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height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-id.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Pencarian</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia" aria-label="Telusuri Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Perkakas pribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id" class=""><span>Menyumbang</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Hukum+kimia" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Hukum+kimia" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Hukum+kimia" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Hukum+kimia" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Jenis-jenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jenis-jenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Jenis-jenis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Jenis-jenis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Jenis-jenis</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Jenis-jenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hukum_Kekekalan_Massa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hukum_Kekekalan_Massa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Hukum Kekekalan Massa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hukum_Kekekalan_Massa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hukum_perbandingan_tetap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hukum_perbandingan_tetap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Hukum perbandingan tetap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hukum_perbandingan_tetap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hukum_perbandingan_berganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hukum_perbandingan_berganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Hukum perbandingan berganda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hukum_perbandingan_berganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hukum_perbandingan_volume_(Gay-Lussac)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hukum_perbandingan_volume_(Gay-Lussac)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Hukum perbandingan volume (Gay-Lussac)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hukum_perbandingan_volume_(Gay-Lussac)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hukum_Perbandingan_Timbal_Balik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hukum_Perbandingan_Timbal_Balik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Hukum Perbandingan Timbal Balik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hukum_Perbandingan_Timbal_Balik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daftar_pustaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daftar_pustaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Daftar pustaka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daftar_pustaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hukum kimia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 14 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="قانون كيميائي – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قانون كيميائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="یاسای کیمیایی – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یاسای کیمیایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_law" title="Chemical law – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chemical law" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keemiaseadused" title="Keemiaseadused – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keemiaseadused" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="قانون شیمیایی – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قانون شیمیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leggi_fondamentali_ponderali" title="Leggi fondamentali ponderali – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Leggi fondamentali ponderali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjemiske_lover" title="Kjemiske lover – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kjemiske lover" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lege_chimic%C4%83" title="Lege chimică – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lege chimică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="රසායනික නීතිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රසායනික නීතිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_law" title="Chemical law – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chemical law" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemick%C3%BD_z%C3%A1kon" title="Chemický zákon – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chemický zákon" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemijski_zakon" title="Kemijski zakon – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kemijski zakon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimya_yasalar%C4%B1" title="Kimya yasaları – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kimya yasaları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="化學定律 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="化學定律" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36382#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hukum_kimia" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Hukum_kimia" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Indonesia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hukum_kimia"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_kimia&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_kimia&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_kimia&action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hukum_kimia"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_kimia&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_kimia&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_kimia&action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Hukum_kimia" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Hukum_kimia" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_kimia&oldid=18624450" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_kimia&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Hukum_kimia&id=18624450&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHukum_kimia"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHukum_kimia"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Hukum+kimia"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Hukum_kimia&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_kimia&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36382" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><p><b>Hukum kimia</b> adalah <a href="/wiki/Hukum_alam" class="mw-disambig" title="Hukum alam">hukum alam</a> yang relevan dengan bidang <a href="/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia">kimia</a>. Konsep paling fundamental dalam kimia adalah <a href="/wiki/Hukum_konservasi_massa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukum konservasi massa">hukum konservasi massa</a>, yang menyatakan bahwa tidak terjadi perubahan kuantitas <a href="/wiki/Materi" title="Materi">materi</a> sewaktu <a href="/wiki/Reaksi_kimia" title="Reaksi kimia">reaksi kimia</a> biasa. <a href="/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika">Fisika</a> modern menunjukkan bahwa sebenarnya yang terjadi adalah konservasi <a href="/wiki/Energi" title="Energi">energi</a>, dan bahwa energi dan <a href="/wiki/Massa" title="Massa">massa</a> saling berhubungan; suatu konsep yang menjadi penting dalam <a href="/wiki/Kimia_nuklir" title="Kimia nuklir">kimia nuklir</a>. <a href="/wiki/Konservasi_energi" class="mw-disambig" title="Konservasi energi">Konservasi energi</a> menuntun ke suatu konsep-konsep penting mengenai <a href="/wiki/Kesetimbangan" class="mw-disambig" title="Kesetimbangan">kesetimbangan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika">termodinamika</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Kinetika" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinetika">kinetika</a>. </p><p>Hukum tambahan dalam kimia mengembangkan hukum konservasi massa. <a href="/wiki/Hukum_perbandingan_tetap" title="Hukum perbandingan tetap">Hukum perbandingan tetap</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Proust" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Proust">Joseph Proust</a> menyatakan bahwa <a href="/wiki/Zat_kimia" title="Zat kimia">zat kimia</a> murni tersusun dari <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">unsur-unsur</a> dengan formula tertentu; kita sekarang mengetahui bahwa susunan struktural unsur-unsur ini juga penting. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hukum_perbandingan_berganda" title="Hukum perbandingan berganda">Hukum perbandingan berganda</a> dari <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a> menyatakan bahwa zat-zat kimia tersebut akan ada dalam proporsi yang berbentuk <a href="/wiki/Bilangan_bulat" title="Bilangan bulat">bilangan bulat</a> kecil (misalnya 1:2 O:H dalam <a href="/wiki/Air" title="Air">air</a>); walaupun dalam banyak sistem (terutama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomakromolekul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biomakromolekul (halaman belum tersedia)">biomakromolekul</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a>) rasio ini cenderung membutuhkan angka besar, dan sering diberikan dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Pecahan" title="Pecahan">pecahan</a>. Senyawa seperti ini dikenal sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stoikhiometri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stoikhiometri (halaman belum tersedia)">senyawa non-stoikhiometrik</a>. </p><p>Hukum kimia modern lain menentukan hubungan antara energi dan transformasi. </p> <ul><li>Dalam kesetimbangan, <a href="/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul">molekul</a> yang ditemukan dalam campuran ditentukan oleh transformasi yang mungkin terjadi dalam skala waktu kesetimbangan, dan memiliki suatu rasio yang ditentukan oleh energi intrinsik molekul. Semakin kecil energi intrinsik, semakin banyak molekul.</li> <li>Mengubah satu struktur menjadi struktur lain membutuhkan asupan energi untuk melampaui hambatan energi; hal ini dapat timbul karena energi intrinsik molekul itu sendiri, atau dari sumber luar yang secara umum akan mempercepat perubahan. Semakin besar hambatan energi, semakin lambat proses berlangsungnya transformasi.</li> <li>Ada struktur antara atau transisi hipotetik, yang berhubungan dengan struktur di puncak hambatan energi. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Postulat_Hammond-Leffer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Postulat Hammond-Leffer (halaman belum tersedia)">Postulat Hammond-Leffer</a> menyatakan bahwa struktur ini menyerupai produk atau bahan asal yang memiliki energi intrinsik yang terdekat dengan hambatan energi. Dengan menstabilkan struktur antara hipotetik ini melalui interaksi kimiawi adalah salah satu salah satu cara untuk mencapai <a href="/wiki/Katalisis" title="Katalisis">katalisis</a>.</li> <li>Semua proses kimia adalah terbalikkan (<i>reversible</i>) (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_keterbalikkan_mikroskopis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum keterbalikkan mikroskopis (halaman belum tersedia)">hukum keterbalikkan mikroskopis</a>) walaupun beberapa proses memiliki bias energi, mereka pada dasarnya takterbalikkan (<i>irreversible</i>).</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jenis-jenis">Jenis-jenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_kimia&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Jenis-jenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_kimia&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Jenis-jenis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hukum_Kekekalan_Massa">Hukum Kekekalan Massa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_kimia&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Hukum Kekekalan Massa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_kimia&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Hukum Kekekalan Massa"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Hukum kekekalan massa</b> merupakan massa yang dapat diubah menjadi <a href="/wiki/Energi" title="Energi">energi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulastri_dan_Rahmadani,_R.F.I.201755_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulastri_dan_Rahmadani,_R.F.I.201755-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hukum_perbandingan_tetap">Hukum perbandingan tetap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_kimia&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Hukum perbandingan tetap" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_kimia&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Hukum perbandingan tetap"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dalam <a href="/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia">kimia</a>, <b>hukum perbandingan tetap</b> atau <b>hukum Proust</b> (diambil dari nama <a href="/wiki/Kimiawan" title="Kimiawan">kimiawan</a> <a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis">Prancis</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Proust" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Proust">Joseph Proust</a>) adalah hukum yang menyatakan bahwa suatu <a href="/wiki/Senyawa_kimia" title="Senyawa kimia">senyawa kimia</a> terdiri dari <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">unsur-unsur</a> dengan perbandingan <a href="/wiki/Massa" title="Massa">massa</a> yang selalu tepat sama.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hukum_perbandingan_berganda">Hukum perbandingan berganda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_kimia&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Hukum perbandingan berganda" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_kimia&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Hukum perbandingan berganda"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Hukum perbandingan berganda</b> menurut Dalton yaitu apabila dua unsur dapat membentuk lebih dari satu senyawa, maka perbandingan massa unsur yang satu, yang bersenyawa dengan unsur lain yang tertentu massanya, adalah <a href="/wiki/Bilangan_bulat" title="Bilangan bulat">bilangan bulat</a> dan sederhana.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulastri_dan_Rahmadani,_R.F.I.201757_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulastri_dan_Rahmadani,_R.F.I.201757-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hukum_perbandingan_volume_(Gay-Lussac)"><span id="Hukum_perbandingan_volume_.28Gay-Lussac.29"></span>Hukum perbandingan volume (Gay-Lussac)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_kimia&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Hukum perbandingan volume (Gay-Lussac)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_kimia&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Hukum perbandingan volume (Gay-Lussac)"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hukum_perbandingan_volume" title="Hukum perbandingan volume">Hukum Perbandingan Volume</a> (Gay-Lussac) yaitu volume <a href="/wiki/Gas_Gas" title="Gas Gas">gas-gas</a> yang bereaksi dan <a href="/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">volume</a> gas-gas hasil reaksi yang diukur pada <a href="/wiki/Suhu" title="Suhu">suhu</a> dan tekanan yang sama berbanding sebagai <a href="/wiki/Bilangan_bulat" title="Bilangan bulat">bilangan bulat</a> dan sederhana.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulastri_dan_Rahmadani,_R.F.I.201758_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulastri_dan_Rahmadani,_R.F.I.201758-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hukum_perbandingan_volume" title="Hukum perbandingan volume">Hukum perbandingan volume</a> (Gay-Lussac) ditemukan oleh pakar <a href="/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia">kimia</a> yaitu Gay Lussac yang berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis">Perancis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulastri_dan_Rahmadani,_R.F.I.201758_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulastri_dan_Rahmadani,_R.F.I.201758-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hukum_Perbandingan_Timbal_Balik">Hukum Perbandingan Timbal Balik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_kimia&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Hukum Perbandingan Timbal Balik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_kimia&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Hukum Perbandingan Timbal Balik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hukum" title="Hukum">Hukum</a> perbandingan <a href="/wiki/Timbal_balik_(antropologi_budaya)" title="Timbal balik (antropologi budaya)">timbal balik</a> yaitu apabila dua unsur A dan B masing-masing bereaksi dengan unsur C yang massanya sama membentuk AC dan BC, maka perbandingan <a href="/wiki/Massa" title="Massa">massa</a> A dan massa B dalam membentuk AB adalah sama dengan perbandingan massa A dan massa B ketika membentuk AC dan BC atau kelipatan dari perbandingan ini.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulastri_dan_Rahmadani,_R.F.I.201759_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulastri_dan_Rahmadani,_R.F.I.201759-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hukum perbandingan timbal balik ditemukan oleh Jeremias Benjamin Richter (1762-1807) merupakan ahli kimia Perancis dan termasuk sebagai orang pertama yang meletakkan prinsip-prinsip dasar <a href="/wiki/Stoikiometri" title="Stoikiometri">stoikiometri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulastri_dan_Rahmadani,_R.F.I.201759_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulastri_dan_Rahmadani,_R.F.I.201759-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="tright" style="border:solid #aaa 1px; background:#FFF0F5; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0.5em; font-size:85%;"> <table style="background:transparent;" width="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="position:relative; width:32px; height:28px; overflow:hidden"><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px; z-index:3;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></div> </td> <td><i><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kimia" title="Portal:Kimia"><span style="color:#FF4F00">Portal Kimia</span></a></b></i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_kimia&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_kimia&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulastri_dan_Rahmadani,_R.F.I.201755-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulastri_dan_Rahmadani,_R.F.I.201755_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulastri_dan_Rahmadani,_R.F.I.2017">Sulastri dan Rahmadani, R.F.I. 2017</a>, hlm. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hasan, M., Fitri, Z., dan Rahmayani, R.F.I. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docplayer.info/storage/87/96247541/1611880320/OURwaXG0jn3geY7XcHNOjw/96247541.pdf"><i>Ikatan Kimia</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Banda Aceh: SYIAH KUALA UNIVERSITY PRESS. hlm. 2. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-602-5679-04-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-602-5679-04-9">978-602-5679-04-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ikatan+Kimia&rft.place=Banda+Aceh&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=SYIAH+KUALA+UNIVERSITY+PRESS&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-602-5679-04-9&rft.au=Hasan%2C+M.%2C+Fitri%2C+Z.%2C+dan+Rahmayani%2C+R.F.I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocplayer.info%2Fstorage%2F87%2F96247541%2F1611880320%2FOURwaXG0jn3geY7XcHNOjw%2F96247541.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHukum+kimia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati"><span title=" pranala nonaktif sejak Mei 2021">pranala nonaktif permanen</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulastri_dan_Rahmadani,_R.F.I.201757-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulastri_dan_Rahmadani,_R.F.I.201757_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulastri_dan_Rahmadani,_R.F.I.2017">Sulastri dan Rahmadani, R.F.I. 2017</a>, hlm. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulastri_dan_Rahmadani,_R.F.I.201758-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulastri_dan_Rahmadani,_R.F.I.201758_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulastri_dan_Rahmadani,_R.F.I.201758_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulastri_dan_Rahmadani,_R.F.I.2017">Sulastri dan Rahmadani, R.F.I. 2017</a>, hlm. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulastri_dan_Rahmadani,_R.F.I.201759-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulastri_dan_Rahmadani,_R.F.I.201759_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulastri_dan_Rahmadani,_R.F.I.201759_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulastri_dan_Rahmadani,_R.F.I.2017">Sulastri dan Rahmadani, R.F.I. 2017</a>, hlm. 59.</span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Daftar_pustaka">Daftar pustaka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_kimia&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Daftar pustaka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_kimia&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Daftar pustaka"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><cite id="CITEREFSulastri_dan_Rahmadani2017" class="citation book">Sulastri dan Rahmadani, R.F.I. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docplayer.info/storage/81/83848805/1611879138/5EGaOcy6FVGvBvxA62ub5A/83848805.pdf"><i>Kimia Dasar 1</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Banda Aceh: Program Studi Pendidikan Kimia. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-602-5679-02-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-602-5679-02-5">978-602-5679-02-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kimia+Dasar+1&rft.place=Banda+Aceh&rft.pub=Program+Studi+Pendidikan+Kimia&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-602-5679-02-5&rft.au=Sulastri+dan+Rahmadani%2C+R.F.I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocplayer.info%2Fstorage%2F81%2F83848805%2F1611879138%2F5EGaOcy6FVGvBvxA62ub5A%2F83848805.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHukum+kimia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati"><span title=" pranala nonaktif sejak Mei 2021">pranala nonaktif permanen</span></a></i>]</span></sup> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25847331">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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