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capsid</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: phage capsid"> <meta name="keywords" content="phage capsid"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="phage capsid"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 55</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: phage capsid</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">55</span> Phage Capsid for Efficient Delivery of Cytotoxic Drugs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Simona%20Dostalova">Simona Dostalova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dita%20Munzova"> Dita Munzova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ana%20Maria%20Jimenez%20Jimenez"> Ana Maria Jimenez Jimenez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marketa%20Vaculovicova"> Marketa Vaculovicova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vojtech%20Adam"> Vojtech Adam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rene%20Kizek"> Rene Kizek</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The boom of nanomedicine in recent years has led to the development of numerous new nanomaterials that can be used as nanocarriers in the drug delivery. These nanocarriers can either be synthetic or natural-based. The disadvantage of many synthetic nanocarriers is their toxicity in patient’s body. Protein cages that can naturally be found in human body do not exhibit such disadvantage. However, the release of cargo from some protein cages in target cells can be problematic. As a special type of protein cages can serve the capsid of many viruses, including phage. Phages infect bacterial cells; therefore they are not harmful to human cells. The targeting of phage particles to cancer cells can be solved by producing of empty phage capsids during which the targeting moieties (e.g. peptides) can be cloned into genes of phage capsid to decorate its surface. Moreover, the produced capsids do not contain viral nucleic acid and are therefore not infectious to beneficial bacteria in the patient’s body. The protein cage composed of viral capsid is larger than other frequently used apoferritin cage but its size is still small enough to benefit from passive targeting by Enhanced Permeability and Retention effect. In this work, bacteriophage λ was used, both whole and its empty capsid for delivery of different cytotoxic drugs (cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, etoposide and doxorubicin). Large quantities of phage λ were obtained from phage λ-producing strain of E. coli cultivated in medium with 0.2 % maltose. After killing of E. coli with chloroform and its removal by centrifugation, the phage was concentrated by ultracentrifugation at 130 000 g and 4 °C for 3 h. The encapsulation of the drugs was performed by infusion method and four different concentrations of the drugs were encapsulated (200; 100; 50; 25 µg/ml). Free molecules of drugs were removed by dialysis. The encapsulation was verified using spectrophotometric and electrochemical methods. The amount of encapsulated drug linearly increased with the amount of applied drug (determination coefficient R2=0.8013). 76% of applied drug was encapsulated in phage λ particles (concentration of 10 µg/ml), even with the highest applied concentration of drugs, 200 µg/ml. Only 1% of encapsulated drug was detected in phage DNA. Similar results were obtained with encapsulation in phage empty capsid. Therefore, it can be concluded that the encapsulation of drugs into phage particles is efficient and mostly occurs by interaction of drugs with protein capsid. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cytostatics" title="cytostatics">cytostatics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug%20delivery" title=" drug delivery"> drug delivery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanocarriers" title=" nanocarriers"> nanocarriers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phage%20capsid" title=" phage capsid"> phage capsid</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24931/phage-capsid-for-efficient-delivery-of-cytotoxic-drugs" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24931.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">493</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">54</span> Development of Nanoparticulate Based Chimeric Drug Delivery System Using Drug Bioconjugated Plant Virus Capsid on Biocompatible Nanoparticles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Indu%20Barwal">Indu Barwal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shloka%20Thakur"> Shloka Thakur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Subhash%20C.%20Yadav"> Subhash C. Yadav</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The plant virus capsid protein based nanoparticles are extensively studied for their application in biomedical research for development of nanomedicines and drug delivery systems. We have developed a chimeric drug delivery system by controlled in vitro assembly of separately bioconjugated fluorescent dye (as reporting molecule), folic acid (as receptor binding biomolecule for targeted delivery) and doxorubicin (as anticancer drug) using modified EDC NHS chemistry on heterologously overexpressed (E. coli) capsid proteins of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV). This chimeric vehicle was further encapsidated on gold nanoparticles (20nm) coated with 5≠ thiolated DNA probe to neutralize the positive charge of capsid proteins. This facilitates the in vitro assembly of modified capsid subunits on the gold nanoparticles to develop chimeric GNPs encapsidated targeted drug delivery system. The bioconjugation of functionalities, number of functionality on capsid subunits as well as virus like nanoparticles, structural stability and in vitro assembly were confirmed by SDS PAGE, relative absorbance, MALDI TOF, ESI-MS, Circular dichroism, intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence, zeta particle size analyzer and TEM imaging. This vehicle was stable at pH 4.0 to 8.0 suitable for many organelles targeting. This in vitro assembled chimeric plant virus like particles could be suitable for ideal drug delivery vehicles for subcutaneous cancer treatment and could be further modified for other type of cancer treatment by conjugating other functionalities (targeting, drug) on capsids. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chimeric%20drug%20delivery%20vehicles" title="chimeric drug delivery vehicles">chimeric drug delivery vehicles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioconjugated%20plant" title=" bioconjugated plant"> bioconjugated plant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virus" title=" virus"> virus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=capsid" title=" capsid"> capsid</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18298/development-of-nanoparticulate-based-chimeric-drug-delivery-system-using-drug-bioconjugated-plant-virus-capsid-on-biocompatible-nanoparticles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18298.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">493</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">53</span> Displaying of GnRH Peptides on Bacteriophage T7 and Its Immunogenicity in Mice Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hai%20Xu">Hai Xu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yiwei%20Wang"> Yiwei Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xi%20Bao"> Xi Bao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bihua%20Deng"> Bihua Deng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pengcheng%20Li"> Pengcheng Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu%20Lu"> Yu Lu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> T7 phage could be used as a perfect vector for peptides expression and haptens presentation. T7-3GnRH recombinant phage was constructed by inserting three copies of Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) gene into the multiple cloning site of T7 Select 415-1b phage genome. The positive T7-3GnRH phage was selected by using polymerase chain reaction amplification, and the p10B-3GnRH fusion protein was verified by SDS-PAGE and Western-blotting assay. T7-3GnRH vaccine was made and immunized with 10<sup>10</sup> pfu in 0.2 ml per dose in mice. Blood samples were collected at an interval in weeks, and anti-GnRH antibody and testosterone concentrations were detected by ELISA and radioimmunoassay, respectively. The results show that T7-3GnRH phage particles confer a high immunogenicity to the GnRH-derived epitope. Moreover, the T7-3GnRH vaccine induced higher level of anti-GnRH antibody than ImproVac<sup>®</sup>. However, the testosterone concentrations in both immunized groups were at a similar level, and the testis developments were significantly inhibited compared to controls. These findings demonstrated that the anti-GnRH antibody could neutralize the endogenous GnRH to down regulate testosterone level and limit testis development, highlighting the potential value of T7-3GnRH in the immunocastration vaccine research. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gonadotrophin%20Releasing%20Hormone%20%28GnRH%29" title="Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)">Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Immunocastration" title=" Immunocastration"> Immunocastration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T7%20phage" title=" T7 phage"> T7 phage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Phage%20vaccine" title=" Phage vaccine"> Phage vaccine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70756/displaying-of-gnrh-peptides-on-bacteriophage-t7-and-its-immunogenicity-in-mice-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70756.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">285</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">52</span> Optimization the Multiplicity of Infection for Large Produce of Lytic Bacteriophage pAh6-C</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sang%20Guen%20Kim">Sang Guen Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sib%20Sankar%20Giri"> Sib Sankar Giri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jin%20Woo%20Jun"> Jin Woo Jun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saekil%20Yun"> Saekil Yun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyoun%20Joong%20Kim"> Hyoun Joong Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sang%20Wha%20Kim"> Sang Wha Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jung%20Woo%20Kang"> Jung Woo Kang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Se%20Jin%20Han"> Se Jin Han</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Se%20Chang%20Park"> Se Chang Park</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Emerging of the super bacteria, bacteriophages are considered to be as an alternative to antibiotics. As the demand of phage increased, economical and large production of phage is becoming one of the critical points. For the therapeutic use, what is important is to eradicate the pathogenic bacteria as fast as possible, so higher concentration of phages is generally needed for effective therapeutic function. On the contrary, for the maximum production, bacteria work as a phage producing factory. As a microbial cell factory, bacteria is needed to last longer producing the phages without eradication. Consequently, killing the bacteria fast has a negative effect on large production. In this study, Multiplicity of Infection (MOI) was manipulated based on initial bacterial inoculation and used phage pAh-6C which has therapeutic effect against Aeromonas hydrophila. 1, 5 and 10 percent of overnight bacterial culture was inoculated and each bacterial culture was co-cultured with the phage of which MOI of 0.01, 0.0001, and 0.000001 respectively. Simply changing the initial MOI as well as bacterial inoculation concentration has regulated the production quantity of the phage without any other changes to culture conditions. It is anticipated that this result can be used as a foundational data for mass production of lytic bacteriophages which can be used as the therapeutic bio-control agent. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacteriophage" title="bacteriophage">bacteriophage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiplicity%20of%20infection" title=" multiplicity of infection"> multiplicity of infection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization" title=" optimization"> optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aeromonas%20hydrophila" title=" Aeromonas hydrophila"> Aeromonas hydrophila</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82457/optimization-the-multiplicity-of-infection-for-large-produce-of-lytic-bacteriophage-pah6-c" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82457.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">308</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">51</span> Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Lytic Bacteriophage against Carbapenem Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guna%20Raj%20Dhungana">Guna Raj Dhungana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roshan%20Nepal"> Roshan Nepal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Apshara%20Parajuli"> Apshara Parajuli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q="> </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Archana%20Maharjan"> Archana Maharjan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shyam%20K.%20Mishra"> Shyam K. Mishra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pramod%20Aryal"> Pramod Aryal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajani%20Malla"> Rajani Malla</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Klebsiella pneumoniae is a well-known opportunistic human pathogen, primarily causing healthcare-associated infections. The global emergence of carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniaeis a major public health burden, which is often extensively multidrug resistant.Thus, because of the difficulty to treat these ‘superbug’ and menace and some term as ‘apocalypse’ of post antibiotics era, an alternative approach to controlling this pathogen is prudent and one of the approaches is phage mediated control and/or treatment. Objective: In this study, we aimed to isolate novel bacteriophage against carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniaeand characterize for potential use inphage therapy. Material and Methods: Twenty lytic phages were isolated from river water using double layer agar assay and purified. Biological features, physiochemical characters, burst size, host specificity and activity spectrum of phages were determined. One most potent phage: Phage TU_Kle10O was selected and characterized by electron microscopy. Whole genome sequences of the phage were analyzed for presence/absence of virulent factors, and other lysin genes. Results: Novel phage TU_Kle10O showed multiple host range within own genus and did not induce any BIM up to 5th generation of host’s life cycle. Electron microscopy confirmed that the phage was tailed and belonged to Caudovirales family. Next generation sequencing revealed its genome to be 166.2 Kb. bioinformatical analysis further confirmed that the phage genome ‘did not’ contain any ‘bacterial genes’ within phage genome, which ruled out the concern for transfer of virulent genes. Specific 'lysin’ enzyme was identified phages which could be used as 'antibiotics'. Conclusion: Extensively multidrug resistant bacteria like carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniaecould be treated efficiently by phages.Absence of ‘virulent’ genes of bacterial origin and presence of lysin proteins within phage genome makes phages an excellent candidate for therapeutics. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacteriophage" title="bacteriophage">bacteriophage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Klebsiella%20pneumoniae" title=" Klebsiella pneumoniae"> Klebsiella pneumoniae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MDR" title=" MDR"> MDR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phage%20therapy" title=" phage therapy"> phage therapy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbapenemase" title=" carbapenemase"> carbapenemase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=" title=" "> </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77284/isolation-and-molecular-characterization-of-lytic-bacteriophage-against-carbapenem-resistant-klebsiella-pneumoniae" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77284.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">190</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">50</span> Isolation and Characterisation of Novel Environmental Bacteriophages Which Target the Escherichia coli Lamb Outer Membrane Protein</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ziyue%20Zeng">Ziyue Zeng</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bacteriophages are viruses which infect bacteria specifically. Over the past decades, phage λ has been extensively studied, especially its interaction with the Escherichia coli LamB (EcLamB) protein receptor. Nonetheless, despite the enormous numbers and near-ubiquity of environmental phages, aside from phage λ, there is a paucity of information on other phages which target EcLamB as a receptor. In this study, to answer the question of whether there are other EcLamB-targeting phages in the natural environment, a simple and convenient method was developed and used for isolating environmental phages which target a particular surface structure of a particular bacterium; in this case, the EcLamB outer membrane protein. From the enrichments with the engineered bacterial hosts, a collection of EcLamB-targeting phages (ΦZZ phages) were easily isolated. Intriguingly, unlike phage λ, an obligate EcLamB-dependent phage in the Siphoviridae family, the newly isolated ΦZZ phages alternatively recognised EcLamB or E. coli OmpC (EcOmpC) as a receptor when infecting E. coli. Furthermore, ΦZZ phages were suggested to represent new species in the Tequatrovirus genus in the Myoviridae family, based on phage morphology and genomic sequences. Most phages are thought to have a narrow host range due to their exquisite specificity in receptor recognition. With the ability to optionally recognise two receptors, ΦZZ phages were considered relatively promiscuous. Via the heterologous expression of EcLamB on the bacterial cell surface, the host range of ΦZZ phages was further extended to three different enterobacterial genera. Besides, an interesting selection of evolved phage mutants with a broader host range was isolated, and the key mutations involved in their evolution to adapt to new hosts were investigated by genomic analysis. Finally, and importantly, two ΦZZ phages were found to be putative generalised transducers, which could be exploited as tools for DNA manipulations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20microbiology" title="environmental microbiology">environmental microbiology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phage" title=" phage"> phage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbe-host%20interactions" title=" microbe-host interactions"> microbe-host interactions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbial%20ecology" title=" microbial ecology"> microbial ecology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150284/isolation-and-characterisation-of-novel-environmental-bacteriophages-which-target-the-escherichia-coli-lamb-outer-membrane-protein" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150284.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">100</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">49</span> Isolation and Characterization of a Narrow-Host Range Aeromonas hydrophila Lytic Bacteriophage</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sumeet%20Rai">Sumeet Rai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anuj%20Tyagi"> Anuj Tyagi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20T.%20Naveen%20Kumar"> B. T. Naveen Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shubhkaramjeet%20Kaur"> Shubhkaramjeet Kaur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Niraj%20K.%20Singh"> Niraj K. Singh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Since their discovery, indiscriminate use of antibiotics in human, veterinary and aquaculture systems has resulted in global emergence/spread of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens. Thus, the need for alternative approaches to control bacterial infections has become utmost important. High selectivity/specificity of bacteriophages (phages) permits the targeting of specific bacteria without affecting the desirable flora. In this study, a lytic phage (Ahp1) specific to Aeromonas hydrophila subsp. hydrophila was isolated from finfish aquaculture pond. The host range of Ahp1 range was tested against 10 isolates of A. hydrophila, 7 isolates of A. veronii, 25 Vibrio cholerae isolates, 4 V. parahaemolyticus isolates and one isolate each of V. harveyi and Salmonella enterica collected previously. Except the host A. hydrophila subsp. hydrophila strain, no lytic activity against any other bacterial was detected. During the adsorption rate and one-step growth curve analysis, 69.7% of phage particles were able to get adsorbed on host cell followed by the release of 93 ± 6 phage progenies per host cell after a latent period of ~30 min. Phage nucleic acid was extracted by column purification methods. After determining the nature of phage nucleic acid as dsDNA, phage genome was subjected to next-generation sequencing by generating paired-end (PE, 2 x 300bp) reads on Illumina MiSeq system. De novo assembly of sequencing reads generated circular phage genome of 42,439 bp with G+C content of 58.95%. During open read frame (ORF) prediction and annotation, 22 ORFs (out of 49 total predicted ORFs) were functionally annotated and rest encoded for hypothetical proteins. Proteins involved in major functions such as phage structure formation and packaging, DNA replication and repair, DNA transcription and host cell lysis were encoded by the phage genome. The complete genome sequence of Ahp1 along with gene annotation was submitted to NCBI GenBank (accession number MF683623). Stability of Ahp1 preparations at storage temperatures of 4 °C, 30 °C, and 40 °C was studied over a period of 9 months. At 40 °C storage, phage counts declined by 4 log units within one month; with a total loss of viability after 2 months. At 30 °C temperature, phage preparation was stable for < 5 months. On the other hand, phage counts decreased by only 2 log units over a period of 9 during storage at 4 °C. As some of the phages have also been reported as glycerol sensitive, the stability of Ahp1 preparations in (0%, 15%, 30% and 45%) glycerol stocks were also studied during storage at -80 °C over a period of 9 months. The phage counts decreased only by 2 log units during storage, and no significant difference in phage counts was observed at different concentrations of glycerol. The Ahp1 phage discovered in our study had a very narrow host range and it may be useful for phage typing applications. Moreover, the endolysin and holin genes in Ahp1 genome could be ideal candidates for recombinant cloning and expression of antimicrobial proteins. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aeromonas%20hydrophila" title="Aeromonas hydrophila">Aeromonas hydrophila</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=endolysin" title=" endolysin"> endolysin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phage" title=" phage"> phage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=narrow%20host%20range" title=" narrow host range"> narrow host range</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99501/isolation-and-characterization-of-a-narrow-host-range-aeromonas-hydrophila-lytic-bacteriophage" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99501.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">162</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">48</span> Sequence Analysis and Structural Implications of Rotavirus Capsid Proteins</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nishal%20Parbhoo">Nishal Parbhoo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=John%20B.%20Dewar"> John B. Dewar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samantha%20Gildenhuys"> Samantha Gildenhuys</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rotavirus is the major cause of severe gastroenteritis worldwide in children aged 5 and younger. Death rates are high particularly in developing countries. The mature rotavirus is a non-enveloped triple-layered nucleocapsid containing 11 double-stranded RNA segments. Here a global view on the sequence and structure of the three main capsid proteins, VP7, VP6, and VP2 is taken by generating a consensus sequence for each of these rotavirus proteins, for each species obtained from published data of representative rotavirus genotypes from across the world and across species. The degree of conservation between species was represented on homology models for each of the proteins. VP7 shows the highest level of variation with 14 - 45 amino acids showing conservation of less than 60%. These changes are localized to the outer surface which is exposed to antibodies alluding to a possible mechanism in evading the immune system. The middle layer, VP6 shows lower variability with only 14-32 sites having lower than 70% conservation. The inner structural layer made up of VP2 showed the lowest variability with only 1-16 sites having less than 70% conservation across species. The results correlate with proteins’ multiple structural roles. Although the nucleotide sequences vary due to an error-prone replication and lack of proofreading, the corresponding amino acid sequence of VP2, 6 and 7 remains conserved. Sequence conservation maintained for the virus results in stable protein structures, fit for function. This can be exploited in drug design, molecular studies and biotechnological applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=amino%20acid%20sequence%20conservation" title="amino acid sequence conservation">amino acid sequence conservation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=capsid%20protein" title=" capsid protein"> capsid protein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protein%20structure" title=" protein structure"> protein structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vaccine%20candidate" title=" vaccine candidate"> vaccine candidate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32917/sequence-analysis-and-structural-implications-of-rotavirus-capsid-proteins" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32917.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">290</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">47</span> Phage Therapy as a Potential Solution in the Fight against Antimicrobial Resistance </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20%20Shukla">Sanjay Shukla</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Excessive use of antibiotics is a main problem in the treatment of wounds and other chronic infections and antibiotic treatment is frequently non-curative, thus alternative treatment is necessary. Phage therapy is considered one of the most effective approaches to treat multi-drug resistant bacterial pathogens. Infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus are very efficiently controlled with phage cocktails, containing a different individual phages lysate infecting a majority of known pathogenic S. aureus strains. The aim of current study was to investigate the efficiency of a puriﬁed phage cocktail for prophylactic as well as therapeutic application in mouse model and in large animals with chronic septic infection of wounds. A total of 150 sewage samples were collected from various livestock farms. These samples were subjected for the isolation of bacteriophage by double agar layer method. A total of 27 sewage samples showed plaque formation by producing lytic activity against S. aureus in double agar overlay method out of 150 sewage samples. In TEM recovered isolates of bacteriophages showed hexagonal structure with tail fiber. In the bacteriophage (ØVS) had an icosahedral symmetry with the head size 52.20 nm in diameter and long tail of 109 nm. Head and tail were held together by connector and can be classiﬁed as a member of the Myoviridae family under the order of Caudovirale. Recovered bacteriophage had shown the antibacterial activity against the S. aureus in vitro. Cocktail (ØVS1, ØVS5, ØVS9 and ØVS 27) of phage lysate were tested to know in vivo antibacterial activity as well as the safety profile. Result of mice experiment indicated that the bacteriophage lysate was very safe, did not show any appearance of abscess formation which indicates its safety in living system. The mice were also prophylactically protected against S. aureus when administered with cocktail of bacteriophage lysate just before the administration of S. aureus which indicates that they are good prophylactic agent. The S. aureus inoculated mice were completely recovered by bacteriophage administration with 100% recovery which was very good as compere to conventional therapy. In present study ten chronic cases of wound were treated with phage lysate and follow up of these cases was done regularly up to ten days (at 0, 5 and 10 d). Result indicated that the six cases out of ten showed complete recovery of wounds within 10 d. The efficacy of bacteriophage therapy was found to be 60% which was very good as compared to the conventional antibiotic therapy in chronic septic wounds infections. Thus, the application of lytic phage in single dose proved to be innovative and effective therapy for treatment of septic chronic wounds. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phage%20therapy" title="phage therapy">phage therapy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phage%20lysate" title=" phage lysate"> phage lysate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antimicrobial%20resistance" title=" antimicrobial resistance"> antimicrobial resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20aureus" title=" S. aureus "> S. aureus </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136925/phage-therapy-as-a-potential-solution-in-the-fight-against-antimicrobial-resistance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136925.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">118</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">46</span> Application of Bacteriophages as Natural Antibiotics in Aquaculture </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chamilani%20Nikapitiya">Chamilani Nikapitiya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahanama%20De%20Zoysa"> Mahanama De Zoysa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jehee%20Lee"> Jehee Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Most of the bacterial diseases are associated with high mortalities in aquaculture species and causing huge economic losses. Different approaches have been taken to prevent or control of bacterial diseases including use of vaccines, probiotics, chemotherapy, water quality management, etc. Antibiotics are widely applying as chemotherapy to control bacterial diseases, however, it has been shown that frequent use of antibiotics is favored to develop multi-drug resistance bacteria. Therefore, phages and phage encoded lytic proteins are known to be one of the most promising alternatives for antibiotics to avoid the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. We isolated and characterized the two lytic phages, namely pAh-1 and pAs-1 against pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas salmonicida, respectively. Morphological characteristics were analyzed by Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and host strain specificities were tested with Aeromonas and other closely related bacterial strains. TEM analysis revealed that both pAh-1 and pAsm-1 are composed of an icosahedral head and a segmented tail, and we suggest that, they are new members of Myoviridae family. Genome sizes of isolated phages were estimated by restriction enzyme digestion of genomic DNA using selected endonucleases followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Estimated genome size of pAh-1 and pAs-1 were approximately 64 Kbp and 120 Kbp, respectively. Both pAh-1 and pAs-1 have shown narrow host specificity. Moreover, protective effects of phage therapy against fish pathogenic A. hydrophila were investigated in zebrafish model. The survival rate was 40% higher when zebrafish received intra-peritoneal injection (i.p.) of pAh-1 were simultaneously challenge A. hydrophila (2 x 106 CFU/fish) compared to that without phage treatment. Overall results suggest that both pAh-1 and pAs-1 can be used as a potential phage therapy to control Aeromonas infections in aquaculture. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aeromonas%20infections" title="Aeromonas infections">Aeromonas infections</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antibiotic%20resistance" title=" antibiotic resistance"> antibiotic resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacteriophage" title=" bacteriophage"> bacteriophage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bio-control" title=" bio-control"> bio-control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lytic%20phage" title=" lytic phage "> lytic phage </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69285/application-of-bacteriophages-as-natural-antibiotics-in-aquaculture" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69285.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">193</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">45</span> Advanced Biosensor Characterization of Phage-Mediated Lysis in Real-Time and under Native Conditions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Radka%20Obo%C5%99ilov%C3%A1">Radka Obořilová</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hana%20%C5%A0ime%C4%8Dkov%C3%A1"> Hana Šimečková</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mat%C4%9Bj%20Pastucha"> Matěj Pastucha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jan%20P%C5%99ibyl"> Jan Přibyl</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Petr%20Skl%C3%A1dal"> Petr Skládal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ivana%20Ma%C5%A1la%C5%88ov%C3%A1"> Ivana Mašlaňová</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zden%C4%9Bk%20Farka"> Zdeněk Farka</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Due to the spreading of antimicrobial resistance, alternative approaches to combat superinfections are being sought, both in the field of lysing agents and methods for studying bacterial lysis. A suitable alternative to antibiotics is phage therapy and enzybiotics, for which it is also necessary to study the mechanism of their action. Biosensor-based techniques allow rapid detection of pathogens in real time, verification of sensitivity to commonly used antimicrobial agents, and selection of suitable lysis agents. The detection of lysis takes place on the surface of the biosensor with immobilized bacteria, which has the potential to be used to study biofilms. An example of such a biosensor is surface plasmon resonance (SPR), which records the kinetics of bacterial lysis based on a change in the resonance angle. The bacteria are immobilized on the surface of the SPR chip, and the action of phage as the mass loss is monitored after a typical lytic cycle delay. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a technique for imaging of samples on the surface. In contrast to electron microscopy, it has the advantage of real-time imaging in the native conditions of the nutrient medium. In our case, Staphylococcus aureus was lysed using the enzyme lysostaphin and phage P68 from the familyPodoviridae at 37 ° C. In addition to visualization, AFM was used to study changes in mechanical properties during lysis, which resulted in a reduction of Young’s modulus (E) after disruption of the bacterial wall. Changes in E reflect the stiffness of the bacterium. These advanced methods provide deeper insight into bacterial lysis and can help to fight against bacterial diseases. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biosensors" title="biosensors">biosensors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=atomic%20force%20microscopy" title=" atomic force microscopy"> atomic force microscopy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20plasmon%20resonance" title=" surface plasmon resonance"> surface plasmon resonance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacterial%20lysis" title=" bacterial lysis"> bacterial lysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=staphylococcus%20aureus" title=" staphylococcus aureus"> staphylococcus aureus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phage%20P68" title=" phage P68"> phage P68</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144632/advanced-biosensor-characterization-of-phage-mediated-lysis-in-real-time-and-under-native-conditions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144632.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">134</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">44</span> Production of Camel Nanobodies against of Anti-Morphine-3-Glucuronide for the Development of a Biosensor for Detecting Illicit Drug</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shirin%20Jalili">Shirin Jalili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sadegh%20Hasannia"> Sadegh Hasannia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hadi%20Shirzad"> Hadi Shirzad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Afshin%20Khara"> Afshin Khara </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Morphine is one of the most medicinally important analgesics and narcotics. Structurally, it is classified as an alkaloid because of the presence of nitrogen. Its structure is similar to that of codeine, thebaine, and heroin. An immunoassay to accurately discriminate between these analogous alkaloids would be highly beneficial. A key factor for such an assay is specificity with high sensitivity, which is totally dependent on the antibody employed. However, most antibodies against haptens are polyclonal serum antibodies that exhibit significant cross-reactivities with closely related compounds. The camel-derived single-chain antibody fragments (VHH) are the smallest molecules with antigen-binding capacity, possessing unique properties compared to other conventional antibodies. In this study, a library containing the VHH genes of a camel immunized with with morphine conjugated BSA following phage display technology was generated. By screening the camel-derived variable region of the heavy chain cDNA phage display library with the ability to bind the desired hapten, we obtained some nanobodies that recognize this hapten. Phage display expression of the Nbs from this library and pannings against this hapten resulted in a clear enrichment of four distinct Nb-displaying phages with specificity for morphine that could be a potential target site for the development of new strategies for the development of a biosensor for detecting illicit drug. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phage%20display" title="phage display">phage display</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanobody" title=" nanobody"> nanobody</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Morphine-3" title=" Morphine-3"> Morphine-3</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glucuronide" title=" glucuronide"> glucuronide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ELISA" title=" ELISA"> ELISA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biosensor" title=" biosensor "> biosensor </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28075/production-of-camel-nanobodies-against-of-anti-morphine-3-glucuronide-for-the-development-of-a-biosensor-for-detecting-illicit-drug" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28075.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">425</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">43</span> Targeting Trypanosoma brucei Using Antibody Drug Conjugates against the Transferrin Receptor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Camilla%20Trevor">Camilla Trevor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Matthew%20K.%20Higgins"> Matthew K. Higgins</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrea%20Gonzalez-Munoz"> Andrea Gonzalez-Munoz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mark%20Carrington"> Mark Carrington</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Trypanosomiasis is a devastating disease affecting both humans and livestock in sub-Saharan Africa. The diseases are caused by infection with African trypanosomes, protozoa transmitted by tsetse flies. Treatment currently relies on the use of chemotherapeutics with ghastly side effects. Here, we describe the development of effective antibody-drug conjugates that target the T. brucei transferrin receptor. The receptor is essential for trypanosome growth in a mammalian host but there are approximately 12 variants of the transferrin receptor in the genome. Two of the most divergent variants were used to generate recombinant monoclonal immunoglobulin G using phage display and we identified cross-reactive antibodies that bind both variants using phage ELISA, fluorescence resonance energy transfer assays and surface plasmon resonance. Fluorescent antibodies were used to demonstrate uptake into trypanosomes in culture. Toxin-conjugated antibodies were effective at killing trypanosomes at sub-nanomolar concentrations. The approach of using antibody-drug conjugates has proven highly effective. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antibody-drug%20conjugates" title="antibody-drug conjugates">antibody-drug conjugates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phage%20display" title=" phage display"> phage display</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transferrin%20receptor" title=" transferrin receptor"> transferrin receptor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trypanosomes" title=" trypanosomes"> trypanosomes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99250/targeting-trypanosoma-brucei-using-antibody-drug-conjugates-against-the-transferrin-receptor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99250.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">155</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">42</span> Viability and Sensitivity of SFN6B (Host-Specific Bacteriophage) towards Shigella Flexneri in Various Water Samples</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siewchuiang%20Sia">Siewchuiang Sia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gimcheong%20Tan"> Gimcheong Tan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bacteriophages are the most abundant and genetically diverse living entities on earth; they help in regulating and maintaining microbial diversity and balance in its natural ecosystem. In this study, the infectivity of SFN6B tailed phage was investigated in various water samples. Host bacteria (Shigella flexneri) were spiked in sterilized environmental and domestic water samples, followed by SFN6B treatment. Two incubation conditions were selected for this study, 37 oC and room temperature. S. flexneri and SFN6B viability were monitored hourly for consecutive 7 hours and extended viability study for consecutive 4 days. Absorbance of all bacteria spiked water samples were taken to monitor the bacteria count. Results showed reduction in the absorbance of the SFN6B treated water sample as compared to negative control, indicating reduction in bacterial count either due to negative growth or lysis by the lytic bacteriophage. Consistent with the result, SFN6B titer increases for first two days. However, prolong incubation of these cultures reaches equilibrium, between phage and bacteria. Temperature and water sample source also influence the interaction between S. flexneri and SFN6B. Stronger interaction was observed in 37oC as compared to room temperature, where higher bacteria count and phage titer increase were recorded. Availability of nutrient in water sample also plays a crucial role in the interaction between bacteria and phage. Higher nutrient level, such as lake and river waters were observed to give better infectivity and viability of both bacteria and phage as compared to tab water. It is believed that S. flexneri continue to remain viable and able to grow in the present of SFN6B bacteriophage, but the number was closely regulated by surrounding phages. This allows better understanding of the characteristics of SFN6B that could serve as the basis for future studies and applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacteriophage" title="bacteriophage">bacteriophage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shigella%20flexneri" title=" Shigella flexneri"> Shigella flexneri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infection" title=" infection"> infection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbial%20diversity" title=" microbial diversity"> microbial diversity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44733/viability-and-sensitivity-of-sfn6b-host-specific-bacteriophage-towards-shigella-flexneri-in-various-water-samples" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44733.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">279</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">41</span> Bacteriophage Is a Novel Solution of Therapy Against S. aureus Having Multiple Drug Resistance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20Shukla">Sanjay Shukla</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Nayak"> A. Nayak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20K.%20Sharma"> R. K. Sharma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20P.%20Singh"> A. P. Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20P.%20Tiwari"> S. P. Tiwari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Excessive use of antibiotics is a major problem in the treatment of wounds and other chronic infections, and antibiotic treatment is frequently non-curative, thus alternative treatment is necessary. Phage therapy is considered one of the most promising approaches to treat multi-drug resistant bacterial pathogens. Infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus are very efficiently controlled with phage cocktails, containing a different individual phages lysate infecting a majority of known pathogenic S. aureus strains. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efﬁcacy of a puriﬁed phage cocktail for prophylactic as well as therapeutic application in mouse model and in large animals with chronic septic infection of wounds. A total of 150 sewage samples were collected from various livestock farms. These samples were subjected for the isolation of bacteriophage by the double agar layer method. A total of 27 sewage samples showed plaque formation by producing lytic activity against S. aureus in the double agar overlay method out of 150 sewage samples. In TEM, recovered isolates of bacteriophages showed hexagonal structure with tail fiber. In the bacteriophage (ØVS) had an icosahedral symmetry with the head size 52.20 nm in diameter and long tail of 109 nm. Head and tail were held together by connector and can be classiﬁed as a member of the Myoviridae family under the order of Caudovirale. Recovered bacteriophage had shown the antibacterial activity against the S. aureus in vitro. Cocktail (ØVS1, ØVS5, ØVS9, and ØVS 27) of phage lysate were tested to know in vivo antibacterial activity as well as the safety profile. Result of mice experiment indicated that the bacteriophage lysate were very safe, did not show any appearance of abscess formation, which indicates its safety in living system. The mice were also prophylactically protected against S. aureus when administered with cocktail of bacteriophage lysate just before the administration of S. aureuswhich indicates that they are good prophylactic agent. The S. aureusinoculated mice were completely recovered by bacteriophage administration with 100% recovery, which was very good as compere to conventional therapy. In the present study, ten chronic cases of the wound were treated with phage lysate, and follow up of these cases was done regularly up to ten days (at 0, 5, and 10 d). The result indicated that the six cases out of ten showed complete recovery of wounds within 10 d. The efficacy of bacteriophage therapy was found to be 60% which was very good as compared to the conventional antibiotic therapy in chronic septic wounds infections. Thus, the application of lytic phage in single dose proved to be innovative and effective therapy for the treatment of septic chronic wounds. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phage%20therapy" title="phage therapy">phage therapy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S%20aureus" title=" S aureus"> S aureus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antimicrobial%20resistance" title=" antimicrobial resistance"> antimicrobial resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lytic%20phage" title=" lytic phage"> lytic phage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=and%20bacteriophage" title=" and bacteriophage"> and bacteriophage</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144984/bacteriophage-is-a-novel-solution-of-therapy-against-s-aureus-having-multiple-drug-resistance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144984.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">117</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">40</span> Molecular Farming: Plants Producing Vaccine and Diagnostic Reagent</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Katerina%20H.%20Takova">Katerina H. Takova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ivan%20N.%20Minkov"> Ivan N. Minkov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gergana%20G.%20Zahmanova"> Gergana G. Zahmanova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Molecular farming is the production of recombinant proteins in plants with the aim to use the protein as a purified product, crude extract or directly in the planta. Plants gain more attention as expression systems compared to other ones due to the cost effective production of pharmaceutically important proteins, appropriate post-translational modifications, assembly of complex proteins, absence of human pathogens to name a few. In addition, transient expression in plant leaves enables production of recombinant proteins within few weeks. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a causative agent of acute hepatitis. HEV causes epidemics in developing countries and is primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route. Presently, all efforts for development of Hepatitis E vaccine are focused on the Open Read Frame 2 (ORF2) capsid protein as it contains epitopes that can induce neutralizing antibodies. For our purpose, we used the CMPV-based vector-pEAQ-HT for transient expression of HEV ORF2 in Nicotiana benthamina. Different molecular analysis (Western blot and ELISA) showed that HEV ORF2 capsid protein was expressed in plant tissue in high-yield up to 1g/kg of fresh leaf tissue. Electron microscopy showed that the capsid protein spontaneously assembled in low abundance virus-like particles (VLPs), which are highly immunogenic structures and suitable for vaccine development. The expressed protein was recognized by both human and swine HEV positive sera and can be used as a diagnostic reagent for the detection of HEV infection. Production of HEV capsid protein in plants is a promising technology for further HEV vaccine investigations. Here, we reported for a rapid high-yield transient expression of a recombinant protein in plants suitable for vaccine production as well as a diagnostic reagent. Acknowledgments -The authors’ research on HEV is supported with grants from the Project PlantaSYST under the Widening Program, H2020 as well as under the UK Biotechnological and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) Institute Strategic Programme Grant ‘Understanding and Exploiting Plant and Microbial Secondary Metabolism’ (BB/J004596/1). The authors want to thank Prof. George Lomonossoff (JIC, Norwich, UK) for his contribution. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hepatitis%20E%20virus" title="hepatitis E virus">hepatitis E virus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plant%20molecular%20farming" title=" plant molecular farming"> plant molecular farming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transient%20expression" title=" transient expression"> transient expression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vaccines" title=" vaccines"> vaccines</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90648/molecular-farming-plants-producing-vaccine-and-diagnostic-reagent" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90648.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">151</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">39</span> Evaluation of P16, Human Papillomavirus Capsid Protein L1 and Ki67 in Cervical Intraepithelial Lesions: Potential Utility in Diagnosis and Prognosis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hanan%20Alsaeid%20Alshenawy">Hanan Alsaeid Alshenawy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Cervical dysplasia, which is potentially precancerous, has increased in young women. Detection of cervical is important for reducing morbidity and mortality in cervical cancer. This study analyzes the immunohistochemical expression of p16, HPV L1 capsid protein and Ki67 in cervical intraepithelial lesions and correlates them with lesion grade to develop a set of markers for diagnosis and detect the prognosis of cervical cancer precursors. Methods: 75 specimens were analyzed including 15 cases CIN 1, 28 CIN 2, 20 CIN 3, and 12 cervical squamous carcinoma, besides 10 normal cervical tissues. They were stained for p16, HPV L1 and Ki-67. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and accuracy were evaluated for each marker. Results: p16 expression increased during the progression from CIN 1 to carcinoma. HPV L1 positivity was detected in CIN 2 and decreased gradually as the CIN grade increased but disappear in carcinoma. Strong Ki-67 expression was observed with high grades CIN and carcinoma. p16, HPV L1 and Ki67 were sensitive but with variable specificity in detecting CIN lesions. Conclusions: p16, HPV L1 and Ki67 are useful set of markers in establishing the risk of high-grade CIN. They complete each other to reach accurate diagnosis and prognosis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=p16" title="p16">p16</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HPV%20L1" title=" HPV L1"> HPV L1</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ki67" title=" Ki67"> Ki67</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CIN" title=" CIN"> CIN</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cervical%20carcinoma" title=" cervical carcinoma"> cervical carcinoma</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19766/evaluation-of-p16-human-papillomavirus-capsid-protein-l1-and-ki67-in-cervical-intraepithelial-lesions-potential-utility-in-diagnosis-and-prognosis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19766.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">341</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">38</span> Bacteriophage Lysis Of Physiologically Stressed Listeria Monocytogenes In A Simulated Seafood Processing Environment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Geevika%20J.%20Ganegama%20Arachchi">Geevika J. Ganegama Arachchi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Steve%20H.%20Flint"> Steve H. Flint</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lynn%20McIntyre"> Lynn McIntyre</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cristina%20D.%20Cruz"> Cristina D. Cruz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beatrice%20M.%20Dias-Wanigasekera"> Beatrice M. Dias-Wanigasekera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Craig%20Billington"> Craig Billington</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Andrew%20Hudson"> J. Andrew Hudson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anthony%20N.%20Mutukumira"> Anthony N. Mutukumira</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In seafood processing plants, Listeriamonocytogenes(L. monocytogenes)likely exists in a metabolically stressed state due to the nutrient-deficient environment, processing treatments such as heating, curing, drying, and freezing, and exposure to detergents and disinfectants. Stressed L. monocytogenes cells have been shown to be as pathogenic as unstressed cells. This study investigated lytic efficacy of (LiMN4L, LiMN4p, and LiMN17) which were previouslycharacterized as virulent against physiologically stressed cells of three seafood borne L. monocytogenesstrains (19CO9, 19DO3, and 19EO3).Physiologically compromised cells ofL. monocytogenesstrains were prepared by aging cultures in TrypticaseSoy Broth at 15±1°C for 72 h; heat injuringcultures at 54±1 - 55±1°C for 40 - 60 min;salt-stressing cultures in Milli-Q water were incubated at 25±1°C in darkness for three weeks; and incubating cultures in 9% (w/v) NaCl at 15±1°C for 72 h. Low concentrations of physiologically compromised cells of three L. monocytogenesstrainswere challenged in vitrowith high titre of three phages in separate experiments using Fish Broth medium (aqueous fish extract) at 15 °C in order to mimic the environment of seafood processing plant. Each phage, when present at ≈9 log10 PFU/ml, reduced late exponential phase cells of L. monocytogenes suspended in fish protein broth at ≈2-3 log10 CFU/ml to a non-detectable level (< 10 CFU/ml). Each phage, when present at ≈8.5 log10 PFU/ml, reduced both heat-injured cells present at 2.5-3.6 log10 CFU/ml and starved cells that were showed coccoid shape, present at ≈2-3 log10 CFU/ml to < 10 CFU/ml after 30 min. Phages also reduced salt-stressed cellspresent at ≈3 log10 CFU/ml by > 2 log10. L. monocytogenes (≈8 log10 CFU/ml) were reduced to below the detection limit (1 CFU/ml) by the three successive phage infections over 16 h, indicating that emergence of spontaneous phage resistance was infrequent. The three virulent phages showed high decontamination potential for physiologically stressed L. monocytogenes strains from seafood processing environments. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physiologically%20stressed%20L.%20monocytogenes" title="physiologically stressed L. monocytogenes">physiologically stressed L. monocytogenes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20injured" title=" heat injured"> heat injured</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seafood%20processing%20environment" title=" seafood processing environment"> seafood processing environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virulent%20phage" title=" virulent phage"> virulent phage</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146610/bacteriophage-lysis-of-physiologically-stressed-listeria-monocytogenes-in-a-simulated-seafood-processing-environment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146610.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">135</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">37</span> Bacteriophages for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment: Application in Black Water Decontamination with an Emphasis to DRDO Biotoilet</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sonika%20Sharma">Sonika Sharma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohan%20G.%20Vairale"> Mohan G. Vairale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sibnarayan%20Datta"> Sibnarayan Datta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Soumya%20Chatterjee"> Soumya Chatterjee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dharmendra%20Dubey"> Dharmendra Dubey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajesh%20Prasad"> Rajesh Prasad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raghvendra%20Budhauliya"> Raghvendra Budhauliya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bidisha%20Das"> Bidisha Das</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vijay%20Veer"> Vijay Veer</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bacteriophages are viruses that parasitize specific bacteria and multiply in metabolising host bacteria. Bacteriophages hunt for a single or a subset of bacterial species, making them potential antibacterial agents. Utilizing the ability of phages to control bacterial populations has several applications from medical to the fields of agriculture, aquaculture and the food industry. However, harnessing phage based techniques in wastewater treatments to improve quality of effluent and sludge release into the environment is a potential area for R&D application. Phage mediated bactericidal effect in any wastewater treatment process has many controlling factors that lead to treatment performance. In laboratory conditions, titer of bacteriophages (coliphages) isolated from effluent water of a specially designed anaerobic digester of human night soil (DRDO Biotoilet) was successfully increased with a modified protocol of the classical double layer agar technique. Enrichment of the same was carried out and efficacy of the phage enriched medium was evaluated at different conditions (specific media, temperature, storage conditions). Growth optimization study was carried out on different media like soybean casein digest medium (Tryptone soya medium), Luria-Bertani medium, phage deca broth medium and MNA medium (Modified nutrient medium). Further, temperature-phage yield relationship was also observed at three different temperatures 27˚C, 37˚C and 44˚C at laboratory condition. Results showed the higher activity of coliphage 27˚C and at 37˚C. Further, addition of divalent ions (10mM MgCl2, 5mM CaCl2) and 5% glycerol resulted in a significant increase in phage titer. Besides this, effect of antibiotics addition like ampicillin and kanamycin at different concentration on plaque formation was analysed and reported that ampicillin at a concentration of 1mg/ml ampicillin stimulates phage infection and results in more number of plaques. Experiments to test viability of phage showed that it can remain active for 6 months at 4˚C in fresh tryptone soya broth supplemented with fresh culture of coliforms (early log phase). The application of bacteriophages (especially coliphages) for treatment of effluent of human faecal matter contaminated effluent water is unique. This environment-friendly treatment system not only reduces the pathogenic coliforms, but also decreases the competition between nuisance bacteria and functionally important microbial populations. Therefore, the phage based cocktail to treat fecal pathogenic bacteria present in black water has many implication in wastewater treatment processes including ‘DRDO Biotoilet’, which is an ecofriendly appropriate and affordable human faecal matter treatment technology for different climates and situations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wastewater" title="wastewater">wastewater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbes" title=" microbes"> microbes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virus" title=" virus"> virus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biotoilet" title=" biotoilet"> biotoilet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phage%20viability" title=" phage viability "> phage viability </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36671/bacteriophages-for-sustainable-wastewater-treatment-application-in-black-water-decontamination-with-an-emphasis-to-drdo-biotoilet" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36671.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">436</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">36</span> Preventive Effect of Three Kinds of Bacteriophages to Control Vibrio coralliilyticus Infection in Oyster Larvae </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyoun%20Joong%20Kim">Hyoun Joong Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jin%20Woo%20Jun"> Jin Woo Jun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sib%20Sankar%20Giri"> Sib Sankar Giri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cheng%20Chi"> Cheng Chi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saekil%20Yun"> Saekil Yun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sang%20Guen%20Kim"> Sang Guen Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sang%20Wha%20Kim"> Sang Wha Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jeong%20Woo%20Kang"> Jeong Woo Kang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Se%20Jin%20Han"> Se Jin Han</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Se%20Chang%20Park"> Se Chang Park</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Vibrio corallilyticus is a well-known pathogen of coral. It is also infectious to a variety of shellfish species, including Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) larvae. V. corallilyticus is remained to be a major constraint in marine bivalve aquaculture practice, especially in artificial seed production facility. Owing to the high mortality and contagious nature of the pathogen, large amount of antibiotics has been used for disease prevention and control. However, indiscriminate use of antibiotics may result in food and environmental pollution, and development of antibiotic resistant strains. Therefore, eco-friendly disease preventative measures are imperative for sustainable bivalve culture. The present investigation proposes the application of bacteriophage (phage) as an effective alternative method for controlling V. corallilyticus infection in marine bivalve hatcheries. Isolation of phages from sea water sample was carried out using drop or double layer agar methods. The host range, stability and morphology of the phage isolates were studied. In vivo phage efficacy to prevent V. corallilyticus infection in oyster larvae was also performed. The isolated phages, named pVco-5 and pVco-7 was classified as a podoviridae and pVco-14, was classified as a siphoviridae. Each phages were infective to four strains of seven V. corallilyticus strains tested. When oyster larvae were pre-treated with the phage before bacterial challenge, mortality of the treated oyster larvae was lower than that in the untreated control. This result suggests that each phages have the potential to be used as therapeutic agent for controlling V. corallilyticus infection in marine bivalve hatchery. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacteriophage" title="bacteriophage">bacteriophage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vibrio%20coralliilyticus" title=" Vibrio coralliilyticus"> Vibrio coralliilyticus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oyster%20larvae" title=" Oyster larvae"> Oyster larvae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mortality" title=" mortality"> mortality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80489/preventive-effect-of-three-kinds-of-bacteriophages-to-control-vibrio-coralliilyticus-infection-in-oyster-larvae" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80489.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">224</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">35</span> Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Specific Bacteriophage Isolation from Sewage Treatment Plant and in vivo Analysis of Phage Efficiency in Swiss Albino Mice</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pratibha%20Goyal">Pratibha Goyal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nupur%20Mathur"> Nupur Mathur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anuradha%20Singh"> Anuradha Singh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Antibiotic resistance is the worldwide threat to human health in this century. Excessive use of antibiotic after their discovery in 1940 makes certain bacteria to become resistant against antibiotics. Most common antibiotic-resistant bacteria include Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, E.coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Streptococcus pneumonia. Among all Staphylococcus resistant strain called Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is responsible for several lives threatening infection in human commonly found in the hospital environment. Our study aimed to isolate bacteriophage against MRSA from the hospital sewage treatment plant and to analyze its efficiency In Vivo in Swiss albino mice model. Sewage sample for the isolation of bacteriophages was collected from SDMH hospital sewage treatment plant in Jaipur. Bacteriophages isolated by the use of enrichment technique and after characterization, isolated phages used to determine phage treatment efficiency in mice. Mice model used to check the safety and suitability of phage application in human need which in turn directly support the use of natural bacteriophage rather than synthetic chemical to kill pathogens. Results show the plaque formation in-vitro and recovery of MRSA infected mice during the experiment. Favorable lytic efficiency determination of MRSA and Salmonella presents a natural way to treat lethal infections caused by Multidrug-resistant bacteria by using their natural host-pathogen relationship. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antibiotic%20resistance" title="antibiotic resistance">antibiotic resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacteriophages" title=" bacteriophages"> bacteriophages</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methicillin%20resistance%20Staphylococcus%20aureus" title=" methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus"> methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pathogens" title=" pathogens"> pathogens</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phage%20therapy" title=" phage therapy"> phage therapy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salmonella%20typhi" title=" Salmonella typhi"> Salmonella typhi</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102263/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-specific-bacteriophage-isolation-from-sewage-treatment-plant-and-in-vivo-analysis-of-phage-efficiency-in-swiss-albino-mice" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102263.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">143</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">34</span> Using Surface Entropy Reduction to Improve the Crystallization Properties of a Recombinant Antibody Fragment RNA Crystallization Chaperone</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christina%20Roman">Christina Roman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deepak%20Koirala"> Deepak Koirala</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joseph%20A.%20Piccirilli"> Joseph A. Piccirilli</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Phage displaying synthetic Fab libraries have been used to obtain Fabs that bind to specific RNA targets with high affinity and specificity. These Fabs have been demonstrated to facilitate RNA crystallization. However, the antibody framework used in the construction of these phage display libraries contains numerous bulky, flexible, and charged residues, which facilitate solubility and hinder aggregation. These residues can interfere with crystallization due to the entropic cost associated with burying them within crystal contacts. To systematically reduce the surface entropy of the Fabs and improve their crystallization properties, a protein engineering strategy termed surface entropy reduction (SER) is being applied to the Fab framework. In this approach, high entropy residues are mutated to smaller ones such as alanine or serine. Focusing initially on Fab BL3-6, which binds an RNA AAACA pentaloop with 20nM affinity, the SER P server (http://services.mbi.ucla.edu/SER/) was used and analysis was performed on existing RNA-Fab BL3-6 co-crystal structures. From this analysis twelve surface entropy reduced mutants were designed. These SER mutants were expressed and are now being measured for their crystallization and diffraction performance with various RNA targets. So far, one mutant has generated 3.02 angstrom diffraction with the yjdF riboswitch RNA. Ultimately, the most productive mutations will be combined into a new Fab framework to be used in a optimized phage displayed Fab library. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antibody%20fragment" title="antibody fragment">antibody fragment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crystallography" title=" crystallography"> crystallography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RNA" title=" RNA"> RNA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20entropy%20reduction" title=" surface entropy reduction"> surface entropy reduction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104332/using-surface-entropy-reduction-to-improve-the-crystallization-properties-of-a-recombinant-antibody-fragment-rna-crystallization-chaperone" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104332.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">193</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">33</span> Emergence of Ciprofloxacin Intermediate Susceptible Salmonella Typhi in India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meenakshi%20Chaudhary">Meenakshi Chaudhary</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V%20.S.%20Randhawa"> V .S. Randhawa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Jais"> M. Jais</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Dutta"> R. Dutta </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: An outbreak of Multi drug resistant S. Typhi (i.e. resistance to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) occurred in 1990's in India which peaked in 1992-93 and resulted in the change of drug of choice from chloramphenicol to ciprofloxacin for enteric fever. Currently an emergence of Ciprofloxacin susceptible S. Typhi isolates in the region is being reported which appears to be chromosomally mediated. Methodology: Six hundred sixty four strains were randomly selected from the time period between January 2008-December 2011 at the National Salmonella Phage Typing Centre, LHMC, New Delhi. The strains were representative of the north, central and south zones of India. All isolates were subjected to serotyping, biotyping, phage typing and then to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by CLSI disk diffusion (CLSI) technique to Ciprofloxacin, Cefotaxime, Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Trimethoprim-Sulfomethoxazole and Tetracycline. Subsequently MIC of the isolates was determined by E-test (AB-Biodisc). Results: More than 80% of the tested strains had intermediate susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. The E test revealed the MIC (Ciprofloxacin) of these strains to be in the range of 0.12 to 0.5 µg/ml. Sixty nine percent of ciprofloxacin intermediate susceptible strains belonged to Phage type E1 and fourteen percent of these were Vi- Negative i.e these could not be typed by the phage typing scheme of Craigie and Yen. All the strains remained susceptible to cefotaxime. Conclusion: Predominant isolation of intermediate susceptible S. Typhi strains from India would alter the recommendations of empiric treatment of enteric fever in the region. Alternative to the low cost ciprofloxacin will have to be sought or increased dosage and/or duration of ciprofloxacin will have to be recommended. The reasons for the trend of increase in percentage of intermediate susceptible S. Typhi strains are not clear but may be attributed partly to the revision of CLSI guidelines in 2013. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=salmonella%20typhi" title="salmonella typhi">salmonella typhi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decreased%20ciprofloxacin%20susceptibility" title=" decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility"> decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ciprofloxacin" title=" ciprofloxacin"> ciprofloxacin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=minimum%20inhibitory%20concentration" title=" minimum inhibitory concentration"> minimum inhibitory concentration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21232/emergence-of-ciprofloxacin-intermediate-susceptible-salmonella-typhi-in-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21232.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">320</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">32</span> Performance of a Lytic Bacteriophage Cocktail against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Conditions That Simulate the Cystic Fibrosis Lung Environment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Isaac%20Martin">Isaac Martin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abigail%20Lark"> Abigail Lark</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sandra%20Morales"> Sandra Morales</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eric%20W.%20Alton"> Eric W. Alton</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jane%20C.%20Davies"> Jane C. Davies</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Objectives: The cystic fibrosis (CF) lung is a unique microbiological niche, wherein harmful bacteria persist for many years despite antibiotic therapy. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa), the major culprit leading to lung decline and increased mortality, thrives in the lungs of patients with CF due to several factors that have been linked with poor antibiotic performance. Our group is investigating alternative therapies including bacteriophage cocktails with which we have previously demonstrated efficacy against planktonic organisms. In this study, we explored the effects of a 4-phage cocktail on Pa grown in two different conditions, intended to mirror the CF lung: a) alongside standard antibiotic treatment in pre-formed biofilms (structures formed by Pa-secreted exopolysaccharides which provide both physical and cell division barriers to antimicrobials and host defenses and b) in an acidic environment postulated to be present in the CF airway due both to the primary defect in bicarbonate secretion and secondary effects of inflammation. Methods: 16 Pa strains from CF patients at the Royal Brompton Hospital were selected based on sensitivity to a) ceftazidime/ tobramycin and b) the phage cocktail in a conventional plaque assay. To assess efficacy of phage in biofilms, 96 well plates with Pa (5x10⁷ CFU/ ml) were incubated in static conditions, allowing adherent bacterial colonies to form for 24 hr. Ceftazidime and tobramycin (both at 2 × MIC) were added, +/- bacteriophage (4x10⁸ PFU/mL) for a further 24 hr. Cell viability and biomass were estimated using fluorescent resazurin and crystal violet assays, respectively. To evaluate the effect of pH, strains were grown planktonically in shaking 96 well plates at pH 6.0, 6.6, 7.0 and 7.5 with tobramycin or phage, at varying concentrations. Cell viability was quantified by fluorescent resazurin assay. Results: For the biofilm assay, treatment groups were compared with untreated controls and expressed as percent reduction in cell viability and biomass. Addition of the 4-phage cocktail resulted in a 1.3-fold reduction in cell viability and 1.7-fold reduction in biomass (p < 0.001) when compared to standard antibiotic treatment alone. Notably, there was a 50 ± 15% reduction in cell viability and 60 ± 12% reduction in biomass (95% CI) for the 4 biofilms demonstrating the most resistance to antibiotic treatment. 83% of strains tested (n=6) showed decreased bacterial killing by tobramycin at acidic pHs (p < 0.01). However, 25% of strains (n=12) showed improved phage killing at acidic pHs (p < 0.05), with none showing the pattern of reduced efficacy at acidic pH demonstrated by tobramycin. Conclusion: The 4-phage anti-Pa cocktail tested against Pa performs well in pre-formed biofilms and in acidic environments; two conditions intended to mimic the CF lung. To our knowledge, these are the first data looking at the effects of subtle pH changes on phage-mediated bacterial killing in the context of Pa infection. These findings contribute to a growing body of evidence supporting the use of nebulised lytic bacteriophage as a treatment in the context of lung infection. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biofilm" title="biofilm">biofilm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cystic%20fibrosis" title=" cystic fibrosis"> cystic fibrosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pH" title=" pH"> pH</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pseudomonas%20aeruginosa" title=" Pseudomonas aeruginosa"> Pseudomonas aeruginosa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lytic%20bacteriophage" title=" lytic bacteriophage"> lytic bacteriophage</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80548/performance-of-a-lytic-bacteriophage-cocktail-against-pseudomonas-aeruginosa-in-conditions-that-simulate-the-cystic-fibrosis-lung-environment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80548.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">173</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">31</span> Phage Display-Derived Vaccine Candidates for Control of Bovine Anaplasmosis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Itzel%20Amaro-Estrada">Itzel Amaro-Estrada</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eduardo%20Vergara-Rivera"> Eduardo Vergara-Rivera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Virginia%20Juarez-Flores"> Virginia Juarez-Flores</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mayra%20Cobaxin-Cardenas"> Mayra Cobaxin-Cardenas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rosa%20Estela%20Quiroz"> Rosa Estela Quiroz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jesus%20F.%20Preciado"> Jesus F. Preciado</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sergio%20Rodriguez-Camarillo"> Sergio Rodriguez-Camarillo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bovine anaplasmosis is an infectious, tick-borne disease caused mainly by Anaplasma marginale; typical signs include anemia, fever, abortion, weight loss, decreased milk production, jaundice, and potentially death. Sick bovine can recover when antibiotics are administered; however, it usually remains as carrier for life, being a risk of infection for susceptible cattle. Anaplasma marginale is an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium with genetic composition highly diverse among geographical isolates. There are currently no vaccines fully effective against bovine anaplasmosis; therefore, the economic losses due to disease are present. Vaccine formulation became a hard task for several pathogens as Anaplasma marginale, but peptide-based vaccines are an interesting proposal way to induce specific responses. Phage-displayed peptide libraries have been proved one of the most powerful technologies for identifying specific ligands. Screening of these peptides libraries is also a tool for studying interactions between proteins or peptides. Thus, it has allowed the identification of ligands recognized by polyclonal antiserums, and it has been successful for the identification of relevant epitopes in chronic diseases and toxicological conditions. Protective immune response to bovine anaplasmosis includes high levels of immunoglobulins subclass G2 (IgG2) but not subclass IgG1. Therefore, IgG2 from the serum of protected bovine can be useful to identify ligands, which can be part of an immunogen for cattle. In this work, phage display random peptide library Ph.D. ™ -12 was incubating with IgG2 or blood sera of immunized bovines against A. marginale as targets. After three rounds of biopanning, several candidates were selected for additional analysis. Subsequently, their reactivity with sera immunized against A. marginale, as well as with positive and negative sera to A. marginale was evaluated by immunoassays. A collection of recognized peptides tested by ELISA was generated. More than three hundred phage-peptides were separately evaluated against molecules which were used during panning. At least ten different peptides sequences were determined from their nucleotide composition. In this approach, three phage-peptides were selected by their binding and affinity properties. In the case of the development of vaccines or diagnostic reagents, it is important to evaluate the immunogenic and antigenic properties of the peptides. Immunogenic in vitro and in vivo behavior of peptides will be assayed as synthetic and as phage-peptide for to determinate their vaccine potential. Acknowledgment: This work was supported by grant SEP-CONACYT 252577 given to I. Amaro-Estrada. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bovine%20anaplasmosis" title="bovine anaplasmosis">bovine anaplasmosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=peptides" title=" peptides"> peptides</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phage%20display" title=" phage display"> phage display</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=veterinary%20vaccines" title=" veterinary vaccines"> veterinary vaccines</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109562/phage-display-derived-vaccine-candidates-for-control-of-bovine-anaplasmosis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109562.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">141</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">30</span> Characterization of Bacteriophage for Biocontrol of Pseudomonas syringae, Causative Agent of Canker in Prunus spp.</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mojgan%20Rabiey">Mojgan Rabiey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shyamali%20Roy"> Shyamali Roy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Billy%20Quilty"> Billy Quilty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ryan%20Creeth"> Ryan Creeth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=George%20Sundin"> George Sundin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Robert%20W.%20Jackson"> Robert W. Jackson</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bacterial canker is a major disease of Prunus species such as cherry (Prunus avium). It is caused by Pseudomonas syringae species including P. syringae pv. syringae (Pss) and P. syringae pv. morsprunorum race 1 (Psm1) and race 2 (Psm2). Concerns over the environmental impact of, and developing resistance to, copper controls call for alternative approaches to disease management. One method of control could be achieved using naturally occurring bacteriophage (phage) infective to the bacterial pathogens. Phages were isolated from soil, leaf, and bark of cherry trees in five locations in the South East of England. The phages were assessed for their host range against strains of Pss, Psm1, and Psm2. The phages exhibited a differential ability to infect and lyse different Pss and Psm isolates as well as some other P. syringae pathovars. However, the phages were unable to infect beneficial bacteria such as Pseudomonas fluorescens. A subset of 18 of these phages were further characterised genetically (Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA-PCR fingerprinting and sequencing) and using electron microscopy. The phages are tentatively identified as belonging to the order Caudovirales and the families Myoviridae, Podoviridae, and Siphoviridae, with genetic material being dsDNA. Future research will fully sequence the phage genomes. The efficacy of the phage, both individually and in cocktails, to reduce disease progression in vivo will be investigated to understand the potential for practical use of these phages as biocontrol agents. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacteriophage" title="bacteriophage">bacteriophage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pseudomonas" title=" pseudomonas"> pseudomonas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacterial%20cancker" title=" bacterial cancker"> bacterial cancker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biological%20control" title=" biological control"> biological control</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108768/characterization-of-bacteriophage-for-biocontrol-of-pseudomonas-syringae-causative-agent-of-canker-in-prunus-spp" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108768.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">151</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">29</span> Metal Binding Phage Clones in a Quest for Heavy Metal Recovery from Water</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tomasz%20%C5%81%C4%99ga">Tomasz Łęga</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marta%20Sosnowska"> Marta Sosnowska</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Miros%C5%82awa%20Panasiuk"> Mirosława Panasiuk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lilit%20Hovhannisyan"> Lilit Hovhannisyan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beata%20Gromadzka"> Beata Gromadzka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marcin%20Olszewski"> Marcin Olszewski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sabina%20Zoledowska"> Sabina Zoledowska</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dawid%20Nidzworski"> Dawid Nidzworski</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Toxic heavy metal ion contamination of industrial wastewater has recently become a significant environmental concern in many regions of the world. Although the majority of heavy metals are naturally occurring elements found on the earth's surface, anthropogenic activities such as mining and smelting, industrial production, and agricultural use of metals and metal-containing compounds are responsible for the majority of environmental contamination and human exposure. The permissible limits (ppm) for heavy metals in food, water and soil are frequently exceeded and considered hazardous to humans, other organisms, and the environment as a whole. Human exposure to highly nickel-polluted environments causes a variety of pathologic effects. In 2008, nickel received the shameful name of “Allergen of the Year” (GILLETTE 2008). According to the dermatologist, the frequency of nickel allergy is still growing, and it can’t be explained only by fashionable piercing and nickel devices used in medicine (like coronary stents and endoprostheses). Effective remediation methods for removing heavy metal ions from soil and water are becoming increasingly important. Among others, methods such as chemical precipitation, micro- and nanofiltration, membrane separation, conventional coagulation, electrodialysis, ion exchange, reverse and forward osmosis, photocatalysis and polymer or carbon nanocomposite absorbents have all been investigated so far. The importance of environmentally sustainable industrial production processes and the conservation of dwindling natural resources has highlighted the need for affordable, innovative biosorptive materials capable of recovering specific chemical elements from dilute aqueous solutions. The use of combinatorial phage display techniques for selecting and recognizing material-binding peptides with a selective affinity for any target, particularly inorganic materials, has gained considerable interest in the development of advanced bio- or nano-materials. However, due to the limitations of phage display libraries and the biopanning process, the accuracy of molecular recognition for inorganic materials remains a challenge. This study presents the isolation, identification and characterisation of metal binding phage clones that preferentially recover nickel. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Heavy%20metal%20recovery" title="Heavy metal recovery">Heavy metal recovery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cleaning%20water" title=" cleaning water"> cleaning water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phage%20display" title=" phage display"> phage display</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nickel" title=" nickel"> nickel</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168379/metal-binding-phage-clones-in-a-quest-for-heavy-metal-recovery-from-water" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168379.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">99</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28</span> Impedimetric Phage-Based Sensor for the Rapid Detection of Staphylococcus aureus from Nasal Swab</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z.%20Yousefniayejahr">Z. Yousefniayejahr</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Bolognini"> S. Bolognini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Bonini"> A. Bonini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Campobasso"> C. Campobasso</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Poma"> N. Poma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Vivaldi"> F. Vivaldi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Di%20Luca"> M. Di Luca</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Tavanti"> A. Tavanti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Di%20Francesco"> F. Di Francesco</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Pathogenic bacteria represent a threat to healthcare systems and the food industry because their rapid detection remains challenging. Electrochemical biosensors are gaining prominence as a novel technology for the detection of pathogens due to intrinsic features such as low cost, rapid response time, and portability, which make them a valuable alternative to traditional methodologies. These sensors use biorecognition elements that are crucial for the identification of specific bacteria. In this context, bacteriophages are promising tools for their inherent high selectivity towards bacterial hosts, which is of fundamental importance when detecting bacterial pathogens in complex biological samples. In this study, we present the development of a low-cost and portable sensor based on the Zeno phage for the rapid detection of Staphylococcus aureus. Screen-printed gold electrodes functionalized with the Zeno phage were used, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was applied to evaluate the change of the charge transfer resistance (Rct) as a result of the interaction with S. aureus MRSA ATCC 43300. The phage-based biosensor showed a linear range from 101 to 104 CFU/mL with a 20-minute response time and a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.2 CFU/mL under physiological conditions. The biosensor’s ability to recognize various strains of staphylococci was also successfully demonstrated in the presence of clinical isolates collected from different geographic areas. Assays using S. epidermidis were also carried out to verify the species-specificity of the phage sensor. We only observed a remarkable change of the Rct in the presence of the target S. aureus bacteria, while no substantial binding to S. epidermidis occurred. This confirmed that the Zeno phage sensor only targets S. aureus species within the genus Staphylococcus. In addition, the biosensor's specificity with respect to other bacterial species, including gram-positive bacteria like Enterococcus faecium and the gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, was evaluated, and a non-significant impedimetric signal was observed. Notably, the biosensor successfully identified S. aureus bacterial cells in a complex matrix such as a nasal swab, opening the possibility of its use in a real-case scenario. We diluted different concentrations of S. aureus from 108 to 100 CFU/mL with a ratio of 1:10 in the nasal swap matrices collected from healthy donors. Three different sensors were applied to measure various concentrations of bacteria. Our sensor indicated high selectivity to detect S. aureus in biological matrices compared to time-consuming traditional methods, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and radioimmunoassay (RIA), etc. With the aim to study the possibility to use this biosensor to address the challenge associated to pathogen detection, ongoing research is focused on the assessment of the biosensor’s analytical performances in different biological samples and the discovery of new phage bioreceptors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrochemical%20impedance%20spectroscopy" title="electrochemical impedance spectroscopy">electrochemical impedance spectroscopy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacteriophage" title=" bacteriophage"> bacteriophage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biosensor" title=" biosensor"> biosensor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Staphylococcus%20aureus" title=" Staphylococcus aureus"> Staphylococcus aureus</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182771/impedimetric-phage-based-sensor-for-the-rapid-detection-of-staphylococcus-aureus-from-nasal-swab" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182771.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">66</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">27</span> Cannabidiol (CBD) Resistant Salmonella Strains Are Susceptible to Epsilon 34 Phage Tailspike Protein</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibrahim%20Iddrisu">Ibrahim Iddrisu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joseph%20Ayariga"> Joseph Ayariga</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Junhuan%20Xu"> Junhuan Xu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayomide%20Adebanjo"> Ayomide Adebanjo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boakai%20K.%20Robertson"> Boakai K. Robertson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michelle%20Samuel-Foo"> Michelle Samuel-Foo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olufemi%20Ajayi"> Olufemi Ajayi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The rise of antimicrobial resistance is a global public health crisis that threatens the effective control and prevention of infections. Due to the emergence of pan drug-resistant bacteria, most antibiotics have lost their efficacy. Bacteriophages or their components are known to target bacterial cell walls, cell membranes, and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and hydrolyze them. Bacteriophages, being the natural predators of pathogenic bacteria, are inevitably categorized as ‘human friends’, thus fulfilling the adage that ‘the enemy of my enemy is my friend’. Leveraging on their lethal capabilities against pathogenic bacteria, researchers are searching for more ways to overcome the current antibiotic resistance challenge. In this study, we expressed and purified epsilon 34 phage tail spike protein (E34 TSP) from the E34 TSP gene, then assessed the ability of this bacteriophage protein in the killing of two CBD-resistant strains of Salmonella spp. We also assessed the ability of the tail spike protein to cause bacteria membrane disruption and dehydrogenase depletion. We observed that the combined treatment of CBD-resistant strains of Salmonella with CBD and E34 TSP showed poor killing ability, whereas the mono treatment with E34 TSP showed considerably higher killing efficiency. This study demonstrates that the inhibition of the bacteria by E34 TSP was due in part to membrane disruption and dehydrogenase inactivation by the protein. The results of this work provide an interesting background to highlight the crucial role phage proteins such as E34 TSP could play in pathogenic bacterial control. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cannabidiol" title="cannabidiol">cannabidiol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resistance" title=" resistance"> resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salmonella" title=" Salmonella"> Salmonella</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antimicrobials" title=" antimicrobials"> antimicrobials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phages" title=" phages"> phages</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182735/cannabidiol-cbd-resistant-salmonella-strains-are-susceptible-to-epsilon-34-phage-tailspike-protein" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182735.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">69</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26</span> Isolation and Characterization of Bacteriophages Against Aeromonas Spp. Mediated Diseases in Indian Aquaculture</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mrunalini%20Sonne">Mrunalini Sonne</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Aquaculture uses a variety of broad spectrum antibiotics to manage and prevent a variety of diseases without understanding their mechanisms of action. This has led to water pollution in the modern world. The necessity for alternate control measures against bacterial illnesses in the aquaculture sector is highlighted by issues brought on by antibiotic-resistant bacteria and the dearth of effective control strategies. Bacteriophages (phages) have shown promise as therapeutic agents for the efficient management of bacterial infections in aquaculture. In the current study, a variety of investigations were conducted to determine if utilizing lytic phages to reduce Aeromonas spp. infection in fish aquaculture was appropriate. Motile Aeromonas septicaemia is a fish disease that has caused financial harm to the aquaculture sector. Currently, the production of aquaculture depends significantly on antibiotics, which adds to the worldwide problem of the rise of bacteria that are resistant to medicines and resistance genes. To decrease the usage of antibiotics in aquaculture systems, it is crucial to create efficient antibiotic substitutes. Bacteriophages are capable of acting as a natural antagonist, mostly because of their great specificity, capacity for self-replication, and ability to quickly eradicate dangerous bacteria. There is a need for research that goes beyond just isolating and characterising lytic bacteriophages to examine their morphology, stability, and efficacy in various environmental conditions. Bacteriophage (or phage) therapy is a promising technique to control dangerous microbes in farmed fish. More phage therapy research in aquaculture is required in order to effectively employ phage treatment to lessen infection in fish brought on by Aeromonas. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aquaculture" title="aquaculture">aquaculture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacteriophages" title=" bacteriophages"> bacteriophages</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fish" title=" fish"> fish</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=freshwater" title=" freshwater"> freshwater</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169760/isolation-and-characterization-of-bacteriophages-against-aeromonas-spp-mediated-diseases-in-indian-aquaculture" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169760.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 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