guideline list</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Guideline_list&action=edit" title="Template:Guideline list">view source</a>) (semi-protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hatnote" title="Template:Hatnote">Template:Hatnote</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Hatnote&action=edit" title="Template:Hatnote">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hatnote_inline" title="Template:Hatnote inline">Template:Hatnote inline</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Hatnote_inline&action=edit" title="Template:Hatnote inline">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Helpbox" title="Template:Helpbox">Template:Helpbox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Helpbox&action=edit" title="Template:Helpbox">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Helpbox/styles.css" title="Template:Helpbox/styles.css">Template:Helpbox/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Helpbox/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Helpbox/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hlist/styles.css" title="Template:Hlist/styles.css">Template:Hlist/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Hlist/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Hlist/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:In5" title="Template:In5">Template:In5</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:In5&action=edit" title="Template:In5">view source</a>) (semi-protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Large" title="Template:Large">Template:Large</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Large&action=edit" title="Template:Large">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Main" title="Template:Main">Template:Main</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Main&action=edit" title="Template:Main">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Main_other" title="Template:Main other">Template:Main other</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Main_other&action=edit" title="Template:Main other">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Mbox" title="Template:Mbox">Template:Mbox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Mbox&action=edit" title="Template:Mbox">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:More" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:More">Template:More</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:More&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:More">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox" title="Template:Navbox">Template:Navbox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Navbox&action=edit" title="Template:Navbox">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:No_redirect" title="Template:No redirect">Template:No redirect</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:No_redirect&action=edit" title="Template:No redirect">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:NoteFoot" title="Template:NoteFoot">Template:NoteFoot</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:NoteFoot&action=edit" title="Template:NoteFoot">view source</a>) (extended confirmed protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:NoteTag" title="Template:NoteTag">Template:NoteTag</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:NoteTag&action=edit" title="Template:NoteTag">view source</a>) (extended confirmed protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Notefoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Notefoot">Template:Notefoot</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Notefoot&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Notefoot">view source</a>) (semi-protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Notelist" title="Template:Notelist">Template:Notelist</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Notelist&action=edit" title="Template:Notelist">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Notetag" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Notetag">Template:Notetag</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Notetag&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Notetag">view source</a>) (semi-protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Nowrap" title="Template:Nowrap">Template:Nowrap</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Nowrap&action=edit" title="Template:Nowrap">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Nsmdns" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nsmdns">Template:Nsmdns</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Nsmdns&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nsmdns">view source</a>) (semi-protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Nutshell" title="Template:Nutshell">Template:Nutshell</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Nutshell&action=edit" title="Template:Nutshell">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ombox" title="Template:Ombox">Template:Ombox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Ombox&action=edit" title="Template:Ombox">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Pagetype" title="Template:Pagetype">Template:Pagetype</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Pagetype&action=edit" title="Template:Pagetype">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Para" title="Template:Para">Template:Para</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Para&action=edit" title="Template:Para">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Plainlist/styles.css" title="Template:Plainlist/styles.css">Template:Plainlist/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Plainlist/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Plainlist/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Pp-move" title="Template:Pp-move">Template:Pp-move</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Pp-move&action=edit" title="Template:Pp-move">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Pp-move-indef" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Pp-move-indef">Template:Pp-move-indef</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Pp-move-indef&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Pp-move-indef">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Pp-semi-indef" title="Template:Pp-semi-indef">Template:Pp-semi-indef</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Pp-semi-indef&action=edit" title="Template:Pp-semi-indef">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Quotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Quotation">Template:Quotation</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Quotation&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Quotation">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Quote" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Quote">Template:Quote</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Quote&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Quote">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Redirect" title="Template:Redirect">Template:Redirect</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Redirect&action=edit" title="Template:Redirect">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Redirect2" title="Template:Redirect2">Template:Redirect2</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Redirect2&action=edit" title="Template:Redirect2">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">Template:Reflist</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit" title="Template:Reflist">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist/styles.css" title="Template:Reflist/styles.css">Template:Reflist/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Reflist/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Reflist/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Section_link" title="Template:Section link">Template:Section link</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Section_link&action=edit" title="Template:Section link">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sectionlink" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sectionlink">Template:Sectionlink</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Sectionlink&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sectionlink">view source</a>) (semi-protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:See" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:See">Template:See</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:See&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:See">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:See_also" title="Template:See also">Template:See also</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:See_also&action=edit" title="Template:See also">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Seealso" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Seealso">Template:Seealso</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Seealso&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Seealso">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Short_description" title="Template:Short description">Template:Short description</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit" title="Template:Short description">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck" title="Template:Short description/lowercasecheck">Template:Short description/lowercasecheck</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck&action=edit" title="Template:Short description/lowercasecheck">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Shortcut" title="Template:Shortcut">Template:Shortcut</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Shortcut&action=edit" title="Template:Shortcut">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Shortcuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Shortcuts">Template:Shortcuts</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Shortcuts&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Shortcuts">view source</a>) (semi-protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Side_box" title="Template:Side box">Template:Side box</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Side_box&action=edit" title="Template:Side box">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sidebar" title="Template:Sidebar">Template:Sidebar</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Sidebar&action=edit" title="Template:Sidebar">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sister_project" title="Template:Sister project">Template:Sister project</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Sister_project&action=edit" title="Template:Sister project">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sister_project/styles.css" title="Template:Sister project/styles.css">Template:Sister project/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Sister_project/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Sister project/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Slink" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Slink">Template:Slink</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Slink&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Slink">view source</a>) (extended confirmed protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Snd" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Snd">Template:Snd</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Snd&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Snd">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Spaced_en_dash" title="Template:Spaced en dash">Template:Spaced en dash</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Spaced_en_dash&action=edit" title="Template:Spaced en dash">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Str_number/trim" title="Template:Str number/trim">Template:Str number/trim</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Str_number/trim&action=edit" title="Template:Str number/trim">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Subcat_guideline" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Subcat guideline">Template:Subcat guideline</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Subcat_guideline&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Subcat guideline">view source</a>) (semi-protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Subinfobox_bodystyle" title="Template:Subinfobox bodystyle">Template:Subinfobox bodystyle</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Subinfobox_bodystyle&action=edit" title="Template:Subinfobox bodystyle">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Subsidebar_bodystyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Subsidebar bodystyle">Template:Subsidebar bodystyle</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Subsidebar_bodystyle&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Subsidebar bodystyle">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Tag" title="Template:Tag">Template:Tag</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Tag&action=edit" title="Template:Tag">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Talk_quote_inline" title="Template:Talk quote inline">Template:Talk quote inline</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Talk_quote_inline&action=edit" title="Template:Talk quote inline">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Talk_quote_inline/styles.css" title="Template:Talk quote inline/styles.css">Template:Talk quote inline/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Talk_quote_inline/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Talk quote inline/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Template_link" title="Template:Template link">Template:Template link</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Template_link&action=edit" title="Template:Template link">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Template_link_expanded" title="Template:Template link expanded">Template:Template link expanded</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Template_link_expanded&action=edit" title="Template:Template link expanded">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Template_link_general" title="Template:Template link general">Template:Template link general</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Template_link_general&action=edit" title="Template:Template link general">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Template_link_interwiki" title="Template:Template link interwiki">Template:Template link interwiki</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Template_link_interwiki&action=edit" title="Template:Template link interwiki">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Tick" title="Template:Tick">Template:Tick</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Tick&action=edit" title="Template:Tick">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Tl" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Tl">Template:Tl</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Tl&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Tl">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Tl2" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Tl2">Template:Tl2</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Tl2&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Tl2">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Tlg" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Tlg">Template:Tlg</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Tlg&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Tlg">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Tlx" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Tlx">Template:Tlx</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Tlx&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Tlx">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Tooltip" title="Template:Tooltip">Template:Tooltip</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Tooltip&action=edit" title="Template:Tooltip">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Tooltip/styles.css" title="Template:Tooltip/styles.css">Template:Tooltip/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Tooltip/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Tooltip/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Tq" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Tq">Template:Tq</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Tq&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Tq">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Trim" title="Template:Trim">Template:Trim</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Trim&action=edit" title="Template:Trim">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Unbulleted_list_citebundle" title="Template:Unbulleted list citebundle">Template:Unbulleted list citebundle</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Unbulleted_list_citebundle&action=edit" title="Template:Unbulleted list citebundle">view source</a>) (semi-protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_policies_and_guidelines" title="Template:Wikipedia policies and guidelines">Template:Wikipedia policies and guidelines</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Wikipedia_policies_and_guidelines&action=edit" title="Template:Wikipedia policies and guidelines">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_referencing" title="Template:Wikipedia referencing">Template:Wikipedia referencing</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Wikipedia_referencing&action=edit" title="Template:Wikipedia referencing">view source</a>) (semi-protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Wrap" title="Template:Wrap">Template:Wrap</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Wrap&action=edit" title="Template:Wrap">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Xmark" title="Template:Xmark">Template:Xmark</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Xmark&action=edit" title="Template:Xmark">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Xt" title="Template:Xt">Template:Xt</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Xt&action=edit" title="Template:Xt">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Yes/no" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Yes/no">Template:Yes/no</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Yes/no&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Yes/no">view source</a>) (semi-protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Yesno" title="Template:Yesno">Template:Yesno</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Yesno&action=edit" title="Template:Yesno">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Yesno-no" title="Template:Yesno-no">Template:Yesno-no</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Yesno-no&action=edit" title="Template:Yesno-no">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Yesno-yes" title="Template:Yesno-yes">Template:Yesno-yes</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Yesno-yes&action=edit" title="Template:Yesno-yes">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Zero_width_joiner_em_dash_zero_width_non_joiner" title="Template:Zero width joiner em dash zero width non joiner">Template:Zero width joiner em dash zero width non joiner</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Zero_width_joiner_em_dash_zero_width_non_joiner&action=edit" title="Template:Zero width joiner em dash zero width non joiner">view source</a>) (extended confirmed protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Anchor" title="Module:Anchor">Module:Anchor</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Anchor&action=edit" title="Module:Anchor">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Arguments" title="Module:Arguments">Module:Arguments</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Arguments&action=edit" title="Module:Arguments">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Check_for_unknown_parameters" title="Module:Check for unknown parameters">Module:Check for unknown parameters</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Check_for_unknown_parameters&action=edit" title="Module:Check for unknown parameters">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1" title="Module:Citation/CS1">Module:Citation/CS1</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/COinS" title="Module:Citation/CS1/COinS">Module:Citation/CS1/COinS</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/COinS&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/COinS">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration">Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation">Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers">Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities">Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist">Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css" title="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css">Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Effective_protection_expiry" title="Module:Effective protection expiry">Module:Effective protection expiry</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Effective_protection_expiry&action=edit" title="Module:Effective protection expiry">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Effective_protection_level" title="Module:Effective protection level">Module:Effective protection level</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Effective_protection_level&action=edit" title="Module:Effective protection level">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:File_link" title="Module:File link">Module:File link</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:File_link&action=edit" title="Module:File link">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:For" title="Module:For">Module:For</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:For&action=edit" title="Module:For">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Format_link" title="Module:Format link">Module:Format link</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Format_link&action=edit" title="Module:Format link">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Hatnote" title="Module:Hatnote">Module:Hatnote</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Hatnote&action=edit" title="Module:Hatnote">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Hatnote/styles.css" title="Module:Hatnote/styles.css">Module:Hatnote/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Hatnote/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Hatnote/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Hatnote_inline" title="Module:Hatnote inline">Module:Hatnote inline</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Hatnote_inline&action=edit" title="Module:Hatnote inline">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Hatnote_list" title="Module:Hatnote list">Module:Hatnote list</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Hatnote_list&action=edit" title="Module:Hatnote list">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:In5" title="Module:In5">Module:In5</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:In5&action=edit" title="Module:In5">view source</a>) (semi-protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Labelled_list_hatnote" title="Module:Labelled list hatnote">Module:Labelled list hatnote</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Labelled_list_hatnote&action=edit" title="Module:Labelled list hatnote">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:List" title="Module:List">Module:List</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:List&action=edit" title="Module:List">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Message_box" title="Module:Message box">Module:Message box</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Message_box&action=edit" title="Module:Message box">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Message_box/configuration" title="Module:Message box/configuration">Module:Message box/configuration</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Message_box/configuration&action=edit" title="Module:Message box/configuration">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Message_box/ombox.css" title="Module:Message box/ombox.css">Module:Message box/ombox.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Message_box/ombox.css&action=edit" title="Module:Message box/ombox.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:MultiReplace" title="Module:MultiReplace">Module:MultiReplace</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:MultiReplace&action=edit" title="Module:MultiReplace">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbar" title="Module:Navbar">Module:Navbar</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbar&action=edit" title="Module:Navbar">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbar/configuration" title="Module:Navbar/configuration">Module:Navbar/configuration</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbar/configuration&action=edit" title="Module:Navbar/configuration">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbar/styles.css" title="Module:Navbar/styles.css">Module:Navbar/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbar/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Navbar/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbox" title="Module:Navbox">Module:Navbox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbox&action=edit" title="Module:Navbox">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbox/configuration" title="Module:Navbox/configuration">Module:Navbox/configuration</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbox/configuration&action=edit" title="Module:Navbox/configuration">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbox/styles.css" title="Module:Navbox/styles.css">Module:Navbox/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbox/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Navbox/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype" title="Module:Pagetype">Module:Pagetype</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/config" title="Module:Pagetype/config">Module:Pagetype/config</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/config&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype/config">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/rfd" title="Module:Pagetype/rfd">Module:Pagetype/rfd</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/rfd&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype/rfd">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/softredirect" title="Module:Pagetype/softredirect">Module:Pagetype/softredirect</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/softredirect&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype/softredirect">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Protection_banner" title="Module:Protection banner">Module:Protection banner</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Protection_banner&action=edit" title="Module:Protection banner">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Protection_banner/config" title="Module:Protection banner/config">Module:Protection banner/config</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Protection_banner/config&action=edit" title="Module:Protection banner/config">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Redirect" title="Module:Redirect">Module:Redirect</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Redirect&action=edit" title="Module:Redirect">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Redirect_hatnote" title="Module:Redirect hatnote">Module:Redirect hatnote</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Redirect_hatnote&action=edit" title="Module:Redirect hatnote">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Section_link" title="Module:Section link">Module:Section link</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Section_link&action=edit" title="Module:Section link">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Shortcut" title="Module:Shortcut">Module:Shortcut</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Shortcut&action=edit" title="Module:Shortcut">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Shortcut/config" title="Module:Shortcut/config">Module:Shortcut/config</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Shortcut/config&action=edit" title="Module:Shortcut/config">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Shortcut/styles.css" title="Module:Shortcut/styles.css">Module:Shortcut/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Shortcut/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Shortcut/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Side_box" title="Module:Side box">Module:Side box</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Side_box&action=edit" title="Module:Side box">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Side_box/styles.css" title="Module:Side box/styles.css">Module:Side box/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Side_box/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Side box/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Sidebar" title="Module:Sidebar">Module:Sidebar</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Sidebar&action=edit" title="Module:Sidebar">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Sidebar/configuration" title="Module:Sidebar/configuration">Module:Sidebar/configuration</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Sidebar/configuration&action=edit" title="Module:Sidebar/configuration">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Sidebar/styles.css" title="Module:Sidebar/styles.css">Module:Sidebar/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Sidebar/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Sidebar/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:String" title="Module:String">Module:String</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:String&action=edit" title="Module:String">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:TableTools" title="Module:TableTools">Module:TableTools</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:TableTools&action=edit" title="Module:TableTools">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Template_link_general" title="Module:Template link general">Module:Template link general</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Template_link_general&action=edit" title="Module:Template link general">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Wikitext_Parsing" title="Module:Wikitext Parsing">Module:Wikitext Parsing</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikitext_Parsing&action=edit" title="Module:Wikitext Parsing">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Yesno" title="Module:Yesno">Module:Yesno</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Yesno&action=edit" title="Module:Yesno">view source</a>) (protected)</li></ul></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Wikipedia:Citing sources</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden category: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_policy_or_guideline_editnotice" title="Category:Pages with policy or guideline editnotice">Pages with policy or guideline editnotice</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Citing_sources&action=edit&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("This page is using the deprecated ResourceLoader module \"mediawiki.ui.button\".\n[1.41] Please use Codex. See migration guidelines: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI");mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-b2n64","wgBackendResponseTime":719,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.186","walltime":"0.279","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1261,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":101805,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11275,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":4584,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 238.485 1 -total"," 48.70% 116.146 1 Template:Protected_page_text/semi"," 47.77% 113.916 1 Template:Protected_page_text"," 46.78% 111.571 5 Template:Fmbox"," 34.05% 81.194 1 Template:Editnotice_load"," 31.26% 74.540 2 Template:Editnotice_load/content"," 30.02% 71.605 2 Template:Editnotice_load/core"," 17.45% 41.605 4 Template:Editnotices/Page/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"," 17.30% 41.263 1 Template:Submit_an_edit_request"," 17.09% 40.754 2 Template:Blocked_text"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.076","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1664069,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-b2n64","timestamp":"20241124133515","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>