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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Memory bias affecting emotional memory</div> <p>The <b>fading affect bias</b>, more commonly known as <b>FAB</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychological</a> phenomenon in which memories associated with negative emotions tend to be forgotten more quickly than those associated with positive emotions.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FAB only refers to the feelings one has associated with the memories and not the content of the memories themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early research studied FAB retrospectively, or through personal reflection, which brought about some criticism because retrospective analysis can be affected by subjective retrospective biases. However, new research using non-retrospective recall studies have found evidence for FAB,<sup id="cite_ref-:04_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the phenomenon has become largely accepted. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description_and_background">Description and background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fading_affect_bias&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description and background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the earliest evidence for the Fading Affect Bias dates back to a study by <a href="#CITEREFCason1932">Cason (1932)</a>. Cason's study using a retrospective procedure where participants recalled and rated past events and emotion when prompted found that recalled emotional intensity for positive events was generally stronger than that of negative events.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Landau and Gunter (2009) showed that the FAB occurs regardless of whether the experience is shared between one person or a group of people that share that memory. People's recall of an event, the negative affective quality of the event can lessen. And the fading affect bias can have an effect on the memory.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, the Fading Affect Bias was widely accepted as the process whereby the emotional <a href="/wiki/Valence_(psychology)" title="Valence (psychology)">valence</a> of certain events fades over time. More specifically, early researchers largely believed that there was a general fading over time of emotional content and intensity in relation to specific life events, regardless of whether the experiences were positive or negative.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, later studies found emotional intensity of negative events to dissipate at a faster rate than positively perceived events.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, not only are the negative emotions toward the event fading over time, but the ability to recall the negative event memory fades overtime as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Growing evidence has also acknowledged the tendency for originally negative events to shift over time and be viewed in a more positive way.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FAB exists universally across cultures,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and increases in intensity as we age.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitchie_et_al.2009_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERitchie_et_al.2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the fading of negative event memories, the <a href="/wiki/Autobiographical_memory" title="Autobiographical memory">autobiographical memory</a> of an individual is skewed in a positive light. The FAB is an essential counterpart to the positive affect bias, as it allows and promotes the salience of positive emotional memories.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also plays an important role in positive personal event memory trends essential to the <a href="/wiki/Pollyanna_principle" title="Pollyanna principle">Pollyanna Principle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Views opposing the FAB concern the idea that negative memories and negative experiences are more salient than positive ones and therefore negative memories would not be subject to recall fading.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first opposing idea is based on the "bad is stronger than good" theory, and is therefore more salient, in terms of affective fading. This view contrary to fading affect bias argues that due to the nature of the self, we are more inclined to focus on and remember negative events.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theory focuses on the belief that human nature is based around negative experiences, memories, and emotions. These are more shaping than all others in regard to the hedonistic view. Those that came up with the "bad is stronger than good" theory talk about how nature itself has been shaped by negative experiences. Things that are better attuned to negative things are also more adaptive and able to survive better. This effect can feed into every aspect of life.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, despite this theory, research has also shown that people often recall positive events more often and clearly than negative events, which opposes the idea that "bad is stronger than good".<sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another opposing idea to fading affect bias, a stems from the <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Freudian</a> theory of <a href="/wiki/Repression_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Repression (psychology)">repression</a>, that in order for repression to occur, the negative emotion associated with the traumatic event would have to remain.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diminishing of these memories via FAB could possibly make repression incapable of occurring, at least according to this interpretation of the concept of repression. However, this idea has been attributed to Freud despite it has been noted that it is only an extension of the Freudian view and not a direct statement of that view.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, none of this views represent solid arguments against FAB and the growing body of evidence seems to solidify its existence.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_history">Research history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fading_affect_bias&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Research history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Criticism of the <a href="#CITEREFCason1932">Cason (1932)</a> study centered around the fact that retrospective and introspective procedures could be subject to memory biases. A later study—Holmes (1970)—took a "non-introspective" approach to studying FAB using a record of diary events that included the emotional intensity of the event. Twenty-six subjects were told to record events in a diary and record the emotional intensities of the experiences. Results from these studies were found to be generally consistent with FAB.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study by <a href="#CITEREFWalker_et_al.1997">Walker et al. (1997)</a> discussed the role which memory plays in FAB using diary recording to analyze cognitive processes. Here, it is stated that <a href="/wiki/Human_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Human being">human beings</a> are preferential in what they select to remember and that certain particulars of events fade, but not emotions. This study found that emotions prompted by positive events were more likely to last than those prompted by negative occurrences. </p><p><a href="#CITEREFRitchie_et_al.2009">Ritchie et al. (2009)</a> used subject's personal responses to 1200 <a href="/wiki/Autobiographical" class="mw-redirect" title="Autobiographical">autobiographical</a> events to study the Fading Affect Bias. In this study, four possible trends were found regarding memory: the Fixed Affect (wherein emotional intensity is maintained), the Fading Affect (wherein emotional intensity diminishes), the Flourishing Affect (where there is an increase in intensity), and the Flexible Affect (where there is a reversal of valence). For positive recollections, the Fixed Affect was more prominent (39%) than the Fading Affect (37%). However, for negative occurrences, the Fading Affect was more prominent (51%) than the Fixed Affect (38%). Reiterating the bias towards the fading of negative memories. </p><p>In addition to the aforementioned psychological studies, related <a href="/wiki/Neurobiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurobiological">neurobiological</a> studies were conducted that could possibly further explain the phenomenon of FAB. During an <a href="/wiki/Interview" title="Interview">interview</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neurobiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurobiologist">neurobiologist</a> Matt Wilson detailed that in studying the <a href="/wiki/Brain_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain activity">brain activity</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">rats</a> it was found that the remembrance of past events and the anticipation of future events seemed to be linked neurologically.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a possible implication of why FAB exists: the human need to catalog relevant information to be used in the future. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memory_types">Memory types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fading_affect_bias&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Memory types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>FAB is most commonly observed in autobiographical event memories, however it has been explored across different memory types. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flashbulb_memories">Flashbulb memories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fading_affect_bias&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Flashbulb memories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><sup id="cite_ref-:8_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study by Bohn & Berntsen (2007) used the falling of the Berlin Wall to observe how the FAB affects <a href="/wiki/Flashbulb_memory" title="Flashbulb memory">flashbulb memories</a>. East and West Germans were asked to rate their feelings toward the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">fall of the Berlin Wall</a> when it happened and their current feelings towards the event. They found that individuals with positive feelings about it when the wall fell maintained their positive feelings at time of recall. Those who viewed the fall of The Wall as negative had less negative emotions attached to the event at time of recall.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The salience of FAB outside of autobiographical event recall, such as flashbulb memory recall, strengthens the argument for this phenomenon being universal.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With flashbulb memories the study found a bias in memory immersion. When asked to focus on a positive flashbulb memory the person tended to re-immerse themselves into the memory and the memories were seen as shaping parts of their lives. The accuracy of these memories was susceptible to change in this mental reconstruction. When asked to focus on a negative flashbulb memory the person would not have this immersion as they did not want to associate as much with these negative experiences. However, the accuracy of negative flashbulb memory was far higher. FAB is thought to have a significant effect on how these memories are maintained within the mind.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dreams">Dreams</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fading_affect_bias&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dreams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ritchie & Skowronski (2008) asked individuals to keep dream journals in which they rated their feelings about their dreams when they happened and were later asked to recall how they felt about those same dreams.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In line with previous findings about the nature of the FAB and autobiographical memory, positive affect at time of occurrence and at time of recall decreased slower than that of negative affect. An interesting finding in this study was that the FAB was mitigated by the use of recreational drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Moderating_factors">Moderating factors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fading_affect_bias&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Moderating factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_moderators">Social moderators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fading_affect_bias&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Social moderators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rehearsal">Rehearsal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fading_affect_bias&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rehearsal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sharing and repeating one's memories with others can effectively change one's perception of the memory and the emotions attached to it.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frequently sharing memories with others can increase recall of positive event memories and effectively decrease negative event memories, thus promoting positive event memory recall.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To amplify effects of the FAB, frequent, repeated, social disclosure of event memories, perceived as social support is integral.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, the sharing of events with others can positively influence the way an individual remembers events, however self-rehearsal does not yield the same results, as it is linked to a lack of affective fading overall.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:24_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Self-rehearsal can allow the subject to maintain the vividness of both positive and negative of the memory. The effect that rehearsal has on FAB can also possibly be explained by the relationship between event rehearsal and memory retainment and vividness<sup id="cite_ref-:4_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personality_moderators">Personality moderators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fading_affect_bias&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personality moderators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Anxiety</b> </p><p>FAB's effectiveness can be affected by anxiety. Depending on the amount of anxiety a person is experiencing the effectiveness of FAB can be reduced. Increased levels of anxiety lowered FAB for both positive and negative events. This has been found in multiple studies showing anxiety has a powerful effect on FAB.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those with higher anxiety seem to show that increased levels of anxiety may produce a greater sense of awareness that amplify the emotional aspects of their memory of an event.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Something to consider from these findings is that those that suffer from anxiety report more emotional experiences, and a poorer understanding of their own emotions. These people recall experiences with more emotion than was originally there but struggle to define those emotions within the memory. Studies have looked at this in relation to those with trait anxiety who are stuck in a state of anticipating a threat whether real or perceived.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other studies have shown that individuals that suffer with higher levels of anxiety do not have to be consciously aware that perceived threats are distracting them and creating more anxiety for themselves (Bishop, 2007). Those experiencing higher levels of anxiety seem to experience these effects more than others, which likely affects how they experience the world and how they recall autobiographical memories.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Depression">Depression</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fading_affect_bias&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Depression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The presence of depression or dysphoria can moderate the effectiveness of FAB. The overall contents of autobiographical memories between depressed and non-depressed individuals differ in that a dysphoric autobiographical memory has more negative event memories.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As found in multiple studies, the disproportionate amount of negative memories of a dysphoric individual can be attributed to the interruption of the FAB. Negative memories tend to fade slower in dysphorics than in non-dysphorics, and furthermore dysphorics' positive memories and negative memories seem to fade at similar rates.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:24_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:52_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Narcissism">Narcissism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fading_affect_bias&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Narcissism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Narcissists are seen as having extremely high levels of self-esteem, thus one would believe they have an elevated FAB, however this is not the case. The more narcissistic an individual is, it has been found, the less of an FAB effect is present.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An exception to this depends on the type of event memory that is being recalled. When the focus of the event memory is the narcissist or something that they did, the FAB is present.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when focused on a memory involving a group or community, FAB was not present. There is some evidence that those with low levels of narcissism experience the FAB effect more and that there is a correlation between levels of narcissism and FAB.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The moderation of the FAB by narcissism provides more evidence that FAB is an indicator of healthy emotional regulation<sup id="cite_ref-:24_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emotional_moderators">Emotional moderators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fading_affect_bias&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Emotional moderators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mood">Mood</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fading_affect_bias&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is a common misconception when looking at the FAB that the mood state of the individual during recall will significantly impact their perception of the event.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a person is only looking back at a negative event with a positive lens because they are currently in a good mood. A study by <a href="#CITEREFRitchie_et_al.2009">Ritchie et al. (2009)</a> found this to be partially true in that the most positive individuals at time of recall have a more pertinent FAB effect, however FAB was still experienced by everyone no matter their emotional state, reinforcing that FAB is a universal experience that functions beyond the current emotional state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitchie_et_al.2009_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERitchie_et_al.2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possible_explanations">Possible explanations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fading_affect_bias&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Possible explanations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>FAB is regarded as a generally beneficial occurrence. A popular explanation for the FAB among psychologists and researchers alike, is the need for healthy self-awareness, self-regulation and positive self view.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Effectively regulating negative emotions in autobiographical memories reduces maladaptive future behavior and allows for the enhancing of the self.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FAB allows for successful social navigation by promoting the retention of positive experiences, thus allowing for an individual to be open to new experiences as modeled in the <a href="/wiki/Broaden-and-build" title="Broaden-and-build">Broaden-and-Build theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is further supported by evidence which shows that individuals with <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depression</a>, a maladaptive disorder, experience interference with FAB by retaining negative emotions from unpleasant memories.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FAB may also be attributed to one's drive to protect oneself from recalling traumatic experiences and may also explain why negative experiences may feel farther away in time than they actually are.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, the fading affect bias is seen as an adaptive behavior in healthy individuals that allows for a more positive outlook on life<sup id="cite_ref-:04_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_Considerations">Cultural Considerations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fading_affect_bias&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cultural Considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of the research for FAB has been done almost exclusively in the US. Time and again the results and effects of FAB are shown in normal life and within the lab. There is a concern that FAB is only prevalent within the US and that it could reflect US attitude of "looking to the brightside." In light of this Ritchie and associates did a test of 10 different samples from 6 different universities with access to diverse ethnic backgrounds. FAB occurred in every sample regardless of background establishing a solid foundation that FAB seems to be universal.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Knowing that FAB is universal doesn't mean that it as prevalent in all cultures though. Culture effectively standardizes the customs and rituals that formalize the human relationships according to the core groups' value system. It, therefore, enables individuals and groups to reduce stress by anticipating events. Different cultures experience stress, depression and these other emotions differently, which can greatly affect how prevalent FAB is within that particular culture.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fading_affect_bias&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:04-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:04_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWalkerSkowronski2009" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, W. 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(2017-07-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.essex.ac.uk/26190/1/FAB_and_Imagery_Resubmission_Final.pdf">"An exploration of the relationship among valence, fading affect, rehearsal frequency, and memory vividness for past personal events"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Memory</i>. <b>25</b> (6): 724–735. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09658211.2016.1210172">10.1080/09658211.2016.1210172</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0965-8211">0965-8211</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27424651">27424651</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4430252">4430252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memory&rft.atitle=An+exploration+of+the+relationship+among+valence%2C+fading+affect%2C+rehearsal+frequency%2C+and+memory+vividness+for+past+personal+events&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=724-735&rft.date=2017-07-03&rft.issn=0965-8211&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4430252%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27424651&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09658211.2016.1210172&rft.aulast=Lindeman&rft.aufirst=Meghan+I.+H.&rft.au=Zengel%2C+Bettina&rft.au=Skowronski%2C+John+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.essex.ac.uk%2F26190%2F1%2FFAB_and_Imagery_Resubmission_Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFading+affect+bias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkerYancuSkowronski2014" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, W. Richard; Yancu, Cecile N.; Skowronski, John J. (2014-09-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4197641">"Trait anxiety reduces affective fading for both positive and negative autobiographical memories"</a>. <i>Advances in Cognitive Psychology</i>. <b>10</b> (3): 81–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5709%2Facp-0159-0">10.5709/acp-0159-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1895-1171">1895-1171</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4197641">4197641</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25320653">25320653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Cognitive+Psychology&rft.atitle=Trait+anxiety+reduces+affective+fading+for+both+positive+and+negative+autobiographical+memories&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=81-89&rft.date=2014-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4197641%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1895-1171&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25320653&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5709%2Facp-0159-0&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=W.+Richard&rft.au=Yancu%2C+Cecile+N.&rft.au=Skowronski%2C+John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4197641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFading+affect+bias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:52_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkerSkowronskiGibbonsVogl2003" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, W. Richard; Skowronski, John; Gibbons, Jeffrey; Vogl, Rodney; Thompson, Charles (January 2003). "On the emotions that accompany autobiographical memories: Dysphoria disrupts the fading affect bias". <i>Cognition & Emotion</i>. <b>17</b> (5): 703–723. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02699930302287">10.1080/02699930302287</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0269-9931">0269-9931</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145630088">145630088</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cognition+%26+Emotion&rft.atitle=On+the+emotions+that+accompany+autobiographical+memories%3A+Dysphoria+disrupts+the+fading+affect+bias&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=703-723&rft.date=2003-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145630088%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0269-9931&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02699930302287&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=W.+Richard&rft.au=Skowronski%2C+John&rft.au=Gibbons%2C+Jeffrey&rft.au=Vogl%2C+Rodney&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFading+affect+bias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedikidesSpencer2007" class="citation book cs1">Sedikides, Constantine; Spencer, Steven (2007). <i>The self</i>. New York: Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203818572" title="Special:BookSources/9780203818572"><bdi>9780203818572</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1086524377">1086524377</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+self&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1086524377&rft.isbn=9780203818572&rft.aulast=Sedikides&rft.aufirst=Constantine&rft.au=Spencer%2C+Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFading+affect+bias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resources_and_studies">Resources and studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fading_affect_bias&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Resources and studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studies">Studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fading_affect_bias&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCason1932" class="citation journal cs1">Cason, Hulsey (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/archivesofpsych134wooduoft">"The Learning and Retention of Pleasant and Unpleasant Activities"</a>. <i>Archives of Psychology</i>. <b>134</b>: 1–96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+Learning+and+Retention+of+Pleasant+and+Unpleasant+Activities&rft.volume=134&rft.pages=1-96&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Cason&rft.aufirst=Hulsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farchivesofpsych134wooduoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFading+affect+bias" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1932-02105-001">Abstract</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker_et_al.1997" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, W. Richard; Vogl, Rodney J.; Thompson, Charles P. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514225227/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/W_Walker3/publication/230233641_Autobiographical_Memory_Unpleasantness_Fades_Faster_Than_Pleasantness_over_Time/links/54d3b28b0cf25013d026372a.pdf">"Autobiographical memory: unpleasantness fades faster than pleasantness over time"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Applied Cognitive Psychology</i>. <b>11</b> (5): 399–413. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28sici%291099-0720%28199710%2911%3A5%3C399%3A%3Aaid-acp462%3E3.3.co%3B2-5">10.1002/(sici)1099-0720(199710)11:5<399::aid-acp462>3.3.co;2-5</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230233641">the original</a> on 2016-05-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Cognitive+Psychology&rft.atitle=Autobiographical+memory%3A+unpleasantness+fades+faster+than+pleasantness+over+time&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=399-413&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28sici%291099-0720%28199710%2911%3A5%3C399%3A%3Aaid-acp462%3E3.3.co%3B2-5&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=W.+Richard&rft.au=Vogl%2C+Rodney+J.&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Charles+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F230233641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFading+affect+bias" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchie_et_al.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ritchie, Timothy; Skowronski, John J.; Hartnett, Jessica; Wells, Brett; Walker, W. Richard (April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niu.edu/jskowronski/publications/RitchieEtAl2009.pdf">"The fading affect bias in the context of emotion activation level, mood, and personal theories of emotion change"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Memory</i>. <b>17</b> (4): 428–444. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09658210902791665">10.1080/09658210902791665</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0965-8211">0965-8211</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19358015">19358015</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33746366">33746366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memory&rft.atitle=The+fading+affect+bias+in+the+context+of+emotion+activation+level%2C+mood%2C+and+personal+theories+of+emotion+change&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=428-444&rft.date=2009-04&rft.issn=0965-8211&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33746366%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19358015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09658210902791665&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft.au=Skowronski%2C+John+J.&rft.au=Hartnett%2C+Jessica&rft.au=Wells%2C+Brett&rft.au=Walker%2C+W.+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.niu.edu%2Fjskowronski%2Fpublications%2FRitchieEtAl2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFading+affect+bias" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbonsLeeWalker2011" class="citation journal cs1">Gibbons, Jeffrey A.; Lee, Sherman A.; Walker, W. Richard (2011). "The fading affect bias begins within 12 hours and persists for 3 months". <i>Applied Cognitive Psychology</i>. <b>25</b> (4): 663–672. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Facp.1738">10.1002/acp.1738</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Cognitive+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+fading+affect+bias+begins+within+12+hours+and+persists+for+3+months&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=663-672&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Facp.1738&rft.aulast=Gibbons&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+A.&rft.au=Lee%2C+Sherman+A.&rft.au=Walker%2C+W.+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFading+affect+bias" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoreenMacLeod2013" class="citation journal cs1">Noreen, Saima; MacLeod, Malcolm D. (2013). "It's all in the detail: Intentional forgetting of autobiographical memories using the autobiographical think/no-think task". <i>Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition</i>. <b>39</b> (2): 375–393. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0028888">10.1037/a0028888</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22686849">22686849</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Psychology%3A+Learning%2C+Memory%2C+and+Cognition&rft.atitle=It%27s+all+in+the+detail%3A+Intentional+forgetting+of+autobiographical+memories+using+the+autobiographical+think%2Fno-think+task&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=375-393&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0028888&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22686849&rft.aulast=Noreen&rft.aufirst=Saima&rft.au=MacLeod%2C+Malcolm+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFading+affect+bias" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neurosciencenews.com/remembering-to-forget-autobiographical-memories-ptsd-negative-emotions/">"Remembering to Forget"</a>. <i>Neuroscience News</i>. 22 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuroscience+News&rft.atitle=Remembering+to+Forget&rft.date=2012-06-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fneurosciencenews.com%2Fremembering-to-forget-autobiographical-memories-ptsd-negative-emotions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFading+affect+bias" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fading_affect_bias&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkowronski_et_al.2014" class="citation book cs1">Skowronski, John J.; Walker, W. Richard; Henderson, Dawn X.; Bond, Gary D. (2014). "The Fading Affect Bias: Its History, Its Implications, and Its Future". <i>Advances in Experimental Social Psychology</i>. Vol. 49. pp. 163–218. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-800052-6.00003-2">10.1016/B978-0-12-800052-6.00003-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780128000526" title="Special:BookSources/9780128000526"><bdi>9780128000526</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Fading+Affect+Bias%3A+Its+History%2C+Its+Implications%2C+and+Its+Future&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Experimental+Social+Psychology&rft.pages=163-218&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-800052-6.00003-2&rft.isbn=9780128000526&rft.aulast=Skowronski&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Walker%2C+W.+Richard&rft.au=Henderson%2C+Dawn+X.&rft.au=Bond%2C+Gary+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFading+affect+bias" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchie_et_al.2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ritchie, Timothy D.; Batteson, Tamzin J.; Bohn, Annette; Crawford, Matthew T.; Ferguson, Georgie V.; Schrauf, Robert W.; Vogl, Rodney J.; Walker, W. Richard (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.au.dk/ws/files/71845286/Ritchie_Batteson_Bohn_Crawford_Ferguson_Schrauf_Vogl_og_Walker_2014_.pdf">"A pancultural perspective on the fading affect bias in autobiographical memory"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Memory</i>. <b>23</b> (2): 278–290. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09658211.2014.884138">10.1080/09658211.2014.884138</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24524255">24524255</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33335274">33335274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memory&rft.atitle=A+pancultural+perspective+on+the+fading+affect+bias+in+autobiographical+memory&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=278-290&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33335274%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24524255&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09658211.2014.884138&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Timothy+D.&rft.au=Batteson%2C+Tamzin+J.&rft.au=Bohn%2C+Annette&rft.au=Crawford%2C+Matthew+T.&rft.au=Ferguson%2C+Georgie+V.&rft.au=Schrauf%2C+Robert+W.&rft.au=Vogl%2C+Rodney+J.&rft.au=Walker%2C+W.+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.au.dk%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F71845286%2FRitchie_Batteson_Bohn_Crawford_Ferguson_Schrauf_Vogl_og_Walker_2014_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFading+affect+bias" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biases" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Biases</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive biases</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acquiescence_bias" title="Acquiescence bias">Acquiescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambiguity_effect" title="Ambiguity effect">Ambiguity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_bias" title="Affinity bias">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchoring_(cognitive_bias)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchoring (cognitive bias)">Anchoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attentional_bias" title="Attentional bias">Attentional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attribution_bias" title="Attribution bias">Attribution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actor%E2%80%93observer_asymmetry" title="Actor–observer asymmetry">Actor–observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_attribution_error" title="Fundamental attribution error">Correspondence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority_bias" title="Authority bias">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automation_bias" title="Automation bias">Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Availability_heuristic" title="Availability heuristic">Availability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mean_world_syndrome" title="Mean world syndrome">Mean world</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief_bias" title="Belief bias">Belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_blind_spot" title="Bias blind spot">Blind spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice-supportive_bias" title="Choice-supportive bias">Choice-supportive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escalation_of_commitment" title="Escalation of commitment">Commitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">Confirmation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selective_perception" title="Selective perception">Selective perception</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion_fade" title="Compassion fade">Compassion fade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congruence_bias" title="Congruence bias">Congruence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_bias" title="Cultural bias">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declinism" title="Declinism">Declinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distinction_bias" title="Distinction bias">Distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunning%E2%80%93Kruger_effect" title="Dunning–Kruger effect">Dunning–Kruger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egocentric_bias" title="Egocentric bias">Egocentric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curse_of_knowledge" title="Curse of knowledge">Curse of knowledge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_bias" title="Emotional bias">Emotional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrinsic_incentives_bias" title="Extrinsic incentives bias">Extrinsic incentives</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fading affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_effect_(psychology)" title="Framing effect (psychology)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_illusion" title="Frequency illusion">Frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_pond_effect" title="Frog pond effect">Frog pond effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halo_effect" title="Halo effect">Halo effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindsight_bias" title="Hindsight bias">Hindsight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_effect" title="Horn effect">Horn effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostile_attribution_bias" title="Hostile attribution bias">Hostile attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_bias" title="Impact bias">Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implicit_stereotype" title="Implicit stereotype">Implicit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentionality_bias" title="Intentionality bias">Intentionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illusion_of_transparency" title="Illusion of transparency">Illusion of transparency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_world_syndrome" title="Mean world syndrome">Mean world syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere-exposure_effect" title="Mere-exposure effect">Mere-exposure effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_bias" title="Narrative bias">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negativity_bias" title="Negativity bias">Negativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normalcy_bias" title="Normalcy bias">Normalcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omission_bias" title="Omission bias">Omission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimism_bias" title="Optimism bias">Optimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-group_homogeneity" title="Out-group homogeneity">Out-group homogeneity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcome_bias" title="Outcome bias">Outcome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_bias" title="Precision bias">Precision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_bias" title="Present bias">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-innovation_bias" title="Pro-innovation bias">Pro-innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proximity_bias" title="Proximity bias">Proximity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Response_bias" title="Response bias">Response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraint_bias" title="Restraint bias">Restraint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-serving_bias" title="Self-serving bias">Self-serving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_comparison_bias" title="Social comparison bias">Social comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence_bias" title="Social influence bias">Social influence bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotlight_effect" title="Spotlight effect">Spotlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_quo_bias" title="Status quo bias">Status quo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attribute_substitution" title="Attribute substitution">Substitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-saving_bias" title="Time-saving bias">Time-saving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trait_ascription_bias" title="Trait ascription bias">Trait ascription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_illusion" title="Turkey illusion">Turkey illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Restorff_effect" title="Von Restorff effect">von Restorff effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-risk_bias" title="Zero-risk bias">Zero-risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias_in_animals" title="Cognitive bias in animals">In animals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bias_(statistics)" title="Bias (statistics)">Statistical biases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bias_of_an_estimator" title="Bias of an estimator">Estimator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forecast_bias" title="Forecast bias">Forecast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_user_bias" title="Healthy user bias">Healthy user</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_bias_(epidemiology)" title="Information bias (epidemiology)">Information</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_bias_(psychology)" title="Information bias (psychology)">Psychological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_time_bias" title="Lead time bias">Lead time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Length_time_bias" title="Length time bias">Length time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participation_bias" title="Participation bias">Non-response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observer_bias" title="Observer bias">Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omitted-variable_bias" title="Omitted-variable bias">Omitted-variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participation_bias" title="Participation bias">Participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recall_bias" title="Recall bias">Recall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_bias" title="Sampling bias">Sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selection_bias" title="Selection bias">Selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-selection_bias" title="Self-selection bias">Self-selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social-desirability_bias" title="Social-desirability bias">Social desirability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrum_bias" title="Spectrum bias">Spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survivorship_bias" title="Survivorship bias">Survivorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Systematic error">Systematic error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verification_bias" title="Verification bias">Verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_bias" title="Wet bias">Wet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other biases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_bias" title="Academic bias">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basking_in_reflected_glory" title="Basking in reflected glory">Basking in reflected glory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9formation_professionnelle" title="Déformation professionnelle">Déformation professionnelle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding_bias" title="Funding bias">Funding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FUTON_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="FUTON bias">FUTON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_bias" title="Inductive bias">Inductive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_bias" title="Infrastructure bias">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inherent_bias" title="Inherent bias">Inherent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_in_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Bias in education">In education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liking_gap" title="Liking gap">Liking gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_news_media_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="United States news media and the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias_in_South_Asia" title="Media bias in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias_in_the_United_States" title="Media bias in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Media coverage of the Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_the_Ukrainian_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Media portrayal of the Ukrainian crisis">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_bias" title="Political bias">Political bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publication_bias" title="Publication bias">Publication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reporting_bias" title="Reporting bias">Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_hat_bias" title="White hat bias">White hat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bias reduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias_mitigation" title="Cognitive bias mitigation">Cognitive bias mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debiasing" title="Debiasing">Debiasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heuristic_(psychology)" title="Heuristic (psychology)">Heuristics in judgment and decision-making</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Lists: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" title="List of cognitive biases">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases#Memory_biases" title="List of cognitive biases">Memory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fading_affect_bias&oldid=1255023105">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fading_affect_bias&oldid=1255023105</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cognitive_biases" title="Category:Cognitive biases">Cognitive biases</a></li><li><a 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