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aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>The Watchtower</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A9_(%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9)" title="برج مراقبة (مجلة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برج مراقبة (مجلة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Watchtower" title="The Watchtower – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="The Watchtower" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Torre_de_Guaita" title="La Torre de Guaita – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="La Torre de Guaita" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%A1%C5%BEn%C3%A1_v%C4%9B%C5%BE" title="Strážná věž – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Strážná věž" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagtt%C3%A5rnet" title="Vagttårnet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vagttårnet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Wachtturm_verk%C3%BCndigt_Jehovas_K%C3%B6nigreich" title="Der Wachtturm verkündigt Jehovas Königreich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Der Wachtturm verkündigt Jehovas Königreich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%88%DE%AE%DE%97%DE%B0%DE%93%DE%A6%DE%88%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%86%DE%A9" title="ވޮޗްޓަވަރަކީ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ވޮޗްޓަވަރަކީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahitorn_(ajakiri)" title="Vahitorn (ajakiri) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vahitorn (ajakiri)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97_%CE%A3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%AC" title="Η Σκοπιά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Η Σκοπιά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Atalaya_(revista)" title="La Atalaya (revista) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="La Atalaya (revista)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Gardoturo" title="La Gardoturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="La Gardoturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Tour_de_garde" title="La Tour de garde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="La Tour de garde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%88%98%EB%8C%80" title="파수대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파수대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menara_Pengawal_Memberitakan_Kerajaan_Yehuwa" title="Menara Pengawal Memberitakan Kerajaan Yehuwa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Menara Pengawal Memberitakan Kerajaan Yehuwa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Torre_di_Guardia" title="La Torre di Guardia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="La Torre di Guardia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargybos_bok%C5%A1tas" title="Sargybos bokštas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sargybos bokštas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az_%C5%90rtorony_hirdeti_Jehova_Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1g%C3%A1t" title="Az Őrtorony hirdeti Jehova Királyságát – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Az Őrtorony hirdeti Jehova Királyságát" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny_Tilikambo_Fiambenana" title="Ny Tilikambo Fiambenana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ny Tilikambo Fiambenana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="വീക്ഷാഗോപുരം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വീക്ഷാഗോപുരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Wachttoren" title="De Wachttoren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="De Wachttoren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%82%E3%81%AE%E3%81%BF%E3%81%AE%E5%A1%94" title="ものみの塔 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ものみの塔" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaktt%C3%A5rnet_%E2%80%93_Forkynner_av_Jehovas_Rike" title="Vakttårnet – Forkynner av Jehovas Rike – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vakttårnet – Forkynner av Jehovas Rike" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stra%C5%BCnica_Zwiastuj%C4%85ca_Kr%C3%B3lestwo_Jehowy" title="Strażnica Zwiastująca Królestwo Jehowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Strażnica Zwiastująca Królestwo Jehowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Sentinela_Anunciando_o_Reino_de_Jeov%C3%A1" title="A Sentinela Anunciando o Reino de Jeová – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="A Sentinela Anunciando o Reino de Jeová" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnul_de_veghe" title="Turnul de veghe – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Turnul de veghe" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_(%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Сторожевая башня (журнал) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сторожевая башня (журнал)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Watchtower" title="The Watchtower – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="The Watchtower" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stra%C5%BEarska_kula_(Jehovini_svjedoci)" title="Stražarska kula (Jehovini svjedoci) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Stražarska kula (Jehovini svjedoci)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vartiotorni_%E2%80%93_Jehovan_valtakunnan_julistaja" title="Vartiotorni – Jehovan valtakunnan julistaja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vartiotorni – Jehovan valtakunnan julistaja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakttornet" title="Vakttornet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vakttornet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang_Bantayan" title="Ang Bantayan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ang Bantayan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6zc%C3%BC_Kulesi_(dergi)" title="Gözcü Kulesi (dergi) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gözcü Kulesi (dergi)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Вартова башта (журнал) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вартова башта (журнал)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%88%E6%9C%9B%E5%8F%B0" title="守望台 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="守望台" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q164706#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a 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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn"><i>The Watchtower</i></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WatchtowerMagazine_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c6/WatchtowerMagazine_logo.png/300px-WatchtowerMagazine_logo.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c6/WatchtowerMagazine_logo.png/450px-WatchtowerMagazine_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c6/WatchtowerMagazine_logo.png/600px-WatchtowerMagazine_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="148" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Categories</th><td class="infobox-data">Religious</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Public Edition</i>: annually<br /><i>Study Edition</i>: monthly</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_magazines_by_circulation" title="List of magazines by circulation">Circulation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Public Edition</i>: 21.7 million (2024)<br /><i>Study Edition</i>: 13.8 million (2018)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Watch_Tower_Bible_and_Tract_Society_of_Pennsylvania" title="Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania">Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First issue</th><td class="infobox-data">July 1879<span class="noprint">; 145 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1879-07</span>)</span> (as <i>Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence</i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Based in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Warwick,_New_York" title="Warwick, New York">Warwick, New York</a>, United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Public Edition</i>: 444 languages (2024)<br /><i>Study Edition</i>: 463 languages (2024)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines">The Watchtower</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2325-5838">2325-5838</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>The Watchtower Announcing Jehovah's Kingdom</b></i> is an illustrated religious <a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">magazine</a>, published by the <a href="/wiki/Watch_Tower_Bible_and_Tract_Society_of_Pennsylvania" title="Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania">Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> distribute <i>The Watchtower—Public Edition</i>, along with its companion magazine, <i><a href="/wiki/Awake!" title="Awake!">Awake!</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Watch Tower Society reports a circulation of 21.7 million per issue for <i>The Watchtower—Public Edition</i> in 444 languages, with one new issue produced annually.<sup id="cite_ref-circulation1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-circulation1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Watchtower—Study Edition</i>, used at congregation meetings, is published monthly.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Watchtower&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Watchtower_-_july_1879.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Watchtower_-_july_1879.jpg/200px-Watchtower_-_july_1879.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Watchtower_-_july_1879.jpg/300px-Watchtower_-_july_1879.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Watchtower_-_july_1879.jpg/400px-Watchtower_-_july_1879.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1238" /></a><figcaption><i>Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence</i>, July 1879</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zion%27sWatchTower_Oct1,1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Zion%27sWatchTower_Oct1%2C1907.jpg/200px-Zion%27sWatchTower_Oct1%2C1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Zion%27sWatchTower_Oct1%2C1907.jpg/300px-Zion%27sWatchTower_Oct1%2C1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Zion%27sWatchTower_Oct1%2C1907.jpg/400px-Zion%27sWatchTower_Oct1%2C1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><i>Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence</i>, October 1, 1907</figcaption></figure> <p>The magazine was started by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a> in July 1879 under the title <i><b>Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence</b></i>. According to its first issue, the magazine's original purpose was to draw attention to Russell's belief that people of the time were "living 'in the last days' 'the day of the Lord'—'the end' of the Gospel age," and that "the dawn of the 'new' age, are facts not only discernible by the close student of the Word, led by the spirit, but the outward signs recognizable by the world bear the same testimony."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1909 the name was changed to <i>The Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence</i>. In 1920, the Watch Tower Society reprinted all issues from 1879–1919 in seven volumes, known as the <i>Watchtower Reprints</i>, which have since been reprinted by various <a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Student</a> groups. On October 15, 1931, the magazine was renamed <i>The Watchtower and Herald of Christ's Presence</i>; on January 1, 1939, <i>The Watchtower and Herald of Christ's Kingdom</i>; from March 1, 1939 until the present, its full name has been <i>The Watchtower Announcing Jehovah's Kingdom</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Watchtower&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Articles are submitted by writing committees from worldwide branch offices, which are then checked by editors and translated into the languages of publication; all involved are volunteers.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women are permitted to write articles that are not of a doctrinal nature.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The names of the authors (except in first-person life stories), and other publishing staff are not provided. <i>The Watchtower</i> is overseen by the Writing Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Governing_Body_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses#Committees" title="Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses">Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Watchtower</i> is the official means of sharing <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_beliefs" title="Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs">Jehovah's Witness beliefs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and includes articles relating to biblical prophecies, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> conduct and morals, and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">history of religion</a> and the Bible. It is intended to draw attention to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of God">kingdom of God</a>, which Jehovah's Witnesses believe is a real government that will soon replace all earthly governments. According to the magazine's mission statement:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>THIS MAGAZINE, The Watchtower, honors <a href="/wiki/Jehovah" title="Jehovah">Jehovah</a> <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, the Ruler of the universe. It comforts people with the good news that God's heavenly Kingdom will soon end all wickedness and transform the earth into a paradise. It promotes faith in <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>, who died so that we might gain everlasting life and who is now ruling as King of God's Kingdom. This magazine has been published continuously since 1879 and is nonpolitical. It adheres to the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> as its authority.</p></blockquote> <p>Previously, each issue of the <i>Watchtower</i> contained study articles and other regular features and was distributed to the general public. In 2008, content was divided into a <i>Public Edition</i> distributed to non-Witnesses and a <i>Study Edition</i>, which contains "pointed information prepared especially for Jehovah's Witnesses".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_Edition"><i>Public Edition</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Watchtower&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Public Edition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Public Edition</i> of <i>The Watchtower</i> contains biblical articles relating to a theme shown on the cover. In January 2013, <i>The Watchtower—Public Edition</i> was reduced from 32 to 16 pages, with greater focus on the official Jehovah's Witnesses website. Initially issued monthly, as of January 2016 the <i>Public Edition</i> was published every two months, and was further reduced to three issues per year as of January 2018. In 2022, publication was reduced to one new issue per year.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Study_Edition"><i>Study Edition</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Watchtower&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Study Edition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Study Edition</i> contains study articles written for the <a href="/wiki/Practices_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses#Weekend_meeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses"><i>Watchtower</i> Study</a>, as well as other intra-organizational information directed to current and prospective members.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Congregations of Jehovah's Witnesses worldwide discuss the same article each week at the <i>Watchtower</i> Study. At this meeting, each paragraph is read aloud by a designated reader; the study conductor then asks questions printed at the bottom of the page for each paragraph and calls on members of the congregation to answer the questions based on the printed information. They are encouraged to put the information in their own words and to "draw attention to scripture application, supporting arguments, or practical application of the material."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A separate <i>Simplified</i> version of the <i>Study Edition</i> was introduced in July 2011<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was discontinued in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Watchtower&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The magazine is printed in nineteen countries.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2024,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Watchtower&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> each issue of the <i>Public Edition</i> has an average circulation of 21.7 million copies in 444 languages.<sup id="cite_ref-circulation1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-circulation1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monthly production of the <i>Study Edition</i> is not stated in the English edition; in January 2018 the Russian edition stated a circulation of 13.8 million.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Study Edition</i> is published in 463 languages.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Public Edition</i> is distributed by Jehovah's Witnesses in the course of their public ministry including door-to-door canvassing, approaching people in public places, given informally to acquaintances and professionals, or left as reading material in waiting areas.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Study Edition</i> is generally distributed only to members but is made available to members of the public attending the study of <i>The Watchtower</i> at congregation meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The magazine has been made available in various <a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">accessible</a> formats. Selected articles were provided in Braille since 1960<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the full magazine available in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been made available in various audio formats since 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jehovah's Witnesses' official website provides content from <i>The Watchtower</i> in various digital formats.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cost">Cost</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Watchtower&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until March 1990, <i>The Watchtower</i> was available for a small charge that varied over time and in different countries. For example, in the United States, the suggested donation per issue was $0.05 in 1950,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gradually increasing to $0.25 in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 17, 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> ruled against <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Swaggart" title="Jimmy Swaggart">Jimmy Swaggart</a> that sales of religious literature were subject to taxation,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which introduced ambiguity into the formerly tax-free practice of suggesting a specific amount in exchange for the magazines. The Watch Tower Society supported Swaggart in the case, arguing that the perceived sale of religious literature should be exempt from taxation.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From March 1, 1990, the magazines were made available at no cost, on a freewill donation basis in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, with the stated purpose of simplifying their Bible educational work and distinguishing themselves from those who commercialize religion.<sup id="cite_ref-OKM_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OKM-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An article in the May 1990 issue of <i>Our Kingdom Ministry</i>—a newsletter provided to members—stated that "there are growing pressures against all religious elements" and went on to say that their main concern was to move ahead in the worldwide preaching work, "without hindrance."<sup id="cite_ref-OKM_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OKM-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sale of Jehovah's Witnesses' literature was gradually phased out in other countries, and <i>The Watchtower</i> has been distributed free of charge worldwide since January 2000, its printing being funded by voluntary donations from Jehovah's Witnesses and members of the public.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Watchtower&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_publications" title="Jehovah's Witnesses publications">Jehovah's Witnesses publications</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Watchtower&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2008041">"The New Study Edition of <i>The Watchtower</i>"</a>. <i>The Watchtower</i>. January 15, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Watchtower&rft.atitle=The+New+Study+Edition+of+The+Watchtower&rft.date=2008-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwol.jw.org%2Fen%2Fwol%2Fd%2Fr1%2Flp-e%2F2008041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Watchtower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolden2002" class="citation book cs1">Holden, A. (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jehovahswitnesse00andr"><i>Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement</i></a></span>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jehovahswitnesse00andr/page/67">67</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jehovah%27s+Witnesses%3A+Portrait+of+a+Contemporary+Religious+Movement&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Holden&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjehovahswitnesse00andr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Watchtower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-circulation1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-circulation1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-circulation1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d34ji3l0qn3w2t.cloudfront.net/66688fd9-f6ff-4934-a668-7402f4958869/3/wp_E_202407.pdf">"Contents"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Watchtower</i>. Vol. 145, no. 1. Watch Tower Society. 2024. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Watchtower&rft.atitle=Contents&rft.volume=145&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd34ji3l0qn3w2t.cloudfront.net%2F66688fd9-f6ff-4934-a668-7402f4958869%2F3%2Fwp_E_202407.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Watchtower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/w20080115/The-New-Study-Edition-of-The-Watchtower/">"The New Study Edition of The Watchtower"</a>. JW.ORG<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+Study+Edition+of+The+Watchtower&rft.pub=JW.ORG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jw.org%2Fen%2Flibrary%2Fmagazines%2Fw20080115%2FThe-New-Study-Edition-of-The-Watchtower%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Watchtower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Prospectus". <i>Zion's Watch Tower</i>. July 1, 1879. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zion%27s+Watch+Tower&rft.atitle=Prospectus&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1879-07-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Watchtower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Watchtower Publications Index</i>. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Watchtower+Publications+Index&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Watchtower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>1994 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses</i>. Watch Tower Society. p. 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1994+Yearbook+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Watchtower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Branch Organization Manual</i>. Watch Tower Society. pp. <span class="nowrap">24–</span>1. <q>Those used as writers must be dedicated, baptized brothers or sisters in good standing with their local congregations and who have writing ability. ... Some articles will deal with spiritual matters, and these should be written by brothers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Branch+Organization+Manual&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E1&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Watchtower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Do Not Tire Out". <i>The Watchtower</i>. April 15, 2013. p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Watchtower&rft.atitle=Do+Not+Tire+Out&rft.pages=30&rft.date=2013-04-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Watchtower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Upon the Watchtower I Am Standing'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>The Watchtower</i>. March 1, 1987. p. 15. <q>Each article in both <i>The Watchtower</i> and <i>Awake!</i> and every page, including the artwork, is scrutinized by selected members of the Governing Body before it is printed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Watchtower&rft.atitle=%27Upon+the+Watchtower+I+Am+Standing%27&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1987-03-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Watchtower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"A Governing Body as Different from a Legal Corporation". <i>The Watchtower</i>. December 15, 1971. p. 755. <q>The official magazine of Jehovah's Christian witnesses is <i>The Watchtower Announcing Jehovah's Kingdom</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Watchtower&rft.atitle=A+Governing+Body+as+Different+from+a+Legal+Corporation&rft.pages=755&rft.date=1971-12-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Watchtower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Contents page". <i>The Watchtower</i>. January 1, 2013. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Watchtower&rft.atitle=Contents+page&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2013-01-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Watchtower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Exciting Changes for The Watchtower". <i>Our Kingdom Ministry</i>. July 2007. p. 1. <q>This edition can also contain pointed information prepared especially for Jehovah's Witnesses and Bible students who are making spiritual progress.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Our+Kingdom+Ministry&rft.atitle=Exciting+Changes+for+The+Watchtower&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2007-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Watchtower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Announcements and Reminders</i>, Watch Tower Society, July 2021, p. 1</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Announcements+and+Reminders&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Society&rft.date=2021-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Watchtower" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Announcements and Reminders</i>, Watch Tower Society, July 2022, p. 2</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Announcements+and+Reminders&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Society&rft.date=2022-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Watchtower" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jw.org/en/publications/">"Jehovah's Witnesses—Featured Items"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jehovah%27s+Witnesses%E2%80%94Featured+Items&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jw.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Watchtower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Overseers Taking the Lead—The Watchtower Study Conductor". <i>Our Kingdom Ministry</i>. December 1998. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Our+Kingdom+Ministry&rft.atitle=Overseers+Taking+the+Lead%E2%80%94The+Watchtower+Study+Conductor&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1998-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Watchtower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://download.jw.org/files/media_magazines/5c/ws_E_20110715.pdf">"Introduction letter"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Watchtower</i>. July 15, 2011. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Watchtower&rft.atitle=Introduction+letter&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2011-07-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdownload.jw.org%2Ffiles%2Fmedia_magazines%2F5c%2Fws_E_20110715.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Watchtower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the <i>Watch Tower Publications Index</i>, the <i>Simplified</i> and <i>Study</i> editions were "merged", leaving only the <i>Study Edition</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2005807">"Contributions That Warm God's Heart"</a>. <i>The Watchtower</i>. November 1, 2005. p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Watchtower&rft.atitle=Contributions+That+Warm+God%27s+Heart&rft.pages=27&rft.date=2005-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwol.jw.org%2Fen%2Fwol%2Fd%2Fr1%2Flp-e%2F2005807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Watchtower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011130835/https://download-a.akamaihd.net/files/media_magazines/9a/w_U_201801.pdf">"Contents page"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Watchtower</i> (in Russian). Watch Tower Society. January 2018. p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://download-a.akamaihd.net/files/media_magazines/9a/w_U_201801.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-10-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Watchtower&rft.atitle=Contents+page&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdownload-a.akamaihd.net%2Ffiles%2Fmedia_magazines%2F9a%2Fw_U_201801.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Watchtower" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Study Articles for April 8 to May 4". <i>The Watchtower</i>. February 2024. in: <i>JW Library</i> (app). "Search languages (463): Abbey: [...] Zulu: <i>INqabayokulinda</i>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Question Box". <i>Our Kingdom Ministry</i>. March 1988. p. 4. <q>Perhaps some back issues of the magazines could be distributed free when visiting nursing homes and hospitals. They could be left at Laundromats or in the lobbies of residential buildings where our work is restricted. However, good judgment should be exercised as to how many and how often magazines are left at one place.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Our+Kingdom+Ministry&rft.atitle=Question+Box&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1988-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Watchtower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Exciting Changes for <i>The Watchtower</i>!". <i>Our Kingdom Ministry</i>. July 2007. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Our+Kingdom+Ministry&rft.atitle=Exciting+Changes+for+The+Watchtower%21&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2007-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Watchtower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"They Read with Their Fingers". <i>Awake!</i>. Watch Tower Society. April 8, 1977. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Awake%21&rft.atitle=They+Read+with+Their+Fingers&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1977-04-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Watchtower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Announcements". <i>Our Kingdom Ministry</i>. Watch Tower Society. August 1979. pp. <span class="nowrap">2–</span>4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Our+Kingdom+Ministry&rft.atitle=Announcements&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=1979-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Watchtower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Watchtower" on Cassette". <i>Our Kingdom Ministry</i>. October 1987. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Our+Kingdom+Ministry&rft.atitle=%22The+Watchtower%22+on+Cassette&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1987-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Watchtower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Good News on the Internet". <i>Our Kingdom Ministry</i>. November 1997. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Our+Kingdom+Ministry&rft.atitle=Good+News+on+the+Internet&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1997-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Watchtower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Announcements". <i>Our Kingdom Ministry</i>. June 2008. p. 3. <q>Since January 2008, audio files of <i>The Watchtower</i> and <i>Awake!</i> in English and Spanish have been made available at the Web site www.jw.org.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Our+Kingdom+Ministry&rft.atitle=Announcements&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2008-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Watchtower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Publication details". <i>The Watchtower</i>. May 15, 1950. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Watchtower&rft.atitle=Publication+details&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1950-05-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Watchtower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Announcements". <i>Our Kingdom Ministry</i>. October 1989. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Our+Kingdom+Ministry&rft.atitle=Announcements&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1989-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Watchtower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swaggart Ministries v. California Board of Equalization, 493 U.S. 378 (1990)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmond_C._Gruss2003" class="citation book cs1">Edmond C. Gruss (2003). <i>The Four Presidents of the Watch Tower Society (Jehovah's Witnesses)</i>. Xulon Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">72–</span>73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Four+Presidents+of+the+Watch+Tower+Society+%28Jehovah%27s+Witnesses%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.pub=Xulon+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Edmond+C.+Gruss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Watchtower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OKM-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OKM_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OKM_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Use Our Literature Wisely". <i>Our Kingdom Ministry</i>. May 1990. p. 7. <q>At the end of February 1990, it was explained that magazines and literature will be provided to publishers and to the interested public on a complete donation basis, that is, without asking or suggesting that a specific contribution be made as a precondition to receiving an item.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Our+Kingdom+Ministry&rft.atitle=Use+Our+Literature+Wisely&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1990-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Watchtower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>2001 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses</i>. p. 18. <q>Another factor in reaching more people with the good news has been the simplified literature distribution arrangement. ... The voluntary donation arrangement is explained to people, but no charge is made for the literature. As of January 2000, that arrangement was extended to all lands where it was not already in operation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2001+Yearbook+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pages=18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Watchtower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Watchtower&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jw.org/en/publications/magazines/"><i>The Watchtower</i> and <i>Awake!</i> Magazines</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mostholyfaith.com/bible/Reprints/"><i>Watch Tower</i> Reprints 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href="/wiki/Watch_Tower_Bible_and_Tract_Society_of_Pennsylvania" title="Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania">Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Student movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_doctrine" title="Development of Jehovah's Witnesses doctrine">Doctrinal development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch_Tower_Society_presidency_dispute_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Watch Tower Society presidency dispute (1917)">Leadership dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_splinter_groups" title="Jehovah's Witnesses splinter groups">Splinter groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfulfilled_Watch_Tower_Society_predictions" title="Unfulfilled Watch Tower Society predictions">Unfulfilled predicitions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Demographics of Jehovah's Witnesses">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_by_country" title="Jehovah's Witnesses by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_beliefs" title="Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs">Beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faithful_and_discreet_slave" title="Faithful and discreet slave">Faithful and discreet slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah" title="Jehovah">God's name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_and_salvation" title="Jehovah's Witnesses and salvation">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/144000_(number)#Jehovah's_Witnesses" class="mw-redirect" title="144000 (number)">The 144,000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_practices" title="Jehovah's Witnesses practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_and_blood_transfusions" title="Jehovah's Witnesses and blood transfusions">Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_congregational_discipline" title="Jehovah's Witnesses congregational discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchtower_Bible_School_of_Gilead" title="Watchtower Bible School of Gilead">Gilead School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom songs">Hymns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Hall" title="Kingdom Hall">Kingdom Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_publications" title="Jehovah's Witnesses publications">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Awake!" title="Awake!">Awake!</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_World_Translation_of_the_Holy_Scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures">New World Translation</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Watchtower</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_cases_involving_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court cases involving Jehovah's Witnesses by country">Supreme Court cases by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #ddddff;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>People</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Watch_Tower_Society_presidents" title="Category:Watch Tower Society presidents">Watch Tower presidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Conley" title="William Henry Conley">W. H. Conley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell" title="Charles Taze Russell">C. T. Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Franklin_Rutherford" title="Joseph Franklin Rutherford">J. F. Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Homer_Knorr" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathan Homer Knorr">N. H. Knorr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Franz" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick William Franz">F. W. Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_George_Henschel" title="Milton George Henschel">M. G. Henschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Alden_Adams" title="Don Alden Adams">D. A. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ciranko" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Ciranko">R. L. Ciranko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formative influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Miller_(preacher)" title="William Miller (preacher)">William Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Grew" title="Henry Grew">Henry Grew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stetson" title="George Stetson">G. W. Stetson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Storrs" title="George Storrs">George Storrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_H._Barbour" title="Nelson H. Barbour">N. H. Barbour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Category:Former Jehovah's Witnesses">Notable former members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Franz" title="Raymond Franz">R. V. Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olin_R._Moyle" title="Olin R. Moyle">O. R. Moyle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Watchtower&oldid=1251183863">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Watchtower&oldid=1251183863</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1879_in_Christianity" title="Category:1879 in Christianity">1879 in Christianity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Audio_periodicals" title="Category:Audio periodicals">Audio periodicals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Downloadable_magazines" 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