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id="toc-New_and_updated_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plug_and_Play_and_hardware_support_improvements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plug_and_Play_and_hardware_support_improvements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Plug and Play and hardware support improvements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plug_and_Play_and_hardware_support_improvements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Shell </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NTFS_3.0" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NTFS_3.0"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 NTFS 3.0 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NTFS_3.0-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encrypting_File_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encrypting_File_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Encrypting File System </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encrypting_File_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basic_and_dynamic_disk_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_and_dynamic_disk_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Basic and dynamic disk storage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_and_dynamic_disk_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accessibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accessibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Accessibility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accessibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages_and_locales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages_and_locales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Languages and locales </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages_and_locales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-System_utilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_utilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 System utilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-System_utilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recovery_Console" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recovery_Console"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Recovery Console </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recovery_Console-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Windows_Scripting_Host_2.0" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Windows_Scripting_Host_2.0"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 Windows Scripting Host 2.0 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Windows_Scripting_Host_2.0-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Networking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Networking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.12 Networking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Networking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Server_family_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Server_family_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.13 Server family features </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Server_family_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Distributed_File_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distributed_File_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.13.1 Distributed File System </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distributed_File_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Active_Directory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Active_Directory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.13.2 Active Directory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Active_Directory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volume_fault_tolerance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volume_fault_tolerance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.13.3 Volume fault tolerance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volume_fault_tolerance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deployment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deployment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Deployment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deployment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Editions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Service_packs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_packs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Service packs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service_packs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upgradeability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upgradeability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Upgradeability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upgradeability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Security </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_lifecycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_lifecycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Support lifecycle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_lifecycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Total_cost_of_ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Total_cost_of_ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Total cost of ownership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Total_cost_of_ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Windows 2000</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" > 72 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2_2000" title="ويندوز 2000 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويندوز 2000" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A6" title="উইন্ডোজ ২০০০ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উইন্ডোজ ২০০০" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_2000" title="Microsoft Windows 2000 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Microsoft Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_2000" title="Microsoft Windows 2000 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Microsoft Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2_%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B0%DB%B0" title="ویندوز ۲۰۰۰ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویندوز ۲۰۰۰" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%88%EB%8F%84%EC%9A%B0_2000" title="윈도우 2000 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="윈도우 2000" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6" title="विंडोज़ २००० – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विंडोज़ २०००" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_NT_4.9" title="Windows NT 4.9 – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Windows NT 4.9" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%A2%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%BD%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B5_2000" title="ປ່ອງຢ້ຽມປີ 2000 – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປ່ອງຢ້ຽມປີ 2000" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_2000" title="വിൻഡോസ് 2000 – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിൻഡോസ് 2000" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6" title="विंडोज २००० – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विंडोज २०००" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_2000" title="Microsoft Windows 2000 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Microsoft Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%BD%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%86%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9F%86_2000" title="បង្អួចឆ្នាំ 2000 – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បង្អួចឆ្នាំ 2000" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_2000" title="වින්ඩෝස් 2000 – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වින්ඩෝස් 2000" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_2000" title="விண்டோசு 2000 – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விண்டோசு 2000" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C_2000" title="วินโดวส์ 2000 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วินโดวส์ 2000" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Windows 2000" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Windows_Me" title="Windows Me">Windows Me</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Windows NT 5.0" redirects here. For the code name of this operating system, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_codenames" title="List of Microsoft codenames">List of Microsoft codenames</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Operating system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Windows 2000</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Version of the <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a> operating system</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Windows_2000_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/25/Windows_2000_logo.svg/200px-Windows_2000_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/25/Windows_2000_logo.svg/300px-Windows_2000_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/25/Windows_2000_logo.svg/400px-Windows_2000_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="174" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Windows_2000_Professional_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Windows_2000_Professional_screenshot.png/300px-Windows_2000_Professional_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Windows_2000_Professional_screenshot.png 1.5x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="274" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Screenshot of Windows 2000, showing the <a href="/wiki/Start_menu" title="Start menu">Start menu</a> and the Getting Started with Windows window</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">OS family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Working state</th><td class="infobox-data">No longer supported</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Source model</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Closed-source</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">Source-available</a> (through <a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a>)<a href="#cite_note-SharedSourceInitiative-1">[1]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#RTM" title="Software release life cycle">Released to manufacturing</a></th><td class="infobox-data">December 15, 1999; 24 years ago (1999-12-15)<a href="#cite_note-RTM-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#General_availability_(GA)" title="Software release life cycle">General availability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">February 17, 2000; 24 years ago (2000-02-17)<a href="#cite_note-GA-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Final release</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Service Pack 4 with Update Rollup (5.0.2195) / September 13, 2005; 19 years ago (2005-09-13)<a href="#cite_note-Windows2000SP4UR1-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Marketing target</th><td class="infobox-data">Business and Server</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Update method</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Update" title="Windows Update">Windows Update</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_Update_Services" title="Windows Server Update Services">Windows Server Update Services</a> (WSUS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Center_Configuration_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="System Center Configuration Manager">System Center Configuration Manager</a> (SCCM)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Platforms</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a> (<a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">Alpha</a> in alpha, beta, and release candidate versions)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a> type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_kernel" title="Hybrid kernel">Hybrid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_kernel" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows NT kernel">Windows NT kernel</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">Userland</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Windows_API" title="Windows API">Windows API</a>, <a href="/wiki/NTVDM" class="mw-redirect" title="NTVDM">NTVDM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_OS/2_subsystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft OS/2 subsystem">OS/2 1.x</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Services_for_UNIX" title="Windows Services for UNIX">SFU</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">Default user interface</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Windows_shell" title="Windows shell">Windows shell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">Graphical</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a> <a href="/wiki/Commercial_software" title="Commercial software">commercial software</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_4.0" title="Windows NT 4.0">Windows NT 4.0</a> (1996)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> (2001, client) <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2003" title="Windows Server 2003">Windows Server 2003</a> (2003, servers)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001203133300/http://www.microsoft.com/windows2000/default.asp">microsoft.com/windows2000/</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived December 3, 2000)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Support status</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Mainstream support ended on June 30, 2005 Extended support ended on July 13, 2010<a href="#cite_note-Lifecycle-5">[5]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Windows 2000 is a major release of the <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> and oriented towards businesses. It is the direct successor to <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_4.0" title="Windows NT 4.0">Windows NT 4.0</a>, and was <a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#Release_to_manufacturing_(RTM)" title="Software release life cycle">released to manufacturing</a> on December 15, 1999,<a href="#cite_note-RTM-2">[2]</a> officially released to retail on February 17, 2000 for all versions, and on September 26, 2000 for Windows 2000 Datacenter Server. It was Microsoft's primary business-oriented operating system until the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> Professional in 2001. Windows 2000 introduces <a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a> 3.0,<a href="#cite_note-NTFS3-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">Encrypting File System</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Windows2000EFS-7">[7]</a> and basic and dynamic disk storage.<a href="#cite_note-DiskManagement-8">[8]</a> Support for people with disabilities is improved over <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_4.0" title="Windows NT 4.0">Windows NT 4.0</a> with a number of new <a href="/wiki/Assistive_technology" title="Assistive technology">assistive technologies</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Accessibility-9">[9]</a> and Microsoft increased support for different languages<a href="#cite_note-Windows2000MUI-10">[10]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Locale_(computer_software)" title="Locale (computer software)">locale</a> information.<a href="#cite_note-LocaleIDs-11">[11]</a> The Windows 2000 Server family has additional features, most notably the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Active_Directory" title="Active Directory">Active Directory</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Windows2000ServerFamily-12">[12]</a> which in the years following became a widely used <a href="/wiki/Directory_service" title="Directory service">directory service</a> in business environments. Four editions of Windows 2000 have been released: Professional, Server, Advanced Server, and Datacenter Server;<a href="#cite_note-Windows2000Packaging-13">[13]</a> the latter was both released to manufacturing and launched months after the other editions.<a href="#cite_note-FinalPackaging-14">[14]</a> While each edition of Windows 2000 is targeted at a different market, they share a core set of features, including many system utilities such as the <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Management_Console" title="Microsoft Management Console">Microsoft Management Console</a> and standard <a href="/wiki/System_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="System administration">system administration</a> applications. Microsoft marketed Windows 2000 as the most secure Windows version ever at the time;<a href="#cite_note-CyberSafePR-15">[15]</a> however, it became the target of a number of high-profile virus attacks such as <a href="/wiki/Code_Red_(computer_worm)" title="Code Red (computer worm)">Code Red</a><a href="#cite_note-CERTCodeRed-16">[16]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nimda" title="Nimda">Nimda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nimba-17">[17]</a> For ten years after its release, it continued to receive patches for security <a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulnerability (computing)">vulnerabilities</a> nearly every month until reaching the end of support on July 13, 2010, the same day that support ended for <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP#Service_Pack_2" title="Windows XP">Windows XP SP2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lifecycle-5">[5]</a> Windows 2000 and Windows 2000 Server were succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2003" title="Windows Server 2003">Windows Server 2003</a>, released in 2001 and 2003, respectively. Although unreleased, it was developed on <a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">Alpha</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> in alpha, beta, and release candidate versions. Its successor, <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a>, only supports <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a>, <a href="/wiki/X64" class="mw-redirect" title="X64">x64</a> and <a href="/wiki/Itanium" title="Itanium">Itanium</a> processors. Both the <a href="/wiki/Xbox_(console)" title="Xbox (console)">Original Xbox</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Xbox_360" title="Xbox 360">Xbox 360</a> use a modified version of Windows 2000 as their <a href="/wiki/Xbox_system_software" title="Xbox system software">system software</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_2000&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Microsoft_Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Microsoft Windows">History of Microsoft Windows</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section is missing information about features (other than the boot screen and sounds) introduced during the development. Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Windows_2000" title="Talk:Windows 2000">talk page</a>. (May 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Windows 2000, originally named Windows NT 5.0, is a continuation of the Microsoft <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a> family of operating systems, replacing <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_4.0" title="Windows NT 4.0">Windows NT 4.0</a>. Chairman and CEO <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> was originally "pretty confident" Windows NT 5.0 would ship in the first half of 1998,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> revealing that the first set of beta builds had been shipped in early 1997; these builds were identical to Windows NT 4.0. The first official beta was released in September 1997, followed by Beta 2 in August 1998.<a href="#cite_note-ThurottWin2K-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> On October 27, 1998, Microsoft announced that the name of the final version of the operating system would be Windows 2000, a name which referred to its projected release date.<a href="#cite_note-infoworldnt5-22">[22]</a> Windows 2000 Beta 3 was released in May 1999.<a href="#cite_note-ThurottWin2K-20">[20]</a> Windows NT 5.0 Beta 1 was similar to Windows NT 4.0, including a very similarly themed logo. Windows NT 5.0 Beta 2 introduced a new 'mini' boot screen, and removed the 'dark space' theme in the logo. The Windows NT 5.0 betas had very long startup and shutdown sounds, though these were changed in the early Windows 2000 beta, but during Beta 3, a new <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a>-made startup and shutdown sounds were made, composed by Steven Ray Allen.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> It was featured in the final version as well as in <a href="/wiki/Windows_Me" title="Windows Me">Windows Me</a>. The new login prompt from the final version made its first appearance in Beta 3 build 1946 (the first build of Beta 3). The new, updated icons (for My Computer, Recycle Bin etc.) first appeared in Beta 3 build 1964. The Windows 2000 boot screen in the final version first appeared in Beta 3 build 1983. Windows 2000 did not have an actual codename because, according to Dave Thompson of Windows NT team, "<a href="/wiki/Jim_Allchin" title="Jim Allchin">Jim Allchin</a> didn't like codenames".<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>, although Windows 2000 <a href="/wiki/Service_pack" title="Service pack">Service Pack 1</a> was codenamed "Asteroid".<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> During development, builds for the <a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">Alpha</a> architecture were compiled, but the project was abandoned in the final stages of development (between RC1 and RC2<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>) after <a href="/wiki/Compaq" title="Compaq">Compaq</a> announced they had dropped support for Windows NT on Alpha. From here, Microsoft issued three release candidates between July and November 1999, and finally released the operating system to partners on December 12, 1999, followed by manufacturing three days later on December 15.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The public could buy the full version of Windows 2000 on February 17, 2000. Three days before this event, which Microsoft advertised as "a standard in reliability," a leaked memo from Microsoft reported on by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Jo_Foley" title="Mary Jo Foley">Mary Jo Foley</a> revealed that Windows 2000 had "over 63,000 potential known defects."<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> After Foley's article was published, she claimed that Microsoft <a href="/wiki/Blacklist" class="mw-redirect" title="Blacklist">blacklisted</a> her for a considerable time.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Silberschatz" title="Abraham Silberschatz">Abraham Silberschatz</a> et al. claim in their computer science textbook that "Windows 2000 was the most reliable, stable operating system Microsoft had ever shipped to that point. Much of this reliability came from maturity in the source code, extensive stress testing of the system, and automatic detection of many serious errors in drivers."<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/InformationWeek" title="InformationWeek">InformationWeek</a> summarized the release "our tests show the successor to Windows NT 4.0 is everything we hoped it would be. Of course, it isn't perfect either."<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wired_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Wired News">Wired News</a> later described the results of the February launch as "lackluster."<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Novell" title="Novell">Novell</a> criticized Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Active_Directory" title="Active Directory">Active Directory</a>, the new directory service architecture, as less scalable or reliable than its own <a href="/wiki/Novell_Directory_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Novell Directory Services">Novell Directory Services</a> (NDS) alternative.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Windows 2000 was initially planned to replace both <a href="/wiki/Windows_98" title="Windows 98">Windows 98</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_4.0" title="Windows NT 4.0">Windows NT 4.0</a>. However, this would be changed later, as an updated version of Windows 98 called <a href="/wiki/Windows_98#Windows_98_Second_Edition" title="Windows 98">Windows 98 Second Edition</a> was released in 1999. On or shortly before February 12, 2004, "portions of the Microsoft Windows 2000 and Windows NT 4.0 <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> were illegally made available on the Internet."<a href="#cite_note-msstmt-34">[34]</a> The source of the leak was later traced to <a href="/wiki/Mainsoft" title="Mainsoft">Mainsoft</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Windows_Interface_Source_Environment" title="Windows Interface Source Environment">Windows Interface Source Environment</a> partner.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Microsoft issued the following statement: <blockquote> "Microsoft source code is both copyrighted and protected as a trade secret. As such, it is illegal to post it, make it available to others, download it or use it." </blockquote> Despite the warnings, the archive containing the leaked code spread widely on the <a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">file-sharing</a> networks. On February 16, 2004, an <a href="/wiki/Exploit_(computer_security)" title="Exploit (computer security)">exploit</a> "allegedly discovered by an individual studying the leaked source code"<a href="#cite_note-msstmt-34">[34]</a> for certain versions of <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Microsoft Internet Explorer</a> was reported. On April 15, 2015, <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> took down a repository containing a copy of the Windows NT 4.0 source code that originated from the leak.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Microsoft planned to release in 2000<a href="#cite_note-Win2k64bitItanium-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> a version of Windows 2000, specially codenamed "Janus",<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> which would run on <a href="/wiki/64-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="64-bit">64-bit</a> Intel <a href="/wiki/Itanium" title="Itanium">Itanium</a> <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessors</a>. However, the first officially released 64-bit version of Windows was <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP_64-Bit_Edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows XP 64-Bit Edition">Windows XP 64-Bit Edition</a>, released alongside the 32-bit editions of <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> on October 25, 2001,<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> followed by the server versions Windows Datacenter Server Limited Edition and later Windows Advanced Server Limited Edition, which were based on the pre-release <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2003" title="Windows Server 2003">Windows Server 2003</a> (then known as Windows .NET Server) codebase.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-43">[43]</a> These editions were released in 2002, were shortly available through the OEM channel and then were superseded by the final versions of Server 2003.<a href="#cite_note-:0-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_and_updated_features">New and updated features</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_2000&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: New and updated features">edit</a>]</div> Windows 2000 introduced many of the new features of <a href="/wiki/Windows_98" title="Windows 98">Windows 98</a> and 98 SE into the NT line,<a href="#cite_note-Win2KIntro-44">[44]</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Windows_Desktop_Update" title="Windows Desktop Update">Windows Desktop Update</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Win2KIntro-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_5" title="Internet Explorer 5">Internet Explorer 5</a> (<a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_6" title="Internet Explorer 6">Internet Explorer 6</a>, which followed in 2001, is also available for Windows 2000),<a href="#cite_note-Win2KIntro-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Outlook_Express" title="Outlook Express">Outlook Express</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_NetMeeting" title="Microsoft NetMeeting">NetMeeting</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAT32" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT32">FAT32</a> support,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Streaming_SIMD_Extensions" title="Streaming SIMD Extensions">SSE</a> and <a href="/wiki/SSE2" title="SSE2">SSE2</a> support, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Driver_Model" title="Windows Driver Model">Windows Driver Model</a>,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Internet_Connection_Sharing" title="Internet Connection Sharing">Internet Connection Sharing</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Win2KIntro-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Player" title="Windows Media Player">Windows Media Player</a> 6.4, <a href="/wiki/WebDAV" title="WebDAV">WebDAV</a> support<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> etc. Certain new features are common across all editions of Windows 2000, among them NTFS 3.0,<a href="#cite_note-NTFS3-6">[6]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Management_Console" title="Microsoft Management Console">Microsoft Management Console</a> (MMC),<a href="#cite_note-MMC-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">UDF</a> support, the <a href="/wiki/Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">Encrypting File System</a> (EFS),<a href="#cite_note-EFS-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Logical_Disk_Manager" title="Logical Disk Manager">Logical Disk Manager</a>,<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Image Color Management 2.0,<a href="#cite_note-ColorsFonts-51">[51]</a> support for <a href="/wiki/PostScript" title="PostScript">PostScript 3</a>-based printers,<a href="#cite_note-ColorsFonts-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/OpenType" title="OpenType">OpenType</a> <code>(.OTF)</code> and <a href="/wiki/Type_1_font" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 1 font">Type 1 PostScript</a> <code>(.PFB)</code> font support<a href="#cite_note-ColorsFonts-51">[51]</a> (including a new font—<a href="/wiki/Palatino_Linotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatino Linotype">Palatino Linotype</a>—to showcase some OpenType features<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Data_protection_application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Data protection application programming interface">Data protection API</a> (DPAPI),<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> an <a href="/wiki/LDAP" class="mw-redirect" title="LDAP">LDAP</a>/<a href="/wiki/Active_Directory" title="Active Directory">Active Directory</a>-enabled <a href="/wiki/Windows_Address_Book" title="Windows Address Book">Address Book</a>,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> usability enhancements and multi-language and locale support. Windows 2000 also introduced <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> device class drivers for USB printers, <a href="/wiki/USB_Mass_Storage_Device_class" class="mw-redirect" title="USB Mass Storage Device class">Mass storage class devices</a>,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> and improved FireWire <a href="/wiki/Serial_Bus_Protocol_2" title="Serial Bus Protocol 2">SBP-2</a> support for printers and scanners, along with a Safe removal applet for removable storage devices.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Windows 2000 SP4 added native <a href="/wiki/USB_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="USB 2.0">USB 2.0</a> support, <a href="/wiki/Wireless_Zero_Configuration" title="Wireless Zero Configuration">Wireless Zero Configuration</a> support and <a href="/wiki/SSE3" title="SSE3">SSE3</a> support. Windows 2000 is also the first Windows version to support <a href="/wiki/Hibernate_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibernate (computing)">hibernation</a> at the operating system level (OS-controlled <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Configuration_and_Power_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Configuration and Power Interface">ACPI</a> S4 sleep state) unlike Windows 98 which required special drivers from the hardware manufacturer or driver developer.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> A new capability designed to protect critical system files called <a href="/wiki/Windows_File_Protection" title="Windows File Protection">Windows File Protection</a> was introduced. This protects critical Windows system files by preventing programs other than Microsoft's operating system update mechanisms such as the Package Installer, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Installer" title="Windows Installer">Windows Installer</a> and other update components from modifying them.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The <a href="/wiki/System_File_Checker" title="System File Checker">System File Checker</a> utility provides users the ability to perform a manual scan of the integrity of all protected system files, and optionally repair them, either by restoring from a cache stored in a separate "DLLCACHE" directory, or from the original install media. Microsoft recognized that a serious error (a <a href="/wiki/Blue_Screen_of_Death" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Screen of Death">Blue Screen of Death</a> or stop error) could cause problems for servers that needed to be constantly running and so provided a system setting that would allow the server to automatically reboot when a stop error occurred.<a href="#cite_note-RecoveryOptions-59">[59]</a> Also included is an option to <a href="/wiki/Core_dump" title="Core dump">dump</a> any of the first 64 <a href="/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">KB</a> of memory to disk (the smallest amount of memory that is useful for <a href="/wiki/Debugging" title="Debugging">debugging</a> purposes, also known as a minidump), a dump of only the kernel's memory, or a dump of the entire contents of memory to disk, as well as write that this event happened to the Windows 2000 <a href="/wiki/Event_Viewer" title="Event Viewer">event log</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RecoveryOptions-59">[59]</a> In order to improve performance on servers running Windows 2000, Microsoft gave administrators the choice of optimizing the operating system's memory and processor usage patterns for background services or for applications.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Windows 2000 also introduced core system administration and management features, such as the <a href="/wiki/Windows_Installer" title="Windows Installer">Windows Installer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Windows_Management_Instrumentation" title="Windows Management Instrumentation">Windows Management Instrumentation</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> and Event Tracing for Windows (ETW)<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> into the operating system. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plug_and_Play_and_hardware_support_improvements">Plug and Play and hardware support improvements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_2000&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Plug and Play and hardware support improvements">edit</a>]</div> The most notable improvement from <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_4.0" title="Windows NT 4.0">Windows NT 4.0</a> is the addition of Plug and Play with full <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Configuration_and_Power_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Configuration and Power Interface">ACPI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Driver_Model" title="Windows Driver Model">Windows Driver Model</a> support. Similar to <a href="/wiki/Windows_9x" title="Windows 9x">Windows 9x</a>, Windows 2000 supports automatic recognition of installed hardware, hardware resource allocation, loading of appropriate drivers, PnP APIs and device notification events. The addition of the kernel PnP Manager along with the Power Manager are two significant subsystems added in Windows 2000. Windows 2000 introduced version 3 print drivers (user mode printer drivers)<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Unidrv" title="Unidrv">Unidrv</a>, which made it easier for printer manufacturers to write device drivers for printers.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Generic support for 5-button mice is also included as standard<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> and installing <a href="/wiki/IntelliPoint" title="IntelliPoint">IntelliPoint</a> allows reassigning the programmable buttons. Windows 98 lacked generic support.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Driver_Verifier" title="Driver Verifier">Driver Verifier</a> was introduced to stress test and catch device driver bugs.<a href="#cite_note-Verifier-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shell">Shell</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_2000&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Shell">edit</a>]</div> Windows 2000 introduces layered windows that allow for transparency, translucency and various transition effects like shadows, gradient fills and alpha-blended GUI elements to top-level windows.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Menus support a new Fade transition effect. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windows_2000_Explorer.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Windows_2000_Explorer.png/220px-Windows_2000_Explorer.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Windows_2000_Explorer.png/330px-Windows_2000_Explorer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8c/Windows_2000_Explorer.png 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>Improvements in <a href="/wiki/Windows_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Explorer">Windows Explorer</a>: "Web-style" folders, media preview and customizable toolbars</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Start_menu" title="Start menu">Start menu</a> in Windows 2000 introduces personalized menus, expandable <a href="/wiki/Special_folder" title="Special folder">special folders</a> and the ability to launch multiple programs without closing the menu by holding down the <code>SHIFT</code> key. A Re-sort button forces the entire Start Menu to be sorted by name. The <a href="/wiki/Taskbar" title="Taskbar">Taskbar</a> introduces support for balloon notifications which can also be used by application developers. Windows 2000 Explorer introduces customizable Windows Explorer toolbars, auto-complete in Windows Explorer address bar and Run box, advanced file type association features, displaying comments in shortcuts as tooltips, extensible columns in Details view (IColumnProvider interface), icon overlays, integrated search pane in Windows Explorer, sort by name function for menus, and Places bar in common dialogs for Open and Save. <a href="/wiki/Windows_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Explorer">Windows Explorer</a> has been enhanced in several ways in Windows 2000. It is the first <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a> release to include <a href="/wiki/Active_Desktop" title="Active Desktop">Active Desktop</a>, first introduced as a part of <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_4.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Explorer 4.0">Internet Explorer 4.0</a> (specifically <a href="/wiki/Windows_Desktop_Update" title="Windows Desktop Update">Windows Desktop Update</a>), and only pre-installed in <a href="/wiki/Windows_98" title="Windows 98">Windows 98</a> by that time.<a href="#cite_note-ActiveDesktop-70">[70]</a> It allowed users to customize the way folders look and behave by using <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> templates, having the <a href="/wiki/File_extension" class="mw-redirect" title="File extension">file extension</a> <code>HTT</code>. This feature was abused by <a href="/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">computer viruses</a> that employed malicious scripts, <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> applets, or <a href="/wiki/ActiveX" title="ActiveX">ActiveX</a> controls in folder template files as their infection vector. Two such viruses are VBS/Roor-C<a href="#cite_note-VBS/Roor-C-71">[71]</a> and VBS.Redlof.a.<a href="#cite_note-VBS.Redlof.a-72">[72]</a> The "Web-style" folders view, with the left Explorer pane displaying details for the object currently selected, is turned on by default in Windows 2000. For certain file types, such as pictures and media files, the preview is also displayed in the left pane.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Until the dedicated interactive preview pane appeared in <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a>, Windows 2000 had been the only Windows release to feature an interactive media player as the previewer for sound and video files, enabled by default. However, such a previewer can be enabled in previous versions of Windows with the <a href="/wiki/Windows_Desktop_Update" title="Windows Desktop Update">Windows Desktop Update</a> installed through the use of folder customization templates.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The default file tooltip displays file title, author, subject and comments;<a href="#cite_note-ToolTipHandlers-75">[75]</a> this metadata may be read from a special <a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a> stream, if the file is on an NTFS volume, or from an OLE <a href="/wiki/COM_Structured_Storage" title="COM Structured Storage">structured storage</a> stream, if the file is a structured storage document. All <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office" title="Microsoft Office">Microsoft Office</a> documents since Office 4.0<a href="#cite_note-OLEStructuredStorage-76">[76]</a> make use of <a href="/wiki/COM_Structured_Storage" title="COM Structured Storage">structured storage</a>, so their metadata is displayable in the Windows 2000 Explorer default <a href="/wiki/Tooltip" title="Tooltip">tooltip</a>. <a href="/wiki/Computer_shortcut" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer shortcut">File shortcuts</a> can also store comments which are displayed as a tooltip when the mouse hovers over the shortcut. The shell introduces extensibility support through metadata handlers, icon overlay handlers and column handlers in Explorer Details view.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The right pane of Windows 2000 Explorer, which usually just lists files and folders, can also be customized. For example, the contents of the system folders aren't displayed by default, instead showing in the right pane a warning to the user that modifying the contents of the system folders could harm their computer. It's possible to define additional Explorer panes by using <a href="/wiki/Div_(HTML_tag)" class="mw-redirect" title="Div (HTML tag)">DIV</a> elements in folder template files.<a href="#cite_note-ActiveDesktop-70">[70]</a> This degree of customizability is new to Windows 2000; neither Windows 98 nor the Desktop Update could provide it.<a href="#cite_note-WindowsShellExtensions-78">[78]</a> The new DHTML-based search pane is integrated into Windows 2000 Explorer, unlike the separate search dialog found in all previous Explorer versions. The <a href="/wiki/Windows_Indexing_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Indexing Service">Indexing Service</a> has also been integrated into the operating system and the search pane built into Explorer allows searching files indexed by its database.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NTFS_3.0">NTFS 3.0</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_2000&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: NTFS 3.0">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a></div> Microsoft released the version 3.0 of NTFS<a href="#cite_note-NTFS3-6">[6]</a> (sometimes incorrectly called "NTFS 5" in relation to the kernel version number) as part of Windows 2000; this introduced <a href="/wiki/Disk_quota" title="Disk quota">disk quotas</a> (provided by QuotaAdvisor), <a href="/wiki/Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">file-system-level encryption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sparse_file" title="Sparse file">sparse files</a> and <a href="/wiki/NTFS_reparse_point" title="NTFS reparse point">reparse points</a>. Sparse files allow for the efficient storage of data sets that are very large yet contain many areas that only have zeros.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/NTFS_reparse_point" title="NTFS reparse point">Reparse points</a> allow the <a href="/wiki/Object_Manager_(Windows)" class="mw-redirect" title="Object Manager (Windows)">object manager</a> to reset a file namespace lookup and let file system drivers implement changed functionality in a transparent manner.<a href="#cite_note-NTFS-81">[81]</a> Reparse points are used to implement <a href="/wiki/Volume_Mount_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Volume Mount Point">volume mount points</a>, <a href="/wiki/NTFS_junction_point" class="mw-redirect" title="NTFS junction point">junctions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_Storage_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical Storage Management">Hierarchical Storage Management</a>, Native <a href="/wiki/Structured_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Structured storage">Structured Storage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Single_Instance_Storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Single Instance Storage">Single Instance Storage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NTFS-81">[81]</a> Volume mount points and directory junctions allow for a file to be transparently referred from one file or directory location to another. Windows 2000 also introduces a Distributed Link Tracking service to ensure file shortcuts remain working even if the target is moved or renamed. The target object's unique identifier is stored in the shortcut file on NTFS 3.0 and Windows can use the Distributed Link Tracking service for tracking the targets of shortcuts, so that the shortcut file may be silently updated if the target moves, even to another hard drive.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encrypting_File_System">Encrypting File System</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_2000&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Encrypting File System">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">Encrypting File System</a></div> The Encrypting File System (EFS) introduced strong <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a>-level <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encryption</a> to Windows. It allows any folder or drive on an NTFS volume to be encrypted transparently by the user.<a href="#cite_note-EFS-49">[49]</a> EFS works together with the EFS service, Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Cryptographic_Application_Programming_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptographic Application Programming Interface">CryptoAPI</a> and the EFS File System <a href="/wiki/Run_time_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Run time system">Runtime</a> Library (FSRTL).<a href="#cite_note-EFSWorking-83">[83]</a> To date, its encryption has not been compromised.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] EFS works by encrypting a file with a bulk <a href="/wiki/Symmetric_key" class="mw-redirect" title="Symmetric key">symmetric key</a> (also known as the File Encryption Key, or FEK), which is used because it takes less time to encrypt and decrypt large amounts of data than if an <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_key" class="mw-redirect" title="Asymmetric key">asymmetric key</a> <a href="/wiki/Cipher" title="Cipher">cipher</a> were used.<a href="#cite_note-EFSWorking-83">[83]</a> The symmetric key used to encrypt the file is then encrypted with a <a href="/wiki/Public_key" class="mw-redirect" title="Public key">public key</a> associated with the user who encrypted the file, and this encrypted data is stored in the header of the encrypted file. To decrypt the file, the file system uses the private key of the user to decrypt the symmetric key stored in the file header. It then uses the symmetric key to decrypt the file. Because this is done at the file system level, it is transparent to the user.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> For a user losing access to their key, support for recovery agents that can decrypt files is built into EFS. A Recovery Agent is a user who is authorized by a public key recovery certificate to decrypt files belonging to other users using a special private key. By default, local administrators are recovery agents however they can be customized using <a href="/wiki/Group_Policy" title="Group Policy">Group Policy</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_and_dynamic_disk_storage">Basic and dynamic disk storage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_2000&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Basic and dynamic disk storage">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Logical_Disk_Manager" title="Logical Disk Manager">Logical Disk Manager</a></div> Windows 2000 introduced the <a href="/wiki/Logical_Disk_Manager" title="Logical Disk Manager">Logical Disk Manager</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Diskpart" title="Diskpart">diskpart</a> command line tool for <a href="/wiki/Logical_Disk_Manager" title="Logical Disk Manager">dynamic storage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DiskManagement-8">[8]</a> All versions of Windows 2000 support three types of <a href="/wiki/Logical_Disk_Manager" title="Logical Disk Manager">dynamic</a> disk volumes (along with basic disks): simple volumes, spanned volumes and striped volumes: <ul><li>Simple volume, a volume with disk space from one disk.</li> <li>Spanned volumes, where up to 32 disks show up as one, increasing it in size but not enhancing performance. When one disk fails, the array is destroyed. Some data may be recoverable. This corresponds to <a href="/wiki/JBOD#Concatenation_(SPAN,_BIG)" class="mw-redirect" title="JBOD">SPAN</a> and not to <a href="/wiki/Standard_RAID_levels#RAID_1" title="Standard RAID levels">RAID-1</a>.</li> <li>Striped volumes, also known as <a href="/wiki/Redundant_array_of_independent_disks#RAID_0" class="mw-redirect" title="Redundant array of independent disks">RAID-0</a>, store all their data across several disks in stripes. This allows better performance because disk reads and writes are balanced across multiple disks. Like spanned volumes, when one disk in the array fails, the entire array is destroyed (some data may be recoverable).</li></ul> In addition to these disk volumes, Windows 2000 Server, Windows 2000 Advanced Server, and Windows 2000 Datacenter Server support mirrored volumes and striped volumes with parity: <ul><li>Mirrored volumes, also known as <a href="/wiki/Redundant_array_of_independent_disks#RAID_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Redundant array of independent disks">RAID-1</a>, store identical copies of their data on 2 or more identical disks (mirrored). This allows for fault tolerance; in the event one disk fails, the other disk(s) can keep the server operational until the server can be shut down for replacement of the failed disk.</li> <li>Striped volumes with parity, also known as <a href="/wiki/Redundant_array_of_independent_disks#RAID_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Redundant array of independent disks">RAID-5</a>, functions similar to striped volumes/RAID-0, except "parity data" is written out across each of the disks in addition to the data. This allows the data to be "rebuilt" in the event a disk in the array needs replacement.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accessibility">Accessibility</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_2000&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Accessibility">edit</a>]</div> With Windows 2000, Microsoft introduced the Windows 9x accessibility features for people with visual and auditory impairments and other <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disabilities</a> into the NT-line of operating systems.<a href="#cite_note-Accessibility-9">[9]</a> These included: <ul><li>StickyKeys: makes modifier keys (<code>ALT</code>, <code>CTRL</code> and <code>SHIFT</code>) become "sticky": a user can press the <a href="/wiki/Modifier_key" title="Modifier key">modifier key</a>, and then release it before pressing the combination key. (Activated by pressing Shift five times quickly.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FilterKeys" title="FilterKeys">FilterKeys</a>: a group of <a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">keyboard</a>-related features for people with typing issues, including: <ul><li>Slow Keys: Ignore any keystroke not held down for a certain period.</li> <li>Bounce Keys: Ignore repeated keystrokes pressed in quick succession.</li> <li>Repeat Keys: lets users slow down the rate at which keys are repeated via the keyboard's key-repeat feature.</li></ul></li> <li>Toggle Keys: when turned on, Windows will play a sound when the <code>CAPS LOCK</code>, <code>NUM LOCK</code> or <code>SCROLL LOCK</code> key is pressed.</li> <li>SoundSentry: designed to help users with auditory impairments, Windows 2000 shows a visual effect when a sound is played through the sound system.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouse_keys" title="Mouse keys">MouseKeys</a>: lets users move the cursor around the screen via the <a href="/wiki/Keypad" title="Keypad">numeric keypad</a>.</li> <li>SerialKeys: lets Windows 2000 support speech augmentation devices.</li> <li>High contrast theme: to assist users with visual impairments.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Magnifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Magnifier">Microsoft Magnifier</a>: a <a href="/wiki/Screen_magnifier" title="Screen magnifier">screen magnifier</a> that enlarges a part of the screen the cursor is over.<a href="#cite_note-AccessTools-85">[85]</a></li></ul> Additionally, Windows 2000 introduced the following new accessibility features: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On-screen_keyboard" class="mw-redirect" title="On-screen keyboard">On-screen keyboard</a>: displays a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_keyboard" title="Virtual keyboard">virtual keyboard</a> on the screen and allows users to press its keys using a <a href="/wiki/Mouse_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouse (computing)">mouse</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Joystick" title="Joystick">joystick</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Narrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Narrator">Microsoft Narrator</a>: introduced in Windows 2000, this is a <a href="/wiki/Screen_reader" title="Screen reader">screen reader</a> that utilizes the <a href="/wiki/Speech_Application_Programming_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech Application Programming Interface">Speech API</a> 4, which would later be updated to Speech API 5 in <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a></li> <li>Utility Manager: an application designed to start, stop, and manage when accessibility features start. This was eventually replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Ease_of_Access" title="Ease of Access">Ease of Access</a> Center in <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a>.</li> <li>Accessibility Wizard: a control panel applet that helps users set up their computer for people with disabilities.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages_and_locales">Languages and locales</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_2000&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Languages and locales">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Multilingual_User_Interface" title="Multilingual User Interface">Multilingual User Interface</a></div> Windows 2000 introduced the <a href="/wiki/Multilingual_User_Interface" title="Multilingual User Interface">Multilingual User Interface</a> (MUI).<a href="#cite_note-Windows2000MUI-10">[10]</a> Besides <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, Windows 2000 incorporates support for <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a>, Central European, <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indic_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Indic scripts">Indic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> and Western European languages.<a href="#cite_note-SupportedLanguages-87">[87]</a> It also has support for many different locales.<a href="#cite_note-LocaleIDs-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Games">Games</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_2000&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Games">edit</a>]</div> Windows 2000 included version 7.0 of the <a href="/wiki/DirectX" title="DirectX">DirectX</a> <a href="/wiki/Applications_Programming_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Applications Programming Interface">API</a>, commonly used by <a href="/wiki/Video_game_developer" title="Video game developer">game developers</a> on <a href="/wiki/Windows_98" title="Windows 98">Windows 98</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The last version of DirectX that was released for Windows 2000 was DirectX 9.0c (Shader Model 3.0), which shipped with Windows XP Service Pack 2. Microsoft published quarterly updates to DirectX 9.0c through the February 2010 release after which support was dropped in the June 2010 SDK. These updates contain bug fixes to the core runtime and some additional libraries such as <a href="/wiki/D3DX" title="D3DX">D3DX</a>, <a href="/wiki/XAudio_2" class="mw-redirect" title="XAudio 2">XAudio 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/DirectInput#Xinput" title="DirectInput">XInput</a> and <a href="/wiki/Managed_DirectX" title="Managed DirectX">Managed DirectX</a> components. The majority of games written for versions of DirectX 9.0c (up to the February 2010 release) can therefore run on Windows 2000. Windows 2000 included the same games as <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_4.0" title="Windows NT 4.0">Windows NT 4.0</a> did: <a href="/wiki/FreeCell_(Windows)" class="mw-redirect" title="FreeCell (Windows)">FreeCell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minesweeper_(Windows)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minesweeper (Windows)">Minesweeper</a>, <a href="/wiki/3D_Pinball_for_Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="3D Pinball for Windows">Pinball</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Solitaire_(Windows)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solitaire (Windows)">Solitaire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="System_utilities">System utilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_2000&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: System utilities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Win2kDefrag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/Win2kDefrag.png/220px-Win2kDefrag.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/Win2kDefrag.png/330px-Win2kDefrag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/Win2kDefrag.png/440px-Win2kDefrag.png 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption>Windows 2000's Computer Management console can perform many system tasks. This image shows a <a href="/wiki/Disk_defragmentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Disk defragmentation">disk defragmentation</a> in progress.</figcaption></figure> Windows 2000 introduced the <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Management_Console" title="Microsoft Management Console">Microsoft Management Console</a> (MMC), which is used to create, save, and open administrative tools.<a href="#cite_note-MMC-48">[48]</a> Each of these is called a console, and most allow an administrator to administer other Windows 2000 computers from one centralised computer. Each console can contain one or many specific administrative tools, called snap-ins.<a href="#cite_note-MMC-48">[48]</a> These can be either standalone (with one function), or an extension (adding functions to an existing snap-in). In order to provide the ability to control what snap-ins can be seen in a console, the MMC allows consoles to be created in author mode or user mode.<a href="#cite_note-MMC-48">[48]</a> Author mode allows snap-ins to be added, new windows to be created, all portions of the console tree to be displayed and consoles to be saved. User mode allows consoles to be distributed with restrictions applied. User mode consoles can grant full access to the user for any change, or they can grant limited access, preventing users from adding snapins to the console though they can view multiple windows in a console. Alternatively users can be granted limited access, preventing them from adding to the console and stopping them from viewing multiple windows in a single console.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The main tools that come with Windows 2000 can be found in the Computer Management console (in Administrative Tools in the Control Panel).<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> This contains the <a href="/wiki/Event_Viewer" title="Event Viewer">Event Viewer</a>—a means of viewing system or application-related events and the Windows equivalent of a <a href="/wiki/Computer_data_logging" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer data logging">log file</a>,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> a system information utility, <a href="/wiki/NTBackup" title="NTBackup">a backup utility</a>, <a href="/wiki/Task_Scheduler" class="mw-redirect" title="Task Scheduler">Task Scheduler</a> and management consoles to view open shared folders and shared folder sessions, configure and manage <a href="/wiki/COM%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="COM+">COM+</a> applications, configure <a href="/wiki/Group_Policy" title="Group Policy">Group Policy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> manage all the local users and user groups, and a <a href="/wiki/Device_Manager" title="Device Manager">device manager</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> It contains <a href="/wiki/Logical_Disk_Manager" title="Logical Disk Manager">Disk Management</a> and Removable Storage snap-ins,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Disk_Defragmenter_(Windows)" class="mw-redirect" title="Disk Defragmenter (Windows)">disk defragmenter</a> as well as a performance diagnostic console, which displays graphs of system performance and configures data logs and alerts. It also contains a <a href="/wiki/Windows_service" title="Windows service">service</a> configuration console, which allows users to view all installed services and to stop and start them, as well as configure what those services should do when the computer starts. <a href="/wiki/CHKDSK" title="CHKDSK">CHKDSK</a> has significant performance improvements.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Windows 2000 comes with two utilities to edit the <a href="/wiki/Windows_registry" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows registry">Windows registry</a>, REGEDIT.EXE and REGEDT32.EXE.<a href="#cite_note-Regedit-97">[97]</a> REGEDIT has been directly ported from <a href="/wiki/Windows_98" title="Windows 98">Windows 98</a>, and therefore does not support editing registry permissions.<a href="#cite_note-Regedit-97">[97]</a> REGEDT32 has the older multiple document interface (MDI) and can edit registry permissions in the same manner that Windows NT's REGEDT32 program could. REGEDIT has a left-side <a href="/wiki/Tree_view" title="Tree view">tree view</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Windows_registry" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows registry">Windows registry</a>, lists all loaded <a href="/wiki/Registry_hive" class="mw-redirect" title="Registry hive">hives</a> and represents the three components of a value (its name, type, and data) as separate columns of a table. REGEDT32 has a left-side tree view, but each hive has its own window, so the tree displays only keys and it represents values as a list of strings. REGEDIT supports right-clicking of entries in a tree view to adjust properties and other settings. REGEDT32 requires all actions to be performed from the top <a href="/wiki/Menu_bar" title="Menu bar">menu bar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> is the first system to integrate these two programs into a single utility, adopting the REGEDIT behavior with the additional NT features.<a href="#cite_note-Regedit-97">[97]</a> The <a href="/wiki/System_File_Checker" title="System File Checker">System File Checker</a> (SFC) also comes with Windows 2000. It is a <a href="/wiki/Command_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Command line">command line</a> utility that scans system files and verifies whether they were signed by Microsoft and works in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Windows_File_Protection" title="Windows File Protection">Windows File Protection</a> mechanism. It can also repopulate and repair all the files in the Dllcache folder.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recovery_Console">Recovery Console</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_2000&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Recovery Console">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windows_2000_Recovery_Console.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Windows_2000_Recovery_Console.png/220px-Windows_2000_Recovery_Console.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Windows_2000_Recovery_Console.png/330px-Windows_2000_Recovery_Console.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Windows_2000_Recovery_Console.png/440px-Windows_2000_Recovery_Console.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>The Recovery Console is usually used to recover unbootable systems.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Recovery_Console" title="Recovery Console">Recovery Console</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Recovery_Console" title="Recovery Console">Recovery Console</a> is run from outside the installed copy of Windows to perform maintenance tasks that can neither be run from within it nor feasibly be run from another computer or copy of Windows 2000.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> It is usually used to recover the system from problems that cause booting to fail, which would render other tools useless, like Safe Mode or Last Known Good Configuration, or <code><a href="/wiki/Chkdsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Chkdsk">chkdsk</a></code>. It includes commands like <code><a href="/wiki/Fixmbr" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixmbr">fixmbr</a></code>, which are not present in MS-DOS. It has a simple <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line interface</a>, used to check and repair the hard drive(s), repair boot information (including <a href="/wiki/NTLDR" title="NTLDR">NTLDR</a>), replace corrupted system files with fresh copies from the CD, or enable/disable services and drivers for the next boot. The console can be accessed in either of the two ways: <ol><li>Booting from the Windows 2000 CD, and choosing to start the Recovery Console from the CD itself instead of continuing with setup. The Recovery Console is accessible as long as the installation CD is available.</li> <li>Preinstalling the Recovery Console on the hard disk as a startup option in <code><a href="/wiki/Bootsect.dos" class="mw-redirect" title="Bootsect.dos">Boot.ini</a></code>, via WinNT32.exe, with the /cmdcons switch.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In this case, it can only be started as long as <a href="/wiki/NTLDR" title="NTLDR">NTLDR</a> can boot from the <a href="/wiki/System_partition_and_boot_partition" title="System partition and boot partition">system partition</a>.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Windows_Scripting_Host_2.0">Windows Scripting Host 2.0</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_2000&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Windows Scripting Host 2.0">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Windows_Script_Host" title="Windows Script Host">Windows Script Host</a></div> Windows 2000 introduced Windows Script Host 2.0 which included an expanded object model and support for logon and logoff scripts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Networking">Networking</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_2000&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Networking">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Starting with Windows 2000, the <a href="/wiki/Server_Message_Block" title="Server Message Block">Server Message Block</a> (SMB) protocol directly interfaces with <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a>. In Windows NT 4.0, SMB requires the <a href="/wiki/NetBIOS_over_TCP/IP" title="NetBIOS over TCP/IP">NetBIOS over TCP/IP</a> (NBT) protocol to work on a TCP/IP network.</li> <li>Windows 2000 introduces a client-side DNS caching service. When the Windows DNS resolver receives a query response, the DNS resource record is added to a cache. When it queries the same resource record name again and it is found in the cache, then the resolver does not query the DNS server. This speeds up DNS query time and reduces network traffic.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Server_family_features">Server family features</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_2000&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Server family features">edit</a>]</div> The Windows 2000 Server family consists of Windows 2000 Server, Windows 2000 Advanced Server, Windows 2000 Small Business Server, and Windows 2000 Datacenter Server. All editions of Windows 2000 Server have the following services and features built in: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Routing_and_Remote_Access_Service" title="Routing and Remote Access Service">Routing and Remote Access Service</a> (RRAS) support, facilitating <a href="/wiki/Dial-up_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Dial-up access">dial-up</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virtual_Private_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual Private Network">VPN</a> connections using <a href="/wiki/IPsec" title="IPsec">IPsec</a>, <a href="/wiki/L2TP" class="mw-redirect" title="L2TP">L2TP</a> or <a href="/wiki/L2TP#L2TP/IPsec" class="mw-redirect" title="L2TP">L2TP/IPsec</a>, support for <a href="/wiki/RADIUS" title="RADIUS">RADIUS</a> authentication in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Authentication_Service" title="Internet Authentication Service">Internet Authentication Service</a>, network connection sharing, <a href="/wiki/Network_Address_Translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Address Translation">Network Address Translation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unicast" title="Unicast">unicast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multicast" title="Multicast">multicast</a> <a href="/wiki/Routing" title="Routing">routing</a> schemes.</li> <li>Remote access security features: Remote Access Policies for setup, verify Caller ID (IP address for VPNs), callback and Remote access account lockout<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></li> <li>Autodial by location feature using the Remote Access Auto Connection Manager <a href="/wiki/Windows_service" title="Windows service">service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Authentication_Protocol" title="Extensible Authentication Protocol">Extensible Authentication Protocol</a> support in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Authentication_Service" title="Internet Authentication Service">IAS</a> (EAP-MD5 and EAP-TLS) later upgraded to PEAPv0/EAP-MSCHAPv2 and PEAP-EAP-TLS in Windows 2000 SP4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_DNS" title="Microsoft DNS">DNS</a> server, including support for <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_DNS" title="Dynamic DNS">Dynamic DNS</a>. <a href="/wiki/Active_Directory" title="Active Directory">Active Directory</a> relies heavily on DNS.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPsec" title="IPsec">IPsec</a> support and TCP/IP filtering</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_card" title="Smart card">Smart card</a> support</li> <li>Microsoft Connection Manager Administration Kit (CMAK) and Connection Point Services</li> <li>Support for <a href="/wiki/Distributed_File_System_(Microsoft)" title="Distributed File System (Microsoft)">distributed file systems</a> (DFS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_Storage_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical Storage Management">Hierarchical Storage Management</a> support including remote storage,<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> a service that runs with <a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a> and automatically transfers files that are not used for some time to less expensive storage media</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault-tolerant_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Fault-tolerant design">Fault tolerant</a> volumes, namely <a href="/wiki/Redundant_array_of_independent_disks#RAID_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Redundant array of independent disks">Mirrored</a> and <a href="/wiki/Redundant_array_of_independent_disks#RAID_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Redundant array of independent disks">RAID-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_Policy" title="Group Policy">Group Policy</a> (part of <a href="/wiki/Active_Directory" title="Active Directory">Active Directory</a>)</li> <li>IntelliMirror, a collection of technologies for fine-grained <a href="/wiki/Systems_management" title="Systems management">management</a> of Windows 2000 Professional clients that duplicates users' data, applications, files, and settings in a centralized location on the network. IntelliMirror employs technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Group_Policy" title="Group Policy">Group Policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Installer" title="Windows Installer">Windows Installer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roaming_profile" class="mw-redirect" title="Roaming profile">Roaming profiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folder_redirection" title="Folder redirection">Folder Redirection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Offline_Files" class="mw-redirect" title="Offline Files">Offline Files</a> (also known as Client Side Caching or CSC), <a href="/wiki/File_Replication_Service" title="File Replication Service">File Replication Service</a> (FRS), Remote Installation Services (RIS) to address desktop management scenarios such as user data management, user settings management, software installation and maintenance.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COM%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="COM+">COM+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Transaction_Server" title="Microsoft Transaction Server">Microsoft Transaction Server</a> and <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Transaction_Coordinator" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed Transaction Coordinator">Distributed Transaction Coordinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Message_Queuing" title="Microsoft Message Queuing">MSMQ 2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephony_Application_Programming_Interface" title="Telephony Application Programming Interface">TAPI</a> 3.0</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Windows_Authentication" title="Integrated Windows Authentication">Integrated Windows Authentication</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Kerberos_(protocol)" title="Kerberos (protocol)">Kerberos</a>, Secure channel and <a href="/wiki/SPNEGO" title="SPNEGO">SPNEGO</a> (Negotiate) SSP packages for <a href="/wiki/Security_Support_Provider_Interface" title="Security Support Provider Interface">Security Support Provider Interface</a> (SSPI)).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS-CHAP" title="MS-CHAP">MS-CHAP</a> v2 protocol</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Key_Infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Key Infrastructure">Public Key Infrastructure</a> (PKI) and <a href="/wiki/Certificate_authority" title="Certificate authority">Enterprise Certificate Authority</a> support</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal Services">Terminal Services</a> and support for the <a href="/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Protocol" title="Remote Desktop Protocol">Remote Desktop Protocol</a> (RDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Information_Services" title="Internet Information Services">Internet Information Services</a> (IIS) 5.0 and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Services" title="Windows Media Services">Windows Media Services</a> 4.1</li> <li>Network <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_service" title="Quality of service">quality of service</a> features<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></li> <li>A new Windows Time service which is an implementation of <a href="/wiki/Simple_Network_Time_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple Network Time Protocol">Simple Network Time Protocol</a> (SNTP) as detailed in IETF <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1769">1769</a>. The Windows Time service synchronizes the date and time of computers in a domain<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> running on Windows 2000 Server or later. Windows 2000 Professional includes an SNTP client.</li></ul> The Server editions include more features and components, including the Microsoft Distributed File System (DFS), Active Directory support and fault-tolerant storage. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Distributed_File_System">Distributed File System</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_2000&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Distributed File System">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Distributed_File_System_(Microsoft)" title="Distributed File System (Microsoft)">Distributed File System (Microsoft)</a></div> The Distributed File System (DFS) allows <a href="/wiki/Server_Message_Block" title="Server Message Block">shares</a> in multiple different locations to be logically grouped under one folder, or DFS root. When users try to access a <a href="/wiki/Shared_resource" title="Shared resource">network share</a> off the DFS root, the user is really looking at a DFS link and the DFS server transparently redirects them to the correct <a href="/wiki/File_server" title="File server">file server</a> and share. A DFS root can only exist on a Windows 2000 version that is part of the server family, and only one DFS root can exist on that server. There can be two ways of implementing a DFS namespace on Windows 2000: either through a standalone DFS root or a domain-based DFS root. Standalone DFS allows for only DFS roots on the local computer, and thus does not use Active Directory. Domain-based DFS roots exist within Active Directory and can have their information distributed to other <a href="/wiki/Domain_controller" title="Domain controller">domain controllers</a> within the domain – this provides <a href="/wiki/Fault-tolerant_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Fault-tolerant system">fault tolerance</a> to DFS. DFS roots that exist on a domain must be hosted on a domain controller or on a domain member server. The file and root information is replicated via the Microsoft <a href="/wiki/File_Replication_Service" title="File Replication Service">File Replication Service</a> (FRS).<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Active_Directory">Active Directory</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_2000&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Active Directory">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Active_Directory" title="Active Directory">Active Directory</a></div> A new way of organizing <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_domain" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Server domain">Windows network domains</a>, or groups of resources, called Active Directory, is introduced with Windows 2000 to replace Windows NT's earlier domain model. Active Directory's hierarchical nature allowed administrators a built-in way to manage user and computer policies and user accounts, and to automatically deploy programs and updates with a greater degree of scalability and centralization than provided in previous Windows versions. User information stored in Active Directory also provided a convenient phone book-like function to end users. Active Directory domains can vary from small installations with a few hundred objects, to large installations with millions. Active Directory can organise and link groups of domains into a contiguous <a href="/wiki/Domain_name" title="Domain name">domain name</a> space to form trees. Groups of trees outside of the same namespace can be linked together to form forests. Active Directory services could always be installed on a Windows 2000 Server Standard, Advanced, or Datacenter computer, and cannot be installed on a Windows 2000 Professional computer. However, Windows 2000 Professional is the first client operating system able to exploit Active Directory's new features. As part of an organization's migration, Windows NT clients continued to function until all clients were upgraded to Windows 2000 Professional, at which point the Active Directory domain could be switched to <a href="/wiki/Native_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Native mode">native mode</a> and maximum functionality achieved. Active Directory requires a DNS server that supports <a href="/wiki/SRV_resource_record" class="mw-redirect" title="SRV resource record">SRV resource records</a>, or that an organization's existing DNS infrastructure be upgraded to support this. There should be one or more <a href="/wiki/Domain_controller" title="Domain controller">domain controllers</a> to hold the Active Directory database and provide Active Directory <a href="/wiki/Directory_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Directory services">directory services</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Volume_fault_tolerance">Volume fault tolerance</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_2000&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Volume fault tolerance">edit</a>]</div> Along with support for simple, spanned and striped volumes, the Windows 2000 Server family also supports fault-tolerant volume types. The types supported are mirrored volumes and RAID-5 volumes: <ul><li>Mirrored volumes: the volume contains several disks, and when data is written to one it is also written to the other disks. This means that if one disk fails, the data can be totally recovered from the other disk. Mirrored volumes are also known as <a href="/wiki/Redundant_array_of_independent_disks#RAID_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Redundant array of independent disks">RAID-1</a>.</li> <li>RAID-5 volumes: a <a href="/wiki/RAID_5" class="mw-redirect" title="RAID 5">RAID-5</a> volume consists of multiple disks, and it uses <a href="/wiki/Block_(data_storage)" title="Block (data storage)">block</a>-level striping with parity data distributed across all member disks. Should a disk fail in the array, the parity blocks from the surviving disks are combined mathematically with the data blocks from the surviving disks to reconstruct the data on the failed drive "on-the-fly."</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deployment">Deployment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_2000&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Deployment">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;width:32em;"> <caption style="text-align:center; padding-left:1em;">Windows 2000 system requirements </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:10em;"> </th> <th style="width:11em;">Minimum</th> <th style="width:11em;">Recommended </th></tr><tr> <th colspan="3" style="background:#d1dbdf;"><a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a> PCs</th> </tr><tr><th>CPU</th> <td>Pentium 133 MHz</td><td>Pentium II 300 MHz</td></tr><tr><th>Memory</th> <td>32 MB (128 MB for Windows 2000 Server)</td><td>128 MB (256 MB for Windows 2000 Server)</td></tr><tr><th>Free space</th> <td>1 GB (2 GB for Windows 2000 Server)</td><td>5 GB</td></tr><tr><th>Graphics hardware</th> <td>800×600 VGA or better monitor</td><td>1024×768 VGA or better monitor</td></tr><tr><th>Input device(s)</th> <td colspan="2">Keyboard and/or mouse</td></tr> </tbody></table> Windows 2000 can be <a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">deployed</a> to a site via various methods. It can be installed onto servers via traditional media (such as CD) or via distribution folders that reside on a shared folder. Installations can be attended or <a href="/wiki/Unattended_installation" class="mw-redirect" title="Unattended installation">unattended</a>. During a manual installation, the administrator must specify configuration options. Unattended installations are scripted via an <a href="/wiki/Answer_file" class="mw-redirect" title="Answer file">answer file</a>, or a predefined script in the form of an <a href="/wiki/Initialization_file" class="mw-redirect" title="Initialization file">INI file</a> that has all the options filled in. An answer file can be created manually or using the graphical Setup manager. The Winnt.exe or Winnt32.exe program then uses that answer file to automate the installation. Unattended installations can be performed via a bootable CD, using Microsoft <a href="/wiki/Systems_Management_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems Management Server">Systems Management Server</a> (SMS), via the <a href="/wiki/Sysprep" title="Sysprep">System Preparation Tool (Sysprep)</a>, via the Winnt32.exe program using the /syspart switch or via <a href="/wiki/Remote_Installation_Services" title="Remote Installation Services">Remote Installation Services</a> (RIS). The ability to <a href="/wiki/Slipstream_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slipstream (computing)">slipstream</a> a <a href="/wiki/Service_pack" title="Service pack">service pack</a> into the original operating system setup files is also introduced in Windows 2000.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The Sysprep method is started on a standardized reference computer – though the hardware need not be similar – and it copies the required installation files from the reference computer to the target computers. The hard drive does not need to be in the target computer and may be swapped out to it at any time, with the hardware configured later. The Winnt.exe program must also be passed a /unattend switch that points to a valid answer file and a /s file that points to one or more valid installation sources. Sysprep allows the duplication of a <a href="/wiki/Disk_image" title="Disk image">disk image</a> on an existing Windows 2000 Server installation to multiple servers. This means that all applications and system configuration settings will be copied across to the new installations, and thus, the reference and target computers must have the same <a href="/wiki/Hardware_Abstraction_Layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardware Abstraction Layer">HALs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Configuration_and_Power_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Configuration and Power Interface">ACPI</a> support, and mass storage devices – though Windows 2000 automatically detects "<a href="/wiki/Plug_and_play" title="Plug and play">plug and play</a>" devices. The primary reason for using Sysprep is to quickly deploy Windows 2000 to a site that has multiple computers with standard hardware. (If a system had different HALs, mass storage devices or ACPI support, then multiple images would need to be maintained.) Systems Management Server can be used to upgrade multiple computers to Windows 2000. These must be running Windows NT 3.51, Windows NT 4.0, Windows 98 or Windows 95 OSR2.x along with the SMS client agent that can receive software installation operations. Using SMS allows installations over a wide area and provides centralised control over upgrades to systems. <a href="/wiki/Remote_Installation_Services" title="Remote Installation Services">Remote Installation Services</a> (RIS) are a means to automatically install Windows 2000 Professional (and not Windows 2000 Server) to a local computer over a network from a central server. Images do not have to support specific hardware configurations and the security settings can be configured after the computer reboots as the service generates a new unique security ID (SID) for the machine. This is required so that local accounts are given the right identifier and do not clash with other Windows 2000 Professional computers on a network.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> RIS requires that client computers are able to boot over the network via either a <a href="/wiki/Network_interface_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Network interface card">network interface card</a> that has a <a href="/wiki/Pre-Boot_Execution_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Boot Execution Environment">Pre-Boot Execution Environment</a> (PXE) boot <a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">ROM</a> installed or that the client computer has a network card installed that is supported by the remote <a href="/wiki/Boot_disk" title="Boot disk">boot disk</a> generator. The <a href="/wiki/Remote_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote computer">remote computer</a> must also meet the <a href="/wiki/Net_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="Net PC">Net PC</a> specification. The server that RIS runs on must be Windows 2000 Server and it must be able to access a network <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">DNS</a> Service, a <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol" title="Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol">DHCP</a> service and the Active Directory services.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editions">Editions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_2000&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Editions">edit</a>]</div> Microsoft released various editions of Windows 2000 for different markets and business needs: Professional, Server, Advanced Server and Datacenter Server. Each was packaged separately. Windows 2000 Professional was designed as the desktop operating system for businesses and <a href="/wiki/Power_user" title="Power user">power users</a>. It is the client version of Windows 2000. It offers greater security and stability than many of the previous Windows desktop operating systems. It supports up to two <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">processors</a>, and can address up to 4 <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">GB</a> of <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a>. The system requirements are a Pentium processor (or equivalent) of 133 MHz or greater, at least 32 MB of RAM, 650 MB of hard drive space, and a <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> drive (recommended: <a href="/wiki/Pentium_II" title="Pentium II">Pentium II</a>, 128 MB of RAM, 2 GB of hard drive space, and CD-ROM drive).<a href="#cite_note-SysReq-109">[109]</a> However, despite the official minimum processor requirements, it is still possible to install Windows 2000 on 4th-generation x86 CPUs such as the <a href="/wiki/80486" class="mw-redirect" title="80486">80486</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windows_2000_Server.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c6/Windows_2000_Server.png/220px-Windows_2000_Server.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c6/Windows_2000_Server.png/330px-Windows_2000_Server.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c6/Windows_2000_Server.png 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption>Screenshot of Windows 2000 Server with Configure Your Server component</figcaption></figure> Windows 2000 Server shares the same <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a> with Windows 2000 Professional, but contains additional components for the computer to perform <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">server</a> roles and run infrastructure and <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">application software</a>. A significant new component introduced in the server versions is <a href="/wiki/Active_Directory" title="Active Directory">Active Directory</a>, which is an enterprise-wide directory service based on <a href="/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol" title="Lightweight Directory Access Protocol">LDAP</a> (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol). Additionally, Microsoft integrated <a href="/wiki/Kerberos_(protocol)" title="Kerberos (protocol)">Kerberos</a> network authentication, replacing the often-criticised <a href="/wiki/NTLM" title="NTLM">NTLM</a> (NT LAN Manager) authentication system used in previous versions. This also provided a purely <a href="/wiki/Active_Directory#Trust" title="Active Directory">transitive-trust</a> relationship between Windows 2000 Server <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_domain" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Server domain">domains</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Active_Directory#Forests,_trees,_and_domains" title="Active Directory">forest</a> (a collection of one or more Windows 2000 domains that share a common <a href="/wiki/Active_Directory#Objects" title="Active Directory">schema</a>, configuration, and <a href="/wiki/Active_Directory#Forests,_trees,_and_domains" title="Active Directory">global catalog</a>, being linked with two-way <a href="/wiki/Active_Directory#Trust" title="Active Directory">transitive trusts</a>). Furthermore, Windows 2000 introduced a <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_DNS" title="Microsoft DNS">Domain Name Server</a> which allows dynamic registration of <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a> addresses. Windows 2000 Server supports up to 4 processors and 4 GB of RAM, with a minimum requirement of 128 MB of RAM and 1 GB hard disk space, however requirements may be higher depending on installed components.<a href="#cite_note-SysReq-109">[109]</a> Windows 2000 Advanced Server is a variant of Windows 2000 Server operating system designed for medium-to-large businesses. It offers the ability to create <a href="/wiki/Computer_clustering" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer clustering">clusters</a> of servers, support for up to 8 CPUs, a main memory amount of up to 8 GB on <a href="/wiki/Physical_Address_Extension" title="Physical Address Extension">Physical Address Extension</a> (PAE) systems and the ability to do 8-way <a href="/wiki/Symmetric_multiprocessing" title="Symmetric multiprocessing">SMP</a>. It supports <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> <a href="/wiki/Network_Load_Balancing_Services" title="Network Load Balancing Services">load balancing</a> and builds on <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Cluster_Server" title="Microsoft Cluster Server">Microsoft Cluster Server</a> (MSCS) in Windows NT Enterprise Server 4.0, adding enhanced functionality for two-node clusters.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> System requirements are similar to those of Windows 2000 Server,<a href="#cite_note-SysReq-109">[109]</a> however they may need to be higher to scale to larger infrastructure. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windows_2000_Datacenter_Server.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/75/Windows_2000_Datacenter_Server.png/220px-Windows_2000_Datacenter_Server.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/75/Windows_2000_Datacenter_Server.png/330px-Windows_2000_Datacenter_Server.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/75/Windows_2000_Datacenter_Server.png 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="274" /></a><figcaption>Screenshot of Windows 2000 Datacenter Server, asking the user to complete setup by configuring Cluster and Remote Installation service in the Configure Your Server component</figcaption></figure> Windows 2000 Datacenter Server is a variant of Windows 2000 Server designed for large businesses that move large quantities of confidential or sensitive data frequently via a central <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">server</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Datacenter-111">[111]</a> Like Advanced Server, it supports <a href="/wiki/Cluster_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster (computing)">clustering</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-availability_cluster" title="High-availability cluster">failover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Load_balancing_(computing)" title="Load balancing (computing)">load balancing</a>. Its minimum <a href="/wiki/System_requirements" title="System requirements">system requirements</a> are similar to those of Advanced Server,<a href="#cite_note-SysReq-109">[109]</a> but it was designed to be capable of handing advanced, fault-tolerant and <a href="/wiki/Scalability" title="Scalability">scalable</a> hardware—for instance computers with up to 32 CPUs and 32 <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">GBs</a> RAM, with rigorous system testing and qualification, hardware partitioning, coordinated maintenance and <a href="/wiki/Change_control" title="Change control">change control</a>. Windows 2000 Datacenter Server was released to manufacturing on August 11, 2000<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> and launched on September 26, 2000.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> This edition was based on Windows 2000 with Service Pack 1<a href="#cite_note-Datacenter-111">[111]</a> and was not available at retail.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Service_packs">Service packs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_2000&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Service packs">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:85%;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Service_pack" title="Service pack">Service pack</a></th> <th>Release date </th></tr> <tr> <td>Service Pack 1 (SP1)</td> <td>August 15, 2000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Service Pack 2 (SP2)</td> <td>May 16, 2001 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Service Pack 3 (SP3)</td> <td>August 29, 2002 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Service Pack 4 (SP4)</td> <td>June 26, 2003 </td></tr> <tr> <td>SP4 Update Rollup</td> <td>September 13, 2005 </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windows_2000_SP4_install_disc_(French).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Windows_2000_SP4_install_disc_%28French%29.jpg/220px-Windows_2000_SP4_install_disc_%28French%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Windows_2000_SP4_install_disc_%28French%29.jpg/330px-Windows_2000_SP4_install_disc_%28French%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Windows_2000_SP4_install_disc_%28French%29.jpg/440px-Windows_2000_SP4_install_disc_%28French%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1446" data-file-height="1467" /></a><figcaption>SP4 installation disc</figcaption></figure> Windows 2000 has received four full <a href="/wiki/Service_pack" title="Service pack">service packs</a> and one rollup update package following SP4, which is the last service pack. Microsoft phased out all development of its <a href="/wiki/Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java Virtual Machine</a> (JVM) from Windows 2000 in SP3. Internet Explorer 5.01 has also been upgraded to the corresponding service pack level. Service Pack 4 with Update Rollup was released on September 13, 2005, nearly four years following the release of Windows XP and sixteen months prior to the release of Windows Vista. Microsoft had originally intended to release a fifth service pack for Windows 2000, but cancelled this project early in its development, and instead released Update Rollup 1 for SP4, a collection of all the security-related <a href="/wiki/Hotfix" title="Hotfix">hotfixes</a> and some other significant issues.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The Update Rollup does not include all non-security related hotfixes and is not subjected to the same extensive regression testing as a full service pack. Microsoft states that this update will meet customers' needs better than a whole new service pack, and will still help Windows 2000 customers secure their PCs, reduce support costs, and support existing computer hardware.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Upgradeability">Upgradeability</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_2000&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Upgradeability">edit</a>]</div> Several Windows 2000 components are upgradable to latest versions, which include new versions introduced in later versions of Windows, and other major Microsoft applications are available. These latest versions for Windows 2000 include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ActiveSync" title="ActiveSync">ActiveSync</a> 4.5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectX" title="DirectX">DirectX 9.0c</a> (5 February 2010 Redistributable)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_6" title="Internet Explorer 6">Internet Explorer 6</a> SP1 and <a href="/wiki/Outlook_Express" title="Outlook Express">Outlook Express</a> 6 SP1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Agent" title="Microsoft Agent">Microsoft Agent</a> 2.0</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Data_Access_Components" title="Microsoft Data Access Components">Microsoft Data Access Components</a> 2.81</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_NetMeeting" title="Microsoft NetMeeting">Microsoft NetMeeting</a> 3.01</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Virtual_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Virtual PC">Microsoft Virtual PC</a> 2004 SP1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2003" title="Microsoft Office 2003">Office 2003</a> SP3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN_Messenger" title="MSN Messenger">MSN Messenger</a> 7.0 (<a href="/wiki/Windows_Messenger" title="Windows Messenger">Windows Messenger</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSXML" title="MSXML">MSXML</a> 6.0 SP2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title=".NET Framework 2.0">.NET Framework 2.0</a> SP2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweak_UI" title="Tweak UI">Tweak UI</a> 1.33</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_C%2B%2B_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual C++ 2008">Visual C++ 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Search" title="Windows Search">Windows Desktop Search</a> 2.66</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Script_Host" title="Windows Script Host">Windows Script Host</a> 5.7</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Installer" title="Windows Installer">Windows Installer</a> 3.1</li> <li>Windows Media Format Runtime and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Player_9_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Media Player 9 series">Windows Media Player 9 Series</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Encoder" title="Windows Media Encoder">Windows Media Encoder</a> 7.1 and the Windows Media 8 Encoding Utility)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security">Security</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_2000&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Security">edit</a>]</div> During the Windows 2000 period, the nature of attacks on Windows servers changed: more attacks came from remote sources via the Internet. This has led to an overwhelming number of malicious programs exploiting the IIS services – specifically a notorious buffer overflow tendency.<a href="#cite_note-ecommerce-guide.com-117">[117]</a> This tendency is not operating-system-version specific, but rather configuration-specific: it depends on the services that are enabled.<a href="#cite_note-ecommerce-guide.com-117">[117]</a> Following this, a common complaint is that "by default, Windows 2000 installations contain numerous potential security problems. Many unneeded services are installed and enabled, and there is no active local security policy."<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> In addition to insecure defaults, according to the <a href="/wiki/SANS_Institute" title="SANS Institute">SANS Institute</a>, the most common flaws discovered are remotely exploitable <a href="/wiki/Buffer_overflow" title="Buffer overflow">buffer overflow</a> vulnerabilities.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Other criticized flaws include the use of vulnerable encryption techniques.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Code Red and <a href="/wiki/Code_Red_II_(computer_worm)" class="mw-redirect" title="Code Red II (computer worm)">Code Red II</a> were famous (and much discussed) <a href="/wiki/Computer_worm" title="Computer worm">worms</a> that exploited vulnerabilities of the <a href="/wiki/Windows_Indexing_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Indexing Service">Windows Indexing Service</a> of Windows 2000's <a href="/wiki/Internet_Information_Services" title="Internet Information Services">Internet Information Services</a> (IIS).<a href="#cite_note-CERTCodeRed-16">[16]</a> In August 2003, security researchers estimated that two major worms called <a href="/wiki/Sobig_(computer_worm)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobig (computer worm)">Sobig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blaster_(computer_worm)" title="Blaster (computer worm)">Blaster</a> infected more than half a million Microsoft Windows computers.<a href="#cite_note-SoBig-121">[121]</a> The 2005 <a href="/wiki/Zotob_(computer_worm)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zotob (computer worm)">Zotob</a> worm was blamed for security compromises on Windows 2000 machines at <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>, <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times Company">New York Times Company</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">United States Department of Homeland Security</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wired-122">[122]</a> On September 8, 2009, Microsoft skipped patching two of the five security flaws that were addressed in the monthly security update, saying that patching one of the critical security flaws was "infeasible."<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> According to Microsoft Security Bulletin MS09-048: "The architecture to properly support <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> protection does not exist on Microsoft Windows 2000 systems, making it infeasible to build the fix for Microsoft Windows 2000 Service Pack 4 to eliminate the vulnerability. To do so would require re-architecting a very significant amount of the Microsoft Windows 2000 Service Pack 4 operating system, there would be no assurance that applications designed to run on Microsoft Windows 2000 Service Pack 4 would continue to operate on the updated system." No patches for this flaw were released for the newer <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> (32-bit) and <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP_Professional_x64_Edition" title="Windows XP Professional x64 Edition">Windows XP Professional x64 Edition</a> either, despite both also being affected;<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Microsoft suggested turning on <a href="/wiki/Windows_Firewall" title="Windows Firewall">Windows Firewall</a> in those versions.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support_lifecycle">Support lifecycle</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_2000&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Support lifecycle">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Windows_2000" title="Special:EditPage/Windows 2000">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Windows+2000%22">"Windows 2000"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Windows+2000%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Windows+2000%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Windows+2000%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Windows+2000%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Windows+2000%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (May 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Windows 2000 and Windows 2000 Server were superseded by newer Microsoft operating systems: Windows 2000 Server products by <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2003" title="Windows Server 2003">Windows Server 2003</a>, and Windows 2000 Professional by <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP Professional</a>. The Windows 2000 family of operating systems moved from mainstream support to the extended support phase on June 30, 2005. Microsoft says that this marks the progression of Windows 2000 through the Windows lifecycle policy. Under mainstream support, Microsoft freely provides design changes if any, service packs and non-security related updates in addition to security updates, whereas in extended support, service packs are not provided and non-security updates require contacting the support personnel by e-mail or phone. Under the extended support phase, Microsoft continued to provide critical security updates every month for all components of Windows 2000 (including Internet Explorer 5.0 SP4) and paid per-incident support for technical issues. Because of Windows 2000's age, updated versions of components such as <a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Player_11" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Media Player 11">Windows Media Player 11</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_7" title="Internet Explorer 7">Internet Explorer 7</a> have not been released for it. In the case of Internet Explorer, Microsoft said in 2005 that, "some of the security work in IE 7 relies on operating system functionality in XP SP2 that is non-trivial to port back to Windows 2000."<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> While users of Windows 2000 Professional and Server were eligible to purchase the upgrade license for Windows Vista Business or Windows Server 2008, neither of these operating systems can directly perform an upgrade installation from Windows 2000; a clean installation must be performed instead or a two-step upgrade through XP/2003. Microsoft has dropped the upgrade path from Windows 2000 (and earlier) to <a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a>. Users of Windows 2000 must buy a full Windows 7 license. Although Windows 2000 is the last NT-based version of Microsoft Windows which does not include <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Product_Activation" title="Microsoft Product Activation">product activation</a>, Microsoft has introduced <a href="/wiki/Windows_Genuine_Advantage" title="Windows Genuine Advantage">Windows Genuine Advantage</a> for certain downloads and non-critical updates from the Download Center for Windows 2000. Windows 2000 reached the end of its lifecycle (EoL) on July 13, 2010 (alongside Service Pack 2 of Windows XP). It will not receive new security updates and new security-related hotfixes after this date.<a href="#cite_note-Lifecycle-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-ExtendedSupport-127">[127]</a> In Japan, over 130,000 servers and 500,000 PCs in local governments were affected; many local governments said that they will not update as they do not have funds to cover a replacement.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> As of 2011, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Update" title="Windows Update">Windows Update</a> still supports the Windows 2000 updates available on <a href="/wiki/Patch_Tuesday" title="Patch Tuesday">Patch Tuesday</a> in July 2010, e.g., if older optional Windows 2000 features are enabled later. Microsoft Office products under Windows 2000 have their own product lifecycles. While <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_6" title="Internet Explorer 6">Internet Explorer 6</a> for <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> did receive security patches up until it lost support, this is not the case for IE6 under Windows 2000.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Malicious_Software_Removal_Tool" title="Malicious Software Removal Tool">Windows Malicious Software Removal Tool</a> installed monthly by Windows Update for XP and later versions can be still downloaded manually for Windows 2000.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Microsoft in 2020 announced that it would disable the Windows Update service for SHA-1 endpoints and since Windows 2000 did not get an update for SHA-2, Windows Update Services are no longer available on the OS as of late July 2020.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> However, as of April 2021, the old updates for Windows 2000 are still available on the <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Update_Catalog" title="Microsoft Update Catalog">Microsoft Update Catalog</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Total_cost_of_ownership">Total cost of ownership</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_2000&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Total cost of ownership">edit</a>]</div> In October 2002, Microsoft commissioned <a href="/wiki/International_Data_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Data Corporation">IDC</a> to determine the <a href="/wiki/Total_cost_of_ownership" title="Total cost of ownership">total cost of ownership</a> (TCO) for <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_application" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterprise application">enterprise applications</a> on Windows 2000 versus the TCO of the same applications on <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>. IDC's report is based on telephone interviews of IT executives and managers of 104 North American companies in which they determined what they were using for a specific workload for file, print, security and networking services. IDC determined that the four areas where Windows 2000 had a better TCO than Linux – over a period of five years for an average organization of 100 employees – were file, print, network infrastructure and security infrastructure. They determined, however, that Linux had a better TCO than Windows 2000 for web serving. The report also found that the greatest cost was not in the procurement of software and hardware, but in staffing costs and downtime. While the report applied a 40% productivity factor during IT infrastructure downtime, recognizing that employees are not entirely unproductive, it did not consider the impact of downtime on the profitability of the business. The report stated that Linux servers had less unplanned downtime than Windows 2000 servers. It found that most Linux servers ran less workload per server than Windows 2000 servers and also that none of the businesses interviewed used 4-way <a href="/wiki/Symmetric_multiprocessing" title="Symmetric multiprocessing">SMP</a> Linux computers. The report also did not take into account specific <a href="/wiki/Application_server" title="Application server">application servers</a> – servers that need low maintenance and are provided by a specific vendor. The report did emphasize that TCO was only one factor in considering whether to use a particular IT platform, and also noted that as management and server software improved and became better packaged the overall picture shown could change.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_2000&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Windows_NT" title="Architecture of Windows NT">Architecture of Windows NT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlueKeep" title="BlueKeep">BlueKeep (security vulnerability)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of operating systems">Comparison of operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Multia" title="DEC Multia">DEC Multia</a>, one of the DEC Alpha computers capable of running Windows 2000 beta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Servers" title="Microsoft Servers">Microsoft Servers</a>, Microsoft's network server software brand</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Neptune" title="Windows Neptune">Windows Neptune</a>, a cancelled consumer edition based on Windows 2000</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_2000&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SharedSourceInitiative-1"><a href="#cite_ref-SharedSourceInitiative_1-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030402214510/http://www.microsoft.com/resources/sharedsource/Initiative/Initiative.mspx">"Microsoft Shared Source Initiative Overview"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. 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January 19, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111120054653/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/141377">Archived</a> from the original on November 20, 2011. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/bulletin/MS09-048.mspx">the original</a> on August 4, 2011. 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Retrieved May 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=Microsoft%3A+No+TCP%2FIP+patches+for+you%2C+XP&rft.date=2009-09-14&rft.aulast=Keizer&rft.aufirst=Gregg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com%2Farticle%2F2527501%2Fmicrosoft--no-tcp-ip-patches-for-you--xp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+2000" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarson2005" class="citation web cs1">Marson, Ingrid (June 3, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/news/windows-2000-users-to-miss-out-on-ie-7/">"Windows 2000 users to miss out on IE 7"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNET" title="CNET">CNET</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_Interactive" class="mw-redirect" title="CBS Interactive">CBS Interactive</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190517030937/https://www.cnet.com/news/windows-2000-users-to-miss-out-on-ie-7/">Archived</a> from the original on May 17, 2019. Retrieved May 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=Windows+2000+users+to+miss+out+on+IE+7&rft.date=2005-06-03&rft.aulast=Marson&rft.aufirst=Ingrid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Fnews%2Fwindows-2000-users-to-miss-out-on-ie-7%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+2000" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ExtendedSupport-127"><a href="#cite_ref-ExtendedSupport_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050630234136/http://www.microsoft.com/windows2000/server/evaluation/news/bulletins/extendedsupport.asp">"Windows 2000 Transitions to Extended Support June 30, 2005"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. June 28, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/windows2000/server/evaluation/news/bulletins/extendedsupport.asp">the original</a> on June 30, 2005. Retrieved February 17, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Windows+2000+Transitions+to+Extended+Support+June+30%2C+2005&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft.date=2005-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fwindows2000%2Fserver%2Fevaluation%2Fnews%2Fbulletins%2Fextendedsupport.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+2000" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2010/08/20/national/windows-2000-still-in-use-locally">"Windows 2000 still in use locally"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a>. The Japan Times, Ltd. August 20, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160910175417/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2010/08/20/national/windows-2000-still-in-use-locally">Archived</a> from the original on September 10, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Windows+2000+still+in+use+locally&rft.date=2010-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2010%2F08%2F20%2Fnational%2Fwindows-2000-still-in-use-locally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+2000" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120621103611/http://www.microsoft.com/security/pc-security/malware-removal.aspx">"Malicious Software Removal Tool"</a>. n (KB890830). <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/security/pc-security/malware-removal.aspx">the original</a> on June 21, 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=n+%28KB890830%29&rft.atitle=Malicious+Software+Removal+Tool&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fsecurity%2Fpc-security%2Fmalware-removal.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+2000" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/topic/windows-update-sha-1-based-endpoints-discontinued-for-older-windows-devices-10b58bd9-5ba2-b23d-498b-139ce5c709af">"Windows Update SHA-1 based endpoints discontinued for older Windows devices"</a>. support.microsoft.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417045726/https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/topic/windows-update-sha-1-based-endpoints-discontinued-for-older-windows-devices-10b58bd9-5ba2-b23d-498b-139ce5c709af">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=support.microsoft.com&rft.atitle=Windows+Update+SHA-1+based+endpoints+discontinued+for+older+Windows+devices&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Ftopic%2Fwindows-update-sha-1-based-endpoints-discontinued-for-older-windows-devices-10b58bd9-5ba2-b23d-498b-139ce5c709af&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+2000" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalog.update.microsoft.com/Search.aspx?q=windows%202000">"Microsoft Update Catalog"</a>. www.catalog.update.microsoft.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210921022426/https://www.catalog.update.microsoft.com/Search.aspx?q=windows%202000">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.catalog.update.microsoft.com&rft.atitle=Microsoft+Update+Catalog&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catalog.update.microsoft.com%2FSearch.aspx%3Fq%3Dwindows%25202000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+2000" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/windows2000/docs/TCO.pdf">Windows 2000 Versus Linux in Enterprise Computing</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080410033809/http://www.microsoft.com/windows2000/docs/TCO.pdf">Archived</a> April 10, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," IDC. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_2000&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Bolosky, William J.; Corbin, Scott; Goebel, David; & Douceur, John R. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.microsoft.com/sn/Farsite/WSS2000.pdf">Single Instance Storage in Windows 2000</a>." Microsoft Research & Balder Technology Group, Inc. (white paper).</li> <li>Bozman, Jean; Gillen, Al; Kolodgy, Charles; Kusnetzky, Dan; Perry, Randy; & Shiang, David (October 2002). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080410033809/http://www.microsoft.com/windows2000/docs/TCO.pdf">Windows 2000 Versus Linux in Enterprise Computing: An assessment of business value for selected workloads</a>." IDC, sponsored by Microsoft Corporation. White paper.</li> <li>Finnel, Lynn (2000). MCSE Exam 70–215, Microsoft Windows 2000 Server. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Press" title="Microsoft Press">Microsoft Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57231-903-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-57231-903-8">1-57231-903-8</a>.</li> <li>Microsoft. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/resources/documentation/Windows/2000/server/reskit/en-us/Default.asp?url=/resources/documentation/Windows/2000/server/reskit/en-us/prork/pric_run_almc.asp">Running Nonnative Applications in Windows 2000 Professional</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]. Windows 2000 Resource Kit. Retrieved May 4, 2005.</li> <li>Microsoft. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/resources/documentation/Windows/2000/server/reskit/en-us/Default.asp?url=/resources/documentation/Windows/2000/server/reskit/en-us/distrib/dsbg_dat_brlr.asp">Active Directory Data Storage</a>." Retrieved May 9, 2005.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinasi2000" class="citation book cs1">Minasi, Mark (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050311204644/http://www.microsoft.com/technet/prodtechnol/windows2000pro/deploy/depopt/ris.mspx">"Chapter 3 – Installing Windows 2000 On Workstations with Remote Installation Services"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/masteringwindow000chri">Mastering Windows 2000 Server</a> (Second ed.). Sybex. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7821-2774-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7821-2774-6"><bdi>0-7821-2774-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/technet/prodtechnol/windows2000pro/deploy/depopt/ris.mspx">the original</a> on March 11, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3+%E2%80%93+Installing+Windows+2000+On+Workstations+with+Remote+Installation+Services&rft.btitle=Mastering+Windows+2000+Server&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Sybex&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7821-2774-6&rft.aulast=Minasi&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Ftechnet%2Fprodtechnol%2Fwindows2000pro%2Fdeploy%2Fdepopt%2Fris.mspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+2000" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Russinovich, Mark (October 1997). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517234235/http://windowsitpro.com/Articles/Index.cfm?ArticleID=299">Inside NT's Object Manager</a>." Windows IT Pro.</li> <li>Russinovich, Mark (2002). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/dnw2kmag00/html/NTFSPart1.asp">Inside Win2K NTFS, Part 1</a>." Windows IT Pro (formerly Windows 2000 Magazine).</li> <li>Saville, John (January 9, 2000). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927212324/http://www.windowsitpro.com/Article/ArticleID/13785/13785.html">What is Native Structure Storage?</a>." Windows IT Pro (formerly Windows 2000 Magazine).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiyan2000" class="citation book cs1">Siyan, Kanajit S. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/windows2000serve0000siya/">Windows 2000 Professional Reference</a>. New Riders. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7357-0952-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7357-0952-1"><bdi>0-7357-0952-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Windows+2000+Professional+Reference&rft.pub=New+Riders&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7357-0952-1&rft.aulast=Siyan&rft.aufirst=Kanajit+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwindows2000serve0000siya%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+2000" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomonRussinovich2000" class="citation book cs1">Solomon, David; Russinovich, Mark E (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050323090649/http://mipagina.cantv.net/jjaguilerap/w2k_arq.html">"System Architecture"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insidemicrosoftw0000solo/">Inside Microsoft Windows 2000</a> (Third ed.). Microsoft Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7356-1021-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7356-1021-5"><bdi>0-7356-1021-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mipagina.cantv.net/jjaguilerap/w2k_arq.html">the original</a> on March 23, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=System+Architecture&rft.btitle=Inside+Microsoft+Windows+2000&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Microsoft+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7356-1021-5&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Russinovich%2C+Mark+E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmipagina.cantv.net%2Fjjaguilerap%2Fw2k_arq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+2000" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanenbaum2001" class="citation book cs1">Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernoperatings00tane">Modern Operating Systems</a> (2nd ed.). Prentice-Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-031358-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-031358-0"><bdi>0-13-031358-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Operating+Systems&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-13-031358-0&rft.aulast=Tanenbaum&rft.aufirst=Andrew+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernoperatings00tane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+2000" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Trott, Bob (October 27, 1998). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040621122038/http://www.infoworld.com/cgi-bin/displayStory.pl?981027.wcwin2000.htm">It's official: NT 5.0 becomes Windows 2000</a>." InfoWorld.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace2000" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, Rick (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mcsamcseselfpace00wall/">MCSE Exam 70–210, Microsoft Windows 2000 Professional</a>. Microsoft Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57231-901-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-57231-901-1"><bdi>1-57231-901-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MCSE+Exam+70%E2%80%93210%2C+Microsoft+Windows+2000+Professional&rft.pub=Microsoft+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-57231-901-1&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmcsamcseselfpace00wall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+2000" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_2000&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Basic_Computing_Using_Windows/Appendices/Dual_Booting" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Basic Computing Using Windows/Appendices/Dual Booting">Basic Computing Using Windows/Appendices/Dual Booting</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180731123549/https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/education/2009/11/10/windows-2000-end-of-life/">Windows 2000 End-of-Life</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160129053851/http://download.microsoft.com/download/E/6/A/E6A04295-D2A8-40D0-A0C5-241BFECD095E/W2KSP4_EN.EXE">Windows 2000 Service Pack 4</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060320020710/http://download.microsoft.com/download/2/7/b/27b1d1a3-0299-4336-b88a-22b9f09817e2/Windows2000-KB891861-v2-x86-ENU.EXE">Windows 2000 Update Rollup 1 Version 2</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Microsoft_Windows_family" title="Template:Microsoft Windows family"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Microsoft_Windows_family" title="Template talk:Microsoft Windows family"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft_Windows_family" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft Windows family"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Microsoft_Windows" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_Windows_components" title="List of Microsoft Windows components">Components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_Windows_versions" title="List of Microsoft Windows versions">Versions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_version_history" title="Microsoft Windows version history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Microsoft_Windows_versions" title="Comparison of Microsoft Windows versions">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft_Windows" title="Criticism of Microsoft Windows">Criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_1.0" title="Windows 1.0">1.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_2.0" title="Windows 2.0">2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_2.1" title="Windows 2.1">2.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_3.0" title="Windows 3.0">3.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_3.1" title="Windows 3.1">3.1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_9x" title="Windows 9x">Windows 9x</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_98" title="Windows 98">98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Me" title="Windows Me">Me</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Base releases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_3.1" title="Windows NT 3.1">NT 3.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_3.5" title="Windows NT 3.5">NT 3.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_3.51" title="Windows NT 3.51">NT 3.51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_4.0" title="Windows NT 4.0">NT 4.0</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">XP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_XP_Professional_x64_Edition" title="Windows XP Professional x64 Edition">Pro x64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_XP_Media_Center_Edition" title="Windows XP Media Center Edition">Media Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">8</a> / <a href="/wiki/Windows_8.1" title="Windows 8.1">8.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_11" title="Windows 11">11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server" title="Windows Server">Windows Server</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2003" title="Windows Server 2003">Server 2003</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Home_Server" title="Windows Home Server">Home Server</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008" title="Windows Server 2008">Server 2008</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Essential_Business_Server_2008" title="Windows Essential Business Server 2008">EBS 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_HPC_Server_2008" title="Windows HPC Server 2008">HPC Server 2008</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008_R2" title="Windows Server 2008 R2">Server 2008 R2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Home_Server_2011" title="Windows Home Server 2011">Home Server 2011</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012">Server 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2012_R2" title="Windows Server 2012 R2">Server 2012 R2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2016" title="Windows Server 2016">Server 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2019" title="Windows Server 2019">Server 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2022" title="Windows Server 2022">Server 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2025" title="Windows Server 2025">Server 2025</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other releases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Fundamentals_for_Legacy_PCs" title="Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs">Fundamentals for Legacy PCs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_RT" title="Windows RT">RT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Preinstallation_Environment" title="Windows Preinstallation Environment">Preinstallation Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_MultiPoint_Server" title="Windows MultiPoint Server">MultiPoint Server</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_IoT" title="Windows IoT">Windows Embedded / Windows IoT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_Compact" title="Windows Embedded Compact">Embedded Compact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_CE_5.0" title="Windows CE 5.0">CE 5.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_CE_6.0" title="Windows Embedded CE 6.0">Embedded CE 6.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_Compact_7" title="Windows Embedded Compact 7">Embedded Compact 7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_Automotive" title="Windows Embedded Automotive">Embedded Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_Industry" title="Windows Embedded Industry">Embedded Industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows Mobile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_PC_2000" title="Pocket PC 2000">Pocket PC 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_PC_2002" title="Pocket PC 2002">Pocket PC 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile_2003" title="Windows Mobile 2003">Mobile 2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile_5.0" title="Windows Mobile 5.0">Mobile 5.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile_6.0" title="Windows Mobile 6.0">Mobile 6.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile_6.1" title="Windows Mobile 6.1">Mobile 6.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile_6.5" title="Windows Mobile 6.5">Mobile 6.5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_7" title="Windows Phone 7">Phone 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_8" title="Windows Phone 8">Phone 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_8.1" title="Windows Phone 8.1">Phone 8.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10_Mobile" title="Windows 10 Mobile">10 Mobile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_(operating_system)" title="Cairo (operating system)">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Nashville" title="Windows Nashville">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Neptune" title="Windows Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Odyssey" title="Windows Odyssey">Odyssey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Polaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Polaris">Polaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10X" title="Windows 10X">10X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Development <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_Windows_95" title="Development of Windows 95">95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_Windows_XP" title="Development of Windows XP">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_Windows_Vista" title="Development of Windows Vista">Vista</a></li></ul></li> <li>Editions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_XP_editions" title="Windows XP editions">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista_editions" title="Windows Vista editions">Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_7_editions" title="Windows 7 editions">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_8_editions" title="Windows 8 editions">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10_editions" title="Windows 10 editions">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_11_editions" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows 11 editions">11</a></li></ul></li> <li>New features <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_XP" title="Features new to Windows XP">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_Vista" title="Features new to Windows Vista">Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_7" title="Features new to Windows 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_8" title="Features new to Windows 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_10" title="Features new to Windows 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_11" title="Features new to Windows 11">11</a></li></ul></li> <li>Removed features <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_XP" title="List of features removed in Windows XP">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista" title="List of features removed in Windows Vista">Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7" title="List of features removed in Windows 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_8" title="List of features removed in Windows 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_10" title="List of features removed in Windows 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_11" title="List of features removed in Windows 11">11</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_version_history" title="Microsoft Windows version history">Version history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_version_history" title="Windows Phone version history">Phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10_version_history" title="Windows 10 version history">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10_Mobile_version_history" title="Windows 10 Mobile version history">10 Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_11_version_history" title="Windows 11 version history">11</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Microsoft_Windows_versions" title="Comparison of Microsoft Windows versions">Version comparison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Windows_Vista_and_Windows_XP" title="Comparison of Windows Vista and Windows XP">Vista and XP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft_Windows" title="Criticism of Microsoft Windows">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Windows_XP" title="Criticism of Windows XP">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Windows_Vista" title="Criticism of Windows Vista">Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Windows_10" title="Criticism of Windows 10">10</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_for_Pen_Computing" title="Windows for Pen Computing">Windows for Pen Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Plus!" title="Microsoft Plus!">Microsoft Plus!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_PowerToys" title="Microsoft PowerToys">Microsoft PowerToys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_Essentials" title="Windows Server Essentials">Windows Server Essentials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a 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