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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Basic_forms_of_governments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_forms_of_governments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Basic forms of governments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_forms_of_governments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forms_of_government_by_regional_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forms_of_government_by_regional_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Forms of government by regional control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forms_of_government_by_regional_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forms_of_government_by_power_source" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forms_of_government_by_power_source"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Forms of government by power source</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Forms_of_government_by_power_source-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Forms of government by power source subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Forms_of_government_by_power_source-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types_of_democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Types of democracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_oligarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_oligarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Types of oligarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_oligarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_autocracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_autocracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Types of autocracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_autocracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pejorative_attributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pejorative_attributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Pejorative attributes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pejorative_attributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_attributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_attributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Other attributes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_attributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forms_of_government_by_power_ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forms_of_government_by_power_ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Forms of government by power ideology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Forms_of_government_by_power_ideology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Forms of government by power ideology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Forms_of_government_by_power_ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types_of_monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Types of monarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Types of republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forms_of_government_by_socio-economic_attributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forms_of_government_by_socio-economic_attributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Forms of government by socio-economic attributes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Forms_of_government_by_socio-economic_attributes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Forms of government by socio-economic attributes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Forms_of_government_by_socio-economic_attributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_socio-economic_attributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_socio-economic_attributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>By socio-economic attributes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_socio-economic_attributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_government_by_geo-cultural_attributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_government_by_geo-cultural_attributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Types of government by geo-cultural attributes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_government_by_geo-cultural_attributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forms_of_government_by_other_attributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forms_of_government_by_other_attributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Forms of government by other attributes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Forms_of_government_by_other_attributes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Forms of government by other attributes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Forms_of_government_by_other_attributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_significant_constitutional_attributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_significant_constitutional_attributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>By significant constitutional attributes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_significant_constitutional_attributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_approach_to_regional_autonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_approach_to_regional_autonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>By approach to regional autonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_approach_to_regional_autonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theoretical_and_speculative_attributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theoretical_and_speculative_attributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Theoretical and speculative attributes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theoretical_and_speculative_attributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">List of forms of government</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="قائمة نظم الحكومات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قائمة نظم الحكومات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Списък на форми на управление – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Списък на форми на управление" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seznam_forem_vl%C3%A1dy" title="Seznam forem vlády – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Seznam forem vlády" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Herrschaftsformen" title="Liste der Herrschaftsformen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Liste der Herrschaftsformen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Formas_de_gobierno" title="Anexo:Formas de gobierno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anexo:Formas de gobierno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listo_de_formoj_de_registaro" title="Listo de formoj de registaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Listo de formoj de registaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerrenda:Gobernu_erak" title="Zerrenda:Gobernu erak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zerrenda:Gobernu erak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA" title="فهرست شکل‌های حکومت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فهرست شکل‌های حکومت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_de_formes_de_gouvernements" title="Liste de formes de gouvernements – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Liste de formes de gouvernements" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prat%C3%A9lan_wangun_pamar%C3%A9ntahan" title="Pratélan wangun pamaréntahan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pratélan wangun pamaréntahan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AEsteya_pergal%C3%AAn_siyas%C3%AE" title="Lîsteya pergalên siyasî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Lîsteya pergalên siyasî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdymo_forma" title="Valdymo forma – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Valdymo forma" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Список на општествени уредувања – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Список на општествени уредувања" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အစိုးရစနစ်များစာရင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အစိုးရစနစ်များစာရင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_e_formave_t%C3%AB_qeverisjes" title="Lista e formave të qeverisjes – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lista e formave të qeverisjes" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoznam_foriem_vl%C3%A1dy" title="Zoznam foriem vlády – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zoznam foriem vlády" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Списак облика владавине – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Списак облика владавине" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/-krati" title="-krati – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="-krati" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCk%C3%BBmet_bi%C3%A7imleri_listesi" title="Hükûmet biçimleri listesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hükûmet biçimleri listesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_de_forme_de_goerno" title="Lista de forme de goerno – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Lista de forme de goerno" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E9%AB%94%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="政體形式列表 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="政體形式列表" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2089525#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:List_of_forms_of_government" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;">Basic forms of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <p><a class="mw-selflink selflink">List of forms of government</a> </p> <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government" title="List of countries by system of government">List of countries by system of government</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Source of power</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Polyarchy" title="Polyarchy">rule by many</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Demarchy">Demarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_democracy" title="Socialist democracy">Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_democracy" title="Types of democracy">Others</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by few)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anocracy" title="Anocracy">Anocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kritarchy" title="Kritarchy">Kritarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noocracy" title="Noocracy">Noocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particracy" title="Particracy">Particracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratocracy" title="Stratocracy">Stratocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Monocracy" title="Monocracy">rule by one</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">Tyranny</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by none)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republic</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-political ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">Semi-presidential</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-economic ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">Tribalism</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>Religious</li><li>Secular</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">Local</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(geo-cultural ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organisation">Intergovernmental organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">National government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">World government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet monarch">Puppet monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">Self-governing colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">Buffer state</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstate" title="Superstate">Superstate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">International relations</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_power" title="Small power">Small power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">Regional power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">Middle power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">Great power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">Superpower</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">Administrative division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_indices" title="Democracy indices">Democracy indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">Democratic transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">Autocratization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratisation">Democratisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid regimes">Hybrid regimes</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Primary topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline of political science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index of politics articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics by country">Politics by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_country_subdivisions" title="Politics of country subdivisions">Politics by subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">Political systems</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional system">Confessional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">Hybrid regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-parliamentary_system" title="Semi-parliamentary system">Semi-parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">Semi-presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Academic disciplines</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scientists" title="List of political scientists">political scientists</a>)</span></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">theory</a>)</span></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_science" title="Election science">Election science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psephology" title="Psephology">Political analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_studies" title="Policy studies">Policy studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Street-level_bureaucracy" title="Street-level bureaucracy">street-level</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li>Service <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">Public</a> / <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">Policy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Public_policy_doctrine" title="Public policy doctrine">doctrine</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy" title="Domestic policy">Domestic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">Public interest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Government branches</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">Election commission</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">Polity</a> / <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_political_behavior" title="Theories of political behavior">Theories of political behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_political_orientation" title="Biology and political orientation">Biology and political orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_organisation" title="Political organisation">Political organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Subseries</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">voting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a> <ul><li>(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">forms</a> / <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">Governance</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This article lists forms of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">political systems</a>, which are not <a href="/wiki/Mutually_exclusive" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually exclusive">mutually exclusive</a>, and often have much overlap.<sup id="cite_ref-academicinfluence.com_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academicinfluence.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Yale" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale">Yale</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Linz" title="Juan José Linz">Juan José Linz</a> there are three main types of political systems today: <a href="/wiki/Democracies" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracies">democracies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_regimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian regimes">totalitarian regimes</a> and, sitting between these two, <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_regimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian regimes">authoritarian regimes</a> with <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid regimes">hybrid regimes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LinzLinz2000_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LinzLinz2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Michie2014_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michie2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another modern classification system includes <a href="/wiki/Monarchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchies">monarchies</a> as a standalone entity or as a hybrid system of the main three.<sup id="cite_ref-Garcia-AlexanderWooCarlson2017_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garcia-AlexanderWooCarlson2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars generally refer to a <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a> as either a form of authoritarianism or totalitarianism.<sup id="cite_ref-ToddWaller2015_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ToddWaller2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LinzLinz2000_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LinzLinz2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sondrol_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sondrol-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ancient Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> discusses in the <i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> five types of regimes: <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timocracy" title="Timocracy">timocracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a>, democracy, and <a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">tyranny</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-Abjorensen2019_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abjorensen2019-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The question raised by Plato in the <i>Republic</i>: What kind of state is best? Generational changes informed by new political and cultural beliefs, technological progress, values and morality over millenniums have resulted in considerable shifts in the belief about the origination of political authority, who may participate in matters of state, how people might participate, the determination of what is just, and so forth. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_forms_of_governments">Basic forms of governments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_forms_of_government&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Basic forms of governments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mixed_government" title="Mixed government">Mixed government</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Systems of government can be divided into two main categories, democratic and non-democratic<sup id="cite_ref-Altman2010_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Altman2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct Democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative Democracy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic Government</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary Government</a>), <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional monarchy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Non-Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other Types</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocratic</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Index of Forms of Government.</b><sup id="cite_ref-academicinfluence.com_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academicinfluence.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Democracy_claims.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Democracy_claims.svg/310px-Democracy_claims.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Democracy_claims.svg/465px-Democracy_claims.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Democracy_claims.svg/620px-Democracy_claims.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Countries in green <b>claim</b> to be a type of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> while countries in red do not. Only <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">UAE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a> do not claim to be democratic.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatocracy" title="Corporatocracy">Corporatocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Ecclesiocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electocracy" title="Electocracy">Electocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergatocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergatocracy">Ergatocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geniocracy" title="Geniocracy">Geniocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakistocracy" title="Kakistocracy">Kakistocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logocracy" title="Logocracy">Logocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">Tribalism</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms_of_government_by_regional_control">Forms of government by regional control</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_forms_of_government&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Forms of government by regional control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Definition </th> <th width="200pt">Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a> </td> <td>A confederation (also known as a confederacy or league) is a union of sovereign states, united for purposes of common action often in relation to other states. Usually created by a <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaty</a>, confederations of states are usually established for dealing with critical issues, such as defense, foreign relations, internal trade or currency, with the <a href="/wiki/Central_government" title="Central government">general government</a> being required to provide support for all its members. Confederation represents a main form of inter-governmental-ism, this being defined as "any form of interaction between states which takes place on the basis of sovereign independence or government." Confederation is almost as a federation with the federal government being as a combination or alliance of all the states. </td> <td> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_the_Iroquois_Confederacy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Iroquois_Confederacy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_the_Iroquois_Confederacy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Iroquois_Confederacy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_the_Iroquois_Confederacy.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Iroquois_Confederacy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="216" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Haudenosaunee Confederacy</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">United States (1781-1789)</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><img alt="Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/The_Old_Swiss_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Old Swiss Confederacy">The Old Swiss Confederacy</a> (c. 1300–1798)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</a> (2003–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegambia_Confederation" title="Senegambia Confederation">Senegambia Confederation</a> (1982–1989)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a> </td> <td>A federation (also known as a federal state) is a <a href="/wiki/Political_entity" class="mw-redirect" title="Political entity">political entity</a> characterized by a <a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">union</a> of partially <a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">self-governing states</a> or regions under a central (federal) government. In a federation, the self-governing status of the component states, as well as the division of power between them and the central government, is typically constitutionally entrenched and may not be altered by a unilateral decision of either party, the states or the federal political body. Alternatively, federation is a form of government in which sovereign power is formally divided between a central authority and a number of constituent regions so that each region retains some degree of control over its internal affairs. </td> <td> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia"><img alt="Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a> </td> <td>A unitary state is a <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> governed as a single power in which the <a href="/wiki/Central_government" title="Central government">central government</a> is ultimately supreme and any <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">administrative divisions</a> (sub-national units) exercise only the powers that the central government chooses to delegate. The majority of states in the world have a unitary system of government. Of the 193 <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">UN member states</a>, 165 are governed as unitary states. </td> <td> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms_of_government_by_power_source">Forms of government by power source</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_forms_of_government&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Forms of government by power source"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Description </th> <th width="200pt">Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a> </td> <td>Autocracy is a <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">system of government</a> in which supreme <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">power (social and political)</a> is concentrated in the hands of one person or <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polity</a>, whose decisions are subject to neither external legal restraints nor regularized mechanisms of popular control (except perhaps for the implicit threat of a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> or mass <a href="/wiki/Insurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurrection">insurrection</a>). <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute monarchies">Absolute monarchies</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Saudi Arabia">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Dictatorships" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictatorships">dictatorships</a> are the main modern-day forms of autocracy. In family dictatorships, political power is passed down within one family because of the overwhelming authority of the leader. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Duvalier_dynasty" title="Duvalier dynasty">Haiti</a> a form of hereditary dictatorship was founded by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Duvalier" title="François Duvalier">François Duvalier</a> (<i>Papa Doc</i>); it operated much like an absolute monarchy, yet within a nominally republican state. In 1971, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Duvalier" title="Jean-Claude Duvalier">Jean-Claude Duvalier</a> (<i>Baby Doc</i>) became Haiti's next <a href="/wiki/President_for_life" title="President for life">dictator for life</a> after his father's death. Both totalitarian and military dictatorships are often identified with, but need not be, an autocracy. </td> <td> <ul><li>Most monarchies prior to the 18th century</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti"><img alt="Haiti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Haiti_%281964%E2%80%931986%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Haiti_%281964%E2%80%931986%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Haiti_%281964%E2%80%931986%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Haiti_%281964%E2%80%931986%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Haiti_%281964%E2%80%931986%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Haiti_%281964%E2%80%931986%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Duvalier_dynasty" title="Duvalier dynasty">Haiti</a> (de facto, during Duvalier dynasty)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> (1933–1945)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Zaire_%281971%E2%80%931997%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zaire_%281971%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Zaire_%281971%E2%80%931997%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zaire_%281971%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Zaire_%281971%E2%80%931997%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zaire_%281971%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a> (1971–1997)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> </td> <td>Oligarchy, meaning "rule of the few", is a form of <a href="/wiki/Power_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Power structure">power structure</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">power</a> rests with a small number of people. These people might be distinguished by <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Family_ties" class="mw-redirect" title="Family ties">family ties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a> or <a href="/wiki/Corporate" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate">corporate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious">religious</a> or <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> control. Such states are often controlled by families who typically pass their influence from one <a href="/wiki/Generation" title="Generation">generation</a> to the next, but <a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">inheritance</a> is not a necessary condition for the application of this term. </td> <td> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">South Africa (1948–1994)</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentina#Conservative_Republic_(1880–1916)" title="History of Argentina">Argentine Conservative Era (1880–1916)</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/First_Brazilian_Republic" title="First Brazilian Republic">First Brazilian Republic</a> (1894–1930)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> </td> <td>Democracy, meaning "rule of the people", is a system of government in which the citizens exercise power directly or elect representatives from among themselves to form a governing body, such as a <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a>. Democracy is sometimes referred to as "rule of the majority". Democracy is a system of processing conflicts in which outcomes depend on what participants do, but no single force controls what occurs and its outcomes. This does include citizens being able to vote for different laws and leaders. </td> <td> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a> </td> <td>Sometimes said to be non-governance; it is a structure which strives for non-hierarchical, voluntary associations among agents, emphasizing <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralization</a>, often employing <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Consensus_democracy" title="Consensus democracy">consensus democracy</a>. <p>Systems resembling anarchism can be a natural, temporary result of civil war in a country, when an established state has been destroyed and the region is in a transitional period without definitive leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been proposed as a historical state of human society, especially before the concentration of power afforded by agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been presented as a viable long-term choice by individuals known as <a href="/wiki/Anarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchists">anarchists</a> who oppose the state and other forms of <a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">coercive</a> hierarchies. These systems are often highly organized, and include institutional or cultural systems to prevent the concentration of power. Anarchism typically advocates for social organization in non-hierarchical, <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">voluntary associations</a> where people <a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">voluntarily help each other</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a variety of forms of anarchy that attempt to discourage the use of coercion, violence, force and authority, while still producing a productive and desirable society. </p> </td> <td> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Strandzha_Commune.svg/23px-Strandzha_Commune.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Strandzha_Commune.svg/35px-Strandzha_Commune.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Strandzha_Commune.svg/46px-Strandzha_Commune.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2462" data-file-height="1477" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Strandzha_Commune" title="Strandzha Commune">Strandzha Commune</a> (1903)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Partido_Liberal_Mexicano.svg/23px-Flag_of_Partido_Liberal_Mexicano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Partido_Liberal_Mexicano.svg/35px-Flag_of_Partido_Liberal_Mexicano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Partido_Liberal_Mexicano.svg/45px-Flag_of_Partido_Liberal_Mexicano.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Morelos_Commune" title="Morelos Commune">Morelos Commune</a> (1913–1917)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F.svg/23px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F.svg/35px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F.svg/46px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a> (1918–1921)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="566" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Association_in_Manchuria" title="Korean People's Association in Manchuria">Korean People's Association in Manchuria</a> (1929–1931)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_the_CNT.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_CNT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_the_CNT.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_CNT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_the_CNT.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_CNT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Regional_Defence_Council_of_Aragon" title="Regional Defence Council of Aragon">Regional Defence Council of Aragon</a> (1936–1937)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bandera_CNT-FAI.svg/23px-Bandera_CNT-FAI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bandera_CNT-FAI.svg/35px-Bandera_CNT-FAI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bandera_CNT-FAI.svg/46px-Bandera_CNT-FAI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="215" data-file-height="130" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Catalonia" title="Revolutionary Catalonia">Revolutionary Catalonia</a> (1936–1939)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ej%C3%A9rcito_Zapatista_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional%2C_Flag.svg/23px-Ej%C3%A9rcito_Zapatista_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional%2C_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ej%C3%A9rcito_Zapatista_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional%2C_Flag.svg/35px-Ej%C3%A9rcito_Zapatista_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional%2C_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ej%C3%A9rcito_Zapatista_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional%2C_Flag.svg/45px-Ej%C3%A9rcito_Zapatista_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional%2C_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rebel_Zapatista_Autonomous_Municipalities" title="Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities">Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities</a> (1994–2023)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_democracy">Types of democracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_forms_of_government&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Types of democracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Types_of_democracy" title="Types of democracy">Types of democracy</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Description </th> <th width="200pt">Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">Demarchy</a> </td> <td>Government in which the state is governed by <a href="/wiki/Random_selection" class="mw-redirect" title="Random selection">randomly selected</a> decision from a broadly inclusive pool of eligible citizens. These groups, sometimes termed "policy juries", "citizens' juries", or "consensus conferences", deliberately make decisions about public policies in much the same way that <a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">juries</a> decide criminal cases. Demarchy, in theory, could overcome some of the functional problems of conventional <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>, which is widely subject to manipulation by <a href="/wiki/Special_interests" class="mw-redirect" title="Special interests">special interests</a> and a division between professional policymakers (politicians and lobbyists) vs. a largely passive, uninvolved and often uninformed electorate. According to Australian philosopher <a href="/wiki/John_Burnheim" title="John Burnheim">John Burnheim</a>, random selection of policymakers would make it easier for everyday citizens to meaningfully participate, and harder for special interests to corrupt the process. <p>More generally, random selection of decision makers from a larger group is known as <a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">sortition</a> (from the Latin base for lottery). The <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian democracy</a> made much use of sortition, with nearly all government offices filled by lottery (of full citizens) rather than by election. Candidates were almost always male, Greek, educated citizens holding a minimum of wealth and status. </p> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Ancient Athens</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Northern Italy and Venice (12th–18th century)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Householder_Franchise" title="Householder Franchise">Census democracy</a> </td> <td>It is the suffrage in which the right to vote is restricted to only a part of the population, being in many cases wealthy class. This was the case in almost all existing democracies of the 18th and 19th centuries, although in the latter the right to vote was given to the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lower_middle_class" title="Lower middle class">lower middle class</a> in countries like Great Britain, later in the 20th century the <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> with the advent of voting rights for all people of the age of majority. </td> <td> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> Pre-Kennedy <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)"><img alt="Restoration (Spain)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Restoration_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration Spain">Restoration Spain</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French Empire</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a> </td> <td>Government in which the people represent themselves and vote directly for new laws and public policy. </td> <td> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>  </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (semi-direct)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Electocracy" title="Electocracy">Electocracy</a> </td> <td>A form of <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a> where citizens are able to vote for their government but cannot participate directly in governmental decision making. The government has almost absolute power. </td> <td> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> (before <a href="/wiki/2006_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2006 Thai coup d'état">2006 coup d'état</a>)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ergatocracy </td> <td>Rule by the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a>, the workers, or the working class. Examples of ergatocracy include communist revolutionaries and rebels who control most of society and establish an alternative economy for people and workers. See <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Herrenvolk_democracy" title="Herrenvolk democracy">Herrenvolk democracy</a> </td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/Form_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Form of government">form of government</a> in which only a specific ethnic group participates in government, while other ethnic groups are disenfranchised. Though elections may be free, voting suffrage is restricted based on race, with governance reflecting the interests of the politically dominant racial group. </td> <td> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America"><img alt="Confederate States of America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa"><img alt="Union of South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Republic of South Africa (during Apartheid)</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a> </td> <td>A form of government in which <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a> operates under the principles of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>. It is characterised by fair, free, and competitive <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">elections</a> between <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">multiple distinct</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political parties</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a> into different <a href="/wiki/Branches_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of government">branches of government</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> in everyday life as part of an <a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">open society</a>, and the protection of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> for all persons. To define the system in practice, liberal democracies often draw upon a <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a>, either formally written or <a href="/wiki/Uncodified_constitution" title="Uncodified constitution">uncodified</a>, to delineate the powers of government and enshrine the <a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">social contract</a>. After a period of sustained expansion throughout the 20th century, liberal democracy became the predominant political system in the world. A liberal democracy may take various constitutional forms: it may be a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>; or a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. It may have a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential system</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential system</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> or <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">directorial system</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>). </td> <td> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Liquid_democracy" title="Liquid democracy">Liquid democracy</a> </td> <td>Government in which the people represent themselves or choose to temporarily delegate their vote to another voter to vote for new laws and public policy. </td> <td>Experiments have mostly been conducted on a local level or exclusively through online platforms, such as by <a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Parties</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative democracy</a> </td> <td>Wherein the people or citizens of a country elect representatives to create and implement public policy in place of <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct participation by the people</a>. </td> <td>Almost all current democratic governments </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a> </td> <td>Elements of direct and representative democracies are combined in a form of <a href="/wiki/Participatory_democracy" title="Participatory democracy">participatory democracy</a>. It also adopts a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> combining the principles of a <a href="/wiki/Free-market" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market">free-market</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">economic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">social interventionism</a>. <p>Social democracy rejects the "either/or" phobiocratic/polarization interpretation of capitalism versus socialism. Social democracy argues that all citizens should be legally entitled to certain social rights. These are made up of universal access to public services such as: education, health care, workers' compensation, public transportation, and other services including child care and care for the elderly. Social democracy is connected with the trade union labour movement and supports collective bargaining rights for workers. Contemporary social democracy advocates freedom from discrimination based on differences of: ability/disability, age, ethnicity, sex, language, religion, and social class. </p> </td> <td> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet democracy</a> </td> <td>The citizens are governed by directly elected councils. The councils are directly responsible to their electors and are bound by their instructions. Such an imperative mandate is in contrast to a free mandate, in which the elected delegates are only responsible to their conscience. Delegates may accordingly be dismissed from their post at any time or be voted out (recall). </td> <td> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> The first years of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Republic</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_democracy" title="Totalitarian democracy">Totalitarian democracy</a> </td> <td>A form of electocracy in which lawfully elected representatives maintain the integrity of a nation state whose citizens, while granted the right to vote, have little or no participation in the decision-making process of the government. </td> <td> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Democratic_Kampuchea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Democratic_Kampuchea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Democratic_Kampuchea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Democratic_Kampuchea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Democratic_Kampuchea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Democratic_Kampuchea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a> (1975–1979)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Electoral_autocracy" title="Electoral autocracy">Electoral autocracy</a> </td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">hybrid regime</a>, in which democratic institutions are imitative and adhere to authoritarian methods. In these regimes, regular elections are held, but they fail to reach democratic standards of freedom and fairness. </td> <td> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/E-democracy" title="E-democracy">Digital democracy</a> </td> <td>The historical scaling problem and inherent inefficiencies of democracy may be resolved with advances in technology, most especially the rise of the Internet. In a digital democracy, specific questions would be formulated as referendums, and frequently put forth for public discussion and comment and voting. Citizens could read the arguments, proffer their own, and vote on the matter, using readily-available technologies like smartphones. </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_oligarchy">Types of oligarchy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_forms_of_government&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Types of oligarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchies</a> are societies controlled and organised by a small <i>class</i> of privileged people, with no intervention from the most part of society; this small elite is defined as sharing some common trait. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">De jure</a></i> democratic governments with a <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> oligarchy are ruled by a small group of segregated, powerful or influential people who usually share similar interests or family relations. These people may spread power and elect candidates equally or not equally. An oligarchy is different from a true democracy because very few people are given the chance to change things. An oligarchy does not have to be hereditary or monarchic. An oligarchy does not have one clear ruler but several rulers. (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> ὀλιγαρχία (oligarkhía) literally meant rule by few") </p><p>Some historical examples of oligarchy include the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, in which only males of the nobility could run for office and only wealthy males could vote, and the <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian democracy</a>, which used <a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">sortition</a> to elect candidates, almost always male, Greek, educated citizens holding a minimum of land, wealth and status. Some critics of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a> think of <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy#United_States" title="Oligarchy">the United States and the United Kingdom as oligarchies</a>. </p><p><i>These categories are not exclusive.</i> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Definition </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a> </td> <td>Rule by the nobility; a system of governance where political power is in the hands of a small class of privileged individuals who claim a higher birth than the rest of society.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Geniocracy" title="Geniocracy">Geniocracy</a> </td> <td>A term invented by the founder of <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a> and meaning rule by the intelligent; a system of governance where creativity, innovation, intelligence and wisdom are required for those who wish to govern. Comparable to <a href="/wiki/Noocracy" title="Noocracy">noocracy</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hamarchy </td> <td>The joint rule of different regions retaining their individuality; a system of government consisting of many distinct or independent parts that rule together.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kraterocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kraterocracy">Kraterocracy</a> </td> <td>Rule by the strong; a system of governance where those who are strong enough to seize power through physical force, social maneuvering or political cunning.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kritarchy" title="Kritarchy">Kritarchy</a> </td> <td>Rule by various judges, the <i>kritarchs</i>; a system of governance composed of law-enforcement institutions in which the state and the <a href="/wiki/Legal_system" title="Legal system">legal systems</a> are traditionally or <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitutionally</a> the same entity. The kritarchs, magistrates and other adjudicators have the legal power to legislate and administer the enforcement of government laws in addition to the interposition of laws and the resolution of disputes. (Not to be confused with <i>"<a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a>"</i> or <i>"<a href="/wiki/Judicial_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial system">judicial system</a>"</i>.) <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, ruled by judges with the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Xeer" title="Xeer">xeer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Courts Union</a>, is a historical example.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> </td> <td>Rule by the meritorious; a system of governance where groups are selected predicated on their ability, knowledge in a given area, and contributions to society. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Netocracy" title="Netocracy">Netocracy</a> </td> <td>Rule by the digitally literate; a term invented by the editorial board of the American technology magazine <i>Wired</i> in the early 1990s. A portmanteau of "Internet" and "aristocracy", "netocracy" refers to a perceived global upper-class that bases its power on a technological advantage and networking skills, in comparison to what is portrayed as a bourgeoisie of a gradually diminishing importance. The netocracy concept has been compared with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Florida" title="Richard Florida">Richard Florida</a>'s concept of the <a href="/wiki/Creative_class" title="Creative class">creative class</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bard" title="Alexander Bard"> Bard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_S%C3%B6derqvist" title="Jan Söderqvist"> Söderqvist</a> have also defined an under-class in opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Netocracy" title="Netocracy">netocracy</a>, which they refer to as the "consumtariat".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Noocracy" title="Noocracy">Noocracy</a> </td> <td>Rule by the wise; a system of governance in which decision making is in the hands of philosophers (as advocated by <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a> </td> <td>Rule by the wealthy; a system wherein governance is indebted to, dependent upon or heavily influenced by the desires of the rich. Plutocratic influence can alter any form of government. For instance, if a significant number of elected representative positions in a republic are dependent upon financial support from wealthy sources, it is a plutocratic republic. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Particracy" title="Particracy">Particracy</a> </td> <td>Rule by a dominant <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> (or parties). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stratocracy" title="Stratocracy">Stratocracy</a> </td> <td>Rule by military service; a system of governance composed of military government in which the state and the military are traditionally or <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitutionally</a> the same entity.<sup id="cite_ref-Bouvier_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bouvier-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Citizens with mandatory or voluntary active military service or who have been honorably discharged have the right to govern. (Therefore, stratocracy is not to be confused with "<a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorship</a>".) The <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Spartan</a> <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-state</a> is a historical example;<sup id="cite_ref-Gouliamos_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gouliamos-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its social system and constitution were completely focused on military training and excellence. Stratocratic ideology often attaches to the honor-oriented <a href="/wiki/Timocracy" title="Timocracy">timocracy</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Synarchism" title="Synarchism">Synarchism</a> </td> <td>Rule by a secret élite; a form of government where political power effectively rests with a secret élite, in contrast to an oligarchy where the élite is or could be known by the public. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a> </td> <td>Rule by the educated or by technical experts; a system of governance where people who are skilled in their respective areas of expertise control decision-making. In a technocracy, experts in the technical details of specific issues are presumed to best understand the problems at hand, as well as how various technological redresses can improve the society at large. Doctors, engineers, scientists, professionals and technologists who have prowess would compose the governing body instead of politicians, businessmen and economists.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a technocracy, decision-makers would be selected based upon how knowledgeable and skilful they are in their field. Technocracy is today represented by global algorithmic governance by Silicon Valley engineers. This recent form of technocracy has been called 'digitocracy'.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a> </td> <td>Rule by a religious elite; a system of governance composed of religious institutions in which the state and the church are traditionally or <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitutionally</a> the same entity.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">The Vatican</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-wfbvat_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wfbvat-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-wfbiran_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wfbiran-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphates</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic states</a> are historically considered<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i>theocracies</i>. Theocracy contrasts with <a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">caesaropapism</a>, a form of government in which church and state form an alliance dominated by the secular power.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Timocracy" title="Timocracy">Timocracy</a> </td> <td>Rule by the <a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">honourable</a>; a system of governance ruled by honorable citizens and property-owners. <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> defines a timocracy as a government ruled by people who love honour and who are selected according to the degree of honour they hold in society. This form of timocracy is very similar to <a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">meritocracy</a>, in the sense that individuals of outstanding character or faculty are placed in the seat of power. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_autocracy">Types of autocracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_forms_of_government&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Types of autocracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracies</a> are ruled by a single entity with absolute power, whose decisions are subject to neither external legal restraints nor regular mechanisms of popular control (except perhaps for implicit threat). That entity may be an individual, as in a <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a> or it may be a group, as in a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a>. The word <a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">despotism</a> means to "rule in the fashion of despots" and is often used to describe autocracy. </p><p>Historical examples of autocracy include the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan">Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Definition </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Civilian dictatorship</a></td> <td>A dictatorship where power resides in the hands of one single person or <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polity</a>. That person may be, for example, an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarch</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictator</a>, but can also be an elected <a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">president</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> made dictators to lead during times of war; but the Roman dictators only held power for a small time. In modern times, an autocrat's rule is one that is not stopped by any rules of law, <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitutions</a>, or other social and political institutions. After World War II, many governments in Latin America, Asia, and Africa were ruled by autocratic governments. Examples of dictators include <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kim_family_(North_Korea)" title="Kim family (North Korea)">Kim dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></td> <td>A dictatorship primarily enforced by the military. Military dictators are different from <a href="/wiki/Civilian_dictatorship" title="Civilian dictatorship">civilian dictators</a> for a number of reasons: their motivations for seizing power, the institutions through which they organize their rule, and the ways in which they leave power. Often viewing itself as saving the nation from the corrupt or myopic civilian politicians, a military dictatorship justifies its position as "neutral" arbiters on the basis of their membership within the armed forces. For example, many juntas adopt titles, such as "National Redemption Council", "Committee of National Restoration", or "National Liberation Committee". Military leaders often rule as a <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">junta</a>, selecting one of them as the head. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pejorative_attributes">Pejorative attributes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_forms_of_government&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pejorative attributes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Regardless of the form of government, the actual governance may be influenced by sectors with <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">political power</a> which are not part of the formal government. These are terms that highlight certain actions of the governors, such as <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demagoguery" class="mw-redirect" title="Demagoguery">demagoguery</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Fear_mongering" class="mw-redirect" title="Fear mongering">fear mongering</a> that may disrupt the intended way of working of the government if they are widespread enough. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Definition </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Banana_republic" title="Banana republic">Banana republic</a></td> <td>A politically unstable and kleptocratic government that economically depends upon the exports of a limited resource (fruits, minerals), and usually features a society composed of <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">stratified</a> <a href="/wiki/Class_(social)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class (social)">social classes</a>, such as a great, impoverished ergatocracy and a ruling plutocracy, composed of the aristocracy of business, politics, and the military.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>, the term <i>banana republic</i> denotes a country dependent upon limited <a href="/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Primary sector of the economy">primary-sector productions</a>, which is ruled by a <a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">plutocracy</a> who exploit the national economy by means of a politico-economic <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GREED_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GREED-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">American literature</a>, the term <i>banana republic</i> originally denoted the fictional <i>Republic of Anchuria</i>, a servile dictatorship that abetted, or supported for <a href="/wiki/Kickback_(bribery)" title="Kickback (bribery)">kickbacks</a>, the exploitation of large-scale plantation agriculture, especially banana cultivation.<sup id="cite_ref-GREED_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GREED-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In U.S. politics, the term <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/banana_republic" class="extiw" title="wikt:banana republic">banana republic</a> is a pejorative political descriptor coined by the American writer <a href="/wiki/O._Henry" title="O. Henry">O. Henry</a> in <i>Cabbages and Kings</i> (1904), a book of thematically related short stories derived from his 1896–1897 residence in <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, where he was hiding from U.S. law for bank <a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">embezzlement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bankocracy" title="Bankocracy">Bankocracy</a></td> <td>Rule by banks;<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a system of governance with excessive power or influence of banks and other financial authorities on public policy-making. It can also refer to a form of government where financial institutions rule society. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Corporatocracy" title="Corporatocracy">Corporatocracy</a></td> <td>Rule by corporations; a system of governance where an economic and political system is controlled by corporations or corporate interests.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_dictionary_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford_dictionary-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its use is generally pejorative. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">company rule in India</a>, and the business voters for the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation" title="City of London Corporation">City of London Corporation</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kakistocracy" title="Kakistocracy">Kakistocracy</a></td> <td>Rule by the worst; a system of government where the least-qualified citizens govern or dictate policies.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></td> <td>Rule by thieves; a system of governance where its officials and the ruling class in general pursue personal wealth and political power at the expense of the wider population. In strict terms kleptocracy is not a form of government but a characteristic of a government engaged in such behavior. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nepotocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepotocracy">Nepotocracy</a></td> <td>Rule by nephews; <a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">favouritism</a> granted to <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">relatives</a> regardless of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/merit" class="extiw" title="wikt:merit">merit</a>; a system of governance in which importance is given to the relatives of those already in power, like a <i>nephew</i> (where the word comes from). In such governments even if the relatives aren't qualified they are given positions of authority just because they know someone who already has authority.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Borgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Borgia">Borgia</a>) was accused of this.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ochlocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ochlocracy">Ochlocracy</a></td> <td>Rule by the crowd; a system of governance where mob rule is government by mob or a mass of people, or the <a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">intimidation</a> of legitimate authorities. As a pejorative for <a href="/wiki/Majoritarianism" title="Majoritarianism">majoritarianism</a>, it is akin to the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> phrase <i>mobile vulgus</i> meaning "the fickle crowd", from which the English term "mob" was originally derived in the 1680s. Ochlocratic governments are often a democracy spoiled by <a href="/wiki/Demagoguery" class="mw-redirect" title="Demagoguery">demagoguery</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">tyranny of the majority</a>" and the rule of passion over reason; such governments can be as oppressive as autocratic tyrants. Ochlocracy is synonymous in meaning and usage to the modern, informal term "mobocracy". </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_attributes">Other attributes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_forms_of_government&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other attributes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Definition </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a> </td> <td>Rule by a government based on relatively disorganized principles and institutions as compared to a <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a>, its exact opposite. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anocracy" title="Anocracy">Anocracy</a></td> <td>A regime type where power is not vested in public institutions (as in a normal democracy) but spread amongst elite groups who are constantly competing with each other for power. Examples of anocracies in Africa include the warlords of <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> and the shared governments in <a href="/wiki/Samaya" title="Samaya">samaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>. Anocracies are situated midway between an <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocracy</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Polity_data_series" title="Polity data series">Polity IV dataset</a> recognizes anocracy as a category. In that dataset, anocracies are exactly in the middle between autocracies and democracies. </p><p>Often the word is defined more broadly. For example, a 2010 <a href="/wiki/International_Alert" title="International Alert">International Alert</a> publication defined anocracies as "countries that are neither autocratic nor democratic, most of which are making the risky transition between autocracy and democracy".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alert noted that the number of anocracies had increased substantially since the end of the Cold War. Anocracy is not surprisingly the least resilient political system to short-term shocks: it creates the promise but not yet the actuality of an inclusive and effective political economy, and threatens members of the established elite; and is therefore very vulnerable to disruption and armed violence. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a> </td> <td>Rule by an autocracy or oligarchy with a power source predicated on a political party or stratocracy; characterized by the rejection of <a href="/wiki/Political_plurality" class="mw-redirect" title="Political plurality">political plurality</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Band_society" title="Band society">Band society</a> </td> <td>Rule by a government based on small (usually family) unit with a semi-informal hierarchy, with strongest (either physical strength or strength of character) as leader. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a> </td> <td>Rule by a system of governance with many bureaus, administrators, and petty officials. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</a> </td> <td>Rule by a government based on consensus democracy. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">Military junta</a> </td> <td>Rule by a committee of military leaders. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nomocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomocracy">Nomocracy</a> </td> <td>Rule by a government under the sovereignty of rational laws and civic right as opposed to one under theocratic systems of government. In a nomocracy, ultimate and final authority (sovereignty) exists in the law. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyberocracy" title="Cyberocracy">Cyberocracy</a> </td> <td>Rule by a computer, which decides based on computer code and efficient use of information. This is closely linked to Cybersynacy. This type of ruling appears in the short story "<a href="/wiki/The_Machine_Stops" title="The Machine Stops">The Machine Stops</a>" by E. M. Forster. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Algocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Algocracy">Algocracy</a> </td> <td>Rule by algorithms used in diverse levels of bureaucracy, which is also known as algorithmic regulation, regulation by algorithms, algorithmic governance, algorithmic legal order of government by algorithm. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Isocracy" title="Isocracy">Isocracy</a> </td> <td>A country where everyone has equal political power. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms_of_government_by_power_ideology">Forms of government by power ideology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_forms_of_government&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Forms of government by power ideology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Definition </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a> </td> <td>A monarchy is a <a href="/wiki/Form_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Form of government">form of government</a> in which a group, generally a family representing a <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">dynasty</a>, embodies the country's <a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">national identity</a> and its head, the <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarch</a>, exercises the role of sovereignty. The actual power of the monarch may vary from purely symbolic (<a href="/wiki/Crowned_republic" title="Crowned republic">crowned republic</a>), to partial and restricted (<a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>), to completely autocratic (<a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a>). Traditionally the monarch's post is <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">inherited</a> and lasts until death or abdication. In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">elective monarchies</a> require the monarch to be elected. Both types have further variations as there are widely divergent structures and traditions defining monarchy. For example, in some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2021)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup>elected monarchies only pedigrees are taken into account for eligibility of the next ruler, whereas many hereditary monarchies impose requirements regarding the religion, age, gender, mental capacity, etc. Occasionally this might create a situation of rival claimants whose <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">legitimacy</a> is subject to effective election. There have been cases where the term of a monarch's <a href="/wiki/Reign" title="Reign">reign</a> is either fixed in years or continues until certain goals are achieved: an invasion being repulsed, for instance. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a> </td> <td>A republic (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Res_publica" title="Res publica">res publica</a></i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Form_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Form of government">form of government</a> in which the country is considered a "public matter", not the <a href="/wiki/Res_privata" class="mw-redirect" title="Res privata">private concern or property</a> of the rulers. The primary positions of power within a republic are not inherited, but are attained through elections expressing the <a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">consent of the governed</a>. Such leadership positions are therefore expected to fairly represent the citizen body. It is a form of government under which the head of state is not a <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarch</a>. In American English, the definition of a republic can also refer specifically to a government in which elected individuals represent the citizen body, also known as a <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">democratic republic</a>) and exercise power according to the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">constitutional</a> republic). </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_monarchy">Types of monarchy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_forms_of_government&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Types of monarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Countries with <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> attributes are those where a family or group of families (rarely another type of group), called the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/royalty" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/royalty">royalty</a>, represents national identity, with power traditionally assigned to one of its individuals, called the monarch, who mostly rule kingdoms. The actual role of the monarch and other members of royalty varies from purely symbolical (<a href="/wiki/Crowned_republic" title="Crowned republic">crowned republic</a>) to partial and restricted (<a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>) to completely despotic (<a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a>). Traditionally and in most cases, the post of the monarch is <a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">inherited</a>, but there are also <a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">elective monarchies</a> where the monarch is elected. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Definition </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></td> <td>A traditional and historical system where the monarch exercises ultimate governing authority as <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>. Many nations of Europe during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> were absolute monarchies. Modern examples include mainly Islamic countries such as <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/UAE" class="mw-redirect" title="UAE">UAE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> and one African country, <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional monarchy</a></td> <td>Also called parliamentary monarchy, the monarch's powers are limited by law or by a formal <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-victoria_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-victoria-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usually assigning them to those of the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>. Many modern developed countries, including the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchy of Japan">Japan</a>, are constitutional monarchy systems. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Crowned_republic" title="Crowned republic">Crowned republic</a></td> <td>A form of government where the monarch (and family) is an official ceremonial entity with no political power. The royal family and the monarch are intended to represent the country and may perform speeches or attend an important ceremonial events as a symbolical guide to the people, but hold no actual power in decision-making, appointments, <i>et cetera</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective monarchy</a> </td> <td>A form of government where the monarch is elected, a modern example being the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Cambodia">King of Cambodia</a>, who is chosen by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Council_of_the_Throne" title="Royal Council of the Throne">Royal Council of the Throne</a>; <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> is also often considered a modern elective monarchy. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed monarchy</a> </td> <td>A form of government where the monarch claims a monarch title without a nexus to the previous monarch <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">dynasty</a>. Modern self-proclaimed monarchies include the micronation <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Seborga" title="Principality of Seborga">Principality of Seborga</a> claiming 14 square kilometres (5.4 sq mi) of Italy. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_republic">Types of republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_forms_of_government&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Types of republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rule by a form of government in which the people, or some significant portion of them, have supreme control over the government and where offices of state are elected or chosen by elected people.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A common simplified definition of a republic is a government where the head of state is not a monarch.<sup id="cite_ref-WordNet_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WordNet-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-M-W_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M-W-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a> included both <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracies</a>, where all the people have a share in rule, and <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracies</a> or <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchies</a>, where only some of the people rule, as republican forms of government.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>These categories are not exclusive.</i> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Definition </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical republic</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a> civilizations typically followed a republican model with a complex system of assemblies and magistrates, all drawing upon the idea of a "civic" sector—a representative sample of particular populations. In a classical republic, power rests with selected individuals who represent the citizenry (or more usually a limited sector thereof) and who rule in accordance with mutually agreed-upon law. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional republic">Constitutional republic</a></td> <td>Republics where the government's powers are limited by law or a formal <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> (an official document establishing the exact powers and restrictions of a nation and its government), and in which the leaders are chosen by a vote amongst the populace. Typically, laws cannot be passed which violate said constitution, unless the constitution itself is altered by law. This theoretically serves to protect minority groups from being subjected to the <a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">tyranny of the majority</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ochlocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ochlocracy">mob rule</a>. Examples include <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, etc. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">Democratic republic</a></td> <td>Republics where the laws are ultimately decided by popular vote, whether by a body of elected representatives or directly by the public, and there is no restriction on which laws are passed so long as they have majority support. Constitutional law is either non-existent or poses little obstacle to legislation. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal republic</a></td> <td>Republics that are a federation of states or provinces, where there is a national (federal) law encompassing the nation as a whole but where each state or province is free to legislate and enforce its own laws and affairs so long as they do not conflict with federal law. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and Nigeria. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></td> <td>Republics purporting to be governed in accordance with Islamic law. <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Republic of Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Republic of Pakistan">Islamic Republic of Pakistan</a> are self-described Islamic republics (as of 2022). <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Islamic_Republic_of_the_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros">Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Islamic_Republic_of_East_Turkestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Islamic Republic of East Turkestan">Turkish Islamic Republic of East Turkestan</a> were Islamic republics at one time but are no more. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary republic</a></td> <td>Republics, like <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> or <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, with an elected head of state, but where the head of state and head of government are kept separate with the head of government retaining most executive powers, or a head of state akin to a head of government, elected by a parliament. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential republic</a> </td> <td>Republics with an elected head of state, where the head of state is also the head of the government. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/People%27s_republic" title="People's republic">People's republic</a></td> <td>Republics that include countries like <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> that are <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> governed for and by the people. The term <i>People's Republic</i> is used to differentiate themselves from the earlier republic of their countries before the people's revolution, like the Republic of China. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">Semi-presidential republic</a></td> <td> <p>A semi-presidential republic is a government system with power divided between a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government, used in countries like <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. The president, elected by the people, symbolizes national unity and foreign policy while the prime minister is appointed by the president or elected by the parliament and handles daily administration. The term <i>semi-presidential</i> distinguishes this system from presidential and parliamentary systems. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial republic</a></td> <td> <p>A directorial republic is a government system with power divided among a college of several people who jointly exercise the powers of a head of state and/or a head of government. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Merchant_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant republic">Merchant republic</a></td> <td> <p>In the early Renaissance, a number of small, wealthy, trade-based city-states embraced republican ideals, notably across Italy and the Baltic. In general, these mercantile republics arose in regions of Europe where feudal control by an absolutist monarchy was minimal or absent completely. In these mercantile republics, the leaders were elected by the citizenry with the primary duty of increasing the city-state's collective wealth. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms_of_government_by_socio-economic_attributes">Forms of government by socio-economic attributes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_forms_of_government&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Forms of government by socio-economic attributes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_socio-economic_attributes">By socio-economic attributes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_forms_of_government&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: By socio-economic attributes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">Economic system</a></div> <p>Many political systems can be described as socioeconomic ideologies. Experience with those movements in power and the strong ties they may have to particular forms of government can cause them to be considered as forms of government in themselves. </p><p><i>These categories are not exclusive.</i> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Definition </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> </td> <td>A system that advocates <a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">self-governed</a> societies based on voluntary institutions. These are often described as <a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">stateless societies</a>, although several authors have defined them more specifically as institutions based on non-<a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Free_association_(communism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (communism and anarchism)">free associations</a>, while others have advocated for stateless societies with the inclusion of <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-Capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-Capitalism">private property</a>, property rights and hierarchical groups, so long as membership and association with those groups are entirely <a href="/wiki/Voluntaryism" title="Voluntaryism">voluntary</a>. Anarchism holds the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> to be undesirable, unnecessary and/or harmful. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></td> <td>A system in which the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a> (machines, tools, factories, etc.) are owned by private individuals, workers then negotiate with those individuals to use those means of production in exchange for a portion of what they produce, usually in the form of capital (<a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">money</a>). The owners of the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a> are entitled to whatever portion of the products of the workers' labor that is agreed upon by the two parties. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a> </td> <td>A system in which a native group (or their lands and resources) is subjugated by an external political power for their own economic and/or political benefit. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></td> <td>A socialist system in which the means of production are commonly owned (either by the people directly, through the commune, or by a <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist state</a> or <a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">society</a>), and production is undertaken <a href="/wiki/Production_for_use" title="Production for use">for use</a>, rather than <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">for profit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Communist society is thus, in theory, <a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">stateless</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">classless</a>, moneyless, — it is usually regarded as the "final form" of a socialist or anarchist society. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a> </td> <td>A system in which the laws and resources of a nation are controlled by one individual, usually a <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarch</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dictator" title="Dictator">dictator</a>, who holds absolute political power. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaohs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperors</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_(North_Korean_title)" title="Supreme Leader (North Korean title)">North Korean supreme leaders</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></td> <td>A variant of capitalism which views widespread <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">property</a> ownership as fundamental right;<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a> are spread as widely as possible rather than being centralized under the control of the state (as in <a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">state socialism</a>), or a few individuals/corporations (as in what proponents of distributism call "<a href="/wiki/Crony_capitalism" title="Crony capitalism">crony capitalism</a>")<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Distributism fundamentally opposes <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which distributists view as equally flawed and exploitative. In contrast, distributism seeks to subordinate economic activity to human life as a whole, to our spiritual life, our intellectual life, our family life".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></td> <td>A system of land ownership and duties common to <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Medieval Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Feudal Japan</a>. Under feudalism, all the land in a kingdom belonged to the king or emperor. However, the king/emperor would give some of the land to the lords or nobles who fought for him. These presents of land were called manors. Then the nobles gave some of their land to vassals. The vassals then had to do duties for the nobles. The lands of vassals were called fiefs. <p>A similar system is the <a href="/wiki/Iqta%27" title="Iqta'">Iqta‘</a>, used by medieval <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Islamic</a> societies of the middle east and north Africa. This functioned much like the feudal system but generally had titles that weren't granted to a family dynasty but to individuals at the behest of the sultan and generally only required a tax from the lower classes, instead of military service and/or manual labour like in the feudal system. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Minarchism">Minarchism</a> </td> <td>A variant of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> which advocates for the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> to exist solely to provide a very small number of services. A popular model of the State proposed by minarchists is known as the <a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">night-watchman state</a>, in which the only governmental functions are to protect citizens from <a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">aggression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">theft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breach_of_contract" title="Breach of contract">breach of contract</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a> as defined by <a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">property laws</a>, limiting it to three institutions: the <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">police</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Courts" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts">courts</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> </td> <td>A system in which the government is headed by an agreed upon head of the <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> who is known as the <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarch</a>, usually in the form of a <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a> or <a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">emperor</a> (but also less commonly a <a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">queen</a> or empress). In most monarchical systems the position of monarch is one <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">inherited</a> from a previous ruler by <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">bloodline</a> or marriage, but in other cases it may be a position elected by the <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> themselves, as was the case in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a> and the medieval <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a> </td> <td>A system in which the laws and governmental policies of the state are considered a "public matter" and decided by the citizens of the society, whoever they may be. Most modern nation-states are examples of republics, but other examples include those of ancient <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athens</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></td> <td>A system in which <a href="/wiki/Worker%27s_self_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Worker's self management">workers, democratically</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">socially own</a> the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economic framework may be <a href="/wiki/Decentralized_planning_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized planning (economics)">decentralized</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialism#Self-managed_economy" title="Socialism">self-managed</a> in autonomous economic units, as in <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian</a> systems, or <a href="/wiki/Central_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Central planning">centrally</a> <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned</a>, as in <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">authoritarian</a> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">Public services</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">healthcare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universal_access_to_education" title="Universal access to education">education</a> would be <a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">commonly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collective_ownership" title="Collective ownership">collectively</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">state owned</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a> </td> <td>A system in which opposition is prohibited, civil rights are extremely suppressed and virtually all aspects of social life, including the economy, morals, public and private lives of citizens, are controlled by a centralized <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> that holds absolute political power, usually under a <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a> or <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">single political party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five examples are the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">Soviet Union (1927-53)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany (1933–1945)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan">Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">Tribalism</a> </td> <td>A system based on a small complex society of varying degrees of centralisation that is led by an individual known as a chief. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_government_by_geo-cultural_attributes">Types of government by geo-cultural attributes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_forms_of_government&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Types of government by geo-cultural attributes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Governments can also be categorized based on their size and scope of influence: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Definition </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_government" title="Central government">National government</a> </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-state</a> and is a characteristic of a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a>. This is the same thing as a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federal government</a> which may have distinct powers at various levels authorized or delegated to it by its member states, though the adjective 'central' is sometimes used to describe it. The structure of central governments varies. Many countries have created autonomous regions by delegating powers from the central government to governments at a sub national level, such as a regional, state or local level. Based on a broad definition of a basic political system, there are two or more levels of government that exist within an established territory and govern through common institutions with overlapping or shared powers as prescribed by a <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> or other law. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a> </td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a>, also described as a type of small independent country, that usually consists of a single city and its dependent territories. Historically, this included cities such as <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. Today only a handful of sovereign city-states exist, with some disagreement as to which are city-states. A great deal of consensus exists that the term properly applies currently to <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>. City states are also sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Micro-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-state">micro-states</a> which however also includes other configurations of very small countries. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Commune </td> <td>From the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Communia" title="Communia">communia</a>.</i> An <a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">intentional community</a> of people living together, sharing common interests, often having common values and beliefs, as well as shared <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a>, possessions, <a href="/wiki/Resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Resources">resources</a>, and, in some communes, <a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">work</a>, <a href="/wiki/Income" title="Income">income</a> or <a href="/wiki/Assets" class="mw-redirect" title="Assets">assets</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">Intergovernmental organisations</a> </td> <td>Also known as international governmental organizations (IGOs): the type of organization most closely associated with the term 'international organization', these are organizations that are made up primarily of <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a> (referred to as <a href="/wiki/Member_state" title="Member state">member states</a>). Notable examples include the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN), <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation of Islamic Conference">Organisation of Islamic Conference</a> (OIC), <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (OSCE), <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> (COE), <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a> (ILO) and <a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">International Police Organization</a> (INTERPOL). The UN has used the term "intergovernmental organization" instead of "international organization" for clarity. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">World government</a> </td> <td>The notion of a common <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> authority for all of humanity, yielding a global <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> and a single <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> that exercises <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a> over the entire <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. Such a government could come into existence either through violent and compulsory <a href="/wiki/World_domination" title="World domination">world domination</a> or through peaceful and voluntary <a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">supranational union</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms_of_government_by_other_attributes">Forms of government by other attributes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_forms_of_government&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Forms of government by other attributes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_significant_constitutional_attributes">By significant constitutional attributes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_forms_of_government&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: By significant constitutional attributes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certain major characteristics are defining of certain types; others are historically associated with certain types of government. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_control_of_the_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilian control of the military">Civilian control of the military</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Stratocracy" title="Stratocracy">stratocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">Majority rule</a> or <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty" title="Parliamentary sovereignty">parliamentary sovereignty</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_rights" title="Bill of rights">bill of rights</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbitrary rule">arbitrary rules</a> with <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supermajority" title="Supermajority">supermajority</a> rules to prevent <a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">tyranny of the majority</a> and protect <a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">minority rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_according_to_higher_law" title="Rule according to higher law">Rule according to higher law</a> (unwritten ethical principles) vs. written <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> or <a href="/wiki/Free_church" title="Free church">free church</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarianism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_approach_to_regional_autonomy">By approach to regional autonomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_forms_of_government&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: By approach to regional autonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This list focuses on differing approaches that political systems take to the distribution of <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_entity" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous entity">autonomy</a> of regions within the state. </p> <ul><li>Sovereignty located exclusively at the centre of political jurisdiction <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sovereignty located at the centre and in peripheral areas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li></ul></li> <li>Diverging degrees of sovereignty <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance" title="Alliance">Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetrical_federalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Asymmetrical federalism">Asymmetrical federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_company" title="Chartered company">Chartered company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">Colony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colony</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth" title="Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_separatum_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus separatum (disambiguation)">Corpus separatum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralisation">Decentralisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolution</a> (powers redistributed from central to regional or local governments)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junta_(governing_body)" title="Junta (governing body)">Junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">Mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Frontier" title="Military Frontier">Military frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_zone_(territorial_entity)" title="Neutral zone (territorial entity)">Neutral zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_list_of_non-self-governing_territories" title="United Nations list of non-self-governing territories">Non-self-governing territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupied_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied territory">Occupied territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_government" title="Provisional government">Provisional government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">Thalassocracy</a></li> <li>Unrecognized state <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Government in exile">Government in exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronation" title="Micronation">Micronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatist_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Separatist movement">Separatist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theoretical_and_speculative_attributes">Theoretical and speculative attributes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_forms_of_government&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Theoretical and speculative attributes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These have no conclusive historical or current examples outside of speculation and scholarly debate. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Definition </th></tr> <tr> <td>Corporate republic </td> <td>Theoretical <a href="/wiki/Form_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Form of government">form of government</a> occasionally hypothesised in works of <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>, though some historical nations such as medieval <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a> might be said to have been governed as corporate republics. The colonial <a href="/wiki/Megacorporations" class="mw-redirect" title="Megacorporations">megacorporations</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> should possibly be considered corporate states, being semi-sovereign with the power to wage war and establish colonies. <p>While retaining some semblance of <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republican</a> government, a corporate republic would be <a href="/wiki/Private_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Private governance">run primarily like a business</a>, involving a <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">board of directors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corporate_title" title="Corporate title">executives</a>. <a href="/wiki/Utility" title="Utility">Utilities</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/School" title="School">schools</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">police force</a>, would be <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatised</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">social welfare</a> function carried out by the state is instead carried out by corporations in the form of benefits to employees. Although corporate republics do not exist officially in the modern world, they are often used in works of fiction or <a href="/wiki/Political_criticism" title="Political criticism">political commentary</a> as a warning of the perceived dangers of unbridled <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>. In such works, they usually arise when a single, vastly powerful corporation deposes a weak government, over time or in a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>. </p><p>Some political scientists have also considered <a href="/wiki/State_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="State socialist">state socialist</a> nations to be forms of corporate republics, with the state assuming full control of all economic and political life and establishing a monopoly on everything within national boundaries – effectively making the state itself amount to a giant corporation. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Collective_consciousness" title="Collective consciousness">Collective consciousness</a> </td> <td>Rule by a collective consciousness of all human minds connected via some form of technological telepathy acting as a form of supercomputer to make decisions based on shared patterned experiences to deliver fair and accurate decisions to problems as they arrive. Also known as the hive mind principle, it differs from voting in that each person would make a decision while in the hive—the synapses of all minds work together following a longer path of memories to make one decision. See <a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">technological singularity</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">Secret society</a> </td> <td>A secret society (cryptocracy, secret government, <a href="/wiki/Shadow_government_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Shadow government (conspiracy theory)">shadow government</a>, or invisible government) is a club or organization whose activities, events, inner functioning, or membership are concealed. As a form of government, secret societies are a theoretical government in which real and actual political power resides with private individuals who make decisions behind the scenes, while publicly elected representatives serve as puppets or <a href="/wiki/Scapegoat" title="Scapegoat">scapegoats</a>. <p>Probably the most infamous secret society is the <a href="/wiki/Illuminati" title="Illuminati">Illuminati</a>, who had in their general statutes, "The order of the day is to put an end to the machinations of the purveyors of injustice, to control them without dominating them."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secret societies are illegal in several countries, including <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, who ban secret political parties and political organizations in their constitutions. </p><p>Secret societies are often portrayed in <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a> settings. Some examples from popular culture include: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Assassins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Templars</a> in <a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed" title="Assassin's Creed">Assassin's Creed</a> franchise by <a href="/wiki/Ubisoft" title="Ubisoft">Ubisoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydra_(comics)" title="Hydra (comics)">HYDRA</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Universe" title="Marvel Universe">Marvel Universe</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Bene_Gesserit" title="Bene Gesserit">Bene Gesserit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bene_Tleilax" class="mw-redirect" title="Bene Tleilax">Bene Tleilax</a> from <a href="/wiki/Frank_Herbert" title="Frank Herbert">Frank Herbert</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dune_(franchise)" title="Dune (franchise)">Dune</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a> </td> <td>A hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> form of government in which society is ruled by <a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">divine law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2013_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2013-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theonomists hold that divine law, particularly the judicial laws of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, should be observed by modern societies.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chief architects of the movement are <a href="/wiki/Gary_North_(economist)" title="Gary North (economist)">Gary North</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greg_Bahnsen" title="Greg Bahnsen">Greg Bahnsen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/R._J._Rushdoony" title="R. J. Rushdoony">R.J. Rushdoony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Neuhaus1990_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neuhaus1990-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Magocracy </td> <td>Rule by a government with the highest authority composed entirely or primarily of <a href="/wiki/Magician_(fantasy)" title="Magician (fantasy)">magicians</a>, sages, sorcerers, wizards, witches, or some other magic users. A magocracy consists of a ruling class that uses magic as a centerpiece of their political power. Magocracies can exist as a government of mages ruling over other mages, or as mages ruling over non-magical persons. <p>Magocracies are portrayed primarily in fiction and <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> settings. Some examples from popular culture include: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Jedi_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Jedi Council">Jedi Council</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a></i></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Phoenix_(fictional_organisation)" title="Order of the Phoenix (fictional organisation)">Order of the Phoenix</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a> series by <a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Magic" title="Ministry of Magic">Ministry of Magic</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/Wizarding_World" title="Wizarding World">Wizarding World</a></i></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Aes_Sedai" class="mw-redirect" title="Aes Sedai">Aes Sedai</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wheel_of_Time" title="The Wheel of Time">Wheel of Time</a></i> series</li> <li>The Brotherhood of Sorcerers in the <a href="/wiki/Witcher_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Witcher series"><i>Witcher</i> series</a>, which is also a secret society</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_fiction#AI-controlled_societies" title="Artificial intelligence in fiction">Synthetic Technocracy</a> </td> <td>Rule by <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">specialist AI experts</a> in a given domain. AI technocrats are assumed to have two major advantages over human technocrats: fairness and comprehensiveness. All forms of human government are seen as inherently flawed, due to the emotional nature of humankind. Synthetic technocracy bills itself as dispassionate and rational, free of the strife of political parties and factions as it pursues its optimal ends. Following in the tradition of other meritocracy theories, synthetic technocrats assume full state control over political and economic issues. <p>Synthetic technocracy is portrayed primarily in <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> settings. Examples from popular culture include Gaia in <a href="/wiki/Appleseed_(2004_film)" title="Appleseed (2004 film)">Appleseed</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_forms_of_government&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government" title="List of countries by system of government">List of countries by system of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">List of political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_systems_in_France" title="List of political systems in France">List of political systems in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Cybersyn" title="Project Cybersyn">Project Cybersyn</a>, a data fed group of secluded individuals in Chile in the 1970s that regulated aspects of public and private life using data feeds and technology having no interactivity with the citizens but using facts only to decide direction.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_territorial_disputes" title="List of territorial disputes">List of territorial disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_mandate" title="Exclusive mandate">Exclusive mandate</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_forms_of_government&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-academicinfluence.com-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-academicinfluence.com_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-academicinfluence.com_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTomarUpdated2021" class="citation web cs1">Tomar, Dave; Updated, James BarhamPublished (30 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academicinfluence.com/inflection/study-guides/forms-of-government-study-starter">"25 Forms of Government—A Study Starter | Academic Influence"</a>. <i>academicinfluence.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=academicinfluence.com&rft.atitle=25+Forms+of+Government%E2%80%94A+Study+Starter+%26%23124%3B+Academic+Influence&rft.date=2021-08-30&rft.aulast=Tomar&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft.au=Updated%2C+James+BarhamPublished&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademicinfluence.com%2Finflection%2Fstudy-guides%2Fforms-of-government-study-starter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+forms+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LinzLinz2000-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LinzLinz2000_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LinzLinz2000_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuan_José_Linz2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Linz" title="Juan José Linz">Juan José Linz</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8cYk_ABfMJIC&pg=PA143"><i>Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes</i></a>. Lynne Rienner Publisher. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-890-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-890-0"><bdi>978-1-55587-890-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1172052725">1172052725</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Totalitarian+and+Authoritarian+Regimes&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publisher&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1172052725&rft.isbn=978-1-55587-890-0&rft.au=Juan+Jos%C3%A9+Linz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8cYk_ABfMJIC%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+forms+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michie2014-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Michie2014_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Michie2014" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Michie, ed. (3 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ip_IAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA95"><i>Reader's Guide to the Social Sciences</i></a>. Routledge. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-93226-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-93226-8"><bdi>978-1-135-93226-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reader%27s+Guide+to+the+Social+Sciences&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-02-03&rft.isbn=978-1-135-93226-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dip_IAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+forms+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garcia-AlexanderWooCarlson2017-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garcia-AlexanderWooCarlson2017_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinny_Garcia-AlexanderHyeyoung_WooMatthew_J._Carlson2017" class="citation book cs1">Ginny Garcia-Alexander; Hyeyoung Woo; Matthew J. Carlson (3 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y-M8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA137"><i>Social Foundations of Behavior for the Health Sciences</i></a>. Springer. pp. 137–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-64950-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-64950-4"><bdi>978-3-319-64950-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1013825392">1013825392</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Foundations+of+Behavior+for+the+Health+Sciences&rft.pages=137-&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017-11-03&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1013825392&rft.isbn=978-3-319-64950-4&rft.au=Ginny+Garcia-Alexander&rft.au=Hyeyoung+Woo&rft.au=Matthew+J.+Carlson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy-M8DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+forms+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ToddWaller2015-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ToddWaller2015_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllan_ToddSally_Waller2015" class="citation book cs1">Allan Todd; Sally Waller (10 September 2015). Allan Todd; Sally Waller (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y_pfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10"><i>History fo States 20th Century)</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 10–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-55889-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-55889-2"><bdi>978-1-107-55889-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+fo+States+20th+Century%29&rft.pages=10-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015-09-10&rft.isbn=978-1-107-55889-2&rft.au=Allan+Todd&rft.au=Sally+Waller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy_pfCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+forms+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sondrol-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sondrol_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSondrol2009" class="citation journal cs1">Sondrol, P. 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(2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/157386">"Totalitarian and Authoritarian Dictators: A Comparison of Fidel Castro and Alfredo Stroessner"</a>. <i>Journal of Latin American Studies</i>. <b>23</b> (3): 599–620. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022216X00015868">10.1017/S0022216X00015868</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/157386">157386</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144333167">144333167</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Latin+American+Studies&rft.atitle=Totalitarian+and+Authoritarian+Dictators%3A+A+Comparison+of+Fidel+Castro+and+Alfredo+Stroessner&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=599-620&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144333167%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F157386%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022216X00015868&rft.aulast=Sondrol&rft.aufirst=P.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F157386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+forms+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abjorensen2019-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abjorensen2019_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman_Abjorensen2019" class="citation book cs1">Norman Abjorensen (15 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cNSSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA288"><i>Historical Dictionary of Democracy</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 288–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2074-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2074-3"><bdi>978-1-5381-2074-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1081354236">1081354236</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Democracy&rft.pages=288-&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2019-06-15&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1081354236&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-2074-3&rft.au=Norman+Abjorensen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcNSSDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+forms+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Altman2010-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Altman2010_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Altman2010" class="citation book cs1">David Altman (20 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2UG8E0iLOaIC&pg=PA76"><i>Direct Democracy Worldwide</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 76–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49543-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49543-1"><bdi>978-1-139-49543-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Direct+Democracy+Worldwide&rft.pages=76-78&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010-12-20&rft.isbn=978-1-139-49543-1&rft.au=David+Altman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2UG8E0iLOaIC%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+forms+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peterleeson.com/Better_Off_Stateless.pdf">"<i>Better off Stateless: Somalia Before and After Government Collapse</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. George Mason University. 30 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Better+off+Stateless%3A+Somalia+Before+and+After+Government+Collapse&rft.pub=George+Mason+University&rft.date=2007-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peterleeson.com%2FBetter_Off_Stateless.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+forms+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraeberWengrow2021" class="citation book cs1">Graeber, David; Wengrow, David (2021). <i>The dawn of everything: a new history of humanity</i>. 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Chalcedon Foundation: 169. 1997 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uNHbAAAAMAAJ">https://books.google.com/books?id=uNHbAAAAMAAJ</a>. <q>Lacking an English word [...], <a href="/wiki/Francis_Lieber" title="Francis Lieber"> Lieber</a> simply coined one, hamarchy, which he derived 'from ama, at the same time, jointly, cooperatingly, and <i>archein</i>, to rule.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Christian+Reconstruction&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=169&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuNHbAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+forms+of+government" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHausheer1942" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hausheer, Herman (1942). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2024</span>. <q>[...] the new underclass, the consumtariat (CONSUMer proleTARIAT) [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Netocracts%3A+Futurica+Trilogy+1&rft.pub=Stockholm+Text&rft.date=2012-02-24&rft.isbn=9789187173004&rft.aulast=Bard&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=S%C3%B6derqvist%2C+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTeWCBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+forms+of+government" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bouvier-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bouvier_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouvierGleason1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Bouvier" title="John Bouvier">Bouvier, John</a>; Gleason, Daniel A. 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MDPI: 9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fphilosophies5020009">10.3390/philosophies5020009</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophies&rft.atitle=Digitocracy%3A+Ruling+and+Being+Ruled&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2020-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fphilosophies5020009&rft.aulast=Ballesteros&rft.aufirst=Alfonso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fphilosophies5020009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+forms+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130721163810/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/theocracy">"Theocracy, n."</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>. 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/theocracy">the original</a> on 2013-07-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2024</span>. <q>a system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theocracy%2C+n.&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Ftheocracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+forms+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wfbvat-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wfbvat_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/holy-see-vatican-city/">"CIA World Factbook – Holy See"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Holy+See&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fholy-see-vatican-city%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+forms+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wfbiran-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wfbiran_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/">"CIA World Factbook – Iran"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Iran&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Firan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+forms+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roland_Robertson" title="Roland Robertson">Robertson, Roland</a> (24 July 2020) [1987]. "Church-state Relations in Comparative Perspective". In <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robbins_(sociologist)" title="Thomas Robbins (sociologist)">Robbins, Thomas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Roland_Robertson" title="Roland Robertson">Robertson, Roland</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PyfxDwAAQBAJ"><i>Church-state Relations: Tensions and Transitions</i></a> (reprint ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. p. 1977. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000159783" title="Special:BookSources/9781000159783"><bdi>9781000159783</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2024</span>. <q>[...] Weber's delineation specifies caesaropapism as the domination of religion by secular powers; hierocracy as the legitimating oversight of the political realm by religious functionaries; and theocracy as the fusion of political and religious authority (the priest who is also king).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Church-state+Relations+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.btitle=Church-state+Relations%3A+Tensions+and+Transitions&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pages=1977&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020-07-24&rft.isbn=9781000159783&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPyfxDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+forms+of+government" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Alan_White1984" class="citation book cs1">Richard Alan White (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X88WAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Morass. United States Intervention in Central America</i></a>. New York: Harper & Row. p. 319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060911454" title="Special:BookSources/9780060911454"><bdi>9780060911454</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Morass.+United+States+Intervention+in+Central+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780060911454&rft.au=Richard+Alan+White&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX88WAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+forms+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GREED-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GREED_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GREED_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117083127/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-179318358.html">"Big-business Greed Killing the Banana (p. A19)"</a>. <i>The Independent, Via the New Zealand Herald</i>. 24 May 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-179318358.html">the original</a> on 17 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent%2C+Via+the+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Big-business+Greed+Killing+the+Banana+%28p.+A19%29&rft.date=2008-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-179318358.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+forms+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO._Henry2009" class="citation book cs1">O. Henry (15 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CsSr5CxBrGQC&pg=PT198"><i>Cabbages and Kings</i></a>. MobileReference. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60778-412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60778-412-8"><bdi>978-1-60778-412-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2013</span>. <q>While he was in Honduras, Porter coined the term 'banana republic'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cabbages+and+Kings&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=MobileReference&rft.date=2009-12-15&rft.isbn=978-1-60778-412-8&rft.au=O.+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCsSr5CxBrGQC%26pg%3DPT198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+forms+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaiblHerdina1997" class="citation book cs1">Waibl, Elmar; Herdina, Philip (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r7OiXFVasZEC&q=bankokratie"><i>Dictionary of Philosophical Terms vol. II – English-German / Englisch-Deutsch</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3110979497" title="Special:BookSources/3110979497"><bdi>3110979497</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/corporatocracy">the original</a> on May 17, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2012</span>. <q>/ˌkôrpərəˈtäkrəsē/ .... a society or system that is governed or controlled by corporations:</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=Corporatocracy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fcorporatocracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+forms+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowler1985" class="citation book cs1">Bowler, Peter (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11757334"><i>The superior person's book of words</i></a> (1 ed.). Boston: David R. 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London: <a href="/wiki/International_Alert" title="International Alert">International Alert</a>. p. 29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Working+with+the+Grain+to+Change+the+Grain%3A+Moving+Beyond+the+Millennium+Development+Goals&rft.place=London&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=International+Alert&rft.date=2010-09&rft.aulast=Vernon&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft.au=Baksh%2C+Deborrah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.international-alert.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2FMDG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+forms+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Takis_Fotopoulos" title="Takis Fotopoulos">Fotopoulos, Takis</a>, <i>The Multidimensional Crisis and <a href="/wiki/Inclusive_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive Democracy">Inclusive Democracy</a></i>. (Athens: Gordios, 2005). (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inclusivedemocracy.org/fotopoulos/english/brbooks/multi_crisis_id/multi_crisis_id.htm">English translation</a> of the book with the same title published in Greek).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-victoria-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-victoria_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071213045132/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm">"Victorian Electronic Democracy : Glossary"</a>. 28 July 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm">the original</a> on 13 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Victorian+Electronic+Democracy+%3A+Glossary&rft.date=2005-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.vic.gov.au%2FSARC%2FE-Democracy%2FFinal_Report%2FGlossary.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+forms+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_the_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="The Spirit of the Laws">The Spirit of the Laws</a></i> (1748), Bk. II, ch. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Republic". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Republic&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+forms+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WordNet-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WordNet_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/republic">"republic"</a>. <i>WordNet 3.0</i>. Dictionary.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WordNet+3.0&rft.atitle=republic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Frepublic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+forms+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M-W-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-M-W_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/republic">"Republic"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Republic&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Frepublic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+forms+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Montesquieu, <i>Spirit of the Laws</i>, Bk. II, ch. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele1999" class="citation book cs1">Steele, David Ramsay (September 1999). <i>From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation</i>. Open Court. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0875484495" title="Special:BookSources/978-0875484495"><bdi>978-0875484495</bdi></a>. <q>Marx distinguishes between two phases of marketless communism: an initial phase, with labor vouchers, and a higher phase, with free access.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Marx+to+Mises%3A+Post+Capitalist+Society+and+the+Challenge+of+Economic+Calculation&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Open+Court&rft.date=1999-09&rft.isbn=978-0875484495&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=David+Ramsay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+forms+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusky2000" class="citation book cs1">Busky, Donald F. (July 20, 2000). <i>Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey</i>. Praeger. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275968861" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275968861"><bdi>978-0275968861</bdi></a>. <q>Communism would mean free distribution of goods and services. The communist slogan, 'From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs' (as opposed to 'work') would then rule</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democratic+Socialism%3A+A+Global+Survey&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2000-07-20&rft.isbn=978-0275968861&rft.aulast=Busky&rft.aufirst=Donald+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+forms+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shiach, Morag (2004). <i>Modernism, Labour and Selfhood in British Literature and Culture, 1890–1930</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 224. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83459-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83459-9">978-0-521-83459-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zwick, Mark and Louise (2004). <i>The Catholic Worker Movement: Intellectual and Spiritual Origins </i>. <a href="/wiki/Paulist_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulist Press">Paulist Press</a>. p. 156. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4315-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4315-3">978-0-8091-4315-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boyle, David; Simms, Andrew (2009). <i>The New Economics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 20. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84407-675-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84407-675-8">978-1-84407-675-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Novak, Michael; Younkins, Edward W. (2001). <i>Three in One: Essays on Democratic Capitalism, 1976–2000</i>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_and_Littlefield" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowman and Littlefield">Rowman and Littlefield</a>. p. 152. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1171-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1171-2">978-0-7425-1171-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Storck, Thomas. "Capitalism and Distributism: two systems at war", in <i>Beyond Capitalism & Socialism</i>. Tobias J. Lanz, ed. IHS Press, 2008. p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinclair1918" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Sinclair, Upton</a> (1918-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i0w9AQAAMAAJ"><i>Upton Sinclair's: A Monthly Magazine: for Social Justice, by Peaceful Means If Possible</i></a>. <q>Socialism, you see, is a bird with two wings. The definition is 'social ownership and democratic control of the instruments and means of production.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Upton+Sinclair%27s%3A+A+Monthly+Magazine%3A+for+Social+Justice%2C+by+Peaceful+Means+If+Possible&rft.date=1918-01-01&rft.aulast=Sinclair&rft.aufirst=Upton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di0w9AQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+forms+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schweickart, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orion.it.luc.edu/~dschwei/demsoc.htm"><i>Democratic Socialism</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120617235335/http://orion.it.luc.edu/~dschwei/demsoc.htm">Archived</a> 2012-06-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice (2006): "Virtually all (democratic) socialists have distanced themselves from the economic model long synonymous with 'socialism,' i.e. the Soviet model of a non-market, centrally-planned economy...Some have endorsed the concept of 'market socialism,' a post-capitalist economy that retains market competition, but socializes the means of production, and, in some versions, extends democracy to the workplace. Some hold out for a non-market, participatory economy. All democratic socialists agree on the need for a democratic alternative to capitalism."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/totalitarianism">"Totalitarianism | Definition, Characteristics, Examples, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. 2023-05-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Totalitarianism+%7C+Definition%2C+Characteristics%2C+Examples%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2023-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Ftotalitarianism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+forms+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDülmen1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_van_D%C3%BClmen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard van Dülmen (page does not exist)">Dülmen, Richard van</a> (1992). <i>The Society of Enlightenment</i>. Polity Press. p. 110.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Society+of+Enlightenment&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=D%C3%BClmen&rft.aufirst=Richard+van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+forms+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones2013-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jones2013_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2013" class="citation book cs1">Jones, David W. (1 November 2013). <i>An Introduction to Biblical Ethics</i>. B&H Publishing Group. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781433680779" title="Special:BookSources/9781433680779"><bdi>9781433680779</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Biblical+Ethics&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=B%26H+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2013-11-01&rft.isbn=9781433680779&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+forms+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish2003" class="citation book cs1">English, Adam C. (2003). "Christian Reconstruction after Y2K". <i>New Religious Movements and Religious Liberty in America</i>. Waco, TX: Baylor University Press. pp. 113–114. <q>Theonomy – A system of government characterized by being governed by divine law.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christian+Reconstruction+after+Y2K&rft.btitle=New+Religious+Movements+and+Religious+Liberty+in+America&rft.place=Waco%2C+TX&rft.pages=113-114&rft.pub=Baylor+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=Adam+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+forms+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neuhaus1990-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neuhaus1990_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeuhaus1990" class="citation journal cs1">Neuhaus, Richard John (May 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstthings.com/article/1990/05/002-why-wait-for-the-kingdom-the-theonomist-temptation">"Why Wait for the Kingdom? The Theonomist Temptation"</a>. <i>First Things</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=First+Things&rft.atitle=Why+Wait+for+the+Kingdom%3F+The+Theonomist+Temptation&rft.date=1990-05&rft.aulast=Neuhaus&rft.aufirst=Richard+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstthings.com%2Farticle%2F1990%2F05%2F002-why-wait-for-the-kingdom-the-theonomist-temptation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+forms+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_forms_of_government&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phrontistery.info/govern.html">The Phrontistery Word List: Types of Government and Leadership</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/20c-govt.htm">Types of Governments from Historical Atlas of the 20th Century</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/othergov.htm">Other classifications examples from Historical Atlas of the 20th Century</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stutzfamily.com/mrstutz/WorldAffairs/typesofgovt.html">World Affairs: Types of Government</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/find_out/guides/world/united_nations/types_of_government/">CBBC Newsround: types of government</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_administration" title="Template:Autonomous types of first-tier administration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_administration" title="Template talk:Autonomous types of first-tier administration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_administration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Autonomous types of first-tier administration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_subdivision_administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Autonomous types of first-tier <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">subdivision</a> administration</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_federalism" title="Asymmetric federalism">Asymmetric federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_federalism" title="Cooperative federalism">Cooperative federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporative_federalism" title="Corporative federalism">Corporative federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_federalism" title="Dual federalism">Dual federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_federalism" title="Ethnic federalism">Ethnic federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">Federated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_federalism" title="Fiscal federalism">Fiscal federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetric_federalism" title="Symmetric federalism">Symmetric federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federal countries">List of federal countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_state" title="Regional state">Regional state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composite_monarchy" title="Composite monarchy">Composite monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_monarchy" title="Dual monarchy">Dual monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">Dynastic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">Multinational state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">Political union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_union" title="Real union">Real union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstate" title="Superstate">Superstate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_union" title="Continental union">Continental union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subordinacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_rule" title="Direct rule">Direct rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_rule" title="Indirect rule">Indirect rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_(international_law)" title="Mandate (international law)">Mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_XII_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter XII of the United Nations Charter">Trusteeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cession" title="Cession">Cession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_(territory)" title="Detachment (territory)">Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Military occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_(politics)" title="Partition (politics)">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">Territorial dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Autonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">Autonomous area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule">Home rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_nation" title="Stateless nation">Stateless nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">Suzerainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_World_Government" title="Campaign for World Government">Campaign for World Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Constitution_and_Parliament_Association" title="World Constitution and Parliament Association">World Constitution and Parliament Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provisional government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_World_Parliament" title="Provisional World Parliament">Provisional Earth Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_culture" title="Template:Political culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_culture" title="Template talk:Political culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">Political culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of political culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_political_culture" title="Civic political culture">Civic political culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parochial_political_culture" title="Parochial political culture">Parochial political culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Country-specific articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Political culture of Canada">Political culture of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture_of_Germany" title="Political culture of Germany">Political culture of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Political culture of the United Kingdom">Political culture of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture_of_the_United_States" title="Political culture of the United States">Political culture of the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_ideologies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Template:Political ideologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_ideologies" title="Template talk:Political ideologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political ideologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_ideologies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Political ideologies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">Anti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline" title="Hardline">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_moderate" title="Political moderate">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political radicalism">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">Revolutionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">Accelerationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_credit" title="Social credit">Social credit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalism">Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_republicanism" title="Modern republicanism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">Extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">Regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_philosophy" title="Template talk:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_character" title="National character">National character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(44 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1486)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1756)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1949)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1967)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1976)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_spectrum" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_spectrum" title="Template:Political spectrum"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_spectrum" title="Template talk:Political spectrum"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_spectrum" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political spectrum"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_spectrum" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Political positions</b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-leftism" title="Ultra-leftism">Ultra-leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinist left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Marxism" title="Centrist Marxism">Centrist Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Political ideologies</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Religious politics</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim left">Muslim left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Political pejoratives</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Baizuo" title="Baizuo">Baizuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champagne_socialist" title="Champagne socialist">Champagne socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_left" title="Hard left">Hard left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_elite" title="Liberal elite">Liberal elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loony_left" title="Loony left">Loony left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonbat" title="Moonbat">Moonbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regressive_left" title="Regressive left">Regressive left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">Social imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice_warrior" title="Social justice warrior">Social justice warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_left" title="Soft left">Soft left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingnut_(politics)" title="Wingnut (politics)">Wingnut</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Models</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_theory" title="Horseshoe theory">Horseshoe theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">Left–right political spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nolan_Chart" title="Nolan Chart">Nolan Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open%E2%80%93closed_political_spectrum" title="Open–closed political spectrum">Open–closed political spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pournelle_chart" title="Pournelle chart">Pournelle chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Right-wing authoritarianism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>See also</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">Democratic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">Anti-establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> 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