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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>로그인</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="더 많은 옵션" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="개인 도구" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">개인 도구</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="사용자 메뉴" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ko.wikipedia.org&uselang=ko"><span>기부</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%EB%A7%8C%EB%93%A4%EA%B8%B0&returnto=%ED%95%A9%EB%8F%99%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90%ED%95%B5%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%86%8C" title="계정을 만들고 로그인하는 것이 좋습니다. 하지만 필수는 아닙니다"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>계정 만들기</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EC%9D%B8&returnto=%ED%95%A9%EB%8F%99%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90%ED%95%B5%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%86%8C" title="위키백과에 로그인하면 여러가지 편리한 기능을 사용할 수 있습니다. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>로그인</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 로그아웃한 편집자를 위한 문서 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90:%EC%86%8C%EA%B0%9C" aria-label="편집에 관해 더 알아보기"><span>더 알아보기</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%AC" title="이 IP 주소의 편집 목록 [y]" accesskey="y"><span>기여</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%EC%9E%90%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0" title="현재 사용하는 IP 주소에 대한 토론 문서 [n]" accesskey="n"><span>토론</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="사이트"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="목차" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">목차</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">사이드바로 이동</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">숨기기</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">처음 위치</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-역사" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#역사"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>역사</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-역사-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-북한" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#북한"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>북한</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-북한-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-참여국" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#참여국"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>참여국</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-참여국-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-각주" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#각주"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>각주</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-각주-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="목차" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="목차 토글" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">목차 토글</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">합동원자핵연구소</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="다른 언어로 문서를 방문합니다. 31개 언어로 읽을 수 있습니다" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31개 언어</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="المعهد المشترك للبحوث النووية – 아랍어" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المعهد المشترك للبحوث النووية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="아랍어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birl%C9%99%C5%9Fmi%C5%9F_N%C3%BCv%C9%99_Ara%C5%9Fd%C4%B1rma_%C4%B0nstitutu" title="Birləşmiş Nüvə Araşdırma İnstitutu – 아제르바이잔어" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Birləşmiş Nüvə Araşdırma İnstitutu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="아제르바이잔어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D2%AF%D2%99%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D3%99%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Ядро тикшеренеүҙәре берләштерелгән институты – 바슈키르어" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ядро тикшеренеүҙәре берләштерелгән институты" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="바슈키르어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%E2%80%99%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%9E" title="Аб’яднаны інстытут ядзерных даследаванняў – 벨라루스어" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аб’яднаны інстытут ядзерных даследаванняў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="벨라루스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Обединен институт за ядрени изследвания – 불가리아어" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Обединен институт за ядрени изследвания" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="불가리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Unificat_de_Recerca_Nuclear" title="Institut Unificat de Recerca Nuclear – 카탈로니아어" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Institut Unificat de Recerca Nuclear" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="카탈로니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spojen%C3%BD_%C3%BAstav_jadern%C3%BDch_v%C3%BDzkum%C5%AF_v_Dubn%C4%9B" title="Spojený ústav jaderných výzkumů v Dubně – 체코어" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Spojený ústav jaderných výzkumů v Dubně" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="체코어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereinigtes_Institut_f%C3%BCr_Kernforschung" title="Vereinigtes Institut für Kernforschung – 독일어" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vereinigtes Institut für Kernforschung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="독일어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research – 영어" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="영어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centra_Instituto_por_Atomesplorado" title="Centra Instituto por Atomesplorado – 에스페란토어" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Centra Instituto por Atomesplorado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="에스페란토어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Central_de_Investigaciones_Nucleares" title="Instituto Central de Investigaciones Nucleares – 스페인어" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Instituto Central de Investigaciones Nucleares" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="스페인어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="مؤسسه مشترک تحقیقات هسته‌ای – 페르시아어" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مؤسسه مشترک تحقیقات هسته‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="페르시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_unifi%C3%A9_de_recherches_nucl%C3%A9aires" title="Institut unifié de recherches nucléaires – 프랑스어" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Institut unifié de recherches nucléaires" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="프랑스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93_%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%A8_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99" title="המכון המאוחד למחקר גרעיני – 히브리어" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המכון המאוחד למחקר גרעיני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="히브리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyes%C3%ADtett_Atomkutat%C3%B3_Int%C3%A9zet" title="Egyesített Atomkutató Intézet – 헝가리어" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Egyesített Atomkutató Intézet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="헝가리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF" title="Միջուկային հետազոտությունների միացյալ ինստիտուտ – 아르메니아어" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միջուկային հետազոտությունների միացյալ ինստիտուտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="아르메니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research – 인도네시아어" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="인도네시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istituto_unito_per_la_ricerca_nucleare" title="Istituto unito per la ricerca nucleare – 이탈리아어" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Istituto unito per la ricerca nucleare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="이탈리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%83%96%E3%83%8A%E5%90%88%E5%90%8C%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" title="ドゥブナ合同原子核研究所 – 일본어" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドゥブナ合同原子核研究所" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="일본어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%A9%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82" title="Цөмийн Шинжилгээний Нэгдсэн Институт – 몽골어" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цөмийн Шинжилгээний Нэгдсэн Институт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="몽골어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezamenlijk_Instituut_voor_Kernonderzoek" title="Gezamenlijk Instituut voor Kernonderzoek – 네덜란드어" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gezamenlijk Instituut voor Kernonderzoek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="네덜란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a 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hreflang="pt" data-title="Instituto Central de Investigações Nucleares" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="포르투갈어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutul_Unificat_de_Cercet%C4%83ri_Nucleare" title="Institutul Unificat de Cercetări Nucleare – 루마니아어" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Institutul Unificat de Cercetări Nucleare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="루마니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Объединённый институт ядерных исследований – 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class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="페이지 도구"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="보이기"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">보이기</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">사이드바로 이동</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">숨기기</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ko" dir="ltr"><p><span class="nowrap"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Dubna.house_of_scientiests.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dubna.house_of_scientiests.jpg/220px-Dubna.house_of_scientiests.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dubna.house_of_scientiests.jpg/330px-Dubna.house_of_scientiests.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dubna.house_of_scientiests.jpg/440px-Dubna.house_of_scientiests.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><b>합동원자핵연구소</b>(Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, JINR)는 러시아의 핵물리학 연구소이다. 모스크바 북쪽 110 km의 <a href="/wiki/%EB%91%90%EB%B8%8C%EB%82%98" title="두브나">두브나</a>시에 위치해 있다. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="역사"><span id=".EC.97.AD.EC.82.AC"></span>역사</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%95%A9%EB%8F%99%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90%ED%95%B5%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%86%8C&action=edit&section=1" title="부분 편집: 역사"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>18개국에서 온 5500명의 직원, 1000명의 박사(Ph.D)를 포함한 1200명의 연구원이 핵물리학을 연구하고 있다. </p><p>모스크바에서 북쪽으로 110 km 떨어진 두브나시에 세워진 이 과학기지에는 소련 최대의 핵실험실이 있었으며, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%99%95%EA%B0%84%EC%B0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="왕간창 (없는 문서)">왕간창</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A0%80%EC%9A%B0%EA%B4%91%EC%9E%90%EC%98%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="저우광자오 (없는 문서)">저우광자오</a>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Guangzhao" class="extiw" title="en:Zhou Guangzhao">en:Zhou Guangzhao</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9E%90%EC%98%A4%EC%A4%91%EC%95%BC%EC%98%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="자오중야오 (없는 문서)">자오중야오</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8C%A1%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B0%EC%84%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="팡서우센 (없는 문서)">팡서우센</a> 등 중국의 주요 핵물리학자들도 이곳에서 배양됐다.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="북한"><span id=".EB.B6.81.ED.95.9C"></span>북한</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%95%A9%EB%8F%99%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90%ED%95%B5%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%86%8C&action=edit&section=2" title="부분 편집: 북한"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1956년 3월, 북한은 러시아와 원자력의 평화적 이용 협력협정을 체결하고, 물리학자 30여 명을 모스크바 인근 두브나 합동원자핵연구소에 파견했다. </p><p>북한 핵물리학 연구의 원조는 1946년 10월에 설립한 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B9%80%EC%9D%BC%EC%84%B1%EC%A2%85%ED%95%A9%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99" title="김일성종합대학">김일성종합대학</a>의 물리수학부다. 이후 물리수학부는 물리학부와 수학역학부로 분리했고, 1973년 김일성대학 물리학부에 핵물리학과가 개설되었다. </p><p>1980년대 중반 김일성대는 물리학부의 핵물리학과를 모체로 해서 원자력학부를 개설했다. 북한은 원자력학부를 개설하기 위해 물리학부를 졸업한 인재들을 소련 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AA%A8%EC%8A%A4%ED%81%AC%EB%B0%94_%EA%B5%AD%EB%A6%BD%EC%A2%85%ED%95%A9%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="모스크바 국립종합대학 (없는 문서)">모스크바 국립종합대학</a> 핵물리 전공 대학원에 유학 파견했다. </p><p>두브나 합동원자핵연구소는 소련 최고의 핵물리학 연구소다. 이 유학파들이 현재 김일성대 원자력학부의 강좌장·학부장 직무를 수행하고 있으며 이들이 키워내는 우수한 전문가들이 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EB%B0%A9%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99%EC%9B%90" title="국방과학원">국방과학원</a>을 채워가고 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 북·러간 과학 협력이 중단된 1990년까지 30여 년간 북한 과학자 250여 명이 이 연구소를 거쳐갔다.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1954년 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0_%EC%9D%B8%EB%AF%BC%EA%B5%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="조선 인민군">조선 인민군</a> 내에 이른바 '핵무기 방위 부문'을 설치한 북한은 1956년 물리학자 30여 명을 모스크바 인근 두브나 합동원자핵연구소에 파견했는데, 이것이 북한 핵 개발의 효시가 되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>북한은 1956년 JINR에 가맹한 이후 매년 핵 물리학자들을 러시아에 파견해 왔다. 2006년에도 해마다 5-8명의 북한 연구원이 두브나 합동원자핵연구소에 머물고 있다. 1986년 원자력공업부장으로 승진한 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%B5%9C%ED%95%99%EA%B7%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="최학근 (없는 문서)">최학근</a>도 이 연구소 출신이다. 최학근은 북한의 IAEA 가입 후인 1975년부터 IAEA 파견관 자격으로 두 차례 총회에 참석하면서 도서관에서 각국의 원자반응로 설계도 등과 관련된 자료를 복사해 북한으로 보냈다.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2014년 1월 북한 연구자 6명이 방사성 물질의 '핵변환' 등의 기술 습득을 위해 체류하고 있는 것이 확인됐으며, 3월에는 러시아에서 열린 JINR 전체 회의에 북한 외교관이 참석했다. 11월 현재도 JINR의 하부조직인 프레로프 핵반응연구소(FLNR) 등에서 북한 연구자가 활동 중이다. 북한은 JINR에 2013년 40만 달러, 2014년에 47만 달러의 분담금을 냈으며 2015년에는 53만 달러를 낼 예정이다.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2015년부터는 합동원자핵연구소 행사에 참여하는 것이 거부당하고 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="참여국"><span id=".EC.B0.B8.EC.97.AC.EA.B5.AD"></span>참여국</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%95%A9%EB%8F%99%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90%ED%95%B5%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%86%8C&action=edit&section=3" title="부분 편집: 참여국"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>JINR 회원국은 18개국이다: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r37271775">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-6{width:16.66%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="아제르바이잔의 기" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%A0%9C%EB%A5%B4%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%9E%94" title="아제르바이잔">아제르바이잔</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Flag_of_Armenia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="아르메니아의 기" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A5%B4%EB%A9%94%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84" title="아르메니아">아르메니아</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Flag_of_Belarus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="벨라루스의 기" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/33px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/44px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%A8%EB%9D%BC%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4" title="벨라루스">벨라루스</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="불가리아의 기" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%88%EA%B0%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84" title="불가리아">불가리아</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="베트남의 기" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/22px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/33px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/44px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%ED%8A%B8%EB%82%A8" title="베트남">베트남</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Flag_of_Georgia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="조지아의 기" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80%EC%95%84" title="조지아">조지아</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="카자흐스탄의 기" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%9E%90%ED%9D%90%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84" title="카자흐스탄">카자흐스탄</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Flag_of_North_Korea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="조선민주주의인민공화국의 기" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/22px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/33px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/44px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98%EC%9D%B8%EB%AF%BC%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD" title="조선민주주의인민공화국">조선민주주의인민공화국</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Flag_of_Cuba.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="쿠바의 기" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/33px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/44px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%EC%BF%A0%EB%B0%94" title="쿠바">쿠바</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Flag_of_Moldova.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="몰도바의 기" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/22px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/33px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/44px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%EB%AA%B0%EB%8F%84%EB%B0%94" title="몰도바">몰도바</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Flag_of_Mongolia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="몽골의 기" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%EB%AA%BD%EA%B3%A8" title="몽골">몽골</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Flag_of_Poland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="폴란드의 기" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%B4%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C" title="폴란드">폴란드</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Flag_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="러시아의 기" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84" title="러시아">러시아</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Flag_of_Romania.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="루마니아의 기" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EB%A7%88%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84" title="루마니아">루마니아</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Flag_of_Slovakia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="슬로바키아의 기" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%AC%EB%A1%9C%EB%B0%94%ED%82%A4%EC%95%84" title="슬로바키아">슬로바키아</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="우즈베키스탄의 기" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%A6%88%EB%B2%A0%ED%82%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84" title="우즈베키스탄">우즈베키스탄</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="우크라이나의 기" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%ED%81%AC%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EB%82%98" title="우크라이나">우크라이나</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="체코의 기" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%B4%EC%BD%94" title="체코">체코</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><b>Associate members</b> are: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r37271775"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Flag_of_Egypt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="이집트의 기" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/22px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/33px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/44px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%91%ED%8A%B8" title="이집트">이집트</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="독일의 기" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC" title="독일">독일</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Flag_of_Hungary.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="헝가리의 기" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/22px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/33px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/44px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%ED%97%9D%EA%B0%80%EB%A6%AC" title="헝가리">헝가리</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Flag_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="이탈리아의 기" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/33px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/44px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%83%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84" title="이탈리아">이탈리아</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="남아프리카 공화국의 기" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%EB%82%A8%EC%95%84%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4_%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD" title="남아프리카 공화국">남아프리카 공화국</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Flag_of_Serbia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="세르비아의 기" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EB%A5%B4%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84" title="세르비아">세르비아</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="각주"><span id=".EA.B0.81.EC.A3.BC"></span>각주</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%95%A9%EB%8F%99%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90%ED%95%B5%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%86%8C&action=edit&section=4" title="부분 편집: 각주"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r35556958">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">북한, 핵 기술·인력 어떻게 만들어졌나, 한겨레, 2006-10-14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">北, ‘일류’대학에서 배출한 국방과학원 연구원들, 중앙일보, 2017-05-30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">[심층 리포트] 러시아가 보는 북한의 핵·미사일 능력, 월간중앙, 2017.05.10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">오는 9일 北 핵실험 10년 ...사실상 핵무장 단계, YTN, 2016.10.02.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">北핵개발, 월북과학자 주도, 대전일보, 2006-10-25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">러 핵연구소에 北 기술자에 핵 기술 전수…안보리 결의 무력화 우려, 뉴시스, 2014-11-30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jinr.ru/posts/map_maps/democratic-people-s-republic-of-korea/">http://www.jinr.ru/posts/map_maps/democratic-people-s-republic-of-korea/</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36480591">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%A0%84%EA%B1%B0_%ED%86%B5%EC%A0%9C" title="위키백과:전거 통제">전거 통제</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q259517#identifiers" title="위키데이터에서 편집하기"><img alt="위키데이터에서 편집하기" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">국제</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000406204119">ISNI</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/153578839">VIAF</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">국가</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90320961">노르웨이</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11992516z">프랑스</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11992516z">BnF 데이터</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/2020577-6">독일</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50073055">미국</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><abbr title="Objedinennyj"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=uk2014826691&CON_LNG=ENG">체코</a></abbr></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36573159">오스트레일리아</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record214556">그리스</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mak.bn.org.pl/cgi-bin/KHW/makwww.exe?BM=1&NU=1&IM=4&WI=9810684262805606">폴란드</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">학술</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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