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<li id="toc-Xerox_914" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xerox_914"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Xerox 914</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xerox_914-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xeronic_Computer_Printer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xeronic_Computer_Printer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Xeronic Computer Printer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xeronic_Computer_Printer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1960s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1970s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>1980s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>2000s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>2010s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>2020s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_printing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_printing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Digital printing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_printing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palo_Alto_Research_Center" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palo_Alto_Research_Center"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Palo Alto Research Center</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palo_Alto_Research_Center-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chief_executives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chief_executives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Chief executives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chief_executives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Products_and_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Products_and_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Products and services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Products_and_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporate_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Corporate structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corporate_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rank_Xerox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rank_Xerox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Rank Xerox</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rank_Xerox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sponsorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sponsorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sponsorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sponsorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accounting_irregularities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accounting_irregularities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Accounting irregularities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accounting_irregularities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Character_substitution_bug" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character_substitution_bug"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Character substitution bug</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Character_substitution_bug-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trademark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trademark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Trademark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trademark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Xerox</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Xerox" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3" title="زيروكس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زيروكس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kserokopiya_aparat%C4%B1" title="Kserokopiya aparatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kserokopiya aparatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3_(%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA)" title="زیراکس (شیرکت) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="زیراکس (شیرکت)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Xerox" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Ксерокс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ксерокс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xerox" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Xerox" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Xerox" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Xerox" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Xerox" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Xerox" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Xerox" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Xerox" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="زیراکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زیراکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Xerox" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox_Corporation" title="Xerox Corporation – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xerox Corporation" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EB%A1%9D%EC%8A%A4" title="제록스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제록스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%BD_%D5%A8%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Քսերոքս ընկերություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քսերոքս ընկերություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="जेरॉक्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जेरॉक्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Xerox" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox_Corporation" title="Xerox Corporation – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Xerox Corporation" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="זירוקס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זירוקס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Xerox" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Xerox" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Xerox" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="സിറോക്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സിറോക്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="झेरॉक्स कॉर्पोरेशन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="झेरॉक्स कॉर्पोरेशन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Xerox" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%87%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7" title="ဇီးရော့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဇီးရော့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Xerox" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="ゼロックス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゼロックス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Xerox" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Xerox" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%BA%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%85" title="ហ្សឺរ៉ូច – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ហ្សឺរ៉ូច" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Xerox" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Xerox" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Xerox" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Xerox" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Xerox" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="زیەرۆکس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زیەرۆکس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Xerox" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Xerox" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Xerox" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Xerox" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="சிராக்ஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிராக்ஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="ซีร็อกซ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซีร็อกซ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Xerox" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Xerox" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xerox" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E6%A8%82" title="施樂 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="施樂" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E4%B9%90" title="施乐 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="施乐" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American document management corporation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the company. For the machine, see <a href="/wiki/Photocopier" title="Photocopier">photocopier</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Xerox Holdings Corporation</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Xerox_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Xerox_logo.svg/220px-Xerox_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Xerox_logo.svg/330px-Xerox_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Xerox_logo.svg/440px-Xerox_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="219" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Xerox_headquarters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Xerox_headquarters.jpg/220px-Xerox_headquarters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Xerox_headquarters.jpg/330px-Xerox_headquarters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Xerox_headquarters.jpg/440px-Xerox_headquarters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Former headquarters in Norwalk</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formerly</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Haloid Photographic Company</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">Public</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Ticker_symbol" title="Ticker symbol">Traded as</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasdaq" title="Nasdaq">Nasdaq</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/xrx">XRX</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/S%26P_600" title="S&P 600">S&P 600</a> component</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">Information technology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">April 18, 1906<span class="noprint">; 118 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1906-04-18</span>)</span>, in <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_C._Wilson_(entrepreneur)" title="Joseph C. Wilson (entrepreneur)">Joseph C. Wilson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chester_Carlson" title="Chester Carlson">Chester Carlson</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="ib-company-locality locality"><a href="/wiki/Norwalk,_Connecticut" title="Norwalk, Connecticut">Norwalk, Connecticut</a></div>, <div class="ib-company-country country-name">U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Keith Cozza (<a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">chairman</a>)</li><li>Steve Bandrowczak (<a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Printer_(computing)" title="Printer (computing)">Office printers</a></li><li>Production printers & digital presses</li><li>Multi-function printers</li><li>Wide format printers, <a href="/wiki/Image_projector" class="mw-redirect" title="Image projector">Projectors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">Scanners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Photocopier" title="Photocopier">Copiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Office_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Office equipment">Office equipment</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Services</th><td class="infobox-data category">Document services</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>7.11 billion</span> (2022)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes" title="Earnings before interest and taxes">Operating income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$−328 million</span> (2022)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Net_income" title="Net income">Net income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$−322 million</span> (2022)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">Total assets</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$11.54 billion</span> (2022)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">Total equity</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$3.34 billion</span> (2022)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data">20,500 (2022)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affiliated_Computer_Services" title="Affiliated Computer Services">Affiliated Computer Services</a></li><li>CareAR</li><li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_India" title="Xerox India">Xerox India</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xerox.com">xerox<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><b>Footnotes / references</b><br /><sup id="cite_ref-FY_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FY-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Xerox Holdings Corporation</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ɪər/: 'ear' in 'near'">ɪər</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">ZEER</span>-ocks</i></a>) is an American corporation that sells print and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_document" title="Electronic document">digital document</a> products and services in more than 160 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xerox is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Norwalk,_Connecticut" title="Norwalk, Connecticut">Norwalk, Connecticut</a> (having moved from <a href="/wiki/Stamford,_Connecticut" title="Stamford, Connecticut">Stamford, Connecticut</a>, in October 2007),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it is incorporated in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with its largest group of employees based around <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a>, the area in which the company was founded. The company purchased <a href="/wiki/Affiliated_Computer_Services" title="Affiliated Computer Services">Affiliated Computer Services</a> for $6.4 billion in early 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a large developed company, it is consistently placed in the list of <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a> companies.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 31, 2016, Xerox separated its business process service operations, essentially those operations acquired with the purchase of Affiliated Computer Services, into a new publicly traded company, <a href="/wiki/Conduent" title="Conduent">Conduent</a>. Xerox focuses on its document technology and document outsourcing business, and traded on the <a href="/wiki/NYSE" class="mw-redirect" title="NYSE">NYSE</a> from 1961 to 2021, and the <a href="/wiki/Nasdaq" title="Nasdaq">Nasdaq</a> since 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Researchers at Xerox and its <a href="/wiki/PARC_(company)" title="PARC (company)">Palo Alto Research Center</a> invented several important elements of <a href="/wiki/Personal_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal computing">personal computing</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Desktop_metaphor" title="Desktop metaphor">desktop metaphor</a> <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">GUI</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">computer mouse</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Desktop_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Desktop computing">desktop computing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concepts were adopted by <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerox&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Xerox was founded in 1906 in Rochester, New York, as <b>The Haloid Photographic Company</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-xeroxhaloid_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xeroxhaloid-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It manufactured photographic paper and equipment. </p><p>In 1938, <a href="/wiki/Chester_Carlson" title="Chester Carlson">Chester Carlson</a>, a physicist working independently, invented a process for printing images using an electrically charged photoconductor-coated metal plate<sup id="cite_ref-USPTO02297691_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USPTO02297691-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and dry powder "toner". However, it would take more than 20 years of refinement before the first automated machine to make copies was commercialized, using a document feeder, scanning light, and a <a href="/wiki/Xerography#Process" title="Xerography">rotating drum</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_C._Wilson_(entrepreneur)" title="Joseph C. Wilson (entrepreneur)">Joseph C. Wilson</a>, credited as the "founder of Xerox", took over Haloid from his father.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He saw the promise of Carlson's invention and, in 1946, signed an agreement to develop it as a commercial product. Wilson remained as President/CEO of Xerox until 1967 and served as chairman until his death in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Looking for a term to differentiate its new system, Haloid hired a Greek scholar at <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a> and coined the term <a href="/wiki/Xerography" title="Xerography">xerography</a> from two Greek roots meaning "dry writing".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haloid changed its name to Haloid Xerox in 1958 and then Xerox Corporation in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-xeroxname_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xeroxname-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before releasing the 914, Xerox tested the market by introducing a developed version of the prototype hand-operated equipment known as the Flat-plate 1385. The 1385 was not actually a viable copier because of its slowness of operation. As a consequence, it was sold as a platemaker for the <a href="/wiki/Addressograph" title="Addressograph">Addressograph-Multigraph</a> Multilith 1250 and related sheet-fed offset printing presses in the <a href="/wiki/Offset_lithography" class="mw-redirect" title="Offset lithography">offset lithography</a> market. It was little more than a high quality, commercially available plate camera mounted as a horizontal <a href="/wiki/Rostrum_camera" title="Rostrum camera">rostrum camera</a>, complete with photo-flood lighting and timer. The glass film/plate had been replaced with a selenium-coated aluminum plate. Clever electrics turned this into a quick-developing and reusable substitute for film. A skilled user could produce fast, paper and metal printing plates of a higher quality than almost any other method. Having started as a supplier to the offset lithography duplicating industry, Xerox now set its sights on capturing some of offset's market share. </p><p>The 1385 was followed by the first automatic xerographic printer, the Copyflo, in 1955. The Copyflo was a large microfilm printer that could produce positive prints on roll paper from any type of microfilm negative. Following the Copyflo, the process was scaled down to produce the 1824 microfilm printer. At about half the size and weight, this still sizable machine printed onto hand-fed, cut-sheet paper which was pulled through the process by one of two gripper bars. A scaled-down version of this gripper feed system was to become the basis for the 813 desktop copier. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Xerox_914">Xerox 914</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerox&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Xerox 914"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Xerox_914" title="Xerox 914">Xerox 914</a></div> <p>The company came to prominence in 1959 with the introduction of the Xerox 914,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "the most successful single product of all time." The 914, the first <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">plain paper</a> <a href="/wiki/Photocopier" title="Photocopier">photocopier</a>, was developed by <a href="/wiki/Chester_Carlson" title="Chester Carlson">Carlson</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_H._Dessauer" title="John H. Dessauer">John H. Dessauer</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was so popular that by the end of 1961 Xerox had almost $60 million in revenue. The product was sold by an innovative ad campaign showing that even monkeys could make copies at the touch of a button - simplicity would become the foundation of Xerox products and user interfaces. Revenues leaped to over $500 million by 1965. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Xeronic_Computer_Printer">Xeronic Computer Printer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerox&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Xeronic Computer Printer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:XeronicPrinterProductRankResearchLabs1963-PJGreaves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/XeronicPrinterProductRankResearchLabs1963-PJGreaves.jpg/220px-XeronicPrinterProductRankResearchLabs1963-PJGreaves.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/XeronicPrinterProductRankResearchLabs1963-PJGreaves.jpg/330px-XeronicPrinterProductRankResearchLabs1963-PJGreaves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/XeronicPrinterProductRankResearchLabs1963-PJGreaves.jpg/440px-XeronicPrinterProductRankResearchLabs1963-PJGreaves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5938" data-file-height="4719" /></a><figcaption>Peter James Greaves at the Rank Research Labs 1963 --- A project to attach a Xeronic printer to the Lyons Leo III</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1956, Haloid formed a joint venture in the UK with <a href="/wiki/Rank_Xerox" title="Rank Xerox">Rank Organisation</a> whose Rank Precision Industries Ltd. subsidiary was charged with anglicising the US products. Rank's Precision Industries went on to develop the Xeronic computer printer and Rank Data Systems Ltd was set up to bring the product to market. It used <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tubes</a> to generate the characters and forms that could be overlaid from <a href="/wiki/Microfilm" class="mw-redirect" title="Microfilm">microfilm</a> images. Initially, they planned for the <a href="/wiki/Ferranti" title="Ferranti">Ferranti</a> and AEI computer companies to sell the Xeronic as an on-line peripheral, but due to interface problems, Rank switched to a magnetic tape off-line technique. In 1962, Lyons Computers Ltd. placed an order for use with their <a href="/wiki/LEO_(computer)" title="LEO (computer)">LEO III computer</a>, and the printer was delivered in 1964. It printed 2,888 lines per minute, slower than the target of 5,000 lpm.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s">1960s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerox&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1960s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1960s, Xerox held a dominant position in the <a href="/wiki/Photocopier" title="Photocopier">photocopier</a> market.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1960, a xerography research facility called the Wilson Center for Research and Technology was opened in <a href="/wiki/Webster_(town),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Webster (town), New York">Webster, New York</a>. In 1961, the company changed its name to Xerox Corporation.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xerox common stock (XRX) was listed on the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a> in 1961<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Stock Exchange">Chicago Stock Exchange</a> in 1990. </p><p>In 1963, Xerox introduced the Xerox 813, the first desktop plain-paper copier, realizing Carlson's vision of a copier that could fit on anyone's office desk. Ten years later, in 1973, a basic, analogue, color copier, based on the 914, followed. The 914 itself was gradually sped up to become the 420 and 720. The 813 was similarly developed into the 330 and 660 products and, eventually, also the 740 desktop microfiche printer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Xerox's first foray into duplicating, as distinct from copying, was with the Xerox 2400, introduced in 1966. The model number denoted the number of prints produced in an hour. Although not as fast as <a href="/wiki/Offset_printing" title="Offset printing">offset printing</a>, this machine introduced the industry's first automatic document feeder, paper slitter and perforator, and collator (sorter). This product was soon sped up by fifty percent to become the Xerox 3600 Duplicator.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, a small lab team was borrowing copiers and modifying them. The lab was developing what it called long distance xerography (LDX) to connect a modified 813 copier to a CRT based scanner using a special service (TELPAK) of the public telephone network, so that a document scanned on one machine would print out on the other. The LDX system was introduced in 1964, followed in 1966 by the Magnafax Telecopier, a much smaller, slower and less expensive version that acoustically coupled to a desk phone. However, <a href="/wiki/Fax" title="Fax">fax machines</a> would not become a truly mainstream device until the 1980s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1968, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Peter_McColough" title="Charles Peter McColough">C. Peter McColough</a>, a longtime executive of Haloid and Xerox, became Xerox's CEO.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, the company consolidated its headquarters at Xerox Square in downtown <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a>, with its 30-story <a href="/wiki/Xerox_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerox Tower">Xerox Tower</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Xerox embarked on a series of acquisitions. It purchased <a href="/wiki/University_Microfilms_International" class="mw-redirect" title="University Microfilms International">University Microfilms International</a> in 1962, Electro-Optical Systems in 1963,<sup id="cite_ref-Gale_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gale-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/R._R._Bowker" title="R. R. Bowker">R. R. Bowker</a> in 1967. In 1969, Xerox acquired <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Data_Systems" title="Scientific Data Systems">Scientific Data Systems</a> (SDS),<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which it renamed the Xerox Data Systems (XDS) division and which produced the <a href="/wiki/SDS_Sigma_series" title="SDS Sigma series">Sigma</a> line and its successor XDS 5xx series of <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computers</a> in the 1960s and 1970s. Xerox sold XDS to <a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a> in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xerox_Tower.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Xerox Tower in Rochester, New York, served as headquarters from 1968 to 1969."><img alt="Xerox Tower in Rochester, New York, served as headquarters from 1968 to 1969." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Xerox_Tower.JPG/240px-Xerox_Tower.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Xerox_Tower.JPG/360px-Xerox_Tower.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Xerox_Tower.JPG/480px-Xerox_Tower.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Xerox_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerox Tower">Xerox Tower</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a>, served as headquarters from 1968 to 1969.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 174px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 172px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xeroxheadquarters.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stamford, Connecticut served as headquarters from 1969 to 2007."><img alt="Stamford, Connecticut served as headquarters from 1969 to 2007." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Xeroxheadquarters.jpg/258px-Xeroxheadquarters.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Xeroxheadquarters.jpg/387px-Xeroxheadquarters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Xeroxheadquarters.jpg/516px-Xeroxheadquarters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1954" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Stamford,_Connecticut" title="Stamford, Connecticut">Stamford, Connecticut</a> served as headquarters from 1969 to 2007.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xerox_Henrietta_facility.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Former manufacturing facility in Henrietta, New York, constructed in the 1960s and sold to Harris RF Communications in 2010"><img alt="Former manufacturing facility in Henrietta, New York, constructed in the 1960s and sold to Harris RF Communications in 2010" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Xerox_Henrietta_facility.JPG/240px-Xerox_Henrietta_facility.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Xerox_Henrietta_facility.JPG/360px-Xerox_Henrietta_facility.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Xerox_Henrietta_facility.JPG/480px-Xerox_Henrietta_facility.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Former manufacturing facility in <a href="/wiki/Henrietta,_New_York" title="Henrietta, New York">Henrietta, New York</a>, constructed in the 1960s and sold to <a href="/wiki/Harris_Corporation#RF_Communications" title="Harris Corporation">Harris RF Communications</a> in 2010</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:XeroxTower-DLighting.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Xerox Canada Head Office at North American Life Centre (Xerox Tower), Toronto, Ontario"><img alt="Xerox Canada Head Office at North American Life Centre (Xerox Tower), Toronto, Ontario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/XeroxTower-DLighting.jpg/270px-XeroxTower-DLighting.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/XeroxTower-DLighting.jpg/405px-XeroxTower-DLighting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/XeroxTower-DLighting.jpg/540px-XeroxTower-DLighting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Xerox Canada Head Office at <a href="/wiki/North_American_Life" title="North American Life">North American Life</a> Centre (Xerox Tower), <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 81.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 79.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:XeroxTrainingCenter2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Xerox Training Center"><img alt="Xerox Training Center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/XeroxTrainingCenter2.jpg/119px-XeroxTrainingCenter2.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/XeroxTrainingCenter2.jpg/179px-XeroxTrainingCenter2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/XeroxTrainingCenter2.jpg/238px-XeroxTrainingCenter2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Xerox Training Center</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s">1970s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerox&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1970s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Archie_McCardell" title="Archie McCardell">Archie McCardell</a> was named president of the company in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his tenure, Xerox introduced the Xerox 6500, its first <a href="/wiki/Photocopier#Color_photocopiers" title="Photocopier">color copier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During McCardell's reign at Xerox, the company announced record <a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">revenues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Income" title="Income">earnings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Profit_(accounting)" title="Profit (accounting)">profits</a> in 1973, 1974, and 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Carrol became a backer, later spreading the company throughout North America.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the mid-1970s, Xerox introduced the Xerox 9200 Duplicating System. Originally designed to be sold to print shops to increase their productivity, it was twice a fast as the 3600 duplicator at two impressions per second (7200 per hour). It was followed by the 9400, which did auto-duplexing, and then by the 9500, which was which added variable zoom reduction and electronic lightness/darkness control.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In a 1975 <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Bowl advertising">Super Bowl commercial</a> for the 9200, Xerox debuted an advertising campaign featuring Brother Dominic, a monk who used the 9200 system to save decades of manual copying.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before it was aired, there was some concern that the commercial would be denounced as blasphemous. However, when the commercial was screened for the Archbishop of New York, he found it amusing and gave it his blessing.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dominic, portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Eagle" title="Jack Eagle">Jack Eagle</a>, became the face of Xerox into the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following these years of record profits, in 1975, Xerox resolved an anti-trust suit with the United States <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> (FTC), which at the time was under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Frederic_M._Scherer" title="Frederic M. Scherer">Frederic M. Scherer</a>. The Xerox <a href="/wiki/Consent_decree" title="Consent decree">consent decree</a> resulted in the forced licensing of the company's entire <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> portfolio, mainly to Japanese competitors. Within four years of the consent decree, Xerox's share of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Copier" class="mw-redirect" title="Copier">copier</a> market dropped from nearly 100% to less than 14%.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1979, Xerox purchased Western Union International (WUI) as the basis for its proposed <i>Xerox Telecommunications Network</i> (XTEN) for local-loop communications. However, after three years, in 1982, the company decided the idea was a mistake and sold its assets to <a href="/wiki/MCI_Communications" title="MCI Communications">MCI</a> at a loss.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s">1980s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerox&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/David_T._Kearns" title="David T. Kearns">David T. Kearns</a>, a Xerox executive since 1971, took over as CEO in 1982. The company was revived in the 1980s and 1990s, through improvement in quality design and realignment of its product line. Attempting to expand beyond copiers, in 1981 Xerox introduced a line of electronic memory typewriters, the <i>Memorywriter</i>, which gained 20% market share, mostly at the expense of IBM.<sup id="cite_ref-Gale_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gale-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1980, Xerox acquired Kurzweil Computer Products, a pioneering manufacturer of <a href="/wiki/Flatbed_scanner" class="mw-redirect" title="Flatbed scanner">flatbed scanners</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil" title="Ray Kurzweil">Ray Kurzweil</a>. It later acquired <a href="/wiki/Datacopy" title="Datacopy">Datacopy</a>, another pioneer in the image scanner market, for $35 million in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-broadens_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-broadens-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1983, Xerox bought <a href="/wiki/Crum_%26_Forster" class="mw-redirect" title="Crum & Forster">Crum & Forster</a>, an insurance company, and formed Xerox Financial Services (XFS) in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-Gale_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gale-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1985, Xerox sold all of its publishing subsidiaries including University Microfilms and R. R. Bowker.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 6500 color copier was also introduced in 1986. The first one was sold in Philadelphia by Jack Schneider.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerox&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xerox_logo_1994.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Xerox_logo_1994.svg/90px-Xerox_logo_1994.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Xerox_logo_1994.svg/135px-Xerox_logo_1994.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Xerox_logo_1994.svg/180px-Xerox_logo_1994.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>Xerox "Pixelated X" logo used from 1994 to 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1990, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Allaire" title="Paul Allaire">Paul Allaire</a>, a Xerox executive since 1966, succeeded David Kearns, who had reached mandatory retirement age.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allaire disentangled Xerox from the financial services industry.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The development of digital photocopiers in the 1990s and a revamp of the entire product range again gave Xerox a technical lead over its competitors. In 1990, Xerox released the <a href="/wiki/DocuTech" title="DocuTech">DocuTech</a> Production Publisher Model 135, ushering in print-on-demand. Digital photocopiers were essentially high-end laser printers with integrated scanners. Soon, additional features such as network printing and faxing were added to many models, known as multi-function machines, or just MFMs, which were able to be attached to computer networks. Xerox worked to turn its product into a service, providing a complete document service to companies including supply, maintenance, configuration, and user support. </p><p>To reinforce this image, the company introduced a corporate signature in 1994, The Document Company, above its main logo and introduced a red digital X. The digital X symbolized the transition of documents between the paper and digital worlds.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1999, Allaire was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/G._Richard_Thoman" title="G. Richard Thoman">Richard Thoman</a>, who had been brought in from <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> in 1997 as president.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first "outsider" to head Xerox, Thoman resigned in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s">2000s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerox&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2000s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Thoman's resignation, Allaire again resumed the position of CEO and served until the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Anne_M._Mulcahy" title="Anne M. Mulcahy">Anne M. Mulcahy</a>, another long-term Xerox executive.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xerox's turnaround was largely led by Mulcahy, who was appointed president in May 2000, CEO in August 2001 and chairman in January 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She launched an aggressive turnaround plan that returned Xerox to full-year profitability by the end of 2002, along with decreasing debt, increasing cash, and continuing to invest in research and development. </p><p>In 2000, Xerox acquired <a href="/wiki/Tektronix" title="Tektronix">Tektronix</a> color printing and imaging division in Wilsonville, Oregon, for US$925 million.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to the current <a href="/wiki/Xerox_Phaser" title="Xerox Phaser">Xerox Phaser</a> line of products as well as Xerox <a href="/wiki/Solid_ink" title="Solid ink">solid ink</a> printing technology. </p><p>In September 2004, Xerox celebrated the 45th anniversary of the Xerox 914. More than 200,000 units were made around the world between 1959 and 1976, the year production of the 914 was stopped. Today, the 914 is part of <a href="/wiki/American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="American history">American history</a> as an artifact in the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. </p><p>In November 2006, Xerox completed the acquisition of XMPie. XMPie, a provider of software for cross-media, variable data one-to-one marketing,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the first acquisition of Xerox to remain independent entity, as a Xerox company and not a division, and to this day is led by its original founder Jacob Aizikowitz. </p><p>In October 2008, Xerox Canada Ltd. was named one of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto%27s_Top_Employers" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Toronto's Top Employers">Greater Toronto's Top Employers</a> by Mediacorp Canada Inc., which was announced by the <i><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a></i> newspaper.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 1, 2009, <a href="/wiki/Ursula_Burns" title="Ursula Burns">Ursula Burns</a> succeeded Anne Mulcahy as CEO of Xerox.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burns was the first <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> woman to head a company of that size.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 28, 2009, Xerox announced the intended acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Affiliated_Computer_Services" title="Affiliated Computer Services">Affiliated Computer Services</a>, a services and <a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" title="Outsourcing">outsourcing</a> company, for $6.4 billion. The acquisition was completed in February 2010. Xerox said it paid 4.935 Xerox shares and $18.60 cash for each share of ACS, totaling $6.4 billion, or $63.11 a share for the company.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010s">2010s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerox&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2010s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2011, Xerox acquired NewField IT for an undisclosed sum.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2013, Xerox sold its Wilsonville, Oregon <a href="/wiki/Solid_ink" title="Solid ink">solid ink</a> product design, engineering and chemistry group and related assets previously acquired from <a href="/wiki/Tektronix" title="Tektronix">Tektronix</a> to <a href="/wiki/3D_Systems" title="3D Systems">3D Systems</a> for $32.5 million in cash.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2014, Xerox sold the IT outsourcing business it had acquired in 2009 from <a href="/wiki/Affiliated_Computer_Services" title="Affiliated Computer Services">Affiliated Computer Services</a> to <a href="/wiki/Atos" title="Atos">Atos</a> for $1.05 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-patnaik2014_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patnaik2014-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This move was taken due to the relatively slow growth of this business relative to some other Xerox units.<sup id="cite_ref-patnaik2014_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patnaik2014-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2016, Xerox—reportedly under pressure from activist shareholder and corporate raider <a href="/wiki/Carl_Icahn" title="Carl Icahn">Carl Icahn</a>—announced that by the end of the year it would <a href="/wiki/Corporate_spin-off" title="Corporate spin-off">spin off</a> its business services unit, largely made up of Affiliated Computer Services, into its own <a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">publicly traded company</a>. The name and management of the new company had not been determined at the time of the announcement. Icahn would appoint three members of the new company's <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">board of directors</a>, and he would choose a person to advise its search for a <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June, the company announced that the document management business would retain the name Xerox and the new business services company would be named <a href="/wiki/Conduent" title="Conduent">Conduent</a>. It also announced that <a href="/wiki/Ashok_Vemuri" title="Ashok Vemuri">Ashok Vemuri</a> would serve as Conduent's CEO and that Icahn would control three seats on the new company's board. It continued to seek a CEO for Xerox; in May, Burns announced her intention to step down as CEO but continue as chairman of the document management business.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2016, the company announced that <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Jacobson_(CEO)" title="Jeff Jacobson (CEO)">Jeff Jacobson</a> would become the new CEO following the completion of the company's planned separation.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This became effective in January 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 31, 2018, Xerox announced that <a href="/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">Fujifilm</a> had agreed to acquire a 50.1% controlling stake in the company for US$6.1 billion, which was to be combined into their existing joint venture <a href="/wiki/Fuji_Xerox" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuji Xerox">Fuji Xerox</a> (having a value of $18 billion post-acquisition).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 1, 2018, it was announced that chairman Robert Keegan and CEO Jeff Jacobson and four other directors would resign as part of a deal with investors <a href="/wiki/Carl_Icahn" title="Carl Icahn">Carl Icahn</a> and Darwin Deason, who had mounted a proxy fight to oppose the Fujifilm deal. On May 4, Xerox backed away from the deal after stipulations about ceasing litigation were not met.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Icahn and Deason responded with an open letter to shareholders blaming the board and management.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 13 a new deal was reached that additionally cancelled the Fujifilm transaction.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2019, Xerox began to pursue a <a href="/wiki/Hostile_takeover" class="mw-redirect" title="Hostile takeover">hostile takeover</a> of PC and printer manufacturer <a href="/wiki/HP_Inc." title="HP Inc.">HP Inc.</a>, declaring its intent to "engage directly" with shareholders after HP rejected two unsolicited bids for the company.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xerox stated in January 2020 that it would pursue the replacement of HP's board.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HP criticized the proposed purchase as a "flawed value exchange" based on "overstated synergies", and instituted a <a href="/wiki/Shareholder_rights_plan" title="Shareholder rights plan">shareholder rights plan</a> and other measures designed to quell the bid,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which the company believed was being orchestrated by Icahn.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020s">2020s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerox&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2020s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2020, Xerox announced the hiring of Tali Rosman as VP of Xerox's 3D business. She joined Xerox from <a href="/wiki/NICE_Ltd." title="NICE Ltd.">NICE Ltd.</a>, where she was vice president and head of business operations for the Americas. She would report to CTO Naresh Shanker.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 5, HP revealed that its board of directors had unanimously declined Xerox's $24 a share cash-and-stock offer.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 13, Xerox revealed that it was putting its campaign to acquire HP on hold by postponing additional presentations, interviews with the press and meetings with HP shareholders. Xerox vice chairman and chief executive John Visentin cited the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> as a main reason and said, "In light of the escalating Covid-19 pandemic, Xerox needs to prioritize health and safety of its employees, customers, partners and affiliates over and above all considerations, including its proposal to acquire HP."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 31, 2020, Xerox canceled its $24 a share offer.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2020, Xerox opened its North Carolina Center of Excellence in Cary, North Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The center includes the research and development operations, the 3-D printing lab, and th eXerox Digital eXperience IT organization.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2021, Xerox announced it was transferring its stock ticker from the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Nasdaq" title="Nasdaq">Nasdaq</a> after 60 years. The move, as described by Visentin, was to "[challenge] the status quo by developing and leveraging new innovations to create solutions that address major secular challenges across industries", and was viewed as part of Xerox's transition into software. The transfer went into effect on September 21, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_printing">Digital printing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerox&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Digital printing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The laser printer was invented in 1969 by Xerox researcher <a href="/wiki/Gary_Starkweather" title="Gary Starkweather">Gary Starkweather</a> by modifying a Xerox 7000 copier.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xerox management was afraid the product version of Starkweather's invention, which became the 9700, would negatively impact their copier business so the innovation sat in limbo until IBM launched the <a href="/wiki/IBM_3800" title="IBM 3800">3800</a> laser printer in 1976. </p><p>The first commercial non-impact printer was the <a href="/wiki/Xerox_1200" title="Xerox 1200">Xerox 1200</a>, introduced in 1973,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on the 3600 copier. It had an optical character generator designed by optical engineer Phil Chen.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1977, after IBM had produced the first laser printer, the <a href="/wiki/Xerox_9700" title="Xerox 9700">Xerox 9700</a> was introduced. Laser printing eventually became a multibillion-dollar business<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> for Xerox.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1970s, Xerox introduced the Xerox 350 color slide machine. This product allowed the customer to create digital word and graphic 35-millimetre slides. Many of the concepts used in today's photo editing programs were pioneered with this technology. </p><p>In 1980, Xerox announced the 5700 laser printer, a much smaller version of their 9700, but with touch-screen capabilities and multiple media input (word processing disks, IBM magcards, etc.) and printer 'finishing' options. This product was allegedly never intended to make the commercial markets due to its development cost, but rather to show the innovation of Xerox. It took off with many customers, but was soon replaced with the smaller and lower cost <a href="/wiki/Xerox_2700" title="Xerox 2700">Xerox 2700</a> Distributed Electronic Printer offering in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palo_Alto_Research_Center">Palo Alto Research Center</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerox&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Palo Alto Research Center"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Xerox_PARC" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerox PARC">Xerox PARC</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xerox_Alto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Xerox_Alto.jpg/250px-Xerox_Alto.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Xerox_Alto.jpg/375px-Xerox_Alto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Xerox_Alto.jpg/500px-Xerox_Alto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Xerox_Alto" title="Xerox Alto">Xerox Alto</a> workstation was developed at Xerox PARC.</figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>In 1970, under company president <a href="/wiki/Charles_Peter_McColough" title="Charles Peter McColough">C. Peter McColough</a>, Xerox opened the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, known as Xerox PARC. The facility developed many modern computing technologies such as the <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> (GUI), <a href="/wiki/Laser_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser printer">laser printing</a>, <a href="/wiki/WYSIWYG" title="WYSIWYG">WYSIWYG</a> text editors, and <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>. From these inventions, Xerox PARC created the <a href="/wiki/Xerox_Alto" title="Xerox Alto">Xerox Alto</a> in 1973, a small minicomputer similar to a modern <a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">workstation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a>. This machine can be considered the first true Personal Computer, given its versatile combination of a cathode-ray-type screen, mouse-type pointing device, and a QWERTY-type alphanumeric keyboard. But the Alto was never commercially sold, as Xerox itself could not see the sales potential of it. It was, however, installed in Xerox's own offices, worldwide and those of the US Government and military, who could see the potential. Within these sites the individual workstations were connected together by Xerox's own unique LAN, The Ethernet. Data was sent around this system of heavy, yellow, low loss coaxial cable using the packet data system. In addition, PARC also developed one of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Internetworking" title="Internetworking">internetworking</a> protocol suites, the <a href="/wiki/PARC_Universal_Packet" title="PARC Universal Packet">PARC Universal Packet</a> (PUP).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1979, Steve Jobs made a deal with Xerox's venture capital division: He would let them invest US$1 million (equivalent to $4.2 million in 2023) in exchange for a look at the technology they were working on. Jobs and the others saw the commercial potential of the <a href="/wiki/WIMP_(computing)" title="WIMP (computing)">WIMP</a> (Window, Icon, Menu, and Pointing device) system and redirected development of the <a href="/wiki/Apple_Lisa" title="Apple Lisa">Apple Lisa</a> to incorporate these technologies. Jobs is quoted as saying: "They just had no idea what they had."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1980, Jobs invited several key PARC researchers to join his company so that they could fully develop and implement their ideas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1981, Xerox released a system similar to the Alto, the <a href="/wiki/Xerox_Star" title="Xerox Star">Xerox Star</a>. It was the first commercial system to incorporate technologies that have subsequently become commonplace in personal computers, such as a bitmapped display, window-based GUI, mouse, <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> networking, <a href="/wiki/File_server" title="File server">file servers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Print_server" title="Print server">print servers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/E-mail" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail">e-mail</a>. The Xerox Star and its successor the <a href="/wiki/Xerox_Daybreak" title="Xerox Daybreak">Xerox Daybreak</a>, despite their technological breakthroughs, did not sell well due to its high price, retailing at US$16,000 per unit (equivalent to $54,000 in 2023). A typical Xerox Star-based office, complete with network and printers, would have cost US$100,000 (equivalent to $335,000 in 2023).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the mid-1980s, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> considered buying Xerox; however, a deal was never reached.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Apple instead bought rights to the Alto GUI and adapted it into a more affordable personal computer, aimed towards the business and education markets. The <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_128K" title="Macintosh 128K">Apple Macintosh</a> was released in 1984, and it was the first personal computer to popularize the GUI and mouse among the public.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2002, PARC was spun off into an independent wholly-owned subsidiary of Xerox.<sup id="cite_ref-parcsri_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parcsri-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2023, Xerox announced that it would donate the lab and its related assets to <a href="/wiki/SRI_International" title="SRI International">SRI International</a>. As part of the deal, Xerox would keep most of the patent rights inside PARC, and benefit from a preferred research agreement with SRI/PARC.<sup id="cite_ref-parcsri_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parcsri-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chief_executives">Chief executives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerox&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Chief executives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Chief executives </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Title </th> <th>Tenure </th> <th>Photo </th></tr> <tr> <td>George C. Seager </td> <td>President </td> <td>1906–1912 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gilbert E. Mosher </td> <td>President </td> <td>1912–1938 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Joseph R. Wilson </td> <td>President </td> <td>1938–1946 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_C._Wilson_(entrepreneur)" title="Joseph C. Wilson (entrepreneur)">Joseph C. Wilson</a> </td> <td>President<br />CEO </td> <td>1946–1966<br />1961–1967 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Peter_McColough" title="Charles Peter McColough">C. Peter McColough</a> </td> <td>CEO </td> <td>1968–1982 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Peter_McColough_-_Xerox_Corporation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Charles_Peter_McColough_-_Xerox_Corporation.jpg/160px-Charles_Peter_McColough_-_Xerox_Corporation.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Charles_Peter_McColough_-_Xerox_Corporation.jpg/240px-Charles_Peter_McColough_-_Xerox_Corporation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Charles_Peter_McColough_-_Xerox_Corporation.jpg/320px-Charles_Peter_McColough_-_Xerox_Corporation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="1637" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/David_T._Kearns" title="David T. Kearns">David T. Kearns</a> </td> <td>CEO </td> <td>1982 – July 31, 1990 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:David_T._Kearns,_RIT_NandE_Vol15Num6_1983_Sep15_Complete.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/David_T._Kearns%2C_RIT_NandE_Vol15Num6_1983_Sep15_Complete.jpg/160px-David_T._Kearns%2C_RIT_NandE_Vol15Num6_1983_Sep15_Complete.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/David_T._Kearns%2C_RIT_NandE_Vol15Num6_1983_Sep15_Complete.jpg/240px-David_T._Kearns%2C_RIT_NandE_Vol15Num6_1983_Sep15_Complete.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/David_T._Kearns%2C_RIT_NandE_Vol15Num6_1983_Sep15_Complete.jpg/320px-David_T._Kearns%2C_RIT_NandE_Vol15Num6_1983_Sep15_Complete.jpg 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="523" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Allaire" title="Paul Allaire">Paul A. Allaire</a> </td> <td>CEO </td> <td>August 1, 1990 – April 6, 1999 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/G._Richard_Thoman" title="G. Richard Thoman">G. Richard Thoman</a> </td> <td>CEO </td> <td>April 7, 1999 – May 10, 2000 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paul A. Allaire </td> <td>CEO </td> <td>May 11, 2000 – July 31, 2001 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anne_M._Mulcahy" title="Anne M. Mulcahy">Anne M. Mulcahy</a> </td> <td>CEO </td> <td>August 1, 2001 – June 30, 2009 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ursula_Burns" title="Ursula Burns">Ursula Burns</a> </td> <td>CEO </td> <td>July 1, 2009 – December 31, 2016 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursula-Burns.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ursula-Burns.jpg/160px-Ursula-Burns.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ursula-Burns.jpg/240px-Ursula-Burns.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ursula-Burns.jpg/320px-Ursula-Burns.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Jacobson_(CEO)" title="Jeff Jacobson (CEO)">Jeff Jacobson</a> </td> <td>CEO </td> <td>January 1, 2017 – May 15, 2018 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>John Visentin </td> <td>Vice Chairman and CEO </td> <td>May 16, 2018 – June 28, 2022<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Steve Bandrowczak<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Vice Chairman and CEO </td> <td>June 29, 2022 – present </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Products_and_services">Products and services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerox&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Products and services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xerox_WorkCentre_6605_-7527.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Xerox_WorkCentre_6605_-7527.jpg/220px-Xerox_WorkCentre_6605_-7527.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Xerox_WorkCentre_6605_-7527.jpg/330px-Xerox_WorkCentre_6605_-7527.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Xerox_WorkCentre_6605_-7527.jpg/440px-Xerox_WorkCentre_6605_-7527.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3219" data-file-height="3448" /></a><figcaption>Xerox WorkCentre 6605</figcaption></figure> <p>Xerox manufactures and sells office equipment including scanners, printers, and multifunction systems that scan, print, copy, email and fax. These model families include WorkCentre, Phaser, and ColorQube.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the graphic communications and commercial print industries, the Xerox product portfolio includes high-volume, digital printing presses, production printers, and wide format printers that use xerographic and inkjet printing technologies. Products include the iGen, Nuvera, DocuPrint, and Impika series, as well as the Trivor, iPrint, and Rialto (inkjet) machines.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corporate_structure">Corporate structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerox&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Corporate structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xerox_logo_(1968-2008).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Xerox_logo_%281968-2008%29.svg/220px-Xerox_logo_%281968-2008%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Xerox_logo_%281968-2008%29.svg/330px-Xerox_logo_%281968-2008%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Xerox_logo_%281968-2008%29.svg/440px-Xerox_logo_%281968-2008%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="254" /></a><figcaption>Xerox logo 1968–2008, designed by <a href="/wiki/Chermayeff_%26_Geismar" class="mw-redirect" title="Chermayeff & Geismar">Chermayeff & Geismar</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Although Xerox is a global <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">brand</a>, it maintained a joint venture from 1962 to 2021, <a href="/wiki/Fuji_Xerox" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuji Xerox">Fuji Xerox</a>, with Japanese photographic firm <a href="/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">Fuji Photo Film Co.</a> to develop, produce and sell in the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Pacific">Asia-Pacific</a> region. Fujifilm announced in January 2020 that it would not renew its technology agreement with Xerox, with Fuji Xerox being renamed to Fujifilm Business Innovation in April 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Xerox_India" title="Xerox India">Xerox India</a>, formerly Modi Xerox, is Xerox's Indian subsidiary derived from a joint venture formed between Dr. Bhupendra Kumar Modi and Rank Xerox in 1983. Xerox obtained a majority stake in 1999 and aims to buy out the remaining shareholders.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NewField IT is a wholly owned subsidiary of Xerox that implements and supports third-party software for MPS providers.<sup id="cite_ref-it-director1_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-it-director1-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rank_Xerox">Rank Xerox</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerox&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Rank Xerox"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rank_Xerox" title="Rank Xerox">Rank Xerox</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rank_xerox_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Rank_xerox_logo.png/220px-Rank_xerox_logo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Rank_xerox_logo.png 1.5x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="40" /></a><figcaption>Rank Xerox logo used in 1980s</figcaption></figure> <p>The European company Rank Xerox, originally a <a href="/wiki/Joint_venture" title="Joint venture">joint venture</a> between Xerox and the British company <a href="/wiki/The_Rank_Organisation" title="The Rank Organisation">The Rank Organisation</a>, later extended to Asia and Africa, has been fully owned by Xerox Corporation since 1997. The Rank Xerox name was discontinued following the buyout, and the Rank Xerox Research Centre was renamed to the Xerox Research Centre Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The laboratory, based in France, was acquired by South Korean IT company <a href="/wiki/Naver_Corporation" title="Naver Corporation">Naver Corporation</a> in 2017,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later became Naver Labs Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sponsorship">Sponsorship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerox&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sponsorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Xerox now sponsors the Factory Ducati Team in the World Superbike Championship, under the name of the "Xerox Ducati". </p><p>In November 2024, <a href="/wiki/Aston_Martin_in_Formula_One" title="Aston Martin in Formula One">Aston Martin F1 Team</a> announced a partnership with Xerox commencing in 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accounting_irregularities">Accounting irregularities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerox&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Accounting irregularities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On May 31, 2001, Xerox Corporation announced that its auditors, KPMG LLP, had certified Xerox's financial statements for the three years ended December 31, 2000; the financials included some restatements.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 31, 2002, Xerox restated its financials which reflected the reallocation of equipment sales revenue of more than $2 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 11, 2002, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Securities and Exchange Commission">Securities and Exchange Commission</a> filed a complaint against Xerox.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The complaint alleged Xerox deceived the public between 1997 and 2000 by employing several "accounting maneuvers," the most significant of which was a change in which Xerox recorded revenue from copy machine leases – recognizing a "sale" when a lease contract was signed, instead of recognizing revenue over the entire length of the contract. At issue was when the revenue was recognized, not the validity of the revenue. Xerox's restatement only changed what year the revenue was recognized. On December 20, 2002, Xerox Corporation reported that it had discovered an error in the calculation of its non-cash interest expense related to a debt instrument and associated interest rate swap agreements, resulted in after-tax understatement of interest expense of approximately $5 million to $6 million or less than 1 cent per share in each of the four quarters of 2001 and for the first three quarters of 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">SEC's</a> complaint, Xerox Corporation neither admitted nor denied wrongdoing. It agreed to pay a $10 million penalty and to restate its financial results for the years 1997 through 2000. On June 5, 2003, six Xerox senior executives accused of securities fraud settled their issues with the SEC and neither admitted nor denied wrongdoing. They agreed to pay $22 million in penalties, disgorgement, and interest. The company received approval to settle the securities lawsuit in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 29, 2003, the SEC filed a complaint against Xerox's auditors,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/KPMG" title="KPMG">KPMG</a>, alleging four partners in the "Big Five" accounting firm permitted Xerox to "cook the books" to fill a $3 billion "gap" in revenue and $1.4 billion "gap" in pre-tax earnings. In April 2005 KPMG settled with the SEC by paying a US$22.48 million fine.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Xerox paid a civil penalty of $10 million.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of the settlement KPMG neither admits nor denies wrongdoings. </p><p>During a settlement with the <a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Securities and Exchange Commission">Securities and Exchange Commission</a>, Xerox began to revamp itself once more. As a symbol of this transformation, the relative size of the word "Xerox" was increased in proportion to "The Document Company" on the corporate signature, and the latter was dropped altogether in September 2004, along with the digital X. However, the digital X and "The Document Company" were still used by <a href="/wiki/Fuji_Xerox" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuji Xerox">Fuji Xerox</a> until April 2008. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Character_substitution_bug">Character substitution bug</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerox&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Character substitution bug"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2013, German computer scientist <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Kriesel_(scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Kriesel (scientist) (page does not exist)">David Kriesel</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kriesel" class="extiw" title="de:David Kriesel">de</a>]</span> discovered an <a href="/wiki/Software_bug" title="Software bug">error</a> in a Xerox WorkCentre 7535 copier. The device would substitute number digits in scanned documents, even when <a href="/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition">OCR</a> was turned off. For instance, a cost table in a scanned document had an entry of 85.40, instead of the original sum of 65.40.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After unsuccessfully trying to resolve this issue with Xerox's customer support, he publicised his findings on his blog. Providing example pages that would lead to the bug occurring, it was confirmed that this bug was reproducible on a wide variety of Xerox WorkCentre and other high-end Xerox copiers. </p><p>The source of the error was a bug in the <a href="/wiki/JBIG2" title="JBIG2">JBIG2</a> implementation, which is an image compression standard that makes use of pattern matching to encode identical characters only once. While this provides a high level of compression, it is susceptible to errors in identifying similar characters. </p><p>A possible workaround was published by Kriesel, which involved setting the image quality from "normal" to "higher" or "high". Shortly afterwards, it was found that the same fix had been suggested in the printer manual, which mentioned the occurrence of character substitutions in "normal mode", indicating that Xerox was aware of the software error.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Xerox's initial response to a growing interest by the media, the error was described as occurring rarely and only when factory settings had been changed.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Kriesel provided evidence that the error was also occurring in all three image quality modes (normal, higher and high) including the factory defaults, Xerox corrected their statement and released a software patch to eliminate the problem.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the problem being present in some instances also in higher quality mode, Xerox advises users that they can use this mode as an alternative to applying the patch.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trademark">Trademark</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerox&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Trademark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Generic_trademark" title="Generic trademark">Generic trademark</a></div> <p>The word <i>xerox</i> is used as a synonym for <i>photocopy</i> (both as a noun and a <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a>) in many areas: for example, "I xeroxed the document and placed it on your desk" or "Please make a xeroxed copy of the articles and hand them out a week before the exam". Though both are common, the company does not condone such uses of its trademark, and is particularly concerned about the ongoing use of Xerox as a verb as this places the trademark in danger of being declared a <a href="/wiki/Genericized_trademark" class="mw-redirect" title="Genericized trademark">generic word</a> by the courts. The company is engaged in an ongoing advertising and media campaign to convince the public that Xerox should not be used as a verb.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To this end, the company has written to publications that have used Xerox as a verb. It has also purchased print advertisements using "xerox" as a verb, claiming that "you cannot 'xerox' a document, but you can copy it on a Xerox Brand copying machine". Xerox Corporation continues to protect its trademark in most if not all trademark categories.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Despite their efforts, many dictionaries continue to include the use of "xerox" as a verb, including the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>. In 2012, the Intellectual Property Appellate Board (IPAB) of India declared "xerox" a non-generic term after "almost 50 years (1963–2009) of continued existence on the register without challenge, and with proof of almost 44 years of use evident (1965–2009)",<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but as of 2015, most Indians still use it as a synonym for photocopying.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The company has also advertised its trademark concerns, in an attempt to persuade journalists and others not to use "Xerox" as a verb.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerox&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faxlore" title="Faxlore">Faxlore</a>, often called 'Xeroxlore'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_IT_companies" title="List of Indian IT companies">List of Indian IT companies</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/21px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/32px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/42px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="260" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Connecticut" title="Portal:Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/21px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/42px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_York_(state)" title="Portal:New York (state)">New York (state)</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/19px-Industry5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/29px-Industry5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/38px-Industry5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Companies" title="Portal:Companies">Companies</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerox&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div 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0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 20,</span> 2017</span>. <q>His father, Jack, who had been a comedian, musician and actor, saw his life change following an iconic 1977 Super Bowl ad for Xerox that led to his second career appearing at trade shows, store openings and corporate events. 'My father traveled probably about 225 days a year for Xerox dressing up as the monk, Brother Dominic," Eagle said. "What started as a commercial became a full-time job . . . 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Xerox+completes+split+into+2+companies&rft.date=2017-01-03&rft.aulast=Clausen&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fmoney%2Fnation-now%2F2017%2F01%2F03%2Fxerox-conduent-split-complete%2F96110370%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2018/01/fujifilm-acquires-xerox-for-6-1-billion/">"Fujifilm acquires Xerox for $6.1 billion"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180201000926/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2018/01/fujifilm-acquires-xerox-for-6-1-billion/">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CRN&rft.atitle=Fujifilm+Buys+Controlling+Stake+In+Xerox%2C+Creating+An+%2418+Billion+Printer+Industry+Behemoth&rft.date=2018-01-31&rft.aulast=Shirkey&rft.aufirst=Alec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crn.com%2Fnews%2Fcomponents-peripherals%2F300098661%2Ffujifilm-buys-controlling-stake-in-xerox-creating-an-18-billion-printer-industry-behemoth.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news.xerox.com/news/Xerox-settlement-agreement-with-Carl-Icahn-and-Darwin-Deason-has-expired/">"Xerox Settlement Agreement with Carl Icahn and Darwin Deason Has Expired | Xerox Newsroom"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180506084954/https://www.news.xerox.com/news/Xerox-settlement-agreement-with-Carl-Icahn-and-Darwin-Deason-has-expired">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Xerox+Settlement+Agreement+with+Carl+Icahn+and+Darwin+Deason+Has+Expired+%26%23124%3B+Xerox+Newsroom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.xerox.com%2Fnews%2FXerox-settlement-agreement-with-Carl-Icahn-and-Darwin-Deason-has-expired%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globenewswire.com/news-release/2018/05/04/1496559/0/en/Carl-Icahn-and-Darwin-Deason-Release-Open-Letter-to-Xerox-Shareholders.html">"Carl Icahn and Darwin Deason Release Open Letter to Xerox Shareholders"</a> (Press release). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carl+Icahn+and+Darwin+Deason+Release+Open+Letter+to+Xerox+Shareholders&rft.date=2018-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobenewswire.com%2Fnews-release%2F2018%2F05%2F04%2F1496559%2F0%2Fen%2FCarl-Icahn-and-Darwin-Deason-Release-Open-Letter-to-Xerox-Shareholders.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestreet.com/investing/stocks/xerox-cancels-fuji-deal-inks-deal-with-carl-icahn-14587890">"Xerox Boots CEO in Deal with Activist Investor Carl Icahn"</a>. May 13, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180514011714/https://www.thestreet.com/investing/stocks/xerox-cancels-fuji-deal-inks-deal-with-carl-icahn-14587890">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Xerox+Boots+CEO+in+Deal+with+Activist+Investor+Carl+Icahn&rft.date=2018-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestreet.com%2Finvesting%2Fstocks%2Fxerox-cancels-fuji-deal-inks-deal-with-carl-icahn-14587890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2019/11/26/xerox-tells-hp-it-will-bring-takeover-bid-directly-to-shareholders/">"Xerox tells HP it will bring takeover bid directly to shareholders"</a>. <i>TechCrunch</i>. November 26, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201009163322/https://techcrunch.com/2019/11/26/xerox-tells-hp-it-will-bring-takeover-bid-directly-to-shareholders/">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.atitle=Xerox+tells+HP+it+will+bring+takeover+bid+directly+to+shareholders&rft.date=2019-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2019%2F11%2F26%2Fxerox-tells-hp-it-will-bring-takeover-bid-directly-to-shareholders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2019/11/25/hp-rejects-xerox-again-but-leaves-door-open-for-negotiation/">"HP rejects Xerox again, but leaves door open for negotiation"</a>. <i>TechCrunch</i>. November 25, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201009163333/https://techcrunch.com/2019/11/25/hp-rejects-xerox-again-but-leaves-door-open-for-negotiation/">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.atitle=HP+rejects+Xerox+again%2C+but+leaves+door+open+for+negotiation&rft.date=2019-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2019%2F11%2F25%2Fhp-rejects-xerox-again-but-leaves-door-open-for-negotiation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2020/01/23/xerox-wants-to-replace-hp-board-that-rejected-takeover-bid/">"Xerox wants to replace HP board that rejected takeover bid"</a>. <i>TechCrunch</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=HP+to+Buy+Back+%2415+Billion+in+Stock+to+Battle+Xerox+Takeover+Bid&rft.date=2020-02-25&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Armental&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fhp-to-buy-back-15-billion-in-stock-to-battle-xerox-takeover-bid-11582578485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2020/02/25/hp-offers-its-investors-billions-in-shareholder-returns-to-avoid-a-xerox-tie-up/">"HP offers its investors billions in shareholder returns to avoid a Xerox tie-up"</a>. <i>TechCrunch</i>. February 25, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201009163321/https://techcrunch.com/2020/02/25/hp-offers-its-investors-billions-in-shareholder-returns-to-avoid-a-xerox-tie-up/">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.atitle=HP+offers+its+investors+billions+in+shareholder+returns+to+avoid+a+Xerox+tie-up&rft.date=2020-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2020%2F02%2F25%2Fhp-offers-its-investors-billions-in-shareholder-returns-to-avoid-a-xerox-tie-up%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oaoa.com/news/business/article_5005a2d8-8341-52f4-a117-ee1cf61c4449.html">"Xerox Names Tali Rosman as Vice President, 3D Business"</a>. <i>Odessa American</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Odessa+American&rft.atitle=Xerox+Names+Tali+Rosman+as+Vice+President%2C+3D+Business&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oaoa.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Farticle_5005a2d8-8341-52f4-a117-ee1cf61c4449.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/news/made-hp-dismiss-xeroxs-hostile-130001749.html">"What Made HP Dismiss Xerox's Hostile Takeover Bid Again?"</a>. <i>finance.yahoo.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PCWorld&rft.atitle=Impact+of+Xerox+character-substitution+bug+wider+than+thought&rft.date=2013-08-13&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Martyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcworld.com%2Farticle%2F2046579%2Fimpact-of-xerox-charactersubstitution-bug-wider-than-thought.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-23610405">"BBC News – Xerox to update scan software after switched number outcry"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. August 7, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141119133408/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-23610405">Archived</a> from the original on November 19, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BBC+News+%E2%80%93+Xerox+to+update+scan+software+after+switched+number+outcry&rft.date=2013-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-23610405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xerox.com/assets/pdf/ScanningQAincludingAppendixA.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151129083738/http://www.xerox.com/assets/pdf/ScanningQAincludingAppendixA.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on November 29, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xerox.com%2Fassets%2Fpdf%2FScanningQAincludingAppendixA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerox" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStim2006" class="citation book cs1">Stim, Richard (2006). <i>Patent, Copyright & Trademark</i>. Nolo. p. 388. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4133-0196-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-4133-0196-7"><bdi>1-4133-0196-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patent%2C+Copyright+%26+Trademark&rft.pages=388&rft.pub=Nolo&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-4133-0196-7&rft.aulast=Stim&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xerox.com/go/xrx/template/019d.jsp?view=Factbook&id=Overview">"Online Fact Book: Overview"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081222051427/http://www.xerox.com/go/xrx/template/019d.jsp?view=Factbook&id=Overview">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Fact+Book%3A+Overview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xerox.com%2Fgo%2Fxrx%2Ftemplate%2F019d.jsp%3Fview%3DFactbook%26id%3DOverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Sivaraman2012" class="citation news cs1">R. Sivaraman (September 22, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/appellate-board-upholds-trademark-status-of-xerox/article3927133.ece">"Appellate Board upholds trademark status of Xerox"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161123160346/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/appellate-board-upholds-trademark-status-of-xerox/article3927133.ece">Archived</a> from the original on November 23, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Appellate+Board+upholds+trademark+status+of+Xerox&rft.date=2012-09-22&rft.au=R.+Sivaraman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftamil-nadu%2Fappellate-board-upholds-trademark-status-of-xerox%2Farticle3927133.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/maggi-returns/">"Maggi returns"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. November 11, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151115173107/http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/maggi-returns/">Archived</a> from the original on November 15, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Maggi+returns&rft.date=2015-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fopinion%2Feditorials%2Fmaggi-returns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarber2014" class="citation news cs1">Garber, Megan (September 25, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/09/kleenex-is-a-registered-trademark-and-other-appeals-to-journalists/380733/">"BUSINESS 'Kleenex Is a Registered Trademark' (and Other Desperate Appeals)"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191010135029/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/09/kleenex-is-a-registered-trademark-and-other-appeals-to-journalists/380733/">Archived</a> from the original on October 10, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2019</span>. <q>To protect their products' names, the makers of Botox, Xerox, and Tabasco are advertising directly to the people who write articles about them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=BUSINESS+%27Kleenex+Is+a+Registered+Trademark%27+%28and+Other+Desperate+Appeals%29&rft.date=2014-09-25&rft.aulast=Garber&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fbusiness%2Farchive%2F2014%2F09%2Fkleenex-is-a-registered-trademark-and-other-appeals-to-journalists%2F380733%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_references">General references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerox&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Ellis" title="Charles D. Ellis">Ellis, Charles D.</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Vvt2eB72bgC">Joe Wilson and the Creation of Xerox</a></i>, Wiley, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-99835-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-99835-8">978-0-471-99835-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Owen_(author)" title="David Owen (author)">Owen, David</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QbFobeCexgsC"><i>Copies in Seconds: How a Lone Inventor and an Unknown Company Created the Biggest Communication Breakthrough Since Gutenberg—Chester Carlson and the Birth of the Xerox Machine</i></a>, Simon & Schuster, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5117-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5117-4">978-0-7432-5117-4</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerox&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/xerox" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:xerox">xerox</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Xerox" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Xerox">Xerox</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xerox.com">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152433#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li>Business data for Xerox: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/XRX:US">Bloomberg</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/XRX">Google</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=108772">SEC filings</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/XRX">Yahoo!</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_imaging_companies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Major_imaging_companies" title="Template:Major imaging companies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Major_imaging_companies" title="Template talk:Major imaging companies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Major_imaging_companies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Major imaging companies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_imaging_companies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major <a href="/wiki/Imaging_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Imaging technology">imaging</a> companies</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Companies with an annual revenue of over US$3 billion</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_Inc." title="Canon Inc.">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epson" title="Epson">Epson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">Fujifilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikvision" title="Hikvision">Hikvision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP_Inc." title="HP Inc.">HP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Kodak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konica_Minolta" title="Konica Minolta">Konica Minolta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyocera" title="Kyocera">Kyocera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexmark" title="Lexmark">Lexmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon" title="Nikon">Nikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oki_Electric_Industry" title="Oki Electric Industry">Oki Electric Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympus_Corporation" title="Olympus Corporation">Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricoh" title="Ricoh">Ricoh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentax" title="Pentax">Pentax</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_Corporation" title="Sharp Corporation">Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xerox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Xerox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Xerox" title="Template:Xerox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Xerox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Xerox (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Xerox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Xerox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Xerox" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xerox</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_C._Wilson_(entrepreneur)" title="Joseph C. Wilson (entrepreneur)">Joseph C. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_Carlson" title="Chester Carlson">Chester Carlson</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xerox_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Xerox_logo.svg/150px-Xerox_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Xerox_logo.svg/225px-Xerox_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Xerox_logo.svg/300px-Xerox_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="219" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">Corporate</a> <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">Directors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Keith Cozza (chairman)</li> <li>John Visentin (vice chairman and CEO)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_PARC" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerox PARC">Xerox PARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affiliated_Computer_Services" title="Affiliated Computer Services">ACS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct, divested or acquired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Data_Systems" title="Scientific Data Systems">Scientific Data Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diablo_Data_Systems" title="Diablo Data Systems">Diablo Data Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujifilm_Business_Innovation" title="Fujifilm Business Innovation">Fuji Xerox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Workstations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_Alto" title="Xerox Alto">Alto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_Star" title="Xerox Star">Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_Daybreak" title="Xerox Daybreak">Daybreak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minicomputers<br />and servers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_Sigma_9" title="Xerox Sigma 9">Xerox Sigma 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_500_series" title="Xerox 500 series">Xerox 500 series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scanners<br />and printers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_914" title="Xerox 914">Xerox 914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_2700" title="Xerox 2700">Xerox 2700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_9700" title="Xerox 9700">Xerox 9700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_Phaser" title="Xerox Phaser">Phaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DocuTech" title="DocuTech">DocuTech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prototypes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_NoteTaker" title="Xerox NoteTaker">NoteTaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynabook" title="Dynabook">Dynabook</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bravo_(editor)" title="Bravo (editor)">Bravo (editor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_Network_Systems" title="Xerox Network Systems">Xerox Network Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpress" title="Interpress">Interpress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operating systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Time-Sharing_System" title="Universal Time-Sharing System">UTS/CP-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_Operating_System" title="Xerox Operating System">Xerox OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_(operating_system)" title="Pilot (operating system)">Pilot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="City_of_Rochester,_New_York" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:City_of_Rochester,_NY" title="Template:City of Rochester, NY"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:City_of_Rochester,_NY" title="Template talk:City of Rochester, NY"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:City_of_Rochester,_NY" title="Special:EditPage/Template:City of Rochester, NY"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="City_of_Rochester,_New_York" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">City of <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rochester,_New_York" title="History of Rochester, New York">History</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Rochester" title="Nathaniel Rochester">Nathaniel Rochester</a> - <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Rochester,_New_York" title="List of people from Rochester, New York">Other notable residents</a> - <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Rochester,_New_York" title="List of mayors of Rochester, New York">List of mayors</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rochester-Genesee_Regional_Transportation_Authority" title="Rochester-Genesee Regional Transportation Authority">Rochester-Genesee Regional Transportation Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Rochester_International_Airport" title="Greater Rochester International Airport">Greater Rochester International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_M._Slaughter_Rochester_Station" title="Louise M. Slaughter Rochester Station">Rochester Amtrak Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_Canal" title="Erie Canal">Erie Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass%E2%80%93Susan_B._Anthony_Memorial_Bridge" title="Frederick Douglass–Susan B. Anthony Memorial Bridge">Douglass-Anthony Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_Memorial_Bridge_(Rochester,_New_York)" title="Veterans Memorial Bridge (Rochester, New York)">Veterans Memorial Bridge</a></li> <li><i>Former</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_subway" title="Rochester subway">Rochester subway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad_Street_Bridge_(Rochester,_New_York)" title="Broad Street Bridge (Rochester, New York)">Aqueduct</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley_Railroad_Station_(Rochester,_New_York)" title="Lehigh Valley Railroad Station (Rochester, New York)">Lehigh Valley Railroad Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_Railroad_Depot_(Rochester,_New_York)" title="Erie Railroad Depot (Rochester, New York)">Erie Railroad Depot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSC_Virgen_de_Coromoto" title="HSC Virgen de Coromoto"><i>Spirit of Ontario I</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_View_Beach_Railway" title="Grand View Beach Railway">Grand View Beach Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Rochester,_New_York.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Seal_of_Rochester%2C_New_York.svg/100px-Seal_of_Rochester%2C_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Seal_of_Rochester%2C_New_York.svg/150px-Seal_of_Rochester%2C_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Seal_of_Rochester%2C_New_York.svg/200px-Seal_of_Rochester%2C_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="176" data-file-height="175" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neighborhoods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>14621 Neighborhood</li> <li>19th Ward <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arvine_Heights_Historic_District" title="Arvine Heights Historic District">Arvine Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chili%E2%80%93West_Historic_District" title="Chili–West Historic District">Chili–West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browncroft_Historic_District" title="Browncroft Historic District">Browncroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_Rochester,_New_York" title="Charlotte, Rochester, New York">Charlotte</a></li> <li>Corn Hill</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Rochester" title="Downtown Rochester">Downtown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_Hall_Historic_District_(Rochester,_New_York)" title="City Hall Historic District (Rochester, New York)">City Hall Historic District</a></li></ul></li> <li>East End</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgerton_(neighborhood)" title="Edgerton (neighborhood)">Edgerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Falls_(Rochester,_New_York)" title="High Falls (Rochester, New York)">High Falls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown%27s_Race_Historic_District" title="Brown's Race Historic District">Brown's Race Historic District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Street_Historic_District_(Rochester,_New_York)" title="State Street Historic District (Rochester, New York)">State Street</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maplewood_Historic_District" title="Maplewood Historic District">Maplewood</a></li> <li>North Winton</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Wedge_Historic_District" title="South Wedge Historic District">South Wedge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linden%E2%80%93South_Historic_District" title="Linden–South Historic District">Linden–South</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parks and<br />landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hope_Cemetery_(Rochester)" title="Mount Hope Cemetery (Rochester)">Mount Hope Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Park_(Rochester,_New_York)" title="Highland Park (Rochester, New York)">Highland Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durand_Eastman_Park" title="Durand Eastman Park">Durand Eastman Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesee_Valley_Park" title="Genesee Valley Park">Genesee Valley Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maplewood_Park" title="Maplewood Park">Maplewood Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Park_Zoo" title="Seneca Park Zoo">Seneca Park Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Eastman_Museum" title="George Eastman Museum">George Eastman Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_House" title="Susan B. Anthony House">Susan B. Anthony House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rundel_Memorial_Library" title="Rundel Memorial Library">Rundel Memorial Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_City_Hall_(New_York)" title="Rochester City Hall (New York)">Federal Building/City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powers_Building" title="Powers Building">Powers Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Cross_Arena" title="Blue Cross Arena">Blue Cross Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovative_Field" title="Innovative Field">Innovative Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marina_Auto_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Marina Auto Stadium">Capelli Sport Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibley%27s,_Lindsay_and_Curr_Building" title="Sibley's, Lindsay and Curr Building">Sibley's, Lindsay and Curr Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Federal_Plaza" title="First Federal Plaza">First Federal Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_Tower_(Rochester,_New_York)" title="Legacy Tower (Rochester, New York)">Legacy Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_Tower" title="Kodak Tower">Kodak Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Times_Square_Building_(Rochester)" title="Times Square Building (Rochester)">Times Square Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Star_Bank_Plaza" title="Five Star Bank Plaza">Five Star Bank Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerox Tower">Innovation Square (Xerox Tower)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_280" title="Tower 280">Tower 280 (Midtown Tower)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Metropolitan_(Rochester)" title="The Metropolitan (Rochester)">The Metropolitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Contemporary_Art_Center" title="Rochester Contemporary Art Center">Contemporary Art Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastman_Theatre" title="Eastman Theatre">Eastman Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geva_Theatre_Center" title="Geva Theatre Center">Geva Theatre Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Falls_Film_Festival" title="High Falls Film Festival">High Falls Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_International_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Rochester International Film Festival">International Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_International_Jazz_Festival" title="Rochester International Jazz Festival">International Jazz Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Lilac_Festival" title="Rochester Lilac Festival">Lilac Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Theatre_(Rochester,_New_York)" title="Little Theatre (Rochester, New York)">Little Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Art_Gallery" title="Memorial Art Gallery">Memorial Art Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Museum_and_Science_Center" title="Rochester Museum and Science Center">Museum and Science Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra">Philharmonic Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Rochester,_New_York" title="Sports in Rochester, New York">Sports in Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Strong" title="The Strong">The Strong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Strong_National_Museum_of_Play" title="The Strong National Museum of Play">National Museum of Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Toy_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Toy Hall of Fame">National Toy Hall of Fame</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Street_Music_Hall" title="Water Street Music Hall">Water Street Music Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Tahou_Hots" title="Nick Tahou Hots">Nick Tahou Hots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_Plate" title="Garbage Plate">Garbage Plate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zweigle%27s" title="Zweigle's">Zweigle's</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_hot" title="White hot">White hot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott%27s_Frozen_Custard" title="Abbott's Frozen Custard">Abbott's Frozen Custard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gray%27s" title="Bill Gray's">Bill Gray's</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tom_Wahl%27s" title="Tom Wahl's">Tom Wahl's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiBella%27s" title="DiBella's">DiBella's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wegmans" title="Wegmans">Wegmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesee_Brewing_Company" title="Genesee Brewing Company">Genesee Brewing Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken French">Chicken French</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research and<br />education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">University of Rochester</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastman_School_of_Music" title="Eastman School of Music">Eastman School of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester_Medical_Center" title="University of Rochester Medical Center">Medical Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Institute_of_Technology" title="Rochester Institute of Technology">Rochester Institute of Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Savings_Bank" title="Rochester Savings Bank">Center for Urban Entrepreneurship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_City_School_District" title="Rochester City School District">Rochester City School District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Academy_Charter_School" title="Rochester Academy Charter School">Rochester Academy Charter School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Aquinas_Institute_of_Rochester" title="The Aquinas Institute of Rochester">The Aquinas Institute of Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Community_College" title="Monroe Community College">Monroe Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Area_Colleges" title="Rochester Area Colleges">Rochester Area Colleges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hickey_Freeman" title="Hickey Freeman">Hickey Freeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bausch_%26_Lomb" title="Bausch & Lomb">Bausch & Lomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Eastman Kodak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastman_Business_Park" title="Eastman Business Park">Eastman Business Park</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paychex" title="Paychex">Paychex</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xerox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French%27s" title="French's">French's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlight_Networks" title="Greenlight Networks">Greenlight Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Products_Division" title="Rochester Products Division">Rochester Products</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midtown_Plaza_(Rochester,_New_York)" title="Midtown Plaza (Rochester, New York)">Midtown Plaza</a> (defunct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McCurdy%27s" title="McCurdy's">McCurdy's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Forman_Co." title="B. Forman Co.">B. Forman Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monro_Muffler_Brake" title="Monro Muffler Brake">Monro Muffler Brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibley%27s" title="Sibley's">Sibley's</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harts_Local_Grocers" title="Harts Local Grocers">Harts Local Grocers</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Telephone_Corporation" title="Rochester Telephone Corporation">Rochester Telephone Corporation</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawyers_Cooperative_Pub._Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Lawyers Cooperative Pub. Co.">Lawyers Cooperative Pub. Co.</a> (defunct)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Rochester,_New_York" title="Media in Rochester, New York">Media in Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Police_Department" title="Rochester Police Department">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Rochester,_New_York" title="List of tallest buildings in Rochester, New York">Tallest buildings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Rochester_metropolitan_area,_New_York" title="Rochester metropolitan area, New York">Rochester Metro Area</a> - <a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_New_York" title="Monroe County, New York">Monroe County</a> - <a href="/wiki/Western_New_York" title="Western New York">Western New York</a> - <a href="/wiki/Finger_Lakes" title="Finger Lakes">Finger Lakes</a> - <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">State of New York</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152433#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152433#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152433#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/16423-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82166611">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13545334m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13545334m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35622989">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90105105">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810563852605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269912005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05780676?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500335346">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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