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2.4 Byzantine sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_European_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_European_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Western European sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_European_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assimilation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assimilation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Assimilation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Assimilation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Assimilation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Assimilation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Urban" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Urban </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Rural </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Archaeology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Genetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Rus' people</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" > 39 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roes_(volk)" title="Roes (volk) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Roes (volk)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="شعب الروس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شعب الروس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus_(xalq)" title="Rus (xalq) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rus (xalq)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Рус – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рус" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus_(poble)" title="Rus (poble) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rus (poble)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus_(n%C3%A1rod)" title="Rus (národ) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rus (národ)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rws" title="Rws – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rws" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus_(folk)" title="Rus (folk) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rus (folk)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus_(Volk)" title="Rus (Volk) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rus (Volk)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%89%CF%82" title="Ρως – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρως" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%27_(pueblo)" title="Rus' (pueblo) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rus' (pueblo)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus_etnia" title="Rus etnia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rus etnia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_(%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%AF)" title="مردم روس (واریاگ) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردم روس (واریاگ)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAsir" title="Rúsir – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Rúsir" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_R%C3%BAis_(daoine)" title="Na Rúis (daoine) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Na Rúis (daoine)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_rus%27" title="Pobo rus' – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo rus'" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4%EC%9D%B8" title="루스인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루스인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%27_(narod)" title="Rus' (narod) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rus' (narod)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Rus" title="Orang Rus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Rus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%27" title="Rus' – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rus'" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhos" title="Rhos – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rhos" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusi" title="Rusi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rusi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruszok" title="Ruszok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ruszok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roes_(volk)" title="Roes (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Roes (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E6%97%8F" title="ルーシ族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルーシ族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusere" title="Rusere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rusere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusowie" title="Rusowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rusowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus" title="Rus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusii" title="Rusii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rusii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Русь (народ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Русь (народ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rus' people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Рус (народ) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рус (народ)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus_(narod)" title="Rus (narod) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rus (narod)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusit" title="Rusit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rusit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruser" title="Ruser – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ruser" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslar_(tarih%C3%AE_halk)" title="Ruslar (tarihî halk) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ruslar (tarihî halk)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C_(%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC)" title="Русь (етнонім) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Русь (етнонім)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Rus%27" title="Người Rus' – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Rus'" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="羅斯人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="羅斯人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q914114#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">European ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses of "Rus", see <a href="/wiki/Rus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Rus (disambiguation)">Rus (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Varangian_routes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Varangian_routes.png/300px-Varangian_routes.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Varangian_routes.png/450px-Varangian_routes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Varangian_routes.png/600px-Varangian_routes.png 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the major <a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangian</a> trade routes: the <a href="/wiki/Volga_trade_route" title="Volga trade route">Volga trade route</a> (in red) and the <a href="/wiki/Route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" title="Route from the Varangians to the Greeks">trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks</a> (in purple). Sufficiently controlling strongholds, market places and portages along the routes was necessary for the Scandinavian raiders and traders.</figcaption></figure> The Rus',<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> also known as Russes,<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> were a people in <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early medieval</a> Eastern Europe. The scholarly consensus holds that they were originally <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>, mainly originating from present-day <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, who settled and ruled along the <a href="/wiki/Route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" title="Route from the Varangians to the Greeks">river-routes</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Seas</a> from around the 8th to 11th centuries AD. The two original centres of the Rus' were <a href="/wiki/Staraya_Ladoga" title="Staraya Ladoga">Ladoga</a> (Aldeigja), founded in the mid-8th century, and <a href="/wiki/Rurikovo_Gorodische" title="Rurikovo Gorodische">Rurikovo Gorodische</a> (Holmr), founded in the mid-9th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko200460These_two_original_centres_of_Rus_were_Staraja_Ladoga_and_Rurikovo_Gorodishche-5">[4]</a> The two settlements were situated at opposite ends of the <a href="/wiki/Volkhov_(river)" title="Volkhov (river)">Volkhov River</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ilmen" title="Lake Ilmen">Lake Ilmen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ladoga" title="Lake Ladoga">Lake Ladoga</a>, and the Norsemen likely called this territory Gardar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko200460-6">[5]</a> From there, the name of the Rus' was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Dnieper" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Dnieper">Middle Dnieper</a>, and the Rus' then moved eastward to where the <a href="/wiki/Finnic_peoples" title="Finnic peoples">Finnic</a> tribes lived and southward to where the <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> lived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko200460-6">[5]</a> The name <a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar%C3%ADki" title="Garðaríki">Garðaríki</a> was applied to the newly formed state of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuczko20041The_state_of_the_Eastern_Slavs—''Russia'',_or_''Rhosia''_according_to_the_Byzantines_of_mid-tenth_century—was_called_in_the_medieval_Norse_literature_''Gardariki'',_or_in_the_earlier,_Viking-age_sources_just_''Gardar'',_a_term_originally_restricted_to_the_non-Slav_territory_of_Ladoga-Ilmen_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko20041The_state_of_the_Eastern_Slavs—''Russia'',_or_''Rhosia''_according_to_the_Byzantines_of_mid-tenth_century—was_called_in_the_medieval_Norse_literature_''Gardariki'',_or_in_the_earlier,_Viking-age_sources_just_''Gardar'',_a_term_originally_restricted_to_the_non-Slav_territory_of_Ladoga-Ilmen-7">[6]</a> and the ruling Norsemen along with local Finnic tribes gradually assimilated into the <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavic</a> population and came to speak <a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">a common language</a>. <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a> remained familiar to the elite until their complete assimilation by the second half of the 11th century,<a href="#cite_note-mel-8">[7]</a> and in rural areas, vestiges of Norse culture persisted as late as the 14th and early 15th centuries, particularly in the north.<a href="#cite_note-mel-8">[7]</a> The history of the Rus' is central to 9th through 10th-century state formation, and thus national origins, in Eastern Europe. They ultimately gave their name to <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, and they are relevant to the national histories of Russia, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and Belarus. Because of this importance, there is a set of alternative so-called "<a href="/wiki/Anti-Normanism" title="Anti-Normanism">Anti-Normanist</a>" views that are largely confined to a minor group of Eastern European scholars. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Rus%CA%B9,_Russia_and_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Rusʹ, Russia and Ruthenia">Names of Rusʹ, Russia and Ruthenia</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_norse,_ca_900.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg/250px-Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg/375px-Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg/500px-Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption> The approximate extent of Old Norse and related languages in the early 10th century: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#Old_West_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old West Norse dialect</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#Old_East_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old East Norse dialect</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Old_Gutnish" title="Old Gutnish">Old Gutnish dialect</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Gothic" title="Crimean Gothic">Crimean Gothic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> with which Old Norse still retained some mutual intelligibility</div> </figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>Note: The þ (<a href="/wiki/Thorn_(letter)" title="Thorn (letter)">thorn letter</a>) represents the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">voiceless dental fricative</a> /θ/ of th in English thing, whereas the ð (<a href="/wiki/Eth" title="Eth">eth letter</a>) represents the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">voiced dental fricative</a> /ð/ of th in English the. When þ appears in intervocalic position or before a voiced consonant, it is pronounced like ð, so the pronunciation difference between rōþer and róðr is minute.</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_814.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Europe_814.svg/300px-Europe_814.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Europe_814.svg/450px-Europe_814.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Europe_814.svg/600px-Europe_814.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1399" data-file-height="919" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> in the 9th century. <a href="/wiki/Roslagen" title="Roslagen">Roslagen</a> is located along the coast of the northern tip of the area marked "Swedes and Goths".</figcaption></figure> The name <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C" class="extiw" title="wikt:Русь">Rusʹ</a> remains not only in names such as Russia and Belarus, but it is also preserved in many place names in the <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Oblast" title="Novgorod Oblast">Novgorod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pskov_Oblast" title="Pskov Oblast">Pskov districts</a>, and it is the origin of the Greek Rōs.<a href="#cite_note-hell668-9">[8]</a> Rus' is generally considered to be a borrowing from <a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ruotsi" class="extiw" title="wikt:Ruotsi">Ruotsi</a> ("Sweden").<a href="#cite_note-hell668-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-etymonline.com-11">[10]</a> There are two theories behind the origin of Rus'/Ruotsi, which are not mutually exclusive. It is either derived more directly from <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#Old_East_Norse" title="Old Norse">OEN</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/r%C5%8D%C3%BEr%C4%85" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/rōþrą">rōþer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#Old_West_Norse" title="Old Norse">OWN</a> róðr<a href="#cite_note-hell650f-12">[11]</a>), which referred to rowing, the <a href="/wiki/Leidang" title="Leidang">fleet levy</a>, etc., or it is derived from this term through Rōþin, an older name for the Swedish coastal region <a href="/wiki/Roslagen" title="Roslagen">Roslagen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hell668-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlöndal20071-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-vasmer-14">[13]</a> The Finnish and Russian forms of the name have a final -s revealing an original compound where the first element was rōþ(r)s- (preceding a <a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> consonant, þ is pronounced like th in English thing).<a href="#cite_note-hell668-9">[8]</a> The prefix form rōþs- is found not only in Ruotsi and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C" class="extiw" title="wikt:Русь">Rusʹ</a>, but also in <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> róþsmenn and róþskarlar, both meaning "rowers",<a href="#cite_note-vasmer-14">[13]</a> and in the modern Swedish name for the people of Roslagen – <a href="/wiki/Rospigg" title="Rospigg">rospiggar</a><a href="#cite_note-hell654-15">[14]</a> which derives from ON *rōþsbyggiar ("inhabitants of Rōþin").<a href="#cite_note-hell654f-16">[15]</a> The name Roslagen itself is formed with this element and the plural <a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">definite form</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">neuter noun</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lag" class="extiw" title="wikt:lag">lag</a>, meaning "the teams", in reference to the teams of rowers in the Swedish kings' fleet levy.<a href="#cite_note-hell654-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-hell339-17">[16]</a> There are at least two, probably three, instances of the root in Old Norse from two 11th c. runic inscriptions, fittingly located at two extremes of the <a href="/wiki/Trade_route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks">trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks</a>. Two of them are roþ for rōþer /róðr, meaning "fleet levy", on the <a href="/wiki/Uppland_Runic_Inscription_11" title="Uppland Runic Inscription 11">Håkan stone</a>, and as i ruþi (translated as "dominion") on the lost <a href="/wiki/Hakon_Jarl_runestones#U_16" title="Hakon Jarl runestones">Nibble stone</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Swedes_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedes (Germanic tribe)">old Swedish heartland</a> in the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4laren_Valley" title="Mälaren Valley">Mälaren Valley</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BrinkPrice2008-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> and the possible third one was identified by <a href="/wiki/Erik_Brate" title="Erik Brate">Erik Brate</a> in the most widely accepted reading as roþ(r)slanti on the <a href="/wiki/Piraeus_Lion" title="Piraeus Lion">Piraeus Lion</a> originally located in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, where a runic inscription was most likely carved by Swedish mercenaries serving in the <a href="/wiki/Varangian_Guard" title="Varangian Guard">Varangian Guard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1981348-20">[19]</a> Brate has reconstructed *Rōþsland, as an old name for Roslagen.<a href="#cite_note-hell654-15">[14]</a> Between the two compatible theories represented by róðr or Róðinn, modern scholarship leans towards the former because at the time, the region covered by the latter term, Roslagen, remained sparsely populated and lacked the demographic strength necessary to stand out compared to the adjacent Swedish heartland of the Mälaren Valley. Consequently, an origin in word compounds such as róþs-menn and róþs-karlar is considered the most likely one. Moreover, the form róþs-, from which Ruotsi and Rusʹ originate, is not derived directly from ON róðr, but from its earlier <a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Norse">Proto-Norse</a> form roðz<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> (rothz).<a href="#cite_note-Larsson14f-22">[21]</a> Other theories such as derivation from Rusa, a name for the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a>, are rejected or ignored by mainstream scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-hell668-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-vasmer-14">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangians</a></div> Having settled <a href="/wiki/Staraya_Ladoga" title="Staraya Ladoga">Ladoga</a> in the 750s, Scandinavian colonists played an important role in the early ethnogenesis of the Rus' people,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko200467–70-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peterson2016-24">[23]</a> and in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_Khaganate" title="Rus' Khaganate">Rus' Khaganate</a>. Ladoga, then known as Aldeigja by the Norsemen, was the earliest and most significant settlement of the Rus', while <a href="/wiki/Rurikovo_Gorodische" title="Rurikovo Gorodische">Gorodische</a>, likely known as Holmr, was founded over a century later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuczko200460Ladoga,_or_as_it_was_then_called_Aldeigja,_was_the_earliest_and_the_most_important_place,_while_Gorodishche,_probably_with_the_Norse_name_''Holmr'',_was_founded_more_than_a_century_later_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko200460Ladoga,_or_as_it_was_then_called_Aldeigja,_was_the_earliest_and_the_most_important_place,_while_Gorodishche,_probably_with_the_Norse_name_''Holmr'',_was_founded_more_than_a_century_later-25">[24]</a> It was from the Ladoga area, which formed the centre of the Rus', that the envoys went to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in 838.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko200461The_Ladoga_area_was_the_core_of_the_kaganate_of_Rus:_it_was_from_here_the_Rhos’_envoys_went_to_Constantinople_in_838-26">[25]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangians</a> are first mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a> as having exacted tribute from the Slavic and Finnic tribes in 859.<a href="#cite_note-Jones2001-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jakobsson2020-28">[27]</a> It was the time of rapid expansion of the Vikings' presence in Northern Europe; England began to pay <a href="/wiki/Danegeld" title="Danegeld">Danegeld</a> in 865,<a href="#cite_note-ChartrandDurham2016-29">[28]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Curonians" title="Curonians">Curonians</a> faced an invasion by the <a href="/wiki/Swedes_(tribe)" title="Swedes (tribe)">Swedes</a> around the same time.<a href="#cite_note-Mickevičius1997-30">[29]</a> The Varangians are mentioned in the Primary Chronicle,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko200410-31">[30]</a> which suggests that the term Rus' was used to denote Scandinavians until it became firmly associated with the now extensively Slavicised elite of Kievan Rus'.<a href="#cite_note-Warner2002-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko2004210-33">[32]</a> At that point, the new term Varangian was increasingly preferred to name the Scandinavians,<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> probably mostly from what is currently Sweden,<a href="#cite_note-ForteOram2005-35">[34]</a> plying the river routes between the Baltic and the Black and Caspian Seas.<a href="#cite_note-Kaplan1954-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Subtelny2000-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-BjergLind2013-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Magocsi201063-39">[38]</a> Relatively few of the <a href="/wiki/Varangian_runestones" title="Varangian runestones">rune stones</a> Varangians left in their native <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sweden_(800%E2%80%931521)" title="Kingdom of Sweden (800–1521)">Sweden</a> tell of their journeys abroad,<a href="#cite_note-Sawyer2000-40">[39]</a> to such places as what is today Russia, Ukraine, Belarus,<a href="#cite_note-ZaprudnikZaprudnik1993-41">[40]</a> Greece, and Italy.<a href="#cite_note-Jesch2001-42">[41]</a> Most of these rune stones can be seen today, and are a significant piece of historical evidence. The <a href="/wiki/Varangian_runestones" title="Varangian runestones">Varangian runestones</a> tell of many notable Varangian expeditions, and even recount the fates of individual warriors and travelers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlöndal2007223–224-43">[42]</a> In Russian historiography, two cities are used to describe the beginnings of the country: Kiev and Novgorod.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko200460two_towns_used_to_symbolise_the_early_history_of_Russia:_Kiev_and_Novgorod-44">[43]</a> In the first part of the 11th century the former was already a Slav metropolis, rich and powerful, a fast growing centre of civilisation adopted from Byzantium.<a href="#cite_note-Meyendorff2010-45">[44]</a> The latter town, Novgorod, was another centre of the same culture but founded in different surroundings, where some old local traditions moulded this commercial city into the capital of a powerful oligarchic trading republic of a kind otherwise unknown in this part of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuczko200460The_latter_town,_Novgorod...,_was_another_centre_of_the_same_culture_but_founded_in_different_surroundings,_where_some_old_local_traditions_moulded_this_commercial_city_into_a_mighty_oligarchic_republic_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko200460The_latter_town,_Novgorod...,_was_another_centre_of_the_same_culture_but_founded_in_different_surroundings,_where_some_old_local_traditions_moulded_this_commercial_city_into_a_mighty_oligarchic_republic-46">[45]</a> These towns have tended to overshadow the significance of other places that had existed long before Kiev and Novgorod were founded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko200460-6">[5]</a> The two original centres of Rus' were Staraya Ladoga and Rurikovo Gorodische, two points on the Volkhov, a river running for 200 kilometres (120 mi) between <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ilmen" title="Lake Ilmen">Lake Ilmen</a> in the south to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ladoga" title="Lake Ladoga">Lake Ladoga</a> in the north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko200460These_two_original_centres_of_Rus_were_Staraja_Ladoga_and_Rurikovo_Gorodishche-5">[4]</a> This was the territory that most probably was originally called by the Norsemen Gardar, a name that long after the Viking Age acquired a much broader meaning and became <a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar%C3%ADki" title="Garðaríki">Garðaríki</a>, a denomination for the entire state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko200460-6">[5]</a> The area between the lakes was the original Rus', and it was from here that its name was transferred to the territories inhabited by the Slavs on the middle <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a>, which eventually became the "land of Rus" (Ruskaja zemlja).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuczko200460The_area_between_the_lakes_was_the_original_Rus,_and_it_was_from_here_its_name_was_transferred_to_the_Slav_territories_on_the_middle_Dnieper,_which_eventually_became_"Ruskaja_zemlja"—the_land_of_Rus_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko200460The_area_between_the_lakes_was_the_original_Rus,_and_it_was_from_here_its_name_was_transferred_to_the_Slav_territories_on_the_middle_Dnieper,_which_eventually_became_"Ruskaja_zemlja"—the_land_of_Rus-47">[46]</a> The Primary Chronicle portrays the East Slavic tribe of <a href="/wiki/Polans_(eastern)" title="Polans (eastern)">Polans</a> as the most civilised of the East Slavs, and that they were therefore predisposed to host the Rus', but not give their name to the land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko2004207-48">[47]</a> From this area, the Rus' moved eastward to the lands inhabited by Finno-Ugric tribes in the Volga-Oka region, as well as south along the Dnieper.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko200460It_was_from_here_the_Rus_moved_eastward,_to_the_Finno-Ugrian_lands_of_the_Volga-Oka_region,_and_southward,_to_the_Dnieper_among_the_Slavs-49">[48]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a> of the first territory of Rus' has been sought in the developments around the early-8th century, when Staraja Ladoga was founded as a manufacturing centre and to conduct trade, serving the operations of Scandinavian hunters and dealers in furs obtained in the north-eastern forest zone of Eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Basilevsky2016-50">[49]</a> In the early period (the second part of the 8th and first part of the 9th century), a Norse presence is only visible at Staraya Ladoga, and to a much lesser degree at a few other sites in the northern parts of Eastern Europe. The objects that represent Norse material culture of this period are rare outside Ladoga and mostly known as single finds. This rarity continues throughout the 9th century until the whole situation changes radically during the next century, when historians meet, at many places and in relatively large quantities, the material remains of a thriving Scandinavian culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko2004115-51">[50]</a> For a short period of time, some areas of Eastern Europe became as much part of the Norse world as were Danish and Norwegian territories in the West. The culture of the Rus' contained Norse elements used as a manifestation of their Scandinavian background. These elements, which were current in 10th-century Scandinavia, appear at various places in the form of collections of many types of metal ornaments, mainly female but male also, such as weapons, decorated parts of horse bridles, and diverse objects embellished in contemporaneous Norse art styles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko2004127-52">[51]</a> The Swedish king <a href="/wiki/Anund_Jakob" class="mw-redirect" title="Anund Jakob">Anund Jakob</a> wanted to assist <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_the_Wise" title="Yaroslav the Wise">Yaroslav the Wise</a>, Grand prince of Kiev, in his campaigns against the Pechenegs. The so-called <a href="/wiki/Ingvar_the_Far-Travelled" title="Ingvar the Far-Travelled">Ingvar the Far-Travelled</a>, a Swedish Viking who wanted to conquer Georgia, also assisted Yaroslav with 3000 men in the war against the Pechenegs; however, he later continued on to Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Yaroslav the Wise married the Swedish king's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Ingegerd_Olofsdotter_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingegerd Olofsdotter of Sweden">Ingegerd Olofsdotter of Sweden</a>, who became the Russian saint, Anna, while <a href="/wiki/Harald_Hardrada" title="Harald Hardrada">Harald Hardrada</a>, the Norwegian king who was a military commander of the Varangian guard, married <a href="/wiki/Elisiv_of_Kiev" title="Elisiv of Kiev">Elisiv of Kiev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlöndal200760–62DeVries199929–30-54">[53]</a> The two first uncontroversially historical Swedish kings <a href="/wiki/Eric_the_Victorious" title="Eric the Victorious">Eric the Victorious</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olof_Sk%C3%B6tkonung" title="Olof Skötkonung">Olof Skötkonung</a> both had Slavic wives. Danish kings and royals also frequently had Slavic wives. For example, <a href="/wiki/Harald_Bluetooth" title="Harald Bluetooth">Harald Bluetooth</a> married <a href="/wiki/Tove_of_the_Obotrites" title="Tove of the Obotrites">Tove of the Obotrites</a>. Vikings also made up the bulk of the bodyguards of early Kievan Rus' rulers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1981386-55">[54]</a> Evidence for strong bloodline connections between the Kievan Rus' and Scandinavia existed and a strong alliance between Vikings and early Kievan rulers is indicated in early texts of Scandinavian and East Slavic history. Several thousand Swedish Vikings died for the defence of Kievan Rus' against the <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scandinavian_sources">Scandinavian sources</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%96g_8,_V%C3%A4stra_Steninge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/%C3%96g_8%2C_V%C3%A4stra_Steninge.jpg/220px-%C3%96g_8%2C_V%C3%A4stra_Steninge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/%C3%96g_8%2C_V%C3%A4stra_Steninge.jpg/330px-%C3%96g_8%2C_V%C3%A4stra_Steninge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/%C3%96g_8%2C_V%C3%A4stra_Steninge.jpg/440px-%C3%96g_8%2C_V%C3%A4stra_Steninge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Varangian_runestones#Ög_8" title="Varangian runestones">Kälvesten runestone</a> from the 9th century.</figcaption></figure> In Scandinavian sources, the area is called Austr (the "East"), <a href="/wiki/Gardariki" class="mw-redirect" title="Gardariki">Garðaríki</a> (the "realm of cities"), or simply Garðar (the "cities"), and Svíþjóð hin mikla ("Great Sweden"). The last name appears in the 12th century geographical work <a href="/wiki/Lei%C3%B0arv%C3%ADsir_og_borgarskipan" title="Leiðarvísir og borgarskipan">Leiðarvísir ok Borgaskipan</a> by the Icelandic abbot Nicolaus (d. 1161) and in <a href="/wiki/Ynglinga_saga" title="Ynglinga saga">Ynglinga saga</a> by <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a>, which indicates that the Icelanders considered Kievan Rus' to have been founded by the Swedes. The name "Great Sweden" is introduced as a non-Icelandic name with the phrase "which we call Garðaríki" (sú er vér köllum Garðaríki), and it is possible that it is a folk etymological interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia magna</a>. However, if this is the case, it can still be influenced by the tradition that Kievan Rus' was of Swedish origin, which recalls <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a> as a name for the Greek colonies in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> When the Norse sagas were put to text in the 13th century, the Norse colonisation of Eastern Europe, however, was a distant past, and little of historical value can be extracted. The oldest traditions were recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Legendary_saga" title="Legendary saga">Legendary sagas</a> and there Garðaríki appears as a Norse kingdom where the rulers have Norse names, but where also dwelt the <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)#Norse_mythology_and_later_folklore" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarves</a> <a href="/wiki/Dvalinn" title="Dvalinn">Dvalin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durin_(Norse_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Durin (Norse mythology)">Durin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> There is, however, more reliable information from the 11th and the 12th centuries, but at that time most of the Scandinavian population had already assimilated, and the term Rus' referred to a largely Slavic-speaking population. Still, Eastern Europe is presented as the traditional Swedish sphere of interest.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> The sagas preserve Old Norse names of several important Rus' settlements, including Hólmgarðr (<a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Novgorod</a>), and Kønugarðr (<a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kiev</a>); Fjodor Uspenskij argues that the use of the element garðr in these names, as well as in the names Garðar and Miklagarðr (Constantinople), shows the influence of <a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a> gorodǔ (city), as garðr usually means farmstead in Old Norse. He further argues that the city names can be used to show that the Rus' were also competent in Old East Slavic.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> At this time the Rus' borrowed some 15 Old East Slavic words,<a href="#cite_note-tnl1043s-60">[59]</a> such as the word for marketplace, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:търгъ">tǔrgǔ</a>, as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/torg" class="extiw" title="wikt:torg">torg</a>, many of which spread to the other Old Norse-speaking regions as well.<a href="#cite_note-tnl1043s-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-hell991-61">[60]</a> The most contemporary sources are the <a href="/wiki/Varangian_runestones" title="Varangian runestones">Varangian runestones</a>, but just like the sagas, the vast majority of them arrive relatively late. The earliest runestone that tells of eastwards voyages is the <a href="/wiki/Varangian_runestones#Ög_8" title="Varangian runestones">Kälvesten runestone</a> from the 9th century in <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Östergötland">Östergötland</a>, but it does not specify where the expedition had gone. It was <a href="/wiki/Harald_Bluetooth" title="Harald Bluetooth">Harald Bluetooth</a>'s construction of the <a href="/wiki/Jelling_stones" title="Jelling stones">Jelling stones</a> in the late 10th century that started the runestone fashion that resulted in the raising of thousands of runestones in Sweden during the 11th century; at that time the Swedes arrived as mercenaries and traders rather than settlers. In the 8th, 9th and 10th centuries runic memorials had consisted of runes on wooden poles that were erected in the ground, something which explains the lack of runic inscriptions from this period both in Scandinavia and in eastern Europe as wood is perishable. This tradition was described by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Fadlan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Fadlan">Ibn Fadlan</a> who met Scandinavians on the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-braun48-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1981306-63">[62]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Varangian_Runestones#Sö_126" class="mw-redirect" title="Varangian Runestones">Fagerlöt runestone</a> gives a hint of the Old Norse spoken in Kievan Rus', as folksgrimʀ may have been the title that the commander had in the <a href="/wiki/Druzhina" title="Druzhina">retinue</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_I_the_Wise" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaroslav I the Wise">Yaroslav I the Wise</a> in <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1981366-64">[63]</a> The suffix -grimmr is a virtually unique word for "leader" which is otherwise only attested in the Swedish medieval poem <a href="/wiki/Stolt_Herr_Alf" title="Stolt Herr Alf">Stolt Herr Alf</a>, but in the later form grim. It is not attested as a noun in the sense "leader" in <a href="/wiki/West_Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="West Norse">West Norse</a> sources. In <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>, the basic meaning of the adjective grimmr is "heartless, strict and wicked", and so grimmr is comparable in semantics to Old Norse gramr which meant both "wrath", "king" and "warrior".<a href="#cite_note-birmingham-65">[64]</a> Other runestones explicitly mentioning warriors serving the ruler of Kievan Rus' are <a href="/wiki/Varangian_Runestones#Sö_33" class="mw-redirect" title="Varangian Runestones">one of the Skåäng runestones</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Varangian_Runestones#Vg_184" class="mw-redirect" title="Varangian Runestones">Smula runestone</a> and most famously, the <a href="/wiki/Varangian_Runestones#Sö_338" class="mw-redirect" title="Varangian Runestones">Turinge runestone</a> which immortalises the dead commander with a poem:<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <dl><dd>Brøðr vaʀu</dd> <dd>þæiʀ bæstra manna,</dd> <dd>a landi</dd> <dd>ok i liði uti,</dd> <dd>heldu sina huskarla ve[l].</dd> <dd>Hann fioll i orrustu</dd> <dd>austr i Garðum,</dd> <dd>liðs forungi,</dd> <dd>landmanna bæstr.</dd></dl> </td> <td> <dl><dd>These brothers were</dd> <dd>the best of men</dd> <dd>in the land</dd> <dd>and abroad in the retinue,</dd> <dd>held their <a href="/wiki/Housecarl" title="Housecarl">housecarls</a> well.</dd> <dd>He fell in battle</dd> <dd>in the east in Garðar (Russia),</dd> <dd>commander of the retinue,</dd> <dd>the best of landholders.</dd></dl> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Varangian_Runestones#U_209" class="mw-redirect" title="Varangian Runestones">Veda runestone</a> is of note as it indicates that the riches that were acquired in Eastern Europe had led to the new procedure of legally buying <a href="/wiki/Odelsrett" title="Odelsrett">clan land</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Jansson1-67">[66]</a> and the Swedish chieftain Jarlabanke used his clan's acquired wealth to erect the monument <a href="/wiki/Jarlabanke_Runestones" title="Jarlabanke Runestones">Jarlabanke Runestones</a> after himself while alive and where he bragged that he owned the whole <a href="/wiki/Hundred_(county_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred (county subdivision)">hundred</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1981389-68">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavic_sources">Slavic sources</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicholas_Roerich,_Guests_from_Overseas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nicholas_Roerich%2C_Guests_from_Overseas.jpg/220px-Nicholas_Roerich%2C_Guests_from_Overseas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nicholas_Roerich%2C_Guests_from_Overseas.jpg/330px-Nicholas_Roerich%2C_Guests_from_Overseas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nicholas_Roerich%2C_Guests_from_Overseas.jpg/440px-Nicholas_Roerich%2C_Guests_from_Overseas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1545" /></a><figcaption>Guests from Overseas, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Roerich" title="Nicholas Roerich">Nicholas Roerich</a> (1899)</figcaption></figure> The earliest Slavonic-language narrative account of Rus' history is the <a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a>, compiled and adapted from a wide range of sources in Kiev at the start of the 13th century. It has therefore been influential in modern history-writing, but it was also compiled much later than the time it describes, and historians agree it primarily reflects the political and religious politics of the time of <a href="/wiki/Mstislav_I_of_Kiev" title="Mstislav I of Kiev">Mstislav I of Kiev</a>. However, the chronicle does include the texts of a series of Rus'–Byzantine Treaties from <a href="/wiki/Rus%CA%B9%E2%80%93Byzantine_Treaty_(911)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusʹ–Byzantine Treaty (911)">911</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rus%CA%B9%E2%80%93Byzantine_Treaty_(945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusʹ–Byzantine Treaty (945)">945</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rus%CA%B9%E2%80%93Byzantine_War_(970%E2%80%93971)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusʹ–Byzantine War (970–971)">971</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorir_Jonsson_Hraundal201466–67-69">[68]</a> The Rus'–Byzantine Treaties give a valuable insight into the names of the Rus'. Of the fourteen Rus' signatories to the <a href="/wiki/Rus%CA%B9%E2%80%93Byzantine_Treaty_(907)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusʹ–Byzantine Treaty (907)">Rus'–Byzantine Treaty</a> in 907, all had Norse names. By the <a href="/wiki/Rus%CA%B9%E2%80%93Byzantine_Treaty_(945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusʹ–Byzantine Treaty (945)">Rusʹ–Byzantine Treaty (945)</a> in 945, some signatories of the Rus' had Slavic names while the vast majority had Norse names.<a href="#cite_note-Duczko-70">[69]</a> The Chronicle presents the following <a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">origin myth</a> for the arrival of Rus' in the region of <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a>: the Rus'/<a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangians</a> 'imposed tribute upon the <a href="/wiki/Chuds" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuds">Chuds</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Merians" class="mw-redirect" title="Merians">Merians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ves%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Ves'">Ves'</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Krivichians" class="mw-redirect" title="Krivichians">Krivichians</a>' (a variety of <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volga_Finns" title="Volga Finns">Finnic</a> peoples). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The tributaries of the Varangians drove them back beyond the sea and, refusing them further tribute, set out to govern themselves. There was no law among them, but tribe rose against tribe. Discord thus ensued among them, and they began to war one against the other. They said to themselves, "Let us seek a prince who may rule over us, and judge us according to the Law". They accordingly went overseas to the Varangian Russes: these particular Varangians were known as Russes, just as some are called <a href="/wiki/Swedes_(tribe)" title="Swedes (tribe)">Swedes</a>, and others <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">English</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gutes" title="Gutes">Gotlanders</a>, for they were thus named. The Chuds, the Slavs, the Krivichians and the Ves' then said to the people of Rus', "Our land is great and rich, but there is no order in it. Come to rule and reign over us". Thus they selected three brothers, with their kinsfolk, who took with them all the Russes and migrated. The oldest, Rurik, located himself in Novgorod; the second, <a href="/wiki/Sineus_and_Truvor" title="Sineus and Truvor">Sineus</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Beloozero" class="mw-redirect" title="Beloozero">Beloozero</a>; and the third, <a href="/wiki/Sineus_and_Truvor" title="Sineus and Truvor">Truvor</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Izborsk" title="Izborsk">Izborsk</a>. On account of these Varangians, the district of Novgorod became known as the land of Rus'. <a href="#cite_note-RPC-71">[70]</a></blockquote> From among <a href="/wiki/Rurik" title="Rurik">Rurik</a>'s entourage it also introduces two Swedish merchants <a href="/wiki/Askold" class="mw-redirect" title="Askold">Askold</a> and Dir (in the chronicle they are called "<a href="/wiki/Boyar" title="Boyar">boyars</a>", probably because of their noble class). The names Askold (<a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: Haskuldr) and Dir (<a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: Dyri) are Swedish;<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> the chronicle says that these two merchants were not from the family of Rurik, but simply belonged to his retinue.<a href="#cite_note-Plokhy2006-73">[72]</a> Later, the Primary Chronicle claims, they conquered <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a> and created the state of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%CA%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Kievan Rusʹ">Kievan Rusʹ</a> (which may have been preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Rus%CA%B9_Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusʹ Khaganate">Rusʹ Khaganate</a>).<a href="#cite_note-NeumannWigen2018-74">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabic_sources">Arabic sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Caspian_expeditions_of_the_Rus%CA%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspian expeditions of the Rusʹ">Caspian expeditions of the Rusʹ</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Funeral_of_ruthenian_noble_by_Siemiradzki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Funeral_of_ruthenian_noble_by_Siemiradzki.jpg/220px-Funeral_of_ruthenian_noble_by_Siemiradzki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Funeral_of_ruthenian_noble_by_Siemiradzki.jpg/330px-Funeral_of_ruthenian_noble_by_Siemiradzki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Funeral_of_ruthenian_noble_by_Siemiradzki.jpg/440px-Funeral_of_ruthenian_noble_by_Siemiradzki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">Ship burial</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Rus_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rus (people)">Rus'</a> chieftain as described by the <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> traveler <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Fadlan" title="Ahmad ibn Fadlan">Ahmad ibn Fadlan</a> who visited north-eastern Europe in the 10th century. <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Siemiradzki" title="Henryk Siemiradzki">Henryk Siemiradzki</a> (1883)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eir%C3%ADkssta%C3%B0ir_-_Wikingerschmuck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Eir%C3%ADkssta%C3%B0ir_-_Wikingerschmuck.jpg/220px-Eir%C3%ADkssta%C3%B0ir_-_Wikingerschmuck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Eir%C3%ADkssta%C3%B0ir_-_Wikingerschmuck.jpg/330px-Eir%C3%ADkssta%C3%B0ir_-_Wikingerschmuck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Eir%C3%ADkssta%C3%B0ir_-_Wikingerschmuck.jpg/440px-Eir%C3%ADkssta%C3%B0ir_-_Wikingerschmuck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2138" data-file-height="1873" /></a><figcaption>"Each woman wears on either breast a box of iron, silver, copper, or gold; the value of the box indicates the wealth of the husband."</figcaption></figure> Arabic-language sources for the Rus' people are relatively numerous, with over 30 relevant passages in roughly contemporaneous sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorir_Jonsson_Hraundal201468-75">[74]</a> It can be difficult to be sure that when Arabic sources talk about Rus' they mean the same thing as modern scholars.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-77">[76]</a> Sometimes it seems to be a general term for Scandinavians: when <a href="/wiki/Al-Yaq%C5%ABbi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Yaqūbi">Al-Yaqūbi</a> recorded Rūs attacking Seville in 844, he was almost certainly talking about Vikings based in Frankia.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> At other times, it might denote people other than or alongside Scandinavians: thus the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mujmal_al-Tawarikh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mujmal al-Tawarikh (page does not exist)">Mujmal al-Tawarikh</a> calls the Khazars and Rus' 'brothers'; later, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Idrisi" title="Muhammad al-Idrisi">Muhammad al-Idrisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zakariya_al-Qazwini" title="Zakariya al-Qazwini">Al-Qazwini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> all identified the Rus' as a sub-group of the Turks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorir_Jonsson_Hraundal201473-80">[79]</a> These uncertainties have fed into debates about the origins of the Rus'. Arabic sources for the Rus' had been collected, edited and translated for Western scholars by the mid-20th century.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> However, relatively little use was made of the Arabic sources in studies of the Rus' before the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorir_Jonsson_Hraundal2014-85">[84]</a> This is partly because they mostly concern the region between the Black and the Caspian Seas, and from there north along the lower Volga and the Don. This made them less relevant than the Primary Chronicle to understanding European state formation further west. Imperialist ideologies, in Russia and more widely, discouraged research emphasising an ancient or distinctive history for Inner Eurasian peoples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorir_Jonsson_Hraundal201470–78-86">[85]</a> Arabic sources portray Rus' people fairly clearly as a raiding and <a href="/wiki/Trading_diaspora" title="Trading diaspora">trading diaspora</a>, or as mercenaries, under the Volga Bulghars or the Khazars, rather than taking a role in state formation.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorir_Jonsson_Hraundal2014-85">[84]</a> The most extensive Arabic account of the Rus' is by the Muslim diplomat and traveller <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Fadlan" title="Ahmad ibn Fadlan">Ahmad ibn Fadlan</a>, who visited <a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgaria" title="Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria</a> in 922, and described people under the label Rūs/Rūsiyyah at length, beginning thus: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I have seen the Rus as they came on their merchant journeys and encamped by the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Itil</a>. I have never seen more perfect physical specimens, tall as <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">date palms</a>, blond and ruddy; they wear neither tunics nor caftans, but the men wear a garment which covers one side of the body and leaves a hand free. Each man has an axe, a sword, and a knife, and keeps each by him at all times. The swords are broad and grooved, of <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> sort. Each woman wears on either breast a box of iron, silver, copper, or gold; the value of the box indicates the wealth of the husband. Each box has a ring from which depends a knife. The women wear neck-rings of gold and silver. Their most prized ornaments are green glass beads. They string them as necklaces for their women. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>quoted in Gwyn Jones, A History of the Vikings<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Apart from Ibn Fadlan's account, scholars draw heavily on the evidence of the <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persian</a> traveler <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Rustah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Rustah">Ibn Rustah</a> who, it is postulated, visited <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Tmutarakan</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/George_Vernadsky" title="George Vernadsky">George Vernadsky</a>) and described how the Rus' exploited the Slavs. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">As for the Rus, they live on an island ... that takes three days to walk round and is covered with thick undergrowth and forests; it is most unhealthy. ... They harry the Slavs, using ships to reach them; they carry them off as slaves and…sell them. They have no fields but simply live on what they get from the Slav's lands. ... When a son is born, the father will go up to the newborn baby, sword in hand; throwing it down, he says, "I shall not leave you with any property: You have only what you can provide with this weapon."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ibn Rustah <a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantine_sources">Byzantine sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rus%CA%B9%E2%80%93Byzantine_War_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Rusʹ–Byzantine War (disambiguation)">Rusʹ–Byzantine War (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rus%CA%B9%E2%80%93Byzantine_Treaty_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Rusʹ–Byzantine Treaty (disambiguation)">Rusʹ–Byzantine Treaty (disambiguation)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G_280,_Pilg%C3%A5rds.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/G_280%2C_Pilg%C3%A5rds.JPG/200px-G_280%2C_Pilg%C3%A5rds.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/G_280%2C_Pilg%C3%A5rds.JPG/300px-G_280%2C_Pilg%C3%A5rds.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/G_280%2C_Pilg%C3%A5rds.JPG/400px-G_280%2C_Pilg%C3%A5rds.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="2333" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Varangian_runestones#G_280" title="Varangian runestones">Pilgårds runestone</a>, which tells of two locations at the Dniepr cataracts, Eifor (one of the rapids) and Rufstein (Rvanyj Kamin').</figcaption></figure> When the Varangians first appeared in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Paphlagonian_expedition_of_the_Rus%CA%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Paphlagonian expedition of the Rusʹ">Paphlagonian expedition of the Rusʹ</a> in the 820s and the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(860)" title="Siege of Constantinople (860)">Siege of Constantinople</a> in 860), the Byzantines seem to have perceived these people, whom they called the Rhos (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Ῥώς),<a href="#cite_note-Barraclough2016-89">[88]</a> as a different people from the Slavs. At least no source says they are part of the Slavic race. Characteristically, <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Simeon" title="Pseudo-Simeon">Pseudo-Simeon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theophanes_Continuatus" title="Theophanes Continuatus">Theophanes Continuatus</a> refer to the Rhos as dromitai (Δρομῖται), a word related to the Greek word meaning a run, suggesting the <a href="/wiki/Dugout_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dugout (boat)">mobility of their movement by waterways</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VoltPäll2005-90">[89]</a> In his treatise <a href="/wiki/De_Administrando_Imperio" title="De Administrando Imperio">De Administrando Imperio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a> describes the Rhos as the neighbours of <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a> who buy from the latter cows, horses, and sheep "because none of these animals may be found in Rhosia"; his description represents the Rus' as a warlike northern tribe. Constantine also enumerates the names of the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> cataracts in both rhosisti ('ῥωσιστί', the language of the Rus') and sklavisti ('σκλαβιστί', the language of the Slavs). The Rus' names are usually etymologised as <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlöndal20079-92">[91]</a> An argument used to support this view is that the name Aeifor in reference to the fourth cataract is also attested on the <a href="/wiki/Varangian_runestones#G_280" title="Varangian runestones">Pilgårds runestone</a> from the 10th c. on <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BjergLind2013168-93">[92]</a> However, some researches indicate that at least several of the Rus' names can be Slavic and, as for the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> cataract Aeifar / Aeifor, its name doesn't have an acceptable and convincing Scandinavian etymology.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> At the time, the Byzantines also recorded the existence of the some of the lesser important Slavic tribes in the region, and the emperor only knew of Rhosia, which referred to the Rus' who lived in Kiev, closer to Byzantium, and the Rus' who lived in the north, along the Volkhov River.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko2004207-48">[47]</a> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Constantine's form for the non-Slavonic names </th> <th>Latin transliteration </th> <th>Constantine's interpretation of the Slavonic or both </th> <th>Proposed Old Norse etymons for the non-Slavonic names </th> <th>Proposed Slavic etymons for the non-Slavonic names </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ἐσσουπῆ </td> <td>Essoupi </td> <td>"Do not sleep!" </td> <td>nes uppi "upper promontory" súpandi "slurping" </td> <td>не спи (ne spy) "do not sleep!" (compare the Ukrainian не спи /ne spɪ/ "do not sleep!") </td></tr> <tr> <td>Οὐλβορσί </td> <td>Oulvorsi </td> <td>"the Island of the Barrage" </td> <td>Úlfarsey "Úlfar's island" hólm-foss "island rapid" </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Γελανδρί </td> <td>Gelandri </td> <td>"Noise of the Barrage" </td> <td>gjallandi/gellandi "yelling, loudly ringing" </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ἀειφάρ, Ἀειφόρ </td> <td>Aeifar, Aeifor </td> <td>... because the pelicans nest in the stones of the barrage ... </td> <td>æ-fari/ey-færr "never passable" æ-for/ey-forr "ever fierce" </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Βαρουφόρος </td> <td>Varouforos </td> <td>... because it forms a large lake ... </td> <td>vara-foss "stony shore rapid" báru-foss "wave rapid" </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Λεάντι </td> <td>Leanti </td> <td>"the Boiling of the Water" </td> <td>hlæjandi "laughing" </td> <td>lьjant’i (< Proto-Slavic *lьjǫtji) "the one that pours" derived from lьjati (Proto-Slavic *lьjati) "to pour" (compare the Ukrainian лляти /ˈlʲːɑtɪ/ "to pour" and the Polish lać /lat͡ɕ/ "to pour") </td></tr> <tr> <td>Στρούβουν, Στρούκουν </td> <td>Strouvoun, Stroukoun </td> <td>"Little Barrage" </td> <td>strjúkandi "stroking, delicately touching" strukum, "rapid current" </td> <td>стрибун (strybun) "the one that jumps" from the Ukrainian стрибати /strɪˈbatɪ/ "to jump" </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_European_sources">Western European sources</h3></div> The first Western European source to mention the Rus' are the <a href="/wiki/Annals_of_St._Bertin" class="mw-redirect" title="Annals of St. Bertin">Annals of St. Bertin</a> (Annales Bertiniani).<a href="#cite_note-GoldenBen-Shammai2007-98">[97]</a> These relate that Emperor <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis the Pious</a>' court at <a href="/wiki/Ingelheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingelheim">Ingelheim</a>, in 839, was visited by a delegation from the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</a>. In this delegation there were men who called themselves Rhos (in the Latin text, ... qui se, id est gentem suam, Rhos vocari dicebant, ...; translated by <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Nazarenko" title="Aleksandr Nazarenko">Aleksandr Nazarenko</a> as ... who stated that they, i.e. their nation, were called Rhos, ...). Once Louis enquired the reason of their arrival (in the Latin text, ... Quorum adventus causam imperator diligentius investigans, ...), he learnt that they were Swedes (eos gentis esse Sueonum; verbatim, their nation is Sveoni).<a href="#cite_note-dmgh-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> Fearing that they were spies, he detained them, before letting them proceed after receiving reassurances from Byzantium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko200449–50-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-BrinkPrice2008497-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martin2009-103">[102]</a> Subsequently, in the 10th and 11th centuries, Latin sources routinely confused the Rus' with the tribe of <a href="/wiki/Rugians" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugians">Rugians</a>. <a href="/wiki/Olga_of_Kiev" title="Olga of Kiev">Olga of Kiev</a>, for instance, was designated as queen of the Rugians (reginae Rugorum) in the Lotharingian Chronicle compiled by the anonymous <a href="/wiki/Continuator" title="Continuator">continuator</a> of <a href="/wiki/Regino_of_Pr%C3%BCm" title="Regino of Prüm">Regino of Prüm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GasparovRaevsky-Hughes2021-104">[103]</a> At least after the 6th century, the name of the Rugii referred to Slavic speaking peoples including the Rus'.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> According to the Annals of St. Bertin, the Rus' leader had the title Khagan (... quod rex illorum, Chacanus vocabulo, ...).<a href="#cite_note-dmgh-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> Another source comes from <a href="/wiki/Liutprand_of_Cremona" title="Liutprand of Cremona">Liutprand of Cremona</a>, a 10th-century <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombard</a> bishop whose Antapodosis, a report from <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> to <a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor Otto I</a>, says that Constantinople 'stands in territory surrounded by warlike peoples. On the north it has the ... Rusii sometimes called by another name Nordmanni, and the Bulgarii who live too close for harmony'.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlöndal200740-109">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assimilation">Assimilation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lebedev_baptism.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Lebedev_baptism.jpg/220px-Lebedev_baptism.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Lebedev_baptism.jpg/330px-Lebedev_baptism.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Lebedev_baptism.jpg/440px-Lebedev_baptism.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption>The Baptism of Kievans, a painting by <a href="/wiki/Klavdiy_Lebedev" class="mw-redirect" title="Klavdiy Lebedev">Klavdiy Lebedev</a></figcaption></figure> The Scandinavian influence in Kievan Rus' was most important during the late 9th c. and during the 10th c. In 976, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Vladimir the Great</a> (Valdamarr gamli<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a>) fled from his brother <a href="/wiki/Yaropolk_I_of_Kiev" title="Yaropolk I of Kiev">Yaropolk</a> to Sweden, ruled by <a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Victorious" class="mw-redirect" title="Erik the Victorious">Erik the Victorious</a>, where he gathered an invasion force that he used to conquer Kievan Rus'. Vladimir was initially a pagan who is reported by the Primary Chronicle to have worshiped <a href="/wiki/Perun" title="Perun">Perun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veles_(god)" title="Veles (god)">Veles</a>, and this is probably a <a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_slavica" title="Interpretatio slavica">Slavic translation</a> of the corresponding Norse gods <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a>,<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> who beside <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a> were the two most important gods to the Swedes.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> However, in 988, he converted to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, whereas the Norse in Scandinavia remained <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse pagans</a> or converted to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. After this, the Norse influence decreased considerably both in character and in size, and in the 11th c. the Norse are mentioned as Varangian mercenaries and employees serving the princely family.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0,_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Мельникова, Елена Александровна">Elena A. Melnikova</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a> notes that in Russian historiography, the assimilation of the Norse Rus' is presented as a very rapid affair, based on studies of material culture. However, material objects are not as strong an indicator of ethnic identity as the language spoken in a society. Usually, the only non-archaeological claim to rapid assimilation is the appearance of three Slavic names in the princely family, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_I" title="Sviatoslav I">Svjatoslav</a>, Predslava, and Volodislav, for the first time in the treaty with Byzantium of 944.<a href="#cite_note-mel-8">[7]</a> Another reason for assuming a rapid assimilation is given by Yaroslav Shchapov, who writes that as a consequence of the Rus'adoption of Byzantine (Eastern) rather than Roman Christianity, as well as the assimilation of Byzantine culture, "writing, literature and law in the national language" spread much earlier than in Western countries.<a href="#cite_note-Shchapov1992-114">[113]</a> Melnikova comments that the disappearance of <a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse funeral traditions</a> c. 1000, is better explained with <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%CA%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianization of Kievan Rusʹ">Christianisation</a> and the introduction of Christian burial rites, a view described with some reservations by archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Przemys%C5%82aw_Urba%C5%84czyk" title="Przemysław Urbańczyk">Przemysław Urbańczyk</a> of the Institute of Archeology and Ethnology at the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Polish Academy of Sciences">Polish Academy of Sciences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Urbanczyk2010-115">[114]</a> So the lack of Norse burials from c. 1000 is not a good indicator of assimilation into Slavic culture, and shows instead that the Rus' had turned Orthodox Christian. Also the use of material objects is more connected to change in fashion and to change of social status than it is to ethnical change. She also notes that no systematic studies of the various elements that manifest ethnic identity in relation to the Rus' has been done to support the theory of rapid assimilation, in spite of the fact that "[t]he most important indications of ethno-cultural self-identification are language and literacy."<a href="#cite_note-mel-8">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban">Urban</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kirillov_knyaginya_olga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Kirillov_knyaginya_olga.jpg/220px-Kirillov_knyaginya_olga.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Kirillov_knyaginya_olga.jpg/330px-Kirillov_knyaginya_olga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Kirillov_knyaginya_olga.jpg/440px-Kirillov_knyaginya_olga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1249" /></a><figcaption>Princess Olga (Baptism), 1993 painting by <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Kirillov" title="Sergei Kirillov">Sergei Kirillov</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Olga_of_Kiev" title="Olga of Kiev">Olga</a>'s time, the Norse elite mostly switched to <a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mel-8">[7]</a></figcaption></figure> The Rus' elite became bilingual c. 950 but it was not until the end of the 11th century that <a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a> can be shown to have become their native language. Until the mid-10th century all the attested Rus' names were Norse. In the <a href="/wiki/Rus%27%E2%80%93Byzantine_Treaty_(945)" title="Rus'–Byzantine Treaty (945)">Rus'–Byzantine Treaty of 944 or 945</a> there are 76 names among whom 12 belong to the <a href="/wiki/Rurik_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rurik dynasty">ruling family</a>, 11 to emissaries, 27 to other agents, and 26 to merchants. In the princely family, there are three Slavic names Svjatoslav, son of <a href="/wiki/Igor_of_Kiev" title="Igor of Kiev">prince Igor'</a> (Ingvar) and Volodislav and Predslava (of unknown relation). The other members of the family have Norse names, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Olga_of_Kiev" title="Olga of Kiev">Olga</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Helga" class="extiw" title="wikt:Helga">Helga</a>), Akun (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/H%C3%A1kon" class="extiw" title="wikt:Hákon">Hákon</a>), Sfanda (Svanhildr), Uleb (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%93l%C3%A1fr" class="extiw" title="wikt:Óláfr">Óleifr</a>), Turd (Þórðr), Arfast (Arnfastr), and Sfir'ka (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Sverker" class="extiw" title="wikt:Sverker">Sverkir</a>). The emissaries also have Old Norse names except for three who have <a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnish</a> names. Olga has a representative by the Finnish name Iskusevi, whereas Volodislav is represented by the Norse Uleb (Óleifr). Among the 27 agents there are some who have Finnish names, but none with Slavic, while among the 26 merchants there are three with Finnish names and two with Slavic.<a href="#cite_note-mel-8">[7]</a> In the 980s, among Sviatoslav's grandchildren, the Primary Chronicle informs that <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Vladimir the Great</a> had twelve sons and one daughter. Only one of them, a son, had a Norse name, <a href="/wiki/Boris_and_Gleb" title="Boris and Gleb">Gleb</a> (Guðleifr), whereas the other children had Slavic compound names mostly ending with -<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="wikt:слава">slav</a> ("fame").<a href="#cite_note-mel-8">[7]</a> After this generation, the ruling dynasty restricted itself to five Norse male names and one female name, of which the most popular ones would be Oleg, Igor and Gleb (was murdered in 1015 and canonised). The name Rurik (Hrœrekr) reappears in the mid-11th c. but stays restricted in use. Among female names, only Olga stays popular. The Norse names Hákon, Óleifr, and Ivarr remain in use among the East Slavic nobility, but Norse names become rarer at the end of the 10th c. which may point to increased assimilation of the Rus' into the Slavic population.<a href="#cite_note-mel-8">[7]</a> Among the Norse names that are not used in the ruling family, there is great variation in how they are spelled in the treaties. All names except for Oleg, Olga and Igor are spelled as closely to Old Norse as was possible in Old East Slavic. There were also variations in how the vowels were presented Óleifr was shown as Oleb or Uleb, Hákon as Jakun and Akun, Arnfastr as Arfast and Fastr as Fost. The interdentals /þ/ and /ð/ are rendered as d, but also rarely as z or t as in Turd from Þórðr and in Vuzlev from Guðleifr. The Fr- in the beginning of names which was common in Old Norse but rare in Old East Slavic usually appeared as Pr- as in Prasten from Freysteinn. There was no standard way of spelling ON names.<a href="#cite_note-mel-8">[7]</a> While the Primary Chronicle uses the same Slavicised forms throughout, rendering Helgi as Ol(e)g, Helga as Ol'ga, Ingvarr as Igor' and Guðleifr as Gleb, they are unlikely to represent the form the names had at the end of the 10th c. Foreign sources give forms closer to the Old Norse originals. Byzantine sources from the second half of the 10th c. preserve the nasalisation in Ingvarr, and in the <a href="/wiki/Schechter_Letter" title="Schechter Letter">Cambridge document</a> written in Hebrew, Helgi appears as HLGW, with initial H-. The adaptation of Guðleifr was still not complete by 1073, as shown in a manuscript where there is a vowel between G- and -l- in Gleb, showing that the name is still pronounced with an initial Gu-.<a href="#cite_note-mel-8">[7]</a> Theses sources reflect authentic Old Norse pronunciation of these names, which shows that the adaptation of these names did not take place in the 10th c. but was finished a century later.<a href="#cite_note-mel-8">[7]</a> When the Primary Chronicle was written in 1113, the annalist used the already fully adapted Old East Slavic forms and he does not appear to have known that Gleb and Vuzlev both represented Guðleifr, but instead kept them distinct. Later in the 12th c., in spite of the renown of the name Igor', the original Norse form Ingvar was borrowed again as a separate name, and it appears in the <a href="/wiki/Hypatian_Codex" title="Hypatian Codex">Hypatian Codex</a> as the name of <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%AF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Ингварь Ярославич">Ingvar Yaroslavich</a> (d. 1212), and two princes of <a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a>. One of the latter was named <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%98%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Ингварь Игоревич">Ingvar Igorevich</a>, mentioned in 1207–1219, which shows that the two names were no longer connected. Consequently, Melnikova, considers that the 12th c. stands in stark contrast to the previous two centuries, showing that the Slavicisation of the Rus' elite would have been complete after the second half of the 11th c.<a href="#cite_note-mel-8">[7]</a> On the other hand, the scholar <a href="/wiki/Omeljan_Pritsak" title="Omeljan Pritsak">Omeljan Pritsak</a> considered that Old Norse must have been well known in Kiev and Novgorod, especially during the early decades of the 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-Nyberg1985-116">[115]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Linguist" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguist">linguist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literary_theorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary theorist">literary theorist</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson">Roman Jakobson</a> held a contrasting opinion, writing that <a href="/wiki/Boyan_(bard)" title="Boyan (bard)">Bojan</a>, active at the court of <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_the_Wise" title="Yaroslav the Wise">Yaroslav the Wise</a>, and some of whose poetry may be preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Epic_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic poem">epic poem</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Igor%27s_Campaign" title="The Tale of Igor's Campaign">The Tale of Igor's Campaign</a>, or Slovo, in <a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a>, may have heard Scandinavian songs and conversations from visitors as late as 1110 (about the time his own work was done), and that even later, at the court of <a href="/wiki/Mstislav_I_of_Kiev" title="Mstislav I of Kiev">Mstislav</a> (Haraldr), there must have been many opportunities to hear them. He cautions, however, that it cannot be presumed that Old Norse was still habitually spoken in 12th-century princely courts. Further, he says that Bojan's own life and career did not necessarily coincide with the time of the men whose lives he commemorated, and that he may have written of princes of an earlier period known to him only by report. Scholarly consensus holds as well that the author of the <a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">national epic</a>, Slovo, writing in the late 12th century, was not composing in a milieu where there was still a flourishing school of poetry in the Old Norse language.<a href="#cite_note-Jakobson2011-117">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rural">Rural</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berest_gramata_n_155.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Berest_gramata_n_155.jpg/220px-Berest_gramata_n_155.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Berest_gramata_n_155.jpg/330px-Berest_gramata_n_155.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Berest_gramata_n_155.jpg/440px-Berest_gramata_n_155.jpg 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="311" /></a><figcaption>Birch bark letter No. 155, 12th century</figcaption></figure> There are remains of Old Norse culture as late as the 14th and early 15th centuries in the form of runic or rune-like inscriptions and as personal names. The c. 1000 <a href="/wiki/Birch_bark_manuscript#East_Slavic_texts" title="Birch bark manuscript">birch-bark letters</a> from <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a> contain hundreds of names, most of them Slavic or Christian, and according to Melnikova there are seven letters with Old Norse names,<a href="#cite_note-mel-8">[7]</a> but Sitzman identifies as many as 18, including Staraja Russa no. 36.<a href="#cite_note-sitz-118">[117]</a> The oldest of these letters (no. 526<a href="#cite_note-sitz-118">[117]</a>) is from the 1080s, and refers to Asgut from a village in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Seliger" title="Lake Seliger">Lake Seliger</a> which was on the road between Novgorod and the central parts of Kievan Rus'. Another letter (no. 130<a href="#cite_note-sitz-118">[117]</a>) is from the second half of the 14th century and was sent to Novgorod from another part of the <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod Republic</a> and mentions the names Vigar' (Vigeirr or Végeirr), Sten (steinn) of Mikula, Jakun (Hákon), and the widow of a second Jakun. The most interesting of the letters (no. 2<a href="#cite_note-sitz-118">[117]</a>) mentions a place called Gugmor-navolok, which may derive from Guðmarr, and two people living in the vicinity called Vozemut (Guðmundr) and Vel'jut (Véljótr). Perhaps a Guðmarr once settled near a <a href="/wiki/Portage" title="Portage">portage</a> (navolok) on the route to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Onega" title="Lake Onega">Lake Onega</a> and naming traditions were preserved in the settlement until the 14th century It is unlikely that he was a new settler because there are no traces of 14th century immigration, nor are there any Scandinavian remains. It is likely that his people adopted the local material culture but kept the family naming traditions.<a href="#cite_note-mel-8">[7]</a> Sten, the man from Mikula, could be a visitor from Sweden or Swedish-speaking Finland, but the other letters suggest people who had Norse names but were otherwise part of the local culture. They appear together with people of Slavic names and take part in the same activities, and they lived in scattered villages in the north-east periphery of the <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod Republic</a>. The area was visited by Novgorod tribute collectors in the 11th century, and was integrated in the republic through colonisation during the 12th and 13th centuries. Since Varangians were part of the administration of Novgorod they likely ventured in the area and sometimes settled there. The use of their naming traditions in the 14th century show the conservatism of some of the Rus' traditions.<a href="#cite_note-mel-8">[7]</a> The runic script survived for some time in remote parts of Kievan Rus', as evidenced by two finds. One of them is a weaver's slate <a href="/wiki/Spindle-whorl" class="mw-redirect" title="Spindle-whorl">spindle-whorl</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Zvenyhorod" title="Zvenyhorod">Zvenigorod</a> in the south-westerm part of Kievan Rus'. The whorl has the runic inscription si{X}riþ, representing the Norse female name Sigrið on the flat top and two crosses and two <a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu">f runes</a> (<a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_fehu.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Runic_letter_fehu.svg/5px-Runic_letter_fehu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Runic_letter_fehu.svg/8px-Runic_letter_fehu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Runic_letter_fehu.svg/10px-Runic_letter_fehu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="60" /></a>) on the side.<a href="#cite_note-frank113-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-mel-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rundata-120">[119]</a> The whorl is dated thanks to being found in a layer from the period 1115–1130, when the settlement grew and became a town. No other Scandinavian finds were made except for two other whorls with runic-like inscriptions from the same time. Another whorl with a runic-like inscription was found in the old Russian fort of Plesnesk not far from Zvenigorod. This was a strategically important location and there are several warrior burials dating to the late 10th c. These graves belonged to warriors of a rank similar to a Kievan grand prince and some of them could have been of Scandinavian descent.<a href="#cite_note-mel-8">[7]</a> The inscriptions could be from descendants of the Rus' who settled in the area as protection for the western border of Kievan Rus'. The inscription shows archaic features and the <a href="/wiki/Gyfu" title="Gyfu">g rune</a> (X) is from the <a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a>, which could be due to copying the inscription from generation to generation. In that case the name Sigriðr was inherited for generations in the family. However, the f runes show that this was not the case, because the rune and the cross have similar meaning, although in different religions. Only those who had adhered to <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse paganism</a> and later converted to Christianity would understand their significance, which necessitates a survival of old Norse traditions. It is possible that this community of descendants of late 10th century Rus' who lived in a remote area of Kievan Rus' preserved family names, runic lore in archaic forms, ancestral beliefs and some of the Old Norse language, as evidenced by the runes.<a href="#cite_note-mel-8">[7]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85._%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D1%8B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85._%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D1%8B.jpg/220px-%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85._%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D1%8B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85._%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D1%8B.jpg/330px-%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85._%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D1%8B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85._%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D1%8B.jpg/440px-%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85._%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D1%8B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1949" data-file-height="957" /></a><figcaption>Two 12th–13th c. runic inscriptions from Maskovichi.</figcaption></figure> There is another set of inscriptions that look like runes from an old fortification named <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Site_of_ancient_settlement_Maskavi%C4%8Dy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Site of ancient settlement Maskavičy">Maskovichi</a>, on the river route of <a href="/wiki/Daugava" title="Daugava">Western Dvina</a>. It was on the <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvian</a> border and could control the river, although it was located several km away. The fort was used in the 12th and 13th century, and would later turn into a small castle. C. 110 bone fragments with graffiti have been found and they include inscriptions and pictures of warriors and weapons. The runic-like inscriptions are only three to six letters long and some can be interpreted. Some 30 of them are clearly Cyrillic, while 48 are runic.<a href="#cite_note-mel-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Duchits-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-frank113-119">[118]</a> Some of the runic inscriptions are written with mirror-runes (<a href="/wiki/Right-to-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-to-left">right-to-left</a>) and are illegible, but several can be read as personal names, words and individual runes. The reading of them is uncertain, but they were made by people who knew or remembered runes.<a href="#cite_note-mel-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Duchits-121">[120]</a> Consequently, in Kievan Rus' there were descendants of the Rus' who preserved parts of their heritage during centuries, the countryside being more conservative than towns.<a href="#cite_note-mel-8">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victor_Vasnetsov_-_Knight_at_the_Crossroads_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Victor_Vasnetsov_-_Knight_at_the_Crossroads_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/245px-Victor_Vasnetsov_-_Knight_at_the_Crossroads_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Victor_Vasnetsov_-_Knight_at_the_Crossroads_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/368px-Victor_Vasnetsov_-_Knight_at_the_Crossroads_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Victor_Vasnetsov_-_Knight_at_the_Crossroads_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/490px-Victor_Vasnetsov_-_Knight_at_the_Crossroads_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5527" data-file-height="3065" /></a><figcaption>"A vitjaz' at the Crossroads" (Витязь на распутье), by <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Vasnetsov" title="Viktor Vasnetsov">Viktor Vasnetsov</a> (1882)</figcaption></figure> The Norse influence is considered to have left many traces on the Old East Slavic legal code, the <a href="/wiki/Russkaya_Pravda" title="Russkaya Pravda">Russkaja Pravda</a>, and on literary works such as <a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Igor%27s_Campaign" title="The Tale of Igor's Campaign">The Tale of Igor's Campaign</a>, and even on the <a href="/wiki/Bylina" title="Bylina">Byliny</a>, which are old heroic tales about the early Kievan Rus' (<a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Vladimir the Great</a> and others),<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-tnl1041-123">[122]</a> where one of the words for "hero" is derived from Viking, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bogatyr" title="Bogatyr">vitjaz'</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C" class="extiw" title="wikt:витязь">витязь</a>).<a href="#cite_note-tnl1042-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vasmer-125">[124]</a> Several scholars note that this is "of considerable importance generally, as far as social and cultural background of language is concerned".<a href="#cite_note-tnl1041-123">[122]</a> Although, they also note that parallels may arise from general similarities between Germanic and Slavic societies, they state that these similarities remain a profitable field of comparative studies.<a href="#cite_note-tnl1044-126">[125]</a> Russian contains several layers of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> that need to be separated from the <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic</a> words that entered Old East Slavic during the Viking Age.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> Estimations of the number of loan words from Old Norse into Russian vary from author to author ranging from more than 100 words (Forssman)<a href="#cite_note-tnl1042-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> down to as low as 34 (Kiparsky)<a href="#cite_note-tnl1042-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> and 30 (Strumiński),<a href="#cite_note-tnl1042-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> including personal names. According to the most critical and conservative analysis, commonly used ON words include <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:кнут">knut</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Knout" title="Knout">knout</a>"), <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="wikt:селёдка">seledka</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a>"), <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%88%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="wikt:шёлк">šelk</a> ("silk"), and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="wikt:ящик">jaščik</a> ("box"), whereas <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:варяг">varjag</a> ("Varangian"), <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:стяг">stjag</a> ("flag") and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C" class="extiw" title="wikt:витязь">vitjaz</a>' ("hero", from <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">viking</a>) mostly belong to historical novels. Many belong to a special field and ceased to be commonly used in the 13th c., such as <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86" class="extiw" title="ru:Берковец">berkovec</a> (from ON *birkisk, i.e. "<a href="/wiki/Birka" title="Birka">Birka</a>/<a href="/wiki/Birk_(market_place)" title="Birk (market place)">birk</a> pound", referring to 164 kg), <a href="/wiki/Varangian" class="mw-redirect" title="Varangian">varjag</a>, vitjaz', <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%86" class="extiw" title="ru:Голбец">gol(u)bec</a> (from gulf meaning "box", "crate" or "shed"), <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8C" class="extiw" title="ru:Гридь">grid</a>', gridi (from griði, grimaðr meaning a "king's bodyguard"), <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C" class="extiw" title="wikt:ларь">lar</a>' (from *lári, lárr meaning "chest", "trunk"), <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B4" class="extiw" title="wikt:пуд">pud</a> (from pund referring to 16.38 kg), Rus' (see etymology section above), skala (skál, "scale"), <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BD" class="extiw" title="ru:Тиун">ti(v)un</a> (thiónn, "<a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a> official" in the 12th c.), <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%88%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="wikt:шёлк">šelk</a> (*silki, "silk"), and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="wikt:ябеда">jabeda</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/emb%C3%A6tti" class="extiw" title="wikt:embætti">embætti</a>, "office").<a href="#cite_note-tnl1042-124">[123]</a> Norse settlers also left many toponyms across north-western Russia, where the names of settlements or nearby creeks reveal the name of the Norse settler, or where he came from. A man named Asviðr settled in a place today known as Ašvidovo, Bófastr in <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="extiw" title="ru:Бухвостово">Buchvostovo</a>, Dýrbjǫrn in Djurbenevo, Einarr in Inarevo, Kynríkr in Kondrikovo, Rødríkr in <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="extiw" title="ru:Редриково">Redrikovo</a>, Ragnheiðr in <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" class="extiw" title="ru:Рогнедино">Rognedino</a>, Snæbjǫrn in <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Снеберка">Sneberka</a>, Sveinn in <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" class="extiw" title="ru:Свень">Sven'</a>, Siófastr in Suchvostovo, Steingrímr in <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="extiw" title="ru:Стегримово">Stegrimovo</a>, and Thorbjǫrn in Turyborovo. More common Norse names have left several toponyms, such as Ivarr in <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="extiw" title="ru:Иворово">Ivorovo</a> and Ivorovka, Hákon in Jakunovo and Jakunicha, Oléf in Ulebovo, Olebino and Olibov, and Bjǫrn, appears in <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="extiw" title="ru:Берново">Bernovo</a>, <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" class="extiw" title="ru:Бернятино">Bernjatino</a>, Bemniški, Bernavo, and in Bernoviči. There is also <a href="/wiki/Velizh" title="Velizh">Veliž</a> which is the same place name as <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4llinge" class="extiw" title="sv:Vällinge">Vællinge</a>,<a href="#cite_note-tnl1042-124">[123]</a> an old estate near Stockholm, in Sweden. Many place names also contain the word Varangian, such as <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="extiw" title="ru:Варегово">Varegovo</a>, Varež(ka), Varyzki, Varjaža, Verjažino, and Verjažka. Other names recall the <a href="/wiki/Kylfings" title="Kylfings">Kolbangians</a>, such as Kolbežycze, Kolbjagi, and Kolbižicy, and a group called "Burangians" (Byringar), in the names Burjaži, Buregi, Burigi, Burezi, Burjaki, Burjaz', etc.<a href="#cite_note-tnl1042-124">[123]</a> As for other influences on the Russian language, they are less apparent, and could be due to coincidence. In Old Norse and the modern <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">Scandinavian langues</a> (except for the <a href="/wiki/Jutlandic_dialect#Article" class="mw-redirect" title="Jutlandic dialect">Jutish dialect</a> of Danish), the <a href="/wiki/Definite_article#grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite article</a> is used as an <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">enclitic</a> article after the noun. In Europe, this is otherwise only known from <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> and from the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_sprachbund" title="Balkan sprachbund">Balkan sprachbund</a>, in languages such as <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>. However, it also appears in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Russian_dialects" title="Northern Russian dialects">dialects in Northern Russia</a>, too far away from Bulgarian to have been influenced by it. As standard Russian has no definite article at all, the appearance of a postpositioned definite article in Northern Russian dialects may be due to influence from Old Norse.<a href="#cite_note-tnl1043-131">[130]</a> As for standard Russian, just like in Old Norse, and in the modern Scandinavian languages, there is a <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive construction</a> using an enclitic <a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">reflexive pronoun</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sek" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sek">-s</a> in North Germanic and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/s%C4%99" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/sę">-s'(a)</a> in Russian. However, it is not known from written Russian before the 15th c. and a corresponding construction has appeared independently in modern <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vendesi" class="extiw" title="wikt:vendesi">vendesi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tnl1043-131">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khazar_coin_Spillings_Hoard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Khazar_coin_Spillings_Hoard.jpg/220px-Khazar_coin_Spillings_Hoard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Khazar_coin_Spillings_Hoard.jpg/330px-Khazar_coin_Spillings_Hoard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Khazar_coin_Spillings_Hoard.jpg/440px-Khazar_coin_Spillings_Hoard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1018" data-file-height="1003" /></a><figcaption>Early 9th-century Khazar coin, found in the <a href="/wiki/Spillings_Hoard" title="Spillings Hoard">Spillings Hoard</a> in Gotland.</figcaption></figure> Numerous artefacts of Scandinavian affinity have been found in northern Russia (as well as artefacts of Slavic origin in Sweden). However, exchange between the northern and southern shores of the Baltic had occurred since the Iron Age (albeit limited to immediately coastal areas).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklinShepard19969-132">[131]</a> Northern Russia and adjacent Finnic lands had become a profitable meeting ground for peoples of diverse origins, especially for the trade of furs, and attracted by the presence of oriental silver from the mid-8th century AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklinShepard199612-133">[132]</a> There is an undeniable presence of goods and people of Scandinavian origin; however, the predominant people remained the local (Baltic and Finnic) peoples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklinShepard199622–25-134">[133]</a> In the 21st century, analyses of the rapidly growing range of archaeological evidence further noted that high-status 9th- to 10th-century burials of both men and women in the vicinity of the Upper Volga exhibit material culture largely consistent with that of Scandinavia (though this is less the case away from the river, or further downstream). This has been seen as further demonstrating the Scandinavian character of elites in "Old Rusʹ".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko2004-135">[134]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-auto8-136">[135]</a> There is uncertainty as to how small the Scandinavian migration to Rus' was, but some recent archaeological work has argued for a substantial number of 'free peasants' settling in the upper Volga region.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> The quantity of archaeological evidence for the regions where the Rus' people were active grew steadily through the 20th century, and beyond, and the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> made the full range of material increasingly accessible to researchers. Key excavations have included those at <a href="/wiki/Staraya_Ladoga" title="Staraya Ladoga">Staraya Ladoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rurikovo_Gorodische" title="Rurikovo Gorodische">Rurikovo Gorodische</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gnyozdovo" title="Gnyozdovo">Gnyozdovo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shestovitsa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shestovitsa (page does not exist)">Shestovitsa</a>, numerous settlements between the Upper Volga and the Oka. Twenty-first century research, therefore, is giving the synthesis of archaeological evidence an increasingly prominent place in understanding the Rus'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko2004-135">[134]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-auto8-136">[135]</a> The distribution of coinage, including the early 9th-century <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peterhof_Hoard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peterhof Hoard (page does not exist)">Peterhof Hoard</a>, has provided important ways to trace the flow and quantity of trade in areas where Rus' were active, and even, through graffiti on the coins, the languages spoken by traders.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-76">[75]</a> There is also a great number of <a href="/wiki/Varangian_runestones" title="Varangian runestones">Varangian runestones</a>, on which voyages to the east (Austr) are mentioned.<a href="#cite_note-Nowak1998-139">[138]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Heroic_lay" title="Heroic lay">mythical lays</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a>, after her true love <a href="/wiki/Sigurd" title="Sigurd">Sigurd</a> is killed, <a href="/wiki/Brunhild" title="Brunhild">Brunhild</a> (Brynhildr in Old Norse) has eight slave girls and five serving maids killed and then stabs herself with her sword so that she can be with him in <a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a>, as told in The Short Lay of Sigurd, similarly to the sacrifices of slave girls that <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Fadlan" title="Ahmad ibn Fadlan">Ibn Fadlan</a> described in his eyewitness accounts of the Rus'.<a href="#cite_note-Larrington2014-140">[139]</a> Swedish <a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">ship burials</a> sometimes contain both males and females. According to the website of Arkeologerna (The Archaeologists), part of the National Historical Museums in Sweden, archaeologists have also found in an area outside of <a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a> a boat burial that contained the remains of a man, a horse and a dog, along with personal items including a sword, spear, shield, and an ornate comb.<a href="#cite_note-Arkeologerna2019-141">[140]</a> Swedish archeologists believe that during the Viking age Scandinavian human sacrifice was still common and that there were more grave offerings for the deceased in the afterlife than in earlier traditions that sacrificed human beings to the gods exclusively.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> The inclusion of weapons, horses and slave girls in graves also seems to have been practiced by the Rus'.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Normanism" title="Anti-Normanism">Anti-Normanism</a></div> Prior to the 18th century, it was the consensus of Russian historians that the Rus' arose out of the native Slavic populations of the region. This changed following a 1749 presentation by German historian <a href="/wiki/Gerhardt_Friedrich_M%C3%BCller" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerhardt Friedrich Müller">Gerhardt Friedrich Müller</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a>, built in part on earlier work by <a href="/wiki/Gottlieb-Siegfried_Bayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottlieb-Siegfried Bayer">Gottlieb-Siegfried Bayer</a> and based on primary sources, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Primary_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Primary Chronicle">Russian Primary Chronicle</a>. He suggested that the founders of the Rus' were ethnically Scandinavian Varangians, what became known as the 'Normanist' view. Though Müller met with immediate nationalistic opprobrium,<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> by the end of the century his views represented the consensus in Russian historiography.<a href="#cite_note-auto11-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> The attribution of a Slavic origin to the Rus' saw a politically motivated 'anti-Normanist' resurgence in the 20th century within the Soviet Union, and this revisionist view also received nationalistic support in the nation-building post-Soviet states, but the broad consensus of scholars is that the origin of the Rus' lies in Scandinavia.<a href="#cite_note-auto12-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko20043–9-148">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2></div> The cemetery of Ostriv is located in the region along the <a href="/wiki/Ros_(river)" title="Ros (river)">Ros’ River</a>. By 2020, 67 inhumation graves had been excavated there and dated from the early 11th century. Most of the artefacts found there are uncommon in Ukraine, but typical for the East Baltic region. This suggests a complex multi-ethnic population, presumably consisting of Baltic region migrants and locals. The ancient DNA analysis shows that the tested individuals cluster with present-day <a href="/wiki/Icelanders" title="Icelanders">Icelandic</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Baltic_race" title="East Baltic race">East Baltic populations</a>. They are on the edge of the variability of previously published Swedish Vikings and close to dated medieval individuals from Estonia.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Also commonly spelled Rus without the apostrophe;<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old East Slavic language">Old East Slavic</a>: Роусь; <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: Русь; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Ῥῶς, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanised</a>: Rhos </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRosenwein2014" class="citation book cs1">Rosenwein, Barbara H. (14 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mwZLBAAAQBAJ">A Short History of the Middle Ages, Volume I: From c.300 to c.1150, Fourth Edition</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0616-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0616-6"><bdi>978-1-4426-0616-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Middle+Ages%2C+Volume+I%3A+From+c.300+to+c.1150%2C+Fourth+Edition&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2014-02-14&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-0616-6&rft.aulast=Rosenwein&rft.aufirst=Barbara+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmwZLBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolukhanov2014" class="citation book cs1">Dolukhanov, Pavel (10 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TIkABAAAQBAJ">The Early Slavs: Eastern Europe from the Initial Settlement to the Kievan Rus</a>. Routledge. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89222-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89222-9"><bdi>978-1-317-89222-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Slavs%3A+Eastern+Europe+from+the+Initial+Settlement+to+the+Kievan+Rus&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-07-10&rft.isbn=978-1-317-89222-9&rft.aulast=Dolukhanov&rft.aufirst=Pavel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTIkABAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagill2012" class="citation book cs1">Magill, Frank N. (12 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aBHSc2hTfeUC">The Middle Ages: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 2</a>. Routledge. p. 803. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-59313-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-59313-0"><bdi>978-1-136-59313-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Ages%3A+Dictionary+of+World+Biography%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=803&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-11-12&rft.isbn=978-1-136-59313-0&rft.aulast=Magill&rft.aufirst=Frank+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaBHSc2hTfeUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko200460These_two_original_centres_of_Rus_were_Staraja_Ladoga_and_Rurikovo_Gorodishche-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuczko200460These_two_original_centres_of_Rus_were_Staraja_Ladoga_and_Rurikovo_Gorodishche_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuczko200460These_two_original_centres_of_Rus_were_Staraja_Ladoga_and_Rurikovo_Gorodishche_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuczko2004">Duczko 2004</a>, p. 60, These two original centres of Rus were Staraja Ladoga and Rurikovo Gorodishche. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko200460-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuczko200460_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuczko200460_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuczko200460_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuczko200460_6-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuczko2004">Duczko 2004</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko20041The_state_of_the_Eastern_Slavs—''Russia'',_or_''Rhosia''_according_to_the_Byzantines_of_mid-tenth_century—was_called_in_the_medieval_Norse_literature_''Gardariki'',_or_in_the_earlier,_Viking-age_sources_just_''Gardar'',_a_term_originally_restricted_to_the_non-Slav_territory_of_Ladoga-Ilmen-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuczko20041The_state_of_the_Eastern_Slavs—''Russia'',_or_''Rhosia''_according_to_the_Byzantines_of_mid-tenth_century—was_called_in_the_medieval_Norse_literature_''Gardariki'',_or_in_the_earlier,_Viking-age_sources_just_''Gardar'',_a_term_originally_restricted_to_the_non-Slav_territory_of_Ladoga-Ilmen_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuczko2004">Duczko 2004</a>, p. 1, The state of the Eastern Slavs—Russia, or Rhosia according to the Byzantines of mid-tenth century—was called in the medieval Norse literature Gardariki, or in the earlier, Viking-age sources just Gardar, a term originally restricted to the non-Slav territory of Ladoga-Ilmen. </li> <li id="cite_note-mel-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mel_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mel_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mel_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mel_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mel_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mel_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mel_8-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mel_8-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mel_8-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mel_8-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mel_8-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mel_8-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mel_8-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mel_8-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mel_8-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mel_8-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mel_8-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mel_8-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mel_8-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mel_8-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mel_8-20">u</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.wikireading.ru/hpnfDEhILm">Melnikova, E.A. (2003) The Cultural Assimilation of the Varangians in Eastern Europe from the Point of View of Language and Literacy in Runica – Germ. – Mediavalia (heiz./n.) Rga-e 37, pp. 454–465</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220215195340/https://history.wikireading.ru/hpnfDEhILm">Archived</a> 15 February 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-hell668-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hell668_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hell668_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hell668_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hell668_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hell668_9-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFHellquist1922">Hellquist (1922)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/svensketymologis00hell/page/668/mode/2up">668</a> Ryssland </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-1">b</a> Stefan Brink, 'Who were the Vikings?', in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wuN-AgAAQBAJ">The Viking World</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414030955/https://books.google.com/books?id=wuN-AgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> 14 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ed. by Stefan Brink and Neil Price (Abingdon: Routledge, 2008), pp. 4–10 (pp. 6–7). </li> <li id="cite_note-etymonline.com-11"><a href="#cite_ref-etymonline.com_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/169069">""Russ, adj. and n." OED Online, Oxford University Press"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426163729/https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=B3DE6DBBD31C4F6326E14523B4A92B99?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F169069">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Russ%2C+adj.+and+n.%22+OED+Online%2C+Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F169069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hell650f-12"><a href="#cite_ref-hell650f_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHellquist1922">Hellquist (1922)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/svensketymologis00hell/page/650/mode/2up">650f</a> Rodd </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlöndal20071-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlöndal20071_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlöndal2007">Blöndal (2007)</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-vasmer-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vasmer_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vasmer_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vasmer_14-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vasmer.slovaronline.com/11386-RUS">"Русь in "Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary" online"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210702152720/https://vasmer.slovaronline.com/11386-RUS">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C+in+%22Vasmer%27s+Etymological+Dictionary%22+online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvasmer.slovaronline.com%2F11386-RUS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hell654-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hell654_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hell654_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hell654_15-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHellquist1922">Hellquist (1922)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/svensketymologis00hell/page/654/mode/2up">654</a> Roslagen </li> <li id="cite_note-hell654f-16"><a href="#cite_ref-hell654f_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHellquist1922">Hellquist (1922)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/svensketymologis00hell/page/654/mode/2up">654f</a> Rospigg </li> <li id="cite_note-hell339-17"><a href="#cite_ref-hell339_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHellquist1922">Hellquist (1922)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/svensketymologis00hell/page/339/mode/2up">339</a> 2. lag </li> <li id="cite_note-BrinkPrice2008-18"><a href="#cite_ref-BrinkPrice2008_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefan_BrinkNeil_Price2008" class="citation book cs1">Stefan Brink; Neil Price (31 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wuN-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA53">The Viking World</a>. Routledge. pp. 53–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-31826-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-31826-1"><bdi>978-1-134-31826-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426163640/https://books.google.com/books?id=wuN-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA53">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Viking+World&rft.pages=53-54&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008-10-31&rft.isbn=978-1-134-31826-1&rft.au=Stefan+Brink&rft.au=Neil+Price&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwuN-AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Joel Karlsson (2012) Stockholm university <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.archaeology.su.se/polopoly_fs/1.123007.1360163562!/menu/standard/file/Karlsson_Joel_Ofria_omnamnda-pa_runstenar.pdf">https://www.archaeology.su.se/polopoly_fs/1.123007.1360163562!/menu/standard/file/Karlsson_Joel_Ofria_omnamnda-pa_runstenar.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122211000/https://www.archaeology.su.se/polopoly_fs/1.123007.1360163562!/menu/standard/file/Karlsson_Joel_Ofria_omnamnda-pa_runstenar.pdf">Archived</a> 22 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> page 4-5 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1981348-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1981348_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPritsak1981">Pritsak (1981)</a>, p. 348. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Can also be spelled roðʀ, but ʀ and z are interchangeable. </li> <li id="cite_note-Larsson14f-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Larsson14f_22-0">^</a> Larsson, Mats G. (1997). Rusernas rike in Vikingar i österled. Atlantis, Stockholm. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-7486-411-4" title="Special:BookSources/91-7486-411-4">91-7486-411-4</a>. pp. 14–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko200467–70-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuczko200467–70_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuczko2004">Duczko 2004</a>, pp. 67–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-Peterson2016-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Peterson2016_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGary_Dean_Peterson2016" class="citation book cs1">Gary Dean Peterson (21 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=joawDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA203">Vikings and Goths: A History of Ancient and Medieval Sweden</a>. McFarland. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2434-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2434-1"><bdi>978-1-4766-2434-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426163702/https://books.google.com/books?id=joawDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA203">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vikings+and+Goths%3A+A+History+of+Ancient+and+Medieval+Sweden&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2016-06-21&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-2434-1&rft.au=Gary+Dean+Peterson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjoawDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko200460Ladoga,_or_as_it_was_then_called_Aldeigja,_was_the_earliest_and_the_most_important_place,_while_Gorodishche,_probably_with_the_Norse_name_''Holmr'',_was_founded_more_than_a_century_later-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuczko200460Ladoga,_or_as_it_was_then_called_Aldeigja,_was_the_earliest_and_the_most_important_place,_while_Gorodishche,_probably_with_the_Norse_name_''Holmr'',_was_founded_more_than_a_century_later_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuczko2004">Duczko 2004</a>, p. 60, Ladoga, or as it was then called Aldeigja, was the earliest and the most important place, while Gorodishche, probably with the Norse name Holmr, was founded more than a century later. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko200461The_Ladoga_area_was_the_core_of_the_kaganate_of_Rus:_it_was_from_here_the_Rhos’_envoys_went_to_Constantinople_in_838-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuczko200461The_Ladoga_area_was_the_core_of_the_kaganate_of_Rus:_it_was_from_here_the_Rhos’_envoys_went_to_Constantinople_in_838_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuczko2004">Duczko 2004</a>, p. 61, The Ladoga area was the core of the kaganate of Rus: it was from here the Rhos’ envoys went to Constantinople in 838. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones2001-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Jones2001_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGwyn_Jones2001" class="citation book cs1">Gwyn Jones (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lD74bDG3O5oC&pg=PA245">A History of the Vikings</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280134-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280134-0"><bdi>978-0-19-280134-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426163708/https://books.google.com/books?id=lD74bDG3O5oC&pg=PA245">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Vikings&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280134-0&rft.au=Gwyn+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlD74bDG3O5oC%26pg%3DPA245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jakobsson2020-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Jakobsson2020_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSverrir_Jakobsson2020" class="citation book cs1">Sverrir Jakobsson (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ji0DEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA64">The Varangians: In God's Holy Fire</a>. Springer Nature. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-53797-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-53797-5"><bdi>978-3-030-53797-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426163627/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ji0DEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA64">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Varangians%3A+In+God%27s+Holy+Fire&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-030-53797-5&rft.au=Sverrir+Jakobsson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJi0DEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChartrandDurham2016-29"><a href="#cite_ref-ChartrandDurham2016_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRené_ChartrandKeith_DurhamMark_HarrisonIan_Heath2016" class="citation book cs1">René Chartrand; Keith Durham; Mark Harrison; Ian Heath (22 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dLOhDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">The Vikings</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-1323-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-1323-7"><bdi>978-1-4728-1323-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426163657/https://books.google.com/books?id=dLOhDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vikings&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2016-09-22&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-1323-7&rft.au=Ren%C3%A9+Chartrand&rft.au=Keith+Durham&rft.au=Mark+Harrison&rft.au=Ian+Heath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdLOhDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mickevičius1997-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Mickevičius1997_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMickevičius1997" class="citation journal cs1">Mickevičius, Arturas (30 November 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30965%2F25386565-00201001">"Curonian "Kings" and "Kingdoms" of the Viking Age"</a>. Lithuanian Historical Studies. 2 (1): 11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30965%2F25386565-00201001">10.30965/25386565-00201001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lithuanian+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Curonian+%22Kings%22+and+%22Kingdoms%22+of+the+Viking+Age&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1997-11-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.30965%2F25386565-00201001&rft.aulast=Mickevi%C4%8Dius&rft.aufirst=Arturas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.30965%252F25386565-00201001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko200410-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuczko200410_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuczko2004">Duczko 2004</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-Warner2002-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Warner2002_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_Warner2002" class="citation book cs1">Elizabeth Warner (1 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_PoesCeU0iUC&pg=PA7">Russian Myths</a>. University of Texas Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-79158-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-79158-9"><bdi>978-0-292-79158-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426163634/https://books.google.com/books?id=_PoesCeU0iUC&pg=PA7">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Myths&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2002-07-01&rft.isbn=978-0-292-79158-9&rft.au=Elizabeth+Warner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_PoesCeU0iUC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko2004210-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuczko2004210_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuczko2004">Duczko 2004</a>, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Marika Mägi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CGdjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA195">In Austrvegr: The Role of the Eastern Baltic in Viking Age Communication Across the Baltic Sea</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426163644/https://books.google.com/books?id=CGdjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA195">Archived</a> 26 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Northern World, Volume 84 (Leiden: Brill, 2018), p. 195, citing Alf Thulin, 'The Rus' of Nestor's Chronicle', Mediaeval Scandinavia, 13 (2000) </li> <li id="cite_note-ForteOram2005-35"><a href="#cite_ref-ForteOram2005_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForteOramPedersen2005" class="citation book cs1">Forte, Angelo; Oram, Richard; Pedersen, Frederik (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_vEd859jvk0C&pg=PA13">Viking Empires</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 13–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-82992-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-82992-5"><bdi>0-521-82992-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426163636/https://books.google.com/books?id=_vEd859jvk0C&pg=PA13">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viking+Empires&rft.pages=13-14&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-521-82992-5&rft.aulast=Forte&rft.aufirst=Angelo&rft.au=Oram%2C+Richard&rft.au=Pedersen%2C+Frederik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_vEd859jvk0C%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaplan1954-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Kaplan1954_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan1954" class="citation journal cs1">Kaplan, Frederick I. (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2492161">"The Decline of the Khazars and the Rise of the Varangians"</a>. American Slavic and East European Review. 13 (1): 1–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2492161">10.2307/2492161</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1049-7544">1049-7544</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2492161">2492161</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126161355/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2492161">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Slavic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=The+Decline+of+the+Khazars+and+the+Rise+of+the+Varangians&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=1954&rft.issn=1049-7544&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2492161%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2492161&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Frederick+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2492161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Subtelny2000-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Subtelny2000_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrest_Subtelny2000" class="citation book cs1">Orest Subtelny (1 January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l5uiWHgRphQC&pg=PA26">Ukraine: A History</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8390-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8390-6"><bdi>978-0-8020-8390-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426163654/https://books.google.com/books?id=l5uiWHgRphQC&pg=PA26">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukraine%3A+A+History&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8390-6&rft.au=Orest+Subtelny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl5uiWHgRphQC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BjergLind2013-38"><a href="#cite_ref-BjergLind2013_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOle_Crumlin-Pedersen2013" class="citation book cs1">Ole Crumlin-Pedersen (31 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZufDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA297">"Vikling Warriors and the Byzantine Empire"</a>. In Line Bjerg; John H. Lind; Soren Michael Sindbaek (eds.). From Goths to Varangians: Communication and Cultural Exchange between the Baltic and the Black Sea. Aarhus University Press. pp. 297–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7124-425-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7124-425-0"><bdi>978-87-7124-425-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426163653/https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZufDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA297">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vikling+Warriors+and+the+Byzantine+Empire&rft.btitle=From+Goths+to+Varangians%3A+Communication+and+Cultural+Exchange+between+the+Baltic+and+the+Black+Sea&rft.pages=297-&rft.pub=Aarhus+University+Press&rft.date=2013-12-31&rft.isbn=978-87-7124-425-0&rft.au=Ole+Crumlin-Pedersen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6ZufDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Magocsi201063-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Magocsi201063_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_R._Magocsi2010" class="citation book cs1">Paul R. Magocsi (1 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TA1zVKTTsXUC&pg=PA63">A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples</a>. University of Toronto Press. pp. 63–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1021-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1021-7"><bdi>978-1-4426-1021-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426163645/https://books.google.com/books?id=TA1zVKTTsXUC&pg=PA63">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ukraine%3A+The+Land+and+Its+Peoples&rft.pages=63-65&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-1021-7&rft.au=Paul+R.+Magocsi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTA1zVKTTsXUC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sawyer2000-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Sawyer2000_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirgit_Sawyer2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Birgit_Sawyer" title="Birgit Sawyer">Birgit Sawyer</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MMFisCY78DYC&pg=PA116">The Viking-age Rune-stones: Custom and Commemoration in Early Medieval Scandinavia</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 116–119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820643-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820643-9"><bdi>978-0-19-820643-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426163659/https://books.google.com/books?id=MMFisCY78DYC&pg=PA116">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Viking-age+Rune-stones%3A+Custom+and+Commemoration+in+Early+Medieval+Scandinavia&rft.pages=116-119&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820643-9&rft.au=Birgit+Sawyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMMFisCY78DYC%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZaprudnikZaprudnik1993-41"><a href="#cite_ref-ZaprudnikZaprudnik1993_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFI︠A︡_ZaprudnikJan_ZaprudnikÂnka_Zaprudnìk1993" class="citation book cs1">I︠A︡ Zaprudnik; Jan Zaprudnik; Ânka Zaprudnìk (16 August 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GfIiAQAAIAAJ&q=%22toward%20Kiev%20and%20Byzantium%22">Belarus: At A Crossroads In History</a>. Avalon Publishing. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-1339-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-1339-9"><bdi>978-0-8133-1339-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426163655/https://books.google.com/books?id=GfIiAQAAIAAJ&q=%22toward%20Kiev%20and%20Byzantium%22">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belarus%3A+At+A+Crossroads+In+History&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Avalon+Publishing&rft.date=1993-08-16&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-1339-9&rft.au=I%EF%B8%A0A%EF%B8%A1+Zaprudnik&rft.au=Jan+Zaprudnik&rft.au=%C3%82nka+Zaprudn%C3%ACk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGfIiAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522toward%2520Kiev%2520and%2520Byzantium%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jesch2001-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Jesch2001_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudith_Jesch2001" class="citation book cs1">Judith Jesch (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p8ZK3v0hrk4C&pg=PA178">Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age: The Vocabulary of Runic Inscriptions and Skaldic Verse</a>. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 86, 90, 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-826-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-826-6"><bdi>978-0-85115-826-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426163648/https://books.google.com/books?id=p8ZK3v0hrk4C&pg=PA178">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ships+and+Men+in+the+Late+Viking+Age%3A+The+Vocabulary+of+Runic+Inscriptions+and+Skaldic+Verse&rft.pages=86%2C+90%2C+178&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-85115-826-6&rft.au=Judith+Jesch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp8ZK3v0hrk4C%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlöndal2007223–224-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlöndal2007223–224_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlöndal2007">Blöndal (2007)</a>, pp. 223–224. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko200460two_towns_used_to_symbolise_the_early_history_of_Russia:_Kiev_and_Novgorod-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuczko200460two_towns_used_to_symbolise_the_early_history_of_Russia:_Kiev_and_Novgorod_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuczko2004">Duczko (2004)</a>, p. 60, two towns used to symbolise the early history of Russia: Kiev and Novgorod. </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyendorff2010-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyendorff2010_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Meyendorff2010" class="citation book cs1">John Meyendorff (24 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KKZdTvs1ySYC&pg=PA10">Byzantium and the Rise of Russia: A Study of Byzantino-Russian Relations in the Fourteenth Century</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13533-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13533-7"><bdi>978-0-521-13533-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426163650/https://books.google.com/books?id=KKZdTvs1ySYC&pg=PA10">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium+and+the+Rise+of+Russia%3A+A+Study+of+Byzantino-Russian+Relations+in+the+Fourteenth+Century&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010-06-24&rft.isbn=978-0-521-13533-7&rft.au=John+Meyendorff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKKZdTvs1ySYC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko200460The_latter_town,_Novgorod...,_was_another_centre_of_the_same_culture_but_founded_in_different_surroundings,_where_some_old_local_traditions_moulded_this_commercial_city_into_a_mighty_oligarchic_republic-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuczko200460The_latter_town,_Novgorod...,_was_another_centre_of_the_same_culture_but_founded_in_different_surroundings,_where_some_old_local_traditions_moulded_this_commercial_city_into_a_mighty_oligarchic_republic_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuczko2004">Duczko 2004</a>, p. 60, The latter town, Novgorod..., was another centre of the same culture but founded in different surroundings, where some old local traditions moulded this commercial city into a mighty oligarchic republic. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko200460The_area_between_the_lakes_was_the_original_Rus,_and_it_was_from_here_its_name_was_transferred_to_the_Slav_territories_on_the_middle_Dnieper,_which_eventually_became_"Ruskaja_zemlja"—the_land_of_Rus-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuczko200460The_area_between_the_lakes_was_the_original_Rus,_and_it_was_from_here_its_name_was_transferred_to_the_Slav_territories_on_the_middle_Dnieper,_which_eventually_became_"Ruskaja_zemlja"—the_land_of_Rus_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuczko2004">Duczko 2004</a>, p. 60, The area between the lakes was the original Rus, and it was from here its name was transferred to the Slav territories on the middle Dnieper, which eventually became "Ruskaja zemlja"—the land of Rus. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko2004207-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuczko2004207_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuczko2004207_48-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuczko2004">Duczko 2004</a>, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko200460It_was_from_here_the_Rus_moved_eastward,_to_the_Finno-Ugrian_lands_of_the_Volga-Oka_region,_and_southward,_to_the_Dnieper_among_the_Slavs-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuczko200460It_was_from_here_the_Rus_moved_eastward,_to_the_Finno-Ugrian_lands_of_the_Volga-Oka_region,_and_southward,_to_the_Dnieper_among_the_Slavs_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuczko2004">Duczko 2004</a>, p. 60, It was from here the Rus moved eastward, to the Finno-Ugrian lands of the Volga-Oka region, and southward, to the Dnieper among the Slavs. </li> <li id="cite_note-Basilevsky2016-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Basilevsky2016_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Basilevsky2016" class="citation book cs1">Alexander Basilevsky (5 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ED8CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85">Early Ukraine: A Military and Social History to the Mid-19th Century</a>. McFarland. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2022-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2022-0"><bdi>978-1-4766-2022-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426163651/https://books.google.com/books?id=3ED8CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2021. <q>The main activity was the production of amber and glass beads for the fur trade where the pelts were bought from local hunters and sold to the Bulgars and Khazars for valuable silver dirhams. In fact, the Staraia Ladoga settlements were built initially as a manufacturing center and to conduct trade in the north and in the Baltic region. This is confirmed by silver dirham finds in some of the earliest log buildings constructed there [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Ukraine%3A+A+Military+and+Social+History+to+the+Mid-19th+Century&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2016-04-05&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-2022-0&rft.au=Alexander+Basilevsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ED8CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko2004115-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuczko2004115_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuczko2004">Duczko 2004</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko2004127-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuczko2004127_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuczko2004">Duczko 2004</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarsson2013" class="citation book cs1">Larsson, G. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1257116/FULLTEXT01.pdf">Ingvar the Fartraveller's Journey: Historical and Archaeological Sources</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610172202/http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1257116/FULLTEXT01.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ingvar+the+Fartraveller%27s+Journey%3A+Historical+and+Archaeological+Sources&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Larsson&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuu.diva-portal.org%2Fsmash%2Fget%2Fdiva2%3A1257116%2FFULLTEXT01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlöndal200760–62DeVries199929–30-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlöndal200760–62DeVries199929–30_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlöndal2007">Blöndal (2007)</a>, pp. 60–62; <a href="#CITEREFDeVries1999">DeVries (1999)</a>, pp. 29–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1981386-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1981386_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPritsak1981">Pritsak (1981)</a>, p. 386. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/ryskarik/0161.html">"Vilhelm Thomsen. (1882). Ryska rikets grundläggning genom Skandinaverna, p. 155"</a>. 1882. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210921082158/http://runeberg.org/ryskarik/0161.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vilhelm+Thomsen.+%281882%29.+Ryska+rikets+grundl%C3%A4ggning+genom+Skandinaverna%2C+p.+155&rft.date=1882&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fryskarik%2F0161.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> E.g. <a href="/wiki/Svafrlami" title="Svafrlami">Svafrlami</a> and Rollaugr in <a href="/wiki/Hervarar_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Hervarar saga">Hervarar saga</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1%C3%B0bar%C3%B0r" title="Ráðbarðr">Ráðbarðr</a> in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6gubrot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sögubrot">Sögubrot</a> and Hreggviðr in <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ngu-Hr%C3%B3lfs_saga" title="Göngu-Hrólfs saga">Göngu-Hrólfs saga</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> In e.g. <a href="/wiki/%C3%93l%C3%A1fs_saga_helga" title="Óláfs saga helga">Óláfs saga helga</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUspenskij2011" class="citation journal cs1">Uspenskij, Fjodor (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/scri/7-8/2/article-p326_15.xml">"A NEW APPROACH TO THE ETYMOLOGY OF THE OLD NORSE NAME OF KIEV — KØNUGARÐR: (the thesis of Elsa Melin on the Name given to Kiev in the Icelandic Sagas, with an Excursus on Kind in Place-Names)"</a>. Scrinum. 7–8 (2): 326–327. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18177565-90000255">10.1163/18177565-90000255</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311094154/https://brill.com/view/journals/scri/7-8/2/article-p326_15.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scrinum&rft.atitle=A+NEW+APPROACH+TO+THE+ETYMOLOGY+OF+THE+OLD+NORSE+NAME+OF+KIEV+%E2%80%94+K%C3%98NUGAR%C3%90R%3A+%28the+thesis+of+Elsa+Melin+on+the+Name+given+to+Kiev+in+the+Icelandic+Sagas%2C+with+an+Excursus+on+Kind+in+Place-Names%29&rft.volume=7%E2%80%938&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=326-327&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18177565-90000255&rft.aulast=Uspenskij&rft.aufirst=Fjodor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fscri%2F7-8%2F2%2Farticle-p326_15.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tnl1043s-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tnl1043s_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tnl1043s_60-1">b</a> There were also about 14 other words borrowed from Old East Slavic: *dyblitsa/dyfliza (*<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="wikt:тьмьница">tĭmĭnica</a>, "dungeon"), *Grikkiʀ (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:грькъ">Griky</a>, "Greek"), *kassa/kaza (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="wikt:каша">kaša</a>, "gruel"), læðia (*lodĭja, "boat"), *Læsiʀ (l'äs'i, "Poles"), *poluta (polota, "palace"), *polyði (*pol'ud'je, "Northmen's winter tour of East Slavic areas for lodging and provisions"), *sabaló (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" class="extiw" title="wikt:соболь">soboljĭ</a>, "sable skin/fur"), *stóll (stolǔ, "banquet table"), *taparöks (topor-, "small war ax"), *tulka (tǔlkovati, "to interpret"), *tulkʀ (tǔlkǔ, "interpreter"), *Waldimarr (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/Voldim%C4%9Br%D1%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/Voldiměrъ">Vol(o)dimēr</a>, "ruler of peace"), and *warta (vor(o)ta, "gate"), in <a href="#CITEREFThe_Nordic_Languages2002">The Nordic Languages (2002)</a>, p. 1043, citing Strumiński (1996, 246–54). </li> <li id="cite_note-hell991-61"><a href="#cite_ref-hell991_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHellquist1922">Hellquist (1922)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/svensketymologis00hell/page/990/mode/2up">991</a> Torg </li> <li id="cite_note-braun48-62"><a href="#cite_ref-braun48_62-0">^</a> Braun, F. & Arne, T. J. (1914). "Den svenska runstenen från ön Berezanj utanför Dneprmynningen", in Ekhoff, E. (ed.) Fornvännen årgång 9 pp. 44–48. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://fornvannen.se/1910talet/fornvannen_1914.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104073916/http://fornvannen.se/1910talet/fornvannen_1914.html">Archived</a> 4 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 48 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1981306-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1981306_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPritsak1981">Pritsak (1981)</a>, p. 306. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1981366-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1981366_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPritsak1981">Pritsak (1981)</a>, p. 366. </li> <li id="cite_note-birmingham-65"><a href="#cite_ref-birmingham_65-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://runicdictionary.nottingham.ac.uk/fullentry.php?elem=159">Runic Dictionary Entry for grimm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220224110738/http://runicdictionary.nottingham.ac.uk/fullentry.php?elem=159">Archived</a> 24 February 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the runic dictionary of the University of Nottingham. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAannestadPedersenMoenNaumann2020" class="citation book cs1">Aannestad, Hanne Lovise; Pedersen, Unn; Moen, Marianne; Naumann, Elise; Berg, Heidi Lund (26 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sg8HEAAAQBAJ">Vikings Across Boundaries: Viking-Age Transformations – Volume II</a>. Routledge. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-20470-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-20470-4"><bdi>978-1-000-20470-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vikings+Across+Boundaries%3A+Viking-Age+Transformations+%E2%80%93+Volume+II&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020-10-26&rft.isbn=978-1-000-20470-4&rft.aulast=Aannestad&rft.aufirst=Hanne+Lovise&rft.au=Pedersen%2C+Unn&rft.au=Moen%2C+Marianne&rft.au=Naumann%2C+Elise&rft.au=Berg%2C+Heidi+Lund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsg8HEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jansson1-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Jansson1_67-0">^</a> Jansson, Sven B. F. (1980). Runstenar. STF, Stockholm. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-7156-015-7" title="Special:BookSources/91-7156-015-7">91-7156-015-7</a> p. 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1981389-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1981389_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPritsak1981">Pritsak (1981)</a>, p. 389. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorir_Jonsson_Hraundal201466–67-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorir_Jonsson_Hraundal201466–67_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorir_Jonsson_Hraundal2014">Thorir Jonsson Hraundal (2014)</a>, pp. 66–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-Duczko-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Duczko_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuczko2004">Duczko (2004)</a>, p. 210 </li> <li id="cite_note-RPC-71"><a href="#cite_ref-RPC_71-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheRussianPrimaryChronicle">The Russian Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text, ed. and trans. by Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor (Cambridge, MA: The Medieval Academy of America, 1953)</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-910956-34-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-910956-34-0">0-910956-34-0</a>, s.aa. 6368–6370 (860–862 CE) [pp. 59–60]. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Kotlyar, M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150817035904/http://warhistory.ukrlife.org/1_02_10.htm">Prinices of Kiev Kyi and Askold</a>. Warhitory.ukrlife.org. 2002 </li> <li id="cite_note-Plokhy2006-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Plokhy2006_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerhii_Plokhy2006" class="citation book cs1">Serhii Plokhy (7 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pCdUmCWxwJ8C&pg=PA30">The Origins of the Slavic Nations: Premodern Identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45892-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45892-4"><bdi>978-1-139-45892-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426163652/https://books.google.com/books?id=pCdUmCWxwJ8C&pg=PA30">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Slavic+Nations%3A+Premodern+Identities+in+Russia%2C+Ukraine%2C+and+Belarus&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006-09-07&rft.isbn=978-1-139-45892-4&rft.au=Serhii+Plokhy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpCdUmCWxwJ8C%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NeumannWigen2018-74"><a href="#cite_ref-NeumannWigen2018_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIver_B._NeumannEinar_Wigen2018" class="citation book cs1">Iver B. Neumann; Einar Wigen (19 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PgJiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA170">"The Steppe in the Emergent Rusʹ Polity"</a>. The Steppe Tradition in International Relations: Russians, Turks and European State Building 4000 BCE–2017 CE. Cambridge University Press. pp. 163, 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-36891-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-36891-9"><bdi>978-1-108-36891-9</bdi></a>. <q>From the 860s onwards, then, but for all we know, even before that, there existed a Viking-led polity that was headed by a khagan and known as the Rusʹ Khaganate. Novoseltsev (1982) and Noonan (2001) make the case that the title 'khagan' was not only taken over from the Khazars (of which there is little doubt) but that it was specifically intended to ease the transfer of tribute-paying from one (Khazar) to another (Rusʹ) and generally to stake a claim first to equality and then to succession. As noted earlier, Noonan (2001) postulates a fully fledged translatio imperii.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Steppe+in+the+Emergent+Rus%CA%B9+Polity&rft.btitle=The+Steppe+Tradition+in+International+Relations%3A+Russians%2C+Turks+and+European+State+Building+4000+BCE%E2%80%932017+CE&rft.pages=163%2C+170&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018-07-19&rft.isbn=978-1-108-36891-9&rft.au=Iver+B.+Neumann&rft.au=Einar+Wigen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPgJiDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorir_Jonsson_Hraundal201468-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorir_Jonsson_Hraundal201468_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorir_Jonsson_Hraundal2014">Thorir Jonsson Hraundal (2014)</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_76-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_76-3">d</a> P.B. Golden, “Rūs”, in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 26 July 2018 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0942">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0942</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_77-1">b</a> James E. Montgomery, '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uio.no/index.php/JAIS/article/viewFile/4553/4006">Ibn Faḍlān and the Rūsiyyah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180716194634/https://www.journals.uio.no/index.php/JAIS/article/viewFile/4553/4006">Archived</a> 16 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>', Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies, 3 (2000), 1–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Ann Christys, Vikings in the South (London: Bloomsbury, 2015), pp. 15–45 (esp. p. 31). </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrinkPrice2008">Brink & Price (2008)</a>, p. 552 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorir_Jonsson_Hraundal201473-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorir_Jonsson_Hraundal201473_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorir_Jonsson_Hraundal2014">Thorir Jonsson Hraundal (2014)</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> A. Seippel (ed.), Rerum normannicarum fonts arabici, 2 vols (Oslo: Brøgger, 1896). This edition of Arabic sources for references to Vikings was translated into Norwegian, and expanded, by H. Birkeland (ed. and trans.), Nordens historie: Middlealderen etter arabiske kilder (Oslo: Dyburad, 1954). It was translated into English by Alauddin I. Samarra’i (trans.), Arabic Sources on the Norse: English Translation and Notes Based on the Texts Edited by A. Seippel in ‘Rerum Normannicarum fontes Arabici’ (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1959). </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> James E. Montgomery, 'Ibn Rusta's Lack of "Eloquence", the Rus, and Samanid Cosmography’, Edebiyat, 12 (2001), 73–93. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> James E. Montgomery, 'Arabic Sources on the Vikings', in The Viking World, ed. by Stefan Brink (London: Routledge, 2008), pp. 550–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> James E. Montgomery, ‘Vikings and Rus in Arabic Sources’, in Living Islamic History, ed. by Yasir Suleiman (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2010), pp. 151–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorir_Jonsson_Hraundal2014-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorir_Jonsson_Hraundal2014_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorir_Jonsson_Hraundal2014_85-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorir_Jonsson_Hraundal2014">Thorir Jonsson Hraundal (2014)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorir_Jonsson_Hraundal201470–78-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorir_Jonsson_Hraundal201470–78_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorir_Jonsson_Hraundal2014">Thorir Jonsson Hraundal (2014)</a>, pp. 70–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2001" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Gwyn (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofvikings00jone_0">A History of the Vikings</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofvikings00jone_0/page/164">164</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280134-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280134-1"><bdi>0-19-280134-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Vikings&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-280134-1&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Gwyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofvikings00jone_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Quoted from <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a>, March 1985; Compare:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2009" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Robert (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UOFe2pIwmGEC">The Hammer and the Cross: A New History of the Vikings</a>. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141923871" title="Special:BookSources/9780141923871"><bdi>9780141923871</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426163701/https://books.google.com/books?id=UOFe2pIwmGEC">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2016. <q>They have no fields but simply live on what they get from the Slavs' lands.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hammer+and+the+Cross%3A+A+New+History+of+the+Vikings&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780141923871&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUOFe2pIwmGEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barraclough2016-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Barraclough2016_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEleanor_Rosamund_Barraclough2016" class="citation book cs1">Eleanor Rosamund Barraclough (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xuUoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA172">Beyond the Northlands: Viking Voyages and the Old Norse Sagas</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870124-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870124-8"><bdi>978-0-19-870124-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426163709/https://books.google.com/books?id=xuUoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA172">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Northlands%3A+Viking+Voyages+and+the+Old+Norse+Sagas&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-870124-8&rft.au=Eleanor+Rosamund+Barraclough&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxuUoDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VoltPäll2005-90"><a href="#cite_ref-VoltPäll2005_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoltJanika_Päll2005" class="citation book cs1">Volt, Ivo; Janika Päll (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gItVKprpx7sC&pg=PA16">Byzantino-Nordica 2004: Papers Presented at the International Symposium of Byzantine Studies Held on 7–11 May 2004 in Tartu, Estonia</a>. Morgenstern Society. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9949-11-266-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-9949-11-266-1"><bdi>978-9949-11-266-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426163647/https://books.google.com/books?id=gItVKprpx7sC&pg=PA16">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 28 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantino-Nordica+2004%3A+Papers+Presented+at+the+International+Symposium+of+Byzantine+Studies+Held+on+7%E2%80%9311+May+2004+in+Tartu%2C+Estonia&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Morgenstern+Society&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-9949-11-266-1&rft.aulast=Volt&rft.aufirst=Ivo&rft.au=Janika+P%C3%A4ll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgItVKprpx7sC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto4-91"><a href="#cite_ref-auto4_91-0">^</a> H. R. Ellis Davidson, The Viking Road to Byzantium (London: Allen & Unwin, 1976), p. 83.p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlöndal20079-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlöndal20079_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlöndal2007">Blöndal (2007)</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-BjergLind2013168-93"><a href="#cite_ref-BjergLind2013168_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFedir_Androshchuk2013" class="citation book cs1">Fedir Androshchuk (31 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZufDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA168">"Byzantium and the Scandinavian world in the 9th–!0th century"</a>. In Line Bjerg; John H. Lind; Soren Michael Sindbaek (eds.). From Goths to Varangians: Communication and Cultural Exchange between the Baltic and the Black Sea. Aarhus University Press. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7124-425-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7124-425-0"><bdi>978-87-7124-425-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426163649/https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZufDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA168">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Byzantium+and+the+Scandinavian+world+in+the+9th%E2%80%93%210th+century&rft.btitle=From+Goths+to+Varangians%3A+Communication+and+Cultural+Exchange+between+the+Baltic+and+the+Black+Sea&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Aarhus+University+Press&rft.date=2013-12-31&rft.isbn=978-87-7124-425-0&rft.au=Fedir+Androshchuk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6ZufDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkli︠a︡renko2006" class="citation book cs1">Skli︠a︡renko, V. H. (2006). Rusʹ i vari︠a︡hy : istoryko-etymolohichne doslidz︠h︡enni︠a︡. Kyïv: Dovira. pp. 75–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/966-507-205-6" title="Special:BookSources/966-507-205-6"><bdi>966-507-205-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rus%CA%B9+i+vari%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1hy+%3A+istoryko-etymolohichne+doslidz%EF%B8%A0h%EF%B8%A1enni%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1&rft.place=Ky%C3%AFv&rft.pages=75-89&rft.pub=Dovira&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=966-507-205-6&rft.aulast=Skli%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1renko&rft.aufirst=V.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrajchevskij1985" class="citation journal cs1">Brajchevskij, M.Yu. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resource.history.org.ua/item/11103">""Russkie" nazvaniya porogov u Konstantina Bagryanorodnogo"</a>. Zemli Yuzhnoj Rusi V IX–XIV Vv. (Kyiv, Naukova dumka): 26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220205025139/http://resource.history.org.ua/item/11103">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zemli+Yuzhnoj+Rusi+V+IX%E2%80%93XIV+Vv.&rft.atitle=%22Russkie%22+nazvaniya+porogov+u+Konstantina+Bagryanorodnogo&rft.issue=Kyiv%2C+Naukova+dumka&rft.pages=26&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Brajchevskij&rft.aufirst=M.Yu.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresource.history.org.ua%2Fitem%2F11103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstantine_VII_PorphyrogenitusMoravcsikJenkins1967" class="citation book cs1">Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus; Moravcsik, Gyula; Jenkins, Romilly J. H. (1967). De administrando imperio (New, Revised ed.). Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. pp. 58–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0884020219" title="Special:BookSources/978-0884020219"><bdi>978-0884020219</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+administrando+imperio&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=58-61&rft.edition=New%2C+Revised&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks+Center+for+Byzantine+Studies&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0884020219&rft.au=Constantine+VII+Porphyrogenitus&rft.au=Moravcsik%2C+Gyula&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+Romilly+J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstantine_VII_PorphyrogenitusMeursius1611" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus; Meursius, Johannes (1611). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DYsuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA16">De administrando imperio</a> (in Greek). Leiden: Ioannes Balduini. pp. 16–18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220205025138/https://books.google.com/books?id=DYsuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA16">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+administrando+imperio&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=16-18&rft.pub=Ioannes+Balduini&rft.date=1611&rft.au=Constantine+VII+Porphyrogenitus&rft.au=Meursius%2C+Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDYsuAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GoldenBen-Shammai2007-98"><a href="#cite_ref-GoldenBen-Shammai2007_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVladimir_Petrukhin2007" class="citation book cs1">Vladimir Petrukhin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZzXjdyK-CEC&pg=PA245">"Khazaria and Rus': An examination of their historical relations"</a>. In Peter B. Golden; Haggai Ben-Shammai; András Róna-Tas (eds.). The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives. BRILL. pp. 245–246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16042-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16042-2"><bdi>978-90-04-16042-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426163648/https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZzXjdyK-CEC&pg=PA245">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Khazaria+and+Rus%27%3A+An+examination+of+their+historical+relations&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+Khazars%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.pages=245-246&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16042-2&rft.au=Vladimir+Petrukhin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ZzXjdyK-CEC%26pg%3DPA245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dmgh-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dmgh_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dmgh_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_1/index.htm#page/434/mode/1up">"Annales Bertiniani"</a>. Die Monumenta Germaniae Historica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220123154950/https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_1/index.htm#page/434/mode/1up">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Die+Monumenta+Germaniae+Historica&rft.atitle=Annales+Bertiniani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dmgh.de%2Fmgh_ss_1%2Findex.htm%23page%2F434%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNazarenkoDzhaksonKonovalovaPodosinov2010" class="citation book cs1">Nazarenko, A. V.; Dzhakson, T. N.; Konovalova, I. G.; Podosinov, A. V. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vHgyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20">Drevni︠a︡i︠a︡ Rusʹ v svete zarubezhnykh istochnikov : khrestomatii︠a︡. Vol. 4</a>. Moskva: Russkiĭ fond sodeĭstvii︠a︡ obrazovanii︠u︡ i nauke. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-91244-008-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-91244-008-3"><bdi>978-5-91244-008-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311214914/https://books.google.com/books?id=vHgyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drevni%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1i%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1+Rus%CA%B9+v+svete+zarubezhnykh+istochnikov+%3A+khrestomatii%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1.+Vol.+4&rft.place=Moskva&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Russki%C4%AD+fond+sode%C4%ADstvii%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1+obrazovanii%EF%B8%A0u%EF%B8%A1+i+nauke&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-5-91244-008-3&rft.aulast=Nazarenko&rft.aufirst=A.+V.&rft.au=Dzhakson%2C+T.+N.&rft.au=Konovalova%2C+I.+G.&rft.au=Podosinov%2C+A.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvHgyDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko200449–50-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuczko200449–50_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuczko2004">Duczko 2004</a>, pp. 49–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-BrinkPrice2008497-102"><a href="#cite_ref-BrinkPrice2008497_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Shepard2008" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Shepard (31 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wuN-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA497">"The Viking Rus and Byzantium"</a>. In Stefan Brink; Neil Price (eds.). The Viking World. Routledge. p. 497. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-31826-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-31826-1"><bdi>978-1-134-31826-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426163649/https://books.google.com/books?id=wuN-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA497">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023. 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John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-0842-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-0842-6"><bdi>978-1-4443-0842-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+First+East+Slavic+State&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Russian+History&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009-04-06&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-0842-6&rft.au=Janet+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJyN0hlKcfTcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GasparovRaevsky-Hughes2021-104"><a href="#cite_ref-GasparovRaevsky-Hughes2021_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenrik_Birnbaum2021" class="citation book cs1">Henrik Birnbaum (8 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k7Z6d0ifWfEC&pg=PA53">"Christianity Before Christianization"</a>. In Boris Gasparov; Olga Raevsky-Hughes (eds.). California Slavic Studies, Volume XVI: Slavic Culture in the Middle Ages. Vol. XVI. Univ of California Press. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-30918-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-30918-0"><bdi>978-0-520-30918-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christianity+Before+Christianization&rft.btitle=California+Slavic+Studies%2C+Volume+XVI%3A+Slavic+Culture+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2021-01-08&rft.isbn=978-0-520-30918-0&rft.au=Henrik+Birnbaum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk7Z6d0ifWfEC%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinacher2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Steinacher" class="extiw" title="de:Roland Steinacher">Steinacher, Roland</a> [in German] (2010). "The Herules: Fragments of a History". In <a href="/wiki/Florin_Curta" title="Florin Curta">Curta, Florin</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6wXHSgAACAAJ">Neglected Barbarians</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brepols" title="Brepols">ISD</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782503531250" title="Special:BookSources/9782503531250"><bdi>9782503531250</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426163659/https://books.google.com/books?id=6wXHSgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Herules%3A+Fragments+of+a+History&rft.btitle=Neglected+Barbarians&rft.pub=ISD&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9782503531250&rft.aulast=Steinacher&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6wXHSgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> pp.43-44. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrbanczyk" class="citation journal cs1">Urbanczyk, Przemyslaw. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11887801">"Who were the early Rusʹ?"</a>. ACADEMIA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220312141925/https://www.academia.edu/11887801">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACADEMIA&rft.atitle=Who+were+the+early+Rus%CA%B9%3F&rft.aulast=Urbanczyk&rft.aufirst=Przemyslaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F11887801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiudprand,_Bishop_of_CremonaWright1930" class="citation book cs1">Liudprand, Bishop of Cremona; Wright, F. A. (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015020219237&view=1up&seq=46&skin=2021&q1=Rusii">The works of Liudprand of Cremona ...</a> New York: E.P. Dutton & company. p. 38. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220109155007/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015020219237&view=1up&seq=46&skin=2021&q1=Rusii">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+works+of+Liudprand+of+Cremona+...&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=E.P.+Dutton+%26+company&rft.date=1930&rft.au=Liudprand%2C+Bishop+of+Cremona&rft.au=Wright%2C+F.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015020219237%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D46%26skin%3D2021%26q1%3DRusii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomsen1877" class="citation book cs1">Thomsen, Vilhelm (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DK0OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA47">The Relations Between Ancient Russia and Scandinavia and the Origin of the Russian State: ...</a> Oxford and London: James Parker and Company. p. 47. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220312165710/https://books.google.com/books?id=DK0OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA47">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Relations+Between+Ancient+Russia+and+Scandinavia+and+the+Origin+of+the+Russian+State%3A+...&rft.place=Oxford+and+London&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=James+Parker+and+Company&rft.date=1877&rft.aulast=Thomsen&rft.aufirst=Vilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDK0OAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlöndal200740-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlöndal200740_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlöndal2007">Blöndal (2007)</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Fagrskinna" title="Fagrskinna">Fagrskinna</a> ch. 21 (ed. <a href="/wiki/Finnur_J%C3%B3nsson" title="Finnur Jónsson">Finnur Jónsson</a> 1902–8, p. 108). </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Chadwick, N. (1946). The Beginnings of Russian History. Cambridge at the University Press. pp. 84–89. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> In the 11 c., <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a> wrote about the <a href="/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala" title="Temple at Uppsala">Temple at Uppsala</a>, where there were three statues of the main gods, Odin, Thor and Freyr. In Norse mythology, Freyr was seen as the progenitor of the Swedish royal house. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Stefanovich, Petr S. (2016). Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, 2016, Neue Folge, Bd. 64, H. 4, pp. 529–544. </li> <li id="cite_note-Shchapov1992-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Shchapov1992_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYaroslav_Shchapov1992" class="citation book cs1">Yaroslav Shchapov (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000084611">"The assimilation by Kievan Rus' of the classical and Byzantine Heritage"</a>. In Yves Hamant (ed.). The Christianization of Ancient Russia: A Millennium, 988–1988. Unesco. pp. 62–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102642-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102642-3"><bdi>978-92-3-102642-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210924215834/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000084611">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+assimilation+by+Kievan+Rus%27+of+the+classical+and+Byzantine+Heritage&rft.btitle=The+Christianization+of+Ancient+Russia%3A+A+Millennium%2C+988%E2%80%931988&rft.pages=62-63&rft.pub=Unesco&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-92-3-102642-3&rft.au=Yaroslav+Shchapov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000084611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbanczyk2010-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbanczyk2010_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrbanczyk2010" class="citation journal cs1">Urbanczyk, Przemyslaw (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rcin.org.pl/Content/49530/WA308_66151_P321_Archaeological-view_I.pdf">"Archaeological view of Christianization on two sides of the Baltic Sea"</a> (PDF). Archeologia Polski. 55. Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences: 89–91, 99. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210911130420/http://rcin.org.pl/Content/49530/WA308_66151_P321_Archaeological-view_I.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 September 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2021. <q>The written evidence gives us a view of the conversion of the peri-Baltic area through the eyes of the successful Christianizers who painted a process that was quick, historically necessary, and politically effective [...] Therefore archaeologists have been convinced that discerning between 'pagan' and 'Christian' burials does not pose much of a problem and that a threshold of change exists. Today it is clear that the story of building a shared Christian identity was a much longer and difficult process on both sides of the Baltic Sea [...] All this resulted in a long and difficult Christianization process and a vigorous resistance on the part of the indigenous population. This is archaeologically witnessed in syncretic practices and pagan burials which were still being observed on the peripheries in the High Middle Ages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archeologia+Polski&rft.atitle=Archaeological+view+of+Christianization+on+two+sides+of+the+Baltic+Sea&rft.volume=55&rft.pages=89-91%2C+99&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Urbanczyk&rft.aufirst=Przemyslaw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frcin.org.pl%2FContent%2F49530%2FWA308_66151_P321_Archaeological-view_I.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nyberg1985-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Nyberg1985_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmeljan_Pritsak1985" class="citation book cs1">Omeljan Pritsak (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=48fYAAAAMAAJ&q=%22especially%20during%20the%20first%20three%20decades%20of%20the%2012th%20century%22">"On the Writing of History in Kievan Rus'"</a>. In Tore Nyberg (ed.). History and Heroic Tale: A Symposium. Odense University Press. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7492-534-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7492-534-7"><bdi>978-87-7492-534-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426163703/https://books.google.com/books?id=48fYAAAAMAAJ&q=%22especially%20during%20the%20first%20three%20decades%20of%20the%2012th%20century%22">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Writing+of+History+in+Kievan+Rus%27&rft.btitle=History+and+Heroic+Tale%3A+A+Symposium&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Odense+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-87-7492-534-7&rft.au=Omeljan+Pritsak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D48fYAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522especially%2520during%2520the%2520first%2520three%2520decades%2520of%2520the%252012th%2520century%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jakobson2011-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Jakobson2011_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoman_Jakobson2011" class="citation book cs1">Roman Jakobson (2011) [1947]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russianepicstudi42jako/page/106/mode/2up">Russian Epic Studies</a>. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 103–107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-088958-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-088958-1"><bdi>978-3-11-088958-1</bdi></a>. <q>The connections are present, then, and we may assume that Bojan himself, as late as 1110, may have heard Scandinavian songs and conversations from visitors; even later, at the court of that Mstislav who was also called Haraldr, the opportunity must have presented itself often. But this is quite different from supposing that Old Norse was habitually still spoken in twelfth-century court circles, or even among traders, except in the presence of visitors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Epic+Studies&rft.pages=103-107&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-11-088958-1&rft.au=Roman+Jakobson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussianepicstudi42jako%2Fpage%2F106%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sitz-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sitz_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sitz_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sitz_118-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sitz_118-3">d</a> Sitzmann, A. 2007. "Die skandinavischen Personennamen in den Birkenrindeninschriften" [The Scandinavian Personal Names in the Birchbark inscriptions] Scando-Slavica 53; 25–31 </li> <li id="cite_note-frank113-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frank113_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frank113_119-1">b</a> Franklin, S. 2002 (2004). Writing, Society and Culture in Early Rus, c.950–1300. Cambridge University Press. p. 113 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rundata-120"><a href="#cite_ref-Rundata_120-0">^</a> UA Fridell2004;1 in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://app.raa.se/open/runor/inscription?id=8cefe095-b620-412e-b556-d56b01384079">Runor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209131755/https://app.raa.se/open/runor/inscription?id=8cefe095-b620-412e-b556-d56b01384079">Archived</a> 9 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Duchits-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duchits_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duchits_121-1">b</a> Duchits, L. V. and Melnikova, E. A. "Nadpisi i znaki na kostiakh s gorodishscha Maskovichi (Severo-Zapadnaia Belorussiia) DGTSSSR 1980 god (1981), pp. 185–216 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Forssman (1983) Skandinavische Spuren in der alt-russischen Sprache und Dichtung. En Beitrag zur Sprach- und Kulturgeschichte des ost- und nord-europäischen Raumes im Mittelalter (Ed. B. Forssman), 2nd ed. München. pp. 24–27, pp. 80–99 </li> <li id="cite_note-tnl1041-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tnl1041_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tnl1041_123-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Nordic_Languages2002">The Nordic Languages (2002)</a>, p. 1041 </li> <li id="cite_note-tnl1042-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tnl1042_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tnl1042_124-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tnl1042_124-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tnl1042_124-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tnl1042_124-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tnl1042_124-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tnl1042_124-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Nordic_Languages2002">The Nordic Languages (2002)</a>, p. 1042 </li> <li id="cite_note-Vasmer-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Vasmer_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vasmer.slovaronline.com/1961-VITYAZ">""витязь". "Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary" online"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210803110815/https://vasmer.slovaronline.com/1961-VITYAZ">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C%22.+%22Vasmer%27s+Etymological+Dictionary%22+online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvasmer.slovaronline.com%2F1961-VITYAZ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tnl1044-126"><a href="#cite_ref-tnl1044_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Nordic_Languages2002">The Nordic Languages (2002)</a>, p. 1044 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a>: glaz, duma, knjaz', skot, tyn, chižin, chlev, cholm, šolom. <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a>: bljudo, verbljud, kotel, kupit', -kusit', lečit', lest', lichva, osel, polk, stupa, steklo, chleb, chudožnik, car', čužoj. "Balkan-Germanic": bukva, vinograd, smokva, userjaz'/g, skut. <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a>: bondar', bočka, bronja, buk, gradil', doska, izba, klej, korol', krest, luk, myto, petlja, penjaz', pila, plug, pop, post, remen', truba. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Forssman (1983) Skandinavische Spuren in der alt-russischen Sprache und Dichtung. En Beitrag zur Sprach- und Kulturgeschichte des ost- und nord-europäischen Raumes im Mittelalter (Ed. B. Forssman), 2nd ed. München. pp. 75–80 </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Kiparsky, V. (1975). Russische historische Grammatik. Vol III: Entwicklung des Wortschatzes. Heidelberg. pp. pp. 95–97. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Strumiński, Bohdan. (1996). Linguistic Interrelations in Early Rusʹ. Northmen, Finns and East Slavs. (Ninth to eleven centuries). Rome/Edmonton/Toronto. pp. 229–243. </li> <li id="cite_note-tnl1043-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tnl1043_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tnl1043_131-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Nordic_Languages2002">The Nordic Languages (2002)</a>, p. 1043 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklinShepard19969-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklinShepard19969_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranklinShepard1996">Franklin & Shepard (1996)</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklinShepard199612-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklinShepard199612_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranklinShepard1996">Franklin & Shepard (1996)</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklinShepard199622–25-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklinShepard199622–25_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranklinShepard1996">Franklin & Shepard (1996)</a>, pp. 22–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuczko2004-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuczko2004_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuczko2004_135-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuczko2004">Duczko (2004)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto8-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_136-1">b</a> Jonathan Shepherd, 'Review Article: Back in Old Rus and the USSR: Archaeology, History and Politics', English Historical Review, vol. 131 (no. 549) (2016), 384–405 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcew104">10.1093/ehr/cew104</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> I. Jansson, ‘Warfare, Trade or Colonisation? Some General Remarks on the Eastern Expansion of the Scandinavians in the Viking Period’, in The Rural Viking in Russia and Sweden, ed. by P. 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Oxford University Press. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967534-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967534-0"><bdi>978-0-19-967534-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426163657/https://books.google.com/books?id=r2vrAwAAQBAJ&pg=Pa176">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023. 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Retrieved 5 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viking+Rus%3A+Studies+on+the+Presence+of+Scandinavians+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.series=The+Northern+World&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9004138749&rft.aulast=Duczko&rft.aufirst=Wladyslaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhEawXSP4AVwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklinShepard1996" class="citation book cs1">Franklin, Simon; Shepard, Jonathan (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4JnjSgAACAAJ">The Emergence of Rus: 750–1200</a>. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-49091-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-49091-8"><bdi>978-0-582-49091-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Rus%3A+750%E2%80%931200&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-582-49091-8&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Shepard%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4JnjSgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoehrke1992" class="citation book cs1">Goehrke, C. (1992). Frühzeit des Ostslaven. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fr%C3%BChzeit+des+Ostslaven.&rft.place=Darmstadt&rft.pub=Wissenschaftliche+Buchgesellschaft&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Goehrke&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellquist1922" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hellquist, Elof (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/svensketymologis00hell">Svensk etymologisk ordbok</a> [Swedish etymological dictionary] (in Swedish). Lund: Gleerup.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Svensk+etymologisk+ordbok&rft.place=Lund&rft.pub=Gleerup&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Hellquist&rft.aufirst=Elof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsvensketymologis00hell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogan2005" class="citation book cs1">Logan, F. Donald (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7K2ywwGox6IC">The Vikings in History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415327563" title="Special:BookSources/0415327563"><bdi>0415327563</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vikings+in+History&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0415327563&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=F.+Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7K2ywwGox6IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLunt1975" class="citation book cs1">Lunt, Horace Gray (1975). On the language of old Rus: some questions and suggestions. Harvard University, Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+language+of+old+Rus%3A+some+questions+and+suggestions&rft.pub=Harvard+University%2C+Harvard+Ukrainian+Research+Institute&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Lunt&rft.aufirst=Horace+Gray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi1996" class="citation book cs1">Magocsi, Paul R. (1996). A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ukraine.&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Annals of Saint-Bertin. Ninth-Century Histories. Vol. 1. Translated by Nelson, Janet L. Manchester and New York. 1991.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annals+of+Saint-Bertin&rft.place=Manchester+and+New+York&rft.series=Ninth-Century+Histories&rft.date=1991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritsak1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Omeljan_Pritsak" title="Omeljan Pritsak">Pritsak, Omeljan</a> (1981). The Origin of Rus'. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Rus%27&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Pritsak&rft.aufirst=Omeljan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStang1996" class="citation book cs1">Stang, Hakon. (1996). The Naming of Russia. Oslo: Middelelser.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naming+of+Russia.&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Middelelser&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Stang&rft.aufirst=Hakon.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorir_Jonsson_Hraundal2014" class="citation journal cs1">Thorir Jonsson Hraundal (January 2014). "New Perspectives on Eastern Vikings/Rus in Arabic Sources". Viking and Medieval Scandinavia. 10: 65–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.VMS.5.105213">10.1484/J.VMS.5.105213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Viking+and+Medieval+Scandinavia&rft.atitle=New+Perspectives+on+Eastern+Vikings%2FRus+in+Arabic+Sources&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=65-97&rft.date=2014-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FJ.VMS.5.105213&rft.au=Thorir+Jonsson+Hraundal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolochko2008" class="citation book cs1">Tolochko, Olksiy P (2008). "The Primary Chronicle's 'Ethnography' Revisited: Slavs and Varangians in the Middle Dnieper Region and the Origin of the Rus' State". In Garipzanov, Ildar H.; Geary, Patrick J.; Urbańczyk, Przemysław (eds.). Franks, Northmen and Slavs. Identities and State Formation in Early Medieval Europe. Brepols.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Primary+Chronicle%27s+%27Ethnography%27+Revisited%3A+Slavs+and+Varangians+in+the+Middle+Dnieper+Region+and+the+Origin+of+the+Rus%27+State&rft.btitle=Franks%2C+Northmen+and+Slavs.+Identities+and+State+Formation+in+Early+Medieval+Europe&rft.place=Brepols&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Tolochko&rft.aufirst=Olksiy+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldmanMason2005" class="citation book cs1">Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC">Encyclopedia of European Peoples</a>. <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1438129181" title="Special:BookSources/1438129181"><bdi>1438129181</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+European+Peoples&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1438129181&rft.aulast=Waldman&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Mason%2C+Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkfv6HKXErqAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARus%27+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20060302105118/http://www.cultinfo.ru/fulltext/1/001/007/066/66944.htm">Gerard Miller as the author of the Normanist theory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brockhaus_and_Efron" class="mw-redirect" title="Brockhaus and Efron">Brockhaus and Efron</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rus%27_people" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rus' people">Rus' people</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li>James E. Montgomery, '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uio.no/index.php/JAIS/article/viewFile/4553/4006">Ibn Faḍlān and the Rūsiyyah</a>', Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies, 3 (2000), 1–25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131001082748/http://www.uib.no/jais/v003ht/03-001-025Montgom1.htm">Archive.org.</a> Includes a translation of Ibn Fadlān's discussion of the Rūs/Rūsiyyah.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gardariki" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gardariki"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Garðaríki" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar%C3%ADki" title="Garðaríki">Garðaríki</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Names in italics are settlements whose <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Norse</a> names are not recorded</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volkhov_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkhov River">Volkhov</a>-<a href="/wiki/Volga_trade_route" title="Volga trade route">Volga trade route</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyubsha" title="Lyubsha">Lyubsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staraya_Ladoga" title="Staraya Ladoga">Aldeigja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaborg" title="Alaborg">Álaborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novye_Duboviki" title="Novye Duboviki">Duboviki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Hólmgarðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarskoye_Gorodishche" title="Sarskoye Gorodishche">Sarskoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timerevo" title="Timerevo">Timerevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balymer_complex" title="Balymer complex">Balymer</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%96179_Gripsholm_Runestone.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gripsholm runestone"><img alt="Gripsholm runestone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/S%C3%96179_Gripsholm_Runestone.jpg/60px-S%C3%96179_Gripsholm_Runestone.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/S%C3%96179_Gripsholm_Runestone.jpg/90px-S%C3%96179_Gripsholm_Runestone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/S%C3%96179_Gripsholm_Runestone.jpg/120px-S%C3%96179_Gripsholm_Runestone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="767" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Dvina" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Dvina">Dvina</a>-<a href="/wiki/Route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" title="Route from the Varangians to the Greeks">Dnieper trade route</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Pallteskja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnezdovo" title="Gnezdovo">Gnezdovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Grave" title="Black Grave">Chernigov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kænugarðr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bjarmaland" title="Bjarmaland">Bjarmaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khortytsia" title="Khortytsia">Khortitsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">White Shores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Miklagarðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murom" title="Murom">Móramar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostov,_Yaroslavl_Oblast" title="Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast">Rostofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rurikovo_Gorodische" title="Rurikovo Gorodische">Rurikovo Gorodische</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serkland" title="Serkland">Særkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smaleskja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzdal" title="Suzdal">Súrdalar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kylfings" title="Kylfings">Kylfings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chud" title="Chud">Chudes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meryans" title="Meryans">Merya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgaria" title="Volga Bulgaria">Bulgars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blakumen" title="Blakumen">Blakumen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Norse_people" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Norse_people_footer" title="Template:Norse people footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Norse_people_footer" title="Template talk:Norse people footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norse_people_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Norse people footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Norse_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Norse_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse people">Norse people</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scandinavia" title="History of Scandinavia">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scandinavia" title="History of Scandinavia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Stone_Age" title="Nordic Stone Age">Nordic Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Old_norse,_ca_900.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg/150px-Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg/225px-Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg/300px-Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="299" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Expansion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norse%E2%80%93Gaels" title="Norse–Gaels">Norse–Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar%C3%ADki" title="Garðaríki">Garðaríki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Exploration of the Americas</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Trade_route" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">Trade route</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_during_the_Viking_Age" title="Trade during the Viking Age">Viking Trade Routes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks">Varangian Trade Routes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_trade_route" title="Volga trade route">Volga Trade Route</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Paganism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">Gods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Æsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">Jötunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd" title="Sigurd">Sigurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund" title="Sigmund">Sigmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lundr" class="mw-redirect" title="Völundr">Völundr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A6ttir" class="mw-redirect" title="Vættir">Vættir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfar" class="mw-redirect" title="Álfar">Elves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_elves" class="mw-redirect" title="Light elves">Light elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svart%C3%A1lfar" title="Svartálfar">Dark elves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvergr" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvergr">Dvergr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einherjar" title="Einherjar">Einherjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenrir" title="Fenrir">Fenrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(being)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hel (being)">Hel (being)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">Dís</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norns" title="Norns">Norns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rmungandr" title="Jörmungandr">Jörmungandr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ask_and_Embla" title="Ask and Embla">Ask and Embla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norse_cosmology" title="Norse cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81sgar%C3%B0r" class="mw-redirect" title="Ásgarðr">Ásgarðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaheimr" title="Vanaheimr">Vanaheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C3%B0gar%C3%B0r" class="mw-redirect" title="Miðgarðr">Miðgarðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADgr%C3%AD%C3%B0r" title="Vígríðr">Vígríðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifr%C3%B6st" title="Bifröst">Bifröst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3lkvangr" title="Fólkvangr">Fólkvangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginnungagap" title="Ginnungagap">Ginnungagap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Helheim">Helheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BAspellsheimr" class="mw-redirect" title="Múspellsheimr">Múspellsheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflheimr" class="mw-redirect" title="Niflheimr">Niflheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmisbrunnr" title="Mímisbrunnr">Mímisbrunnr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hvergelmir" title="Hvergelmir">Hvergelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur%C3%B0arbrunnr" title="Urðarbrunnr">Urðarbrunnr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yggdrasill" class="mw-redirect" title="Yggdrasill">Yggdrasill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunheimr" title="Jötunheimr">Jötunheimr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norse_rituals" title="Norse rituals">Rituals and worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">Seiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walpurgis_Night" title="Walpurgis Night">Walpurgis Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Midsummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr" title="Hörgr">Hörgr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9_(shrine)" title="Vé (shrine)">Vé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothi" title="Gothi">Gothi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_magic" title="Runic magic">Runic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lva" class="mw-redirect" title="Völva">Völva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galdr" title="Galdr">Galdr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Norse_paganism" title="Death in Norse paganism">Death in Norse paganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norse_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_clans" title="Norse clans">Clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarl_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarl (title)">Jarl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thegn" title="Thegn">Thegn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lag" title="Félag">Félag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">Thing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead_hall" title="Mead hall">Mead hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmgang" title="Holmgang">Holmgang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runemaster" title="Runemaster">Runemaster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nithing_pole" title="Nithing pole">Nithing pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">Skalds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%AB%C3%BE" title="Nīþ">Nīþ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergi" title="Ergi">Ergi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berserker" title="Berserker">Berserkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(early_medieval)" title="Emporium (early medieval)">Emporium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir%E2%80%93Vanir_War" title="Æsir–Vanir War">Æsir–Vanir War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbulwinter" title="Fimbulwinter">Fimbulwinter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Hunt" title="Wild Hunt">Wild Hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrfing_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrfing Cycle">Tyrfing Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsung_Cycle" title="Völsung Cycle">Völsung Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">Runestones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaborg" title="Alaborg">Alaborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staraya_Ladoga" title="Staraya Ladoga">Aldeigja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Arkona" title="Cape Arkona">Arkona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardy-%C5%9Awielubie" title="Bardy-Świelubie">Bardy-Świelubie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birka" title="Birka">Birka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dierkow" title="Dierkow">Dierkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnezdovo" title="Gnezdovo">Gnezdovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grobi%C5%86a" title="Grobiņa">Grobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedeby" title="Hedeby">Hedeby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Holmgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jomsborg" title="Jomsborg">Jomsborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaup_(emporium)" title="Kaup (emporium)">Kaup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaupang" title="Kaupang">Kaupang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pingsvik" title="Köpingsvik">Köpingsvik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindholm_H%C3%B8je" title="Lindholm Høje">Lindholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altes_Lager_(Menzlin)" title="Altes Lager (Menzlin)">Menzlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralswiek" title="Ralswiek">Ralswiek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reric" title="Reric">Reric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribe" title="Ribe">Ribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarskoye_Gorodishche" title="Sarskoye Gorodishche">Sarskoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigtuna" title="Sigtuna">Sigtuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timerevo" title="Timerevo">Timerevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truso" title="Truso">Truso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaja_(Finland)" title="Vanaja (Finland)">Vanaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolin_(town)" title="Wolin (town)">Wolin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Norse_history_and_culture" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Norse history and culture">WikiProject Norse history and culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Middle_Ages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_Ages" title="Template:Middle Ages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Middle Ages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_Ages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle Ages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Middle_Ages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">European Middle Ages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">Decline of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">Barbarian kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Decline of Hellenistic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Rise of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925%E2%80%931102)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)">Kingdom of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Rise of the Venetian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitas_Schinesghe" title="Civitas Schinesghe">Civitas Schinesghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Rise of the Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capet%E2%80%93Plantagenet_feud" class="mw-redirect" title="Capet–Plantagenet feud">Capet–Plantagenet feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Warm_Period" title="Medieval Warm Period">Medieval Warm Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_mercenaries" title="Swiss mercenaries">Swiss mercenaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_late_Middle_Ages" title="Crisis of the late Middle Ages">Crisis of the late Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_1315%E2%80%931317" title="Great Famine of 1315–1317">Great Famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Agriculture in the Middle Ages">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_architecture" title="Medieval architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_and_state_in_medieval_Europe" title="Church and state in medieval Europe">Church and State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_dance" title="Medieval dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_demography" title="Medieval demography">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastilude" title="Hastilude">Hastilude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_household" title="Medieval household">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_hunting" title="Medieval hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_popular_culture" title="Middle Ages in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itinerant_court" title="Itinerant court">Itinerant court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_medicine_of_Western_Europe" title="Medieval medicine of Western Europe">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minstrel" title="Minstrel">Minstrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_poetry" title="Medieval poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_science_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="European science in the Middle Ages">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_technology" title="Medieval technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_theatre" title="Medieval theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Women in the Middle Ages">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Disability in the Middle Ages">Disability in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Middle_Ages" title="Outline of the Middle Ages">Basic topics list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_land_terms" title="List of medieval land terms">Land terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_reenactment" title="Medieval reenactment">Medieval reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_studies" title="Medieval studies">Medieval studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_common_misconceptions_about_the_Middle_Ages" title="List of common misconceptions about the Middle Ages">Misconceptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-medievalism" title="Neo-medievalism">Neo-medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_post-classical_history" title="Timeline of post-classical history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Historiography in the Middle Ages">Historiography in the Middle Ages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Middle_Ages" title="Portal:Middle Ages">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Middle_Ages" title="Category:Middle Ages">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Middle_Ages" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Middle Ages">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Belarus_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Belarus_topics" title="Template:Belarus topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Belarus_topics" title="Template talk:Belarus topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Belarus_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Belarus topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Belarus_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Belarus-related_topics" title="List of Belarus-related topics">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuri" title="Neuri">Neuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androphagi" title="Androphagi">Androphagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Polotsk" title="Principality of Polotsk">Principality of Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Turov" title="Principality of Turov">Principality of Turov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_history_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Belarusian history in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Belarus" title="Russification of Belarus">Russification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Democratic_Republic" title="Belarusian Democratic Republic">Belarusian Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Belorussia" title="Western Belorussia">Western Belorussia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_annexation_of_Western_Belorussia" title="Soviet annexation of Western Belorussia">Annexation of Western Belarus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus#Republic_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">Republic of Belarus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Belarus" title="Geography of Belarus">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_largest_towns_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities and largest towns in Belarus">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Belarus" title="List of extreme points of Belarus">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Belarus" title="Geology of Belarus">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Belarus" title="Protected areas of Belarus">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_Europe_and_North_America#Belarus" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America">Biosphere Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Belarus" title="List of national parks of Belarus">National parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Belarus" title="List of rivers of Belarus">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamps_of_Belarus" title="Swamps of Belarus">Swamps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Belarus" title="Politics of Belarus">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Belarus" title="Regions of Belarus">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Belarus" title="Censorship in Belarus">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belarus" title="Constitution of Belarus">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Belarus" title="Elections in Belarus">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Election_Commission_of_Belarus" title="Central Election Commission of Belarus">Central Election Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Belarus" title="Foreign relations of Belarus">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Belarus" title="Government of Belarus">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Belarus" title="Human rights in Belarus">Human rights</a> (<a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Belarus">LGBT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Belarus" title="Law enforcement in Belarus">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus">State Security Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Belarus)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Belarus)">Ministry of Internal Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Troops_of_Belarus" title="Internal Troops of Belarus">Internal Troops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militsiya_(Belarus)" title="Militsiya (Belarus)">Militsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Security_Service_(Belarus)" title="Presidential Security Service (Belarus)">Presidential Security Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Belarus" title="Armed Forces of Belarus">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Belarus" title="List of political parties in Belarus">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Belarus" title="President of Belarus">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belarus" title="Prime Minister of Belarus">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Belarus" title="List of prime ministers of Belarus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State of Russia and Belarus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belarus" title="Economy of Belarus">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Belarus" title="Agriculture in Belarus">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Belarus" title="List of banks in Belarus">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="National Bank of the Republic of Belarus">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_ruble" title="Belarusian ruble">Ruble (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belarus" title="Telecommunications in Belarus">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Belarus" title="Energy in Belarus">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Belarus" title="Industry of Belarus">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_and_organizations_sanctioned_in_relation_to_human_rights_violations_in_Belarus" title="List of people and organizations sanctioned in relation to human rights violations in Belarus">International sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Currency_and_Stock_Exchange" title="Belarusian Currency and Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Belarus" title="Transport in Belarus">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Belarus" title="Category:Society of Belarus">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Belarus" title="Demographics of Belarus">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Belarus" title="Education in Belarus">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Belarus" title="Healthcare in Belarus">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belarus" title="Culture of Belarus">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Belarus" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Belarus">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_name" title="Belarusian name">Belarusian names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_folk_dance" title="Belarusian folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belarus" title="Languages of Belarus">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_literature" title="Belarusian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belarus" title="Music of Belarus">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Belarus" title="Cinema of Belarus">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Belarus" title="Mass media in Belarus">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Belarus" title="National symbols of Belarus">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Belarus" title="Public holidays in Belarus">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Belarus" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Belarus">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Belarus" title="Outline of Belarus">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Belarus-related_topics" title="List of Belarus-related topics">Index</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Belarusian_history" title="Bibliography of Belarusian history">Bibliography</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Belarus" title="Category:Belarus">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Belarus" title="Portal:Belarus">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russia_topics" title="Template:Russia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russia_topics" title="Template talk:Russia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_history" title="Timeline of Russian history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li>Feudal Rus' <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow" title="Principality of Moscow">Moscow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Russia_(1500%E2%80%931800)" title="Expansion of Russia (1500–1800)">Expansion (1500–1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Army of the Tsardom of Russia">Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian state">Russian state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Great Patriotic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Russia (1991–present)">Russian Federation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Economic history of the Russian Federation">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russian_journalism" title="History of Russian journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet_in_Russia" title="History of the Internet in Russia">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Judicial system of the Russian Empire">Judicial system of the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Russia">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Russia" title="Military history of Russia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Russia" title="Outline of Russia">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Russia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Russia">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_city_of_Russia" title="Historical city of Russia">Historical cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Russia" title="Geography of Russia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Russia" title="Borders of Russia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia" title="List of cities and towns in Russia">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Russia" title="Climate of Russia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Russia" title="List of earthquakes in Russia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Russia" title="Environment of Russia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Russia" title="Environmental issues in Russia">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Russia">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Russian_Upland" title="Central Russian Upland">Central Russian Upland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Russia" title="Northwest Russia">Northwest Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshchera_Lowlands" title="Meshchera Lowlands">Meshchera Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka%E2%80%93Don_Lowland" title="Oka–Don Lowland">Oka–Don Lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_Upland" title="Smolensk Upland">Smolensk Upland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fjords_of_Russia" title="List of fjords of Russia">Fjords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Russia" title="Geology of Russia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Russia" title="List of glaciers in Russia">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Regions" title="Great Russian Regions">Great Russian Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_points_of_Russian_federal_subjects" title="List of highest points of Russian federal subjects">Highest points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Russia" title="List of islands of Russia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Russia" title="List of lakes of Russia">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mountains of Russia">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Urals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Russia" title="List of volcanoes in Russia">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Russia" title="List of rivers of Russia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Russia" title="Protected areas of Russia">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Russia" title="Wildlife of Russia">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Far North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Russia" title="Capital punishment in Russia">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Civil Service of the Russian Federation">Civil Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classified_information_in_Russia" title="Classified information in Russia">Classified information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Russia" title="Conscription in Russia">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_of_Russia" title="Criminal Code of Russia">Criminal code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Russia" title="Elections in Russia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Russia" title="Far-right politics in Russia">Far-right politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_budget_of_Russia" title="Federal budget of Russia">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Foreign relations of Russia">Foreign relations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Foreign_Relations_of_Russia_since_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly_in_Russia" title="Freedom of assembly in Russia">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apparatus_of_the_Government_of_Russia" title="Apparatus of the Government of Russia">Apparatus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Russia" title="Judiciary of Russia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Russia" title="Law of Russia">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Russia" title="Law enforcement in Russia">Law enforcement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Russia" title="Prisons in Russia">Prisons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_Russia" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in Russia">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Russia" title="Political divisions of Russia">Political divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in Russia">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Russia" title="Martial law in Russia">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Russia" title="Media freedom in Russia">Media freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_Russia" title="Neo-Nazism in Russia">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agencies_of_Russia" title="Intelligence agencies of Russia">Intelligence agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian opposition">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Russia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Prime Minister of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency_in_Russia" title="State of emergency in Russia">State of emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_in_Russia" title="Civil defense in Russia">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue_in_Russia" title="Search and rescue in Russia">Search and rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Russia" title="Urban planning in Russia">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_Russia" title="Mass surveillance in Russia">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism_in_Russia" title="Separatism in Russia">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_limits_in_Russia" title="Term limits in Russia">Term limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia" title="Terrorism in Russia">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Russia" title="Agriculture in Russia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_industry_of_Russia" title="Aircraft industry of Russia">Aircraft industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Russia" title="Banking in Russia">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droughts_and_famines_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union">Droughts and famines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Russia" title="Automotive industry in Russia">Car industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Russia" title="Central Bank of Russia">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense industry of Russia">Defence industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_regions_of_Russia" title="Economic regions of Russia">Economic regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Russia" title="Energy in Russia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Russia" title="Fishing industry in Russia">Fishing industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Russia" title="Forestry in Russia">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Financial_districts_in_Russia" title="Category:Financial districts in Russia">Financial districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Russia" title="Gambling in Russia">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Russia" title="Homelessness in Russia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Russia" title="Mining industry of Russia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Russia" title="Petroleum industry in Russia">Petroleum industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Russia" title="Postal codes in Russia">Postal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarchs" title="Russian oligarchs">Russian oligarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Ruble (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Russia" title="Science and technology in Russia">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding_in_Russia" title="Shipbuilding in Russia">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_system_in_Russia" title="Social security system in Russia">Social security system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Russia" title="Space industry of Russia">Space industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Russia" title="Taxation in Russia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Russia" title="Telecommunications in Russia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Russia" title="Tourism in Russia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Russia" title="List of trade unions in Russia">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Russia" title="Transport in Russia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Russia" title="Waste management in Russia">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Russia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Russia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Russia" title="Category:Society of Russia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Russia" title="Abortion in Russia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Russia" title="Alcohol in Russia">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Russia" title="Anti-American sentiment in Russia">Anti-American sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Russia" title="Cannabis in Russia">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in the Russian Federation">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of Russia">Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Russia" title="Corruption in Russia">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Russia" title="Crime in Russia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deafness_in_Russia" title="Deafness in Russia">Deafness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Russia" title="Demographics of Russia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Russia" title="Domestic violence in Russia">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doping_in_Russia" title="Doping in Russia">Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Russia" title="Ethnic groups in Russia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_public_apologies_in_Russia" title="Forced public apologies in Russia">Forced public apologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerals_in_Russia" title="Funerals in Russia">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_Russia" title="Gun control in Russia">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Russia" title="Health in Russia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Russia" title="Healthcare in Russia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Russia" title="HIV/AIDS in Russia">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_Russia" title="Mental health in Russia">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Russia" title="Human rights in Russia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Russia" title="LGBTQ rights in Russia">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Russia" title="Immigration to Russia">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_Russia" title="Illegal immigration to Russia">Illegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_Russia" title="Migrant workers in Russia">Labour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_life_expectancy" title="List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Russia" title="Open access in Russia">Open access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphans_in_Russia" title="Orphans in Russia">Orphans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Russia" title="Polygamy in Russia">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Russia" title="Prostitution in Russia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_in_Russia" title="Scouting in Russia">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_entrepreneurship_in_Russia" title="Social entrepreneurship in Russia">Social entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_in_Russia" title="Sociology in Russia">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Russia" title="Smoking in Russia">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Russia" title="Suicide in Russia">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wedding_traditions" title="Russian wedding traditions">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Russia" title="Witch trials in Russia">Witch trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Russia" title="Women in Russia">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Russian_and_Soviet_military" title="Women in the Russian and Soviet military">in army</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Russia" title="Architecture of Russia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Russia" title="Armorial of Russia">Armorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Culture of the Russian Armed Forces">Army culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_weapons_of_Russia" title="Honorary weapons of Russia">Honorary weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_artists" title="List of Russian artists">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wine" title="Russian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fashion" title="Russian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fairy_tale" title="Russian fairy tale">Fairy tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fashion" title="Russian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Russia" title="Category:Festivals in Russia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Russia">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_traditions_and_superstitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian traditions and superstitions">Traditions and superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_forms_of_addressing" title="Russian forms of addressing">Forms of addressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti_in_Russia" title="Graffiti in Russia">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_heraldry" title="Russian heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Russia" title="Internet in Russia">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_martial_arts" title="Russian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Russia" title="Mass media in Russia">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Rus%CA%B9,_Russia_and_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Rusʹ, Russia and Ruthenia">Names of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_given_name" title="Russian given name">Russian given name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nobility" title="Russian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Russia" title="National symbols of Russia">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Russia" title="National anthem of Russia">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Russia" title="Coat of arms of Russia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Russia" title="Flag of Russia">Flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_the_Russian_tsars" title="Regalia of the Russian tsars">Russian tsars regalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera" title="Russian opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personification_of_Russia" title="Personification of Russia">Personification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_playing_cards" title="Russian playing cards">Playing cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_philosophers" title="List of Russian philosophers">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_political_jokes" title="Russian political jokes">Political jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Russia" title="Public holidays in Russia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_tea_culture" title="Russian tea culture">tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Russia" title="Television in Russia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Russia" title="Seven Wonders of Russia">Seven Wonders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Sports_Classification_System_of_Russia" title="Unified Sports Classification System of Russia">Unified Sports Classification System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Russia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Russia">World Heritage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Russia" title="Outline of Russia">Outline</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russia" title="Category:Russia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ukraine_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ukraine_topics" title="Template:Ukraine topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ukraine_topics" title="Template talk:Ukraine topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ukraine_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ukraine topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ukraine_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuyaba" title="Kuyaba">Kuyaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kiev" title="Principality of Kiev">Principality of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Galicia–Volhynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiev_Voivodeship" title="Kiev Voivodeship">Kiev Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Sich" title="Zaporozhian Sich">Sich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Hetmanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pereiaslav_Agreement" title="Pereiaslav Agreement">Pereiaslav Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">Revolution and War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Ukrainian State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Reichskommissariat Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Committee" title="Ukrainian National Committee">Ukrainian National Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front (World War II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Volhynia massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Ukraine" title="Declaration of Independence of Ukraine">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">Revolution of Dignity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">2014 pro-Russian unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea by Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Ukraine" title="History of Christianity in Ukraine">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of Ukraine">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ukraine" title="Geography of Ukraine">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Ukraine" title="National parks of Ukraine">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_Europe_and_North_America#Ukraine" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America">Biosphere reserves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine">Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nature_reserves_of_Ukraine" title="List of nature reserves of Ukraine">Nature reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populated_places_in_Ukraine" title="Populated places in Ukraine">Populated places</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ukraine" title="List of cities in Ukraine">Cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_rivers_of_Ukraine" title="List of longest rivers of Ukraine">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Ukraine" title="List of mountains in Ukraine">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_Ukraine" title="List of waterfalls in Ukraine">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ukraine" title="List of islands of Ukraine">Islands and sandbars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ukraine" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Ukraine">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Ukraine" title="Wildlife of Ukraine">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ukraine" title="Politics of Ukraine">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Ukraine" title="Administrative divisions of Ukraine">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine" title="Constitution of Ukraine">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ukraine" title="Flag of Ukraine">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ukraine" title="Government of Ukraine">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign relations of Ukraine">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Ukraine" title="Political parties in Ukraine">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Ukraine" title="Elections in Ukraine">Elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Ukraine" title="Judiciary of Ukraine">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Ukraine" title="Law of Ukraine">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Ukraine)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Ukraine)">Law enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Ukraine–European Union relations">Ukraine–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Ukraine–NATO relations">Ukraine–NATO relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of Ukraine">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_hryvnia" title="Ukrainian hryvnia">Hryvnia (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Ukraine" title="Banking in Ukraine">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_exchanges_in_Ukraine" title="Stock exchanges in Ukraine">Stock exchanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Ukraine" title="Energy in Ukraine">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_in_Ukraine" title="Electricity in Ukraine">Electricity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Ukraine" title="Science and technology in Ukraine">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ukraine" title="Telecommunications in Ukraine">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Ukraine" title="Tourism in Ukraine">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ukraine" title="Transport in Ukraine">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Ukraine" title="Category:Society of Ukraine">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ukraine" title="Education in Ukraine">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Ukraine" title="Corruption in Ukraine">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Ukraine" title="Gender inequality in Ukraine">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Ukraine" title="Health in Ukraine">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ukraine" title="Abortion in Ukraine">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ukraine" title="HIV/AIDS in Ukraine">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic" title="2009 swine flu pandemic">Swine flu pandemic</a> (2009-10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Ukraine" title="Crime in Ukraine">Crime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Ukraine" title="Suicide in Ukraine">suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ukraine" title="Human rights in Ukraine">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine" title="Freedom of the press in Ukraine">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Ukraine">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Ukraine" title="Human trafficking in Ukraine">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ukraine" title="Languages of Ukraine">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Ukraine" title="Minorities in Ukraine">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Ukraine" title="Prostitution in Ukraine">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ukraine" title="Culture of Ukraine">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukrainian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ukrainian animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_architecture" title="Ukrainian architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Architecture of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian baroque">Baroque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_Ukraine" title="Arts of Ukraine">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ukraine" title="Cinema of Ukraine">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_wine" title="Ukrainian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cultural icons <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandura" title="Bandura">Bandura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">Borscht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_fairy_tale" title="Ukrainian fairy tale">Kazka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobzar" title="Kobzar">Kobzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pysanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Pysanka">Pysanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushnyk" title="Rushnyk">Rushnyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyshyvanka" title="Vyshyvanka">Vyshyvanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dance" title="Ukrainian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_folklore" title="Ukrainian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Ukraine" title="Public holidays in Ukraine">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Ukraine" title="Intangible Cultural Heritage of Ukraine">Intangible Cultural Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_literature" title="Ukrainian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Ukraine" title="Mass media in Ukraine">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_Ukraine" title="Opera in Ukraine">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ukraine" title="Sport in Ukraine">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ukraine" title="Demographics of Ukraine">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian people</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rus' people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_diaspora" title="Ukrainian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_refugee_crisis_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian refugee crisis (2022–present)">Refugees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to Ukraine">Immigration to Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censuses_in_Ukraine" title="Censuses in Ukraine">Censuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Ukraine" title="Outline of Ukraine">Outline</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ukraine" title="Category:Ukraine">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ukraine" title="Portal:Ukraine">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Europe" title="Template talk:History of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Paleolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Christianity in late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li>Bulgarian Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History of Western civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">Maritime history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" 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