What Is Email Spoofing? Definition & Examples

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-us" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# " class="page-en"> <head> <script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]},distributed_tracing:{enabled:true}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={agentID:"1120369191",accountID:"6363336",trustKey:"6363336",xpid:"UgUBUlVQDhAJXFBWAAEAUlE=",licenseKey:"NRJS-dc609d42ed81d429509",applicationID:"981470745"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-spa-1.281.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>p,gD:()=>m,xN:()=>g});var n=r(3333),i=r(993);const o=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var a=r(2614),s=r(944),c=r(384),u=r(8122);const d="[data-nr-mask]",l=()=>{const e={feature_flags:[],experimental:{marks:!1,measures:!1,resources:!1},mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},get feature_flags(){return e.feature_flags},set feature_flags(t){e.feature_flags=t},generic_events:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},harvest:{interval:30},jserrors:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0,level:i.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},performance:{get capture_marks(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n.$v.MARKS)||e.experimental.marks},set capture_marks(t){e.experimental.marks=t},get capture_measures(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n.$v.MEASURES)||e.experimental.measures},set capture_measures(t){e.experimental.measures=t},capture_detail:!0,resources:{get enabled(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n.$v.RESOURCES)||e.experimental.resources},set enabled(t){e.experimental.resources=t},asset_types:[],first_party_domains:[],ignore_newrelic:!0}},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:a.wk,inactiveMs:a.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){o(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(d):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=d:(0,s.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){o(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,s.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,s.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0,elementAttributes:["id","className","tagName","type"]}}},f={},h="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function p(e){if(!e)throw new Error(h);if(!f[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return f[e]}function g(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(h);f[e]=(0,u.a)(t,l());const r=(0,c.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=f[e])}function m(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(h);var r=p(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},5603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>c,o:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=a[e])}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0,harvester:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,Yq:()=>a,xv:()=>n});const n="1.281.0",i="PROD",o="CDN",a="^2.0.0-alpha.17"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A4:()=>s,OF:()=>d,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>h,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,lR:()=>f,m:()=>u,mw:()=>c,sb:()=>l});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s="complete"===a?.document?.readyState,c=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),u=""+a?.location,d=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),l=d&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,f=(()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),h=Date.now()-(0,n.t)()},7295:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Xv:()=>a,gX:()=>i,iW:()=>o});var n=[];function i(e){if(!e||o(e))return!1;if(0===n.length)return!0;for(var t=0;t<n.length;t++){var r=n[t];if("*"===r.hostname)return!1;if(s(r.hostname,e.hostname)&&c(r.pathname,e.pathname))return!1}return!0}function o(e){return void 0===e.hostname}function a(e){if(n=[],e&&e.length)for(var t=0;t<e.length;t++){let r=e[t];if(!r)continue;0===r.indexOf("http://")?r=r.substring(7):0===r.indexOf("https://")&&(r=r.substring(8));const i=r.indexOf("/");let o,a;i>0?(o=r.substring(0,i),a=r.substring(i)):(o=r,a="");let[s]=o.split(":");n.push({hostname:s,pathname:a})}}function s(e,t){return!(e.length>t.length)&&t.indexOf(e)===t.length-e.length}function c(e,t){return 0===e.indexOf("/")&&(e=e.substring(1)),0===t.indexOf("/")&&(t=t.substring(1)),""===e||e===t}},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),h(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return h(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),h(e,t)})))}function h(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=h(n),c=g(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=v()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:m,listeners:g,context:h,buffer:function(e,t){const r=v();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!v()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function h(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=g(e).concat(t)}function g(e){return n[e]||[]}function m(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function v(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,ZF:()=>c,bz:()=>a,el:()=>u});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}function c(){return s(16)}function u(){return s(32)}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},7485:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(6154);function i(e){if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};try{const t=new URL(e,location.href),r={port:t.port,hostname:t.hostname,pathname:t.pathname,search:t.search,protocol:t.protocol.slice(0,t.protocol.indexOf(":")),sameOrigin:t.protocol===n.gm?.location?.protocol&&t.host===n.gm?.location?.host};return r.port&&""!==r.port||("http:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="80"),"https:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="443")),r.pathname&&""!==r.pathname?r.pathname.startsWith("/")||(r.pathname="/".concat(r.pathname)):r.pathname="/",r}catch(e){return{}}}},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},3304:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A:()=>o});var n=r(7836);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())??""}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}return""}}},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},8139:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>f});var n=r(7836),i=r(3434),o=r(8990),a=r(6154);const s={},c=a.gm.XMLHttpRequest,u="addEventListener",d="removeEventListener",l="nr@wrapped:".concat(n.P);function f(e){var t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("events")}(e);if(s[t.debugId]++)return t;s[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,i.YM)(t,!0);function f(e){r.inPlace(e,[u,d],"-",p)}function p(e,t){return e[1]}return"getPrototypeOf"in Object&&(a.RI&&h(document,f),c&&h(c.prototype,f),h(a.gm,f)),t.on(u+"-start",(function(e,t){var n=e[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var i=(0,o.I)(n,l,(function(){var e={object:function(){if("function"!=typeof n.handleEvent)return;return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)},function:n}[typeof n];return e?r(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n}));this.wrapped=e[1]=i}})),t.on(d+"-start",(function(e){e[1]=this.wrapped||e[1]})),t}function h(e,t,...r){let n=e;for(;"object"==typeof n&&!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(n,u);)n=Object.getPrototypeOf(n);n&&t(n,...r)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Jt:()=>o,YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},9300:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.ajax},3333:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$v:()=>u,TZ:()=>n,Zp:()=>i,kd:()=>c,mq:()=>s,nf:()=>a,qN:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.genericEvents,i=["auxclick","click","copy","keydown","paste","scrollend"],o=["focus","blur"],a=4,s=1e3,c=["PageAction","UserAction","BrowserPerformance"],u={MARKS:"experimental.marks",MEASURES:"experimental.measures",RESOURCES:"experimental.resources"}},6774:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.jserrors},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,TZ:()=>a,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log",a=n.K7.logging},3785:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{R:()=>c,b:()=>u});var n=r(9908),i=r(1863),o=r(860),a=r(3969),s=r(993);function c(e,t,r={},c=s.p_.INFO){(0,n.p)(a.xV,["API/logging/".concat(c.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,o.K7.metrics,e),(0,n.p)(s.ET,[(0,i.t)(),t,r,c],void 0,o.K7.logging,e)}function u(e){return"string"==typeof e&&Object.values(s.p_).some((t=>t===e.toUpperCase().trim()))}},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>d,G4:()=>o,Qb:()=>l,TZ:()=>i,Ug:()=>a,_s:()=>s,bc:()=>u,yP:()=>c});var n=r(2614);const i=r(860).K7.sessionReplay,o={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"},a=.12,s={DomContentLoaded:0,Load:1,FullSnapshot:2,IncrementalSnapshot:3,Meta:4,Custom:5},c={[n.g.ERROR]:15e3,[n.g.FULL]:3e5,[n.g.OFF]:0},u={RESET:{message:"Session was reset",sm:"Reset"},IMPORT:{message:"Recorder failed to import",sm:"Import"},TOO_MANY:{message:"429: Too Many Requests",sm:"Too-Many"},TOO_BIG:{message:"Payload was too large",sm:"Too-Big"},CROSS_TAB:{message:"Session Entity was set to OFF on another tab",sm:"Cross-Tab"},ENTITLEMENTS:{message:"Session Replay is not allowed and will not be started",sm:"Entitlement"}},d=5e3,l={API:"api"}},5270:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Aw:()=>c,CT:()=>u,SR:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(9417),o=r(7767),a=r(6154);function s(e){return!!(0,n.dV)().o.MO&&(0,o.V)(e)&&!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}function c(e){return!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_replay.preload")&&s(e)}function u(e,t){const r=t.correctAbsoluteTimestamp(e);return{originalTimestamp:e,correctedTimestamp:r,timestampDiff:e-r,originTime:a.WN,correctedOriginTime:t.correctedOriginTime,originTimeDiff:Math.floor(a.WN-t.correctedOriginTime)}}},3738:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{He:()=>i,Kp:()=>s,Lc:()=>u,Rz:()=>d,TZ:()=>n,bD:()=>o,d3:()=>a,jx:()=>l,uP:()=>c});const n=r(860).K7.sessionTrace,i="bstResource",o="resource",a="-start",s="-end",c="fn"+a,u="fn"+s,d="pushState",l=1e3},3962:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{AM:()=>o,O2:()=>c,Qu:()=>u,TZ:()=>s,ih:()=>d,pP:()=>a,tC:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i=["click","keydown","submit","popstate"],o="api",a="initialPageLoad",s=n.K7.softNav,c={INITIAL_PAGE_LOAD:"",ROUTE_CHANGE:1,UNSPECIFIED:2},u={INTERACTION:1,AJAX:2,CUSTOM_END:3,CUSTOM_TRACER:4},d={IP:"in progress",FIN:"finished",CAN:"cancelled"}},7378:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$p:()=>x,BR:()=>b,Kp:()=>R,L3:()=>y,Lc:()=>c,NC:()=>o,SG:()=>d,TZ:()=>i,U6:()=>p,UT:()=>m,d3:()=>w,dT:()=>f,e5:()=>T,gx:()=>v,l9:()=>l,oW:()=>h,op:()=>g,rw:()=>u,tH:()=>A,uP:()=>s,wW:()=>E,xq:()=>a});var n=r(384);const i=r(860).K7.spa,o=["click","submit","keypress","keydown","keyup","change"],a=999,s="fn-start",c="fn-end",u="cb-start",d="api-ixn-",l="remaining",f="interaction",h="spaNode",p="jsonpNode",g="fetch-start",m="fetch-done",v="fetch-body-",b="jsonp-end",y=(0,n.dV)().o.ST,w="-start",R="-end",x="-body",E="cb"+R,T="jsTime",A="fetch"},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7767:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>o});var n=r(9417),i=r(6154);const o=e=>i.RI&&!0===(0,n.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled")},425:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>j});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),h=r(384),p=r(6344);const g=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","recordCustomEvent","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],m=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var v=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993),w=r(3785),R=r(2646),x=r(3434);const E=new Map;function T(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,x.YM)(i),a=new R.y(s.P);a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes;const c=t[r]?.[x.Jt]||t[r];return E.set(c,a),o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",(()=>E.get(c))),i}function A(){const e=(0,h.pV)();g.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const S={};var N=r(9417),_=r(5603),O=r(5284);const I=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let P=!1;function j(e,t={},g,R){let{init:x,info:E,loader_config:j,runtime:C={},exposed:k=!0}=t;C.loaderType=g;const L=(0,h.pV)();E||(x=L.init,E=L.info,j=L.loader_config),(0,N.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,x||{}),(0,_.a)(e.agentIdentifier,j||{}),E.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(E.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,E);const H=(0,N.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),M=[E.beacon,E.errorBeacon];P||(H.proxy.assets&&(I(H.proxy.assets),M.push(H.proxy.assets)),H.proxy.beacon&&M.push(H.proxy.beacon),A(),(0,h.US)("activatedFeatures",O.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===H.soft_navigations.enabled&&H.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),C.denyList=[...H.ajax.deny_list||[],...H.ajax.block_internal?M:[]],C.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,C),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=function(e,t,h=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const g={};var R=s.ee.get(e),x=R.get("tracer");S[e]=b.g.OFF,R.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{S[e]=t}));var E="api-",A=E+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),I(E,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function _(){}g.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,w.R)(R,e,t,r)},g.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),T(R,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},m.forEach((e=>{g[e]=I(E,e,!0,"api")})),g.addPageAction=I(E,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),g.recordCustomEvent=I(E,"recordCustomEvent",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),g.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,I(E,"setPageViewName",!0)()},g.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},g.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},g.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},g.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),R.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},g[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,R)},g[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,R)},g.interaction=function(e){return(new _).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const O=_.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),h||(0,a.p)(A+"tracer",[(0,v.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,R),function(){if(x.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,v.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw x.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{x.emit("fn-end",[(0,v.t)()],r)}}}};function I(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[r?(0,v.t)():performance.now(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,R),r?void 0:this}}function P(){r.e(478).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),R.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{O[e]=I(A,e,void 0,h?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),g.setCurrentRouteName=h?I(A,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):I(E,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),g.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,v.t)(),!1,r,!!S[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,R)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>P()),!0):P(),g}(e.agentIdentifier,R,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=k),P=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>u,K7:()=>s,P3:()=>c,XX:()=>i,qY:()=>n,v4:()=>a});const n="events",i="jserrors",o="browser/blobs",a="rum",s={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:i,logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},c={[s.pageViewEvent]:1,[s.pageViewTiming]:2,[s.metrics]:3,[s.jserrors]:4,[s.spa]:5,[s.ajax]:6,[s.sessionTrace]:7,[s.softNav]:8,[s.sessionReplay]:9,[s.logging]:10,[s.genericEvents]:11},u={[s.pageViewEvent]:a,[s.pageViewTiming]:n,[s.ajax]:n,[s.spa]:n,[s.softNav]:n,[s.metrics]:i,[s.jserrors]:i,[s.sessionTrace]:o,[s.sessionReplay]:o,[s.logging]:"browser/logs",[s.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>({212:"nr-spa-compressor",249:"nr-spa-recorder",478:"nr-spa"}[e]+"-1.281.0.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.281.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={478:"sha512-jmvAlmjCn64ans8tLueqHRlBI/iWekylsDWb94A77CG0ukSriVDvgD3dThx+XjUSBBBMYhFn8B1a18fViyBPEQ==",249:"sha512-ICY/ZrcytM/86t5KFy+9OAWVYmNNJy10EBtxoSUGjQWuZx53p/eLo+L8HfrGjvHuRHRnutqLTGSnvNttffJkaA==",212:"sha512-pQSn+X/RfBOvx/49HvlghaiXMLhhDQXTi13n1N2XMpDquWJgs9U0pbqE3RbAnYC9nsdaTu/RVGvneEPv1fpCxA=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var h=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(h.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=h.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=h.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={38:0,788:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.281.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.281.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(){this.agentIdentifier=(0,r.LA)(16)}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}recordCustomEvent(e,t){return this.#e("recordCustomEvent",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(425);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),h=i(5289),p=i(6154),g=i(5270),m=i(7767),v=i(6389);class b extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,v.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if((0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6526));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),t.runtime.harvester.initializedAggregates.push(this.featAggregate),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,h.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return(0,g.SR)(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var y=i(6630);class w extends b{static featureName=y.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,y.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(384);var x=i(9908),E=i(2843),T=i(3878),A=i(782),S=i(1863);class N extends b{static featureName=A.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,A.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,x.p)("docHidden",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,A.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,T.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,x.p)("winPagehide",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,A.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var _=i(3969);class O extends b{static featureName=_.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,_.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var I=i(6774),P=i(3304);class j{constructor(e,t,r,n,i){this.name="UncaughtError",this.message="string"==typeof e?e:(0,P.A)(e),this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r,this.column=n,this.__newrelic=i}}function C(e){return H(e)?e:new j(void 0!==e?.message?e.message:e,e?.filename||e?.sourceURL,e?.lineno||e?.line,e?.colno||e?.col,e?.__newrelic)}function k(e){const t="Unhandled Promise Rejection";if(!e?.reason)return;if(H(e.reason))try{return e.reason.message=t+": "+e.reason.message,C(e.reason)}catch(t){return C(e.reason)}const r=C(e.reason);return r.message=t+": "+r?.message,r}function L(e){if(e.error instanceof SyntaxError&&!/:\d+$/.test(e.error.stack?.trim())){const t=new j(e.message,e.filename,e.lineno,e.colno,e.error.__newrelic);return t.name=SyntaxError.name,t}return H(e.error)?e.error:C(e)}function H(e){return e instanceof Error&&!!e.stack}class M extends b{static featureName=I.T;#r=!1;constructor(e,r=!0){super(e,I.T,r);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}this.ee.on("internal-error",((e,t)=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("ierr",[C(e),(0,S.t)(),!0,{},this.#r,t],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.#r=e})),p.gm.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[k(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,T.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),p.gm.addEventListener("error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[L(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,T.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var D=i(8990);let K=1;const U="nr@id";function V(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===p.gm?0:(0,D.I)(e,U,(function(){return K++}))}function G(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,P.A)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var F=i(8139),B=i(7836),W=i(3434);const z={},q=["open","send"];function Z(t){var r=t||B.ee;const n=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("xhr")}(r);if(void 0===p.gm.XMLHttpRequest)return n;if(z[n.debugId]++)return n;z[n.debugId]=1,(0,F.u)(r);var i=(0,W.YM)(n),o=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest,a=p.gm.MutationObserver,s=p.gm.Promise,c=p.gm.setInterval,u="readystatechange",d=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],l=[],f=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest=function(t){const r=new o(t),a=n.context(r);try{n.emit("new-xhr",[r],a),r.addEventListener(u,(s=a,function(){var e=this;e.readyState>3&&!s.resolved&&(s.resolved=!0,n.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,d,"fn-",y)}),(0,T.jT)(!1))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(15,t);try{n.emit("internal-error",[t])}catch(e){}}var s;return r};function h(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",y)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,f),f.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(f.prototype,q,"-xhr-",y),n.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){h(e,t),function(e){l.push(e),a&&(g?g.then(b):c?c(b):(m=-m,v.data=m))}(t)})),n.on("open-xhr-start",h),a){var g=s&&s.resolve();if(!c&&!s){var m=1,v=document.createTextNode(m);new a(b).observe(v,{characterData:!0})}}else r.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===u||b()}));function b(){for(var e=0;e<l.length;e++)h(0,l[e]);l.length&&(l=[])}function y(e,t){return t}return n}var Y="fetch-",X=Y+"body-",J=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],Q=p.gm.Request,ee=p.gm.Response,te="prototype";const re={};function ne(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("fetch")}(e);if(!(Q&&ee&&p.gm.fetch))return t;if(re[t.debugId]++)return t;function r(e,r,n){var i=e[r];"function"==typeof i&&(e[r]=function(){var e,r=[...arguments],o={};t.emit(n+"before-start",[r],o),o[B.P]&&o[B.P].dt&&(e=o[B.P].dt);var a=i.apply(this,r);return t.emit(n+"start",[r,e],a),a.then((function(e){return t.emit(n+"end",[null,e],a),e}),(function(e){throw t.emit(n+"end",[e],a),e}))})}return re[t.debugId]=1,J.forEach((e=>{r(Q[te],e,X),r(ee[te],e,X)})),r(p.gm,"fetch",Y),t.on(Y+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(Y+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(Y+"done",[e],n)})),t}var ie=i(7485),oe=i(5603);class ae{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var t=(0,oe.o)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!t)return null;var n=(t.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(t.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(t.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,r.ZF)(),s=(0,r.el)(),c=Date.now(),u={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(u.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),u.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(u.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),u}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof p.gm?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,P.A)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var t=!1,r={};if((0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(r=(0,s.D0)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)t=!0;else if(r.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var n=0;n<r.allowed_origins.length;n++){var i=(0,ie.D)(r.allowed_origins[n]);if(e.hostname===i.hostname&&e.protocol===i.protocol&&e.port===i.port){t=!0;break}}return t}isDtEnabled(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.enabled}excludeNewrelicHeader(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.exclude_newrelic_header}useNewrelicHeaderForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!1!==e.cors_use_newrelic_header}useTraceContextHeadersForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}}var se=i(9300),ce=i(7295),ue=["load","error","abort","timeout"],de=ue.length,le=(0,R.dV)().o.REQ,fe=(0,R.dV)().o.XHR;class he extends b{static featureName=se.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,se.T,t),this.dt=new ae(e.agentIdentifier),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,x.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee);try{const e={xmlhttprequest:"xhr",fetch:"fetch",beacon:"beacon"};p.gm?.performance?.getEntriesByType("resource").forEach((t=>{if(t.initiatorType in e&&0!==t.responseStatus){const r={status:t.responseStatus},n={rxSize:t.transferSize,duration:Math.floor(t.duration),cbTime:0};pe(r,t.name),this.handler("xhr",[r,n,t.startTime,t.responseEnd,e[t.initiatorType]],void 0,a.K7.ajax)}}))}catch(e){}ne(this.ee),Z(this.ee),function(e,t,r,n){function i(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=R,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){E(t,e)}),(0,T.jT)(!1)),p.lR||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,T.jT)(!1))}function o(e){this.params={method:e[0]},pe(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function s(t,r){e.loader_config.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&r.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",e.loader_config.xpid);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i){var o=!1;i.newrelicHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("newrelic",i.newrelicHeader),o=!0),i.traceContextParentHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("traceparent",i.traceContextParentHeader),i.traceContextStateHeader&&r.setRequestHeader("tracestate",i.traceContextStateHeader),o=!0),o&&(this.dt=i)}}function c(e,r){var n=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(n&&i){var a=G(i);a&&(n.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.body=i,this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof r.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(r)}catch(e){try{t.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s<de;s++)r.addEventListener(ue[s],this.listener,(0,T.jT)(!1))}function u(e,t,r){this.cbTime+=e,t?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof r.onload||"function"!=typeof this.end||this.end(r)}function d(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[r]&&(this.xhrGuids[r]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}function l(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[r]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[r],this.totalCbs-=1)}function f(){this.endTime=(0,S.t)()}function h(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-added",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function g(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-removed",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function m(e,t,r){t instanceof fe&&("onload"===r&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(e[0]&&e[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=(0,S.t)()))}function v(e,r){this.xhrCbStart&&t.emit("xhr-cb-time",[(0,S.t)()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,r],r)}function b(e){var t,r=e[1]||{};if("string"==typeof e[0]?0===(t=e[0]).length&&p.RI&&(t=""+p.gm.location.href):e[0]&&e[0].url?t=e[0].url:p.gm?.URL&&e[0]&&e[0]instanceof URL?t=e[0].href:"function"==typeof e[0].toString&&(t=e[0].toString()),"string"==typeof t&&0!==t.length){t&&(this.parsedOrigin=(0,ie.D)(t),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i&&(i.newrelicHeader||i.traceContextParentHeader))if(e[0]&&e[0].headers)s(e[0].headers,i)&&(this.dt=i);else{var o={};for(var a in r)o[a]=r[a];o.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),s(o.headers,i)&&(this.dt=i),e.length>1?e[1]=o:e.push(o)}}function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function y(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof le?r=i.url:p.gm?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),pe(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof le&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.body=n.body,this.txSize=G(n.body)||0}function w(e,t){if(this.endTime=(0,S.t)(),this.params||(this.params={}),(0,ce.iW)(this.params))return;let n;this.params.status=t?t.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);const i={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,S.t)()-this.startTime};r("xhr",[this.params,i,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,a.K7.ajax)}function R(e){const t=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(let t=0;t<de;t++)e.removeEventListener(ue[t],this.listener,!1);t.aborted||(0,ce.iW)(t)||(n.duration=(0,S.t)()-this.startTime,this.loadCaptureCalled||4!==e.readyState?null==t.status&&(t.status=0):E(this,e),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,r("xhr",[t,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this,a.K7.ajax))}}function E(e,r){e.params.status=r.status;var n=function(e,t){var r=e.responseType;return"json"===r&&null!==t?t:"arraybuffer"===r||"blob"===r||"json"===r?G(e.response):"text"===r||""===r||void 0===r?G(e.responseText):void 0}(r,e.lastSize);if(n&&(e.metrics.rxSize=n),e.sameOrigin){var i=r.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");i&&((0,x.p)(_.rs,["Ajax/CrossApplicationTracing/Header/Seen"],void 0,a.K7.metrics,t),e.params.cat=i.split(", ").pop())}e.loadCaptureCalled=!0}t.on("new-xhr",i),t.on("open-xhr-start",o),t.on("open-xhr-end",s),t.on("send-xhr-start",c),t.on("xhr-cb-time",u),t.on("xhr-load-added",d),t.on("xhr-load-removed",l),t.on("xhr-resolved",f),t.on("addEventListener-end",h),t.on("removeEventListener-end",g),t.on("fn-end",v),t.on("fetch-before-start",b),t.on("fetch-start",y),t.on("fn-start",m),t.on("fetch-done",w)}(e,this.ee,this.handler,this.dt),this.importAggregator(e)}}function pe(e,t){var r=(0,ie.D)(t),n=e.params||e;n.hostname=r.hostname,n.port=r.port,n.protocol=r.protocol,n.host=r.hostname+":"+r.port,n.pathname=r.pathname,e.parsedOrigin=r,e.sameOrigin=r.sameOrigin}const ge={},me=["pushState","replaceState"];function ve(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("history")}(e);return!p.RI||ge[t.debugId]++||(ge[t.debugId]=1,(0,W.YM)(t).inPlace(window.history,me,"-")),t}var be=i(3738);const{He:ye,bD:we,d3:Re,Kp:xe,TZ:Ee,Lc:Te,uP:Ae,Rz:Se}=be;class Ne extends b{static featureName=Ee;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,Ee,t);if(!(0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier))return void this.deregisterDrain();const r=this.ee;let n;ve(r),this.eventsEE=(0,F.u)(r),this.eventsEE.on(Ae,(function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,S.t)()})),this.eventsEE.on(Te,(function(e,t){(0,x.p)("bst",[e[0],t,this.bstStart,(0,S.t)()],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),r.on(Se+Re,(function(e){this.time=(0,S.t)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),r.on(Se+xe,(function(e){(0,x.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)}));try{n=new PerformanceObserver((e=>{const t=e.getEntries();(0,x.p)(ye,[t],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),n.observe({type:we,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(e,{resourceObserver:n})}}var _e=i(2614);class Oe extends b{static featureName=t.TZ;#i;#o;constructor(e,r=!0){let n;super(e,t.TZ,r),this.replayRunning=!1,this.#o=e;try{n=JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem("".concat(_e.H3,"_").concat(_e.uh)))}catch(e){}(0,g.SR)(e.agentIdentifier)&&this.ee.on(t.G4.RECORD,(()=>this.#a())),this.#s(n)?(this.#i=n?.sessionReplayMode,this.#c()):this.importAggregator(e),this.ee.on("err",(e=>{this.replayRunning&&(this.errorNoticed=!0,(0,x.p)(t.G4.ERROR_DURING_REPLAY,[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee))})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.replayRunning=e}))}#s(e){return e&&(e.sessionReplayMode===_e.g.FULL||e.sessionReplayMode===_e.g.ERROR)||(0,g.Aw)(this.agentIdentifier)}#u=!1;async#c(e){if(!this.#u){this.#u=!0;try{const{Recorder:t}=await Promise.all([i.e(478),i.e(249)]).then(i.bind(i,8589));this.recorder??=new t({mode:this.#i,agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier,trigger:e,ee:this.ee,agentRef:this.#o}),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(this.#o,{recorder:this.recorder,errorNoticed:this.errorNoticed})}}#a(){this.featAggregate?this.featAggregate.mode!==_e.g.FULL&&this.featAggregate.initializeRecording(_e.g.FULL,!0):(this.#i=_e.g.FULL,this.#c(t.Qb.API),this.recorder&&this.recorder.parent.mode!==_e.g.FULL&&(this.recorder.parent.mode=_e.g.FULL,this.recorder.stopRecording(),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording))}}var Ie=i(3962);class Pe extends b{static featureName=Ie.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,Ie.TZ,t),!p.RI||!(0,R.dV)().o.MO)return;const r=ve(this.ee);Ie.tC.forEach((e=>{(0,T.sp)(e,(e=>{a(e)}),!0)}));const n=()=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[(0,S.t)(),""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee);r.on("pushState-end",n),r.on("replaceState-end",n);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}(0,T.sp)("popstate",(e=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[e.timeStamp,""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal);let i=!1;const o=new((0,R.dV)().o.MO)(((e,t)=>{i||(i=!0,requestAnimationFrame((()=>{(0,x.p)("newDom",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),i=!1})))})),a=(0,v.s)((e=>{(0,x.p)("newUIEvent",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),o.observe(document.body,{attributes:!0,childList:!0,subtree:!0,characterData:!0})}),100,{leading:!0});this.abortHandler=function(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),o.disconnect(),this.abortHandler=void 0},this.importAggregator(e,{domObserver:o})}}var je=i(7378);const Ce={},ke=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];function Le(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("jsonp")}(e);if(!p.RI||Ce[t.debugId])return t;Ce[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,i=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,o=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/;function a(e,t){if(!e)return t;const r=e.match(o),n=r[1];return a(r[3],t[n])}return r.inPlace(Node.prototype,ke,"dom-"),t.on("dom-start",(function(e){!function(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e.nodeName||"script"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return;if("function"!=typeof e.addEventListener)return;var o=(s=e.src,c=s.match(n),c?c[1]:null);var s,c;if(!o)return;var u=function(e){var t=e.match(i);if(t&&t.length>=3)return{key:t[2],parent:a(t[1],window)};return{key:e,parent:window}}(o);if("function"!=typeof u.parent[u.key])return;var d={};function l(){t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,T.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,T.jT)(!1))}function f(){t.emit("jsonp-error",[],d),t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,T.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,T.jT)(!1))}r.inPlace(u.parent,[u.key],"cb-",d),e.addEventListener("load",l,(0,T.jT)(!1)),e.addEventListener("error",f,(0,T.jT)(!1)),t.emit("new-jsonp",[e.src],d)}(e[0])})),t}const He={};function Me(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("promise")}(e);if(He[t.debugId])return t;He[t.debugId]=!0;var r=t.context,n=(0,W.YM)(t),i=p.gm.Promise;return i&&function(){function e(r){var o=t.context(),a=n(r,"executor-",o,null,!1);const s=Reflect.construct(i,[a],e);return t.context(s).getCtx=function(){return o},s}p.gm.Promise=e,Object.defineProperty(e,"name",{value:"Promise"}),e.toString=function(){return i.toString()},Object.setPrototypeOf(e,i),["all","race"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){let i=!1;[...e||[]].forEach((e=>{this.resolve(e).then(a("all"===r),a(!1))}));const o=n.apply(this,arguments);return o;function a(e){return function(){t.emit("propagate",[null,!i],o,!1,!1),i=i||!e}}}})),["resolve","reject"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){const r=n.apply(this,arguments);return e!==r&&t.emit("propagate",[e,!0],r,!1,!1),r}})),e.prototype=i.prototype;const o=i.prototype.then;i.prototype.then=function(...e){var i=this,a=r(i);a.promise=i,e[0]=n(e[0],"cb-",a,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"cb-",a,null,!1);const s=o.apply(this,e);return a.nextPromise=s,t.emit("propagate",[i,!0],s,!1,!1),s},i.prototype.then[W.Jt]=o,t.on("executor-start",(function(e){e[0]=n(e[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)})),t.on("executor-err",(function(e,t,r){e[1](r)})),t.on("cb-end",(function(e,r,n){t.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)})),t.on("propagate",(function(e,r,n){this.getCtx&&!r||(this.getCtx=function(){if(e instanceof Promise)var r=t.context(e);return r&&r.getCtx?r.getCtx():this})}))}(),t}const De={},Ke="setTimeout",Ue="setInterval",Ve="clearTimeout",Ge="-start",Fe=[Ke,"setImmediate",Ue,Ve,"clearImmediate"];function Be(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("timer")}(e);if(De[t.debugId]++)return t;De[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,W.YM)(t);return r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(0,2),Ke+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(2,3),Ue+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(3),Ve+"-"),t.on(Ue+Ge,(function(e,t,n){e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",null,n)})),t.on(Ke+Ge,(function(e,t,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(e[1])?0:+e[1],e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",this,n)})),t}const We={};function ze(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("mutation")}(e);if(!p.RI||We[t.debugId])return t;We[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=p.gm.MutationObserver;return n&&(window.MutationObserver=function(e){return this instanceof n?new n(r(e,"fn-")):n.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=n.prototype),t}const{TZ:qe,d3:Ze,Kp:Ye,$p:Xe,wW:$e,e5:Je,tH:Qe,uP:et,rw:tt,Lc:rt}=je;class nt extends b{static featureName=qe;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,qe,t),!p.RI)return;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}let r,n=0;const i=this.ee.get("tracer"),o=Le(this.ee),a=Me(this.ee),s=Be(this.ee),c=Z(this.ee),u=this.ee.get("events"),d=ne(this.ee),l=ve(this.ee),f=ze(this.ee);function h(e,t){l.emit("newURL",[""+window.location,t])}function g(){n++,r=window.location.hash,this[et]=(0,S.t)()}function m(){n--,window.location.hash!==r&&h(0,!0);var e=(0,S.t)();this[Je]=~~this[Je]+e-this[et],this[rt]=e}function v(e,t){e.on(t,(function(){this[t]=(0,S.t)()}))}this.ee.on(et,g),a.on(tt,g),o.on(tt,g),this.ee.on(rt,m),a.on($e,m),o.on($e,m),this.ee.on("fn-err",((...t)=>{t[2]?.__newrelic?.[e.agentIdentifier]||(0,x.p)("function-err",[...t],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.buffer([et,rt,"xhr-resolved"],this.featureName),u.buffer([et],this.featureName),s.buffer(["setTimeout"+Ye,"clearTimeout"+Ze,et],this.featureName),c.buffer([et,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+Ze],this.featureName),d.buffer([Qe+Ze,Qe+"-done",Qe+Xe+Ze,Qe+Xe+Ye],this.featureName),l.buffer(["newURL"],this.featureName),f.buffer([et],this.featureName),a.buffer(["propagate",tt,$e,"executor-err","resolve"+Ze],this.featureName),i.buffer([et,"no-"+et],this.featureName),o.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"],this.featureName),v(d,Qe+Ze),v(d,Qe+"-done"),v(o,"new-jsonp"),v(o,"jsonp-end"),v(o,"cb-start"),l.on("pushState-end",h),l.on("replaceState-end",h),window.addEventListener("hashchange",h,(0,T.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("load",h,(0,T.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("popstate",(function(){h(0,n>1)}),(0,T.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var it=i(3333);class ot extends b{static featureName=it.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,it.TZ,t);const r=[e.init.page_action.enabled,e.init.performance.capture_marks,e.init.performance.capture_measures,e.init.user_actions.enabled,e.init.performance.resources.enabled];if(p.RI&&(e.init.user_actions.enabled&&(it.Zp.forEach((e=>(0,T.sp)(e,(e=>(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0))),it.qN.forEach((e=>{const t=(0,v.s)((e=>{(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),500,{leading:!0});(0,T.sp)(e,t)}))),e.init.performance.resources.enabled&&p.gm.PerformanceObserver?.supportedEntryTypes.includes("resource"))){new PerformanceObserver((e=>{e.getEntries().forEach((e=>{(0,x.p)("browserPerformance.resource",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}))})).observe({type:"resource",buffered:!0})}r.some((e=>e))?this.importAggregator(e):this.deregisterDrain()}}var at=i(993),st=i(3785);class ct extends b{static featureName=at.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,at.TZ,t);const r=this.ee;this.ee.on("wrap-logger-end",(function([e]){const{level:t,customAttributes:n}=this;(0,st.R)(r,e,n,t)})),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t){super(),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,R.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(w),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,R.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[he,w,N,Ne,Oe,O,M,ot,ct,Pe,nt],loaderType:"spa"})})()})();</script> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MGR7P8X');</script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-B1V8SZE3GL"></script> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-B1V8SZE3GL');</script> <script>(function(){var a=window.mutiny=window.mutiny||{};if(!window.mutiny.client){a.client={_queue:{}};var b=["identify","trackConversion"];var c=[].concat(b,["defaultOptOut","optOut","optIn"]);var d=function factory(c){return function(){for(var d=arguments.length,e=new Array(d),f=0;f<d;f++){e[f]=arguments[f]}a.client._queue[c]=a.client._queue[c]||[];if(b.includes(c)){return new Promise(function(b,d){a.client._queue[c].push({args:e,resolve:b,reject:d})})}else{a.client._queue[c].push({args:e})}}};c.forEach(function(b){a.client[b]=d(b)})}})();</script> <script data-cfasync="false" src="https://client-registry.mutinycdn.com/personalize/client/d454424c4514a20a.js"></script> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="description" content="Email spoofing tricks users into thinking an email is from someone they know. Learn about email spoofing, the definition, examples and how to be protected." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-reference/email-spoofing" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-reference/email-spoofing" /> <link rel="icon" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/favicon.ico" /> <link rel="mask-icon" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon.svg" /> <link rel="icon" sizes="16x16" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" /> <link rel="icon" sizes="32x32" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" /> <link rel="icon" sizes="96x96" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" /> <link rel="icon" sizes="192x192" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-192x192.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-60x60.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-72x72.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-76x76.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-114x114.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-120x120.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-144x144.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-152x152.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-180x180.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-57x57.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-72x72.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="76x76" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-76x76.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-114x114.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="120x120" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-120x120.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-144x144.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-152x152.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="180x180" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-180x180.png" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Proofpoint" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-reference/email-spoofing" /> <meta property="og:title" content="What Is Email Spoofing? Definition & Examples | Proofpoint US" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Email spoofing tricks users into thinking an email is from someone they know. Learn about email spoofing, the definition, examples and how to be protected." /> <meta property="og:image" content="" /> <meta property="og:image:url" content="" /> <meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2021-02-26T17:13:48-08:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-08-10T06:12:15-07:00" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Email spoofing tricks users into thinking an email is from someone they know. Learn about email spoofing, the definition, examples and how to be protected." /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@proofpoint" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="What Is Email Spoofing? Definition & Examples | Proofpoint US" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-reference/email-spoofing" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-us" href="https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-reference/email-spoofing" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="it" href="https://www.proofpoint.com/it/threat-reference/email-spoofing" /> <script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript" id="vwoCode">window._vwo_code=window._vwo_code || (function() { var account_id=1002484, version=1.3, settings_tolerance=2000, library_tolerance=2500,z use_existing_jquery=false, is_spa=1, hide_element='body', /* DO NOT EDIT BELOW THIS LINE */ f=false,d=document,code={use_existing_jquery:function(){return use_existing_jquery},library_tolerance:function(){return library_tolerance},finish:function(){if(!f){f=true;var e=d.getElementById('_vis_opt_path_hides');if(e)e.parentNode.removeChild(e)}},finished:function(){return f},load:function(e){var t=d.createElement('script');t.fetchPriority='high';t.src=e;t.type='text/javascript';t.innerText;t.onerror=function(){_vwo_code.finish()};d.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(t)},init:function(){window.settings_timer=setTimeout(function(){_vwo_code.finish()},settings_tolerance);var e=d.createElement('style'),t=hide_element?hide_element+'{opacity:0 !important;filter:alpha(opacity=0) !important;background:none !important;}':'',i=d.getElementsByTagName('head')[0];e.setAttribute('id','_vis_opt_path_hides');e.setAttribute('nonce',document.querySelector('#vwoCode').nonce);e.setAttribute('type','text/css');if(e.styleSheet)e.styleSheet.cssText=t;else e.appendChild(d.createTextNode(t));i.appendChild(e);this.load('https://dev.visualwebsiteoptimizer.com/j.php?a='+account_id+'&u='+encodeURIComponent(d.URL)+'&f='+ +is_spa+'&vn='+version);return settings_timer}};window._vwo_settings_timer = code.init();return code;}());</script> <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="l349mr2tyecyl7w3a1146378lqxru1" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <link rel="preload" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/dist/app-drupal/assets/fonts/proofpoint.woff2" as="font" crossorigin="anonymous" /> <link rel="preload" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/dist/app-drupal/assets/fonts/RobotoCondensed-Regular-webfont.woff" as="font" crossorigin="anonymous" /> <link rel="preload" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/dist/app-drupal/assets/fonts/fjalla-one-v7-latin-regular.woff" as="font" crossorigin="anonymous" /> <link rel="preload" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/dist/app-drupal/assets/fonts/fjalla-one-v7-latin-regular.woff2" as="font" crossorigin="anonymous" /> <link rel="preload" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/dist/app-drupal/assets/fonts/RobotoCondensed-Bold-webfont.woff" as="font" crossorigin="anonymous" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-gb" href="https://www.proofpoint.com/uk/threat-reference/email-spoofing" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://www.proofpoint.com/fr/threat-reference/email-spoofing" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="de" href="https://www.proofpoint.com/de/threat-reference/email-spoofing" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="es" href="https://www.proofpoint.com/es/threat-reference/email-spoofing" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ja" href="https://www.proofpoint.com/jp/threat-reference/email-spoofing" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-au" href="https://www.proofpoint.com/au/threat-reference/email-spoofing" /> <title>What Is Email Spoofing? Definition & Examples | Proofpoint US</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_zdrwF4-udI033epblI0e7aKa4uRwVCKEXd7MqkzVx7Q.css?delta=0&language=en&theme=particle&include=eJx1kU1uxSAMhC_0nCx6IgMOQSU2ss1T3-1Lf1TIoivE5xEzHlykBtTdf86Hvczp2gMaPRqql1hpj6LLLYvkSnAIu016iDgpPN8WYRUz1BewpNtr7MQODTPpxCdhKpwnCDpI1H6FbxvMiu20PWlvWLdJts6th1rspLS4OEJA5tViBApYgSpddAtvDeOSMFTJYD1Y1BIW_odgKOL7HCiZdI1k_w2gjFYndvpwiFL7xWuFhN6VEqAZ-eOiVHA_Sh29bhGbF-FFrETgWsY-DZnqWqTK7-q37_gqeCDG5ycIh8EZ" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_9MTIYU4du8PmeIJiX9TO4axL1_cXBnpGVRCYSszBS7w.css?delta=1&language=en&theme=particle&include=eJx1kU1uxSAMhC_0nCx6IgMOQSU2ss1T3-1Lf1TIoivE5xEzHlykBtTdf86Hvczp2gMaPRqql1hpj6LLLYvkSnAIu016iDgpPN8WYRUz1BewpNtr7MQODTPpxCdhKpwnCDpI1H6FbxvMiu20PWlvWLdJts6th1rspLS4OEJA5tViBApYgSpddAtvDeOSMFTJYD1Y1BIW_odgKOL7HCiZdI1k_w2gjFYndvpwiFL7xWuFhN6VEqAZ-eOiVHA_Sh29bhGbF-FFrETgWsY-DZnqWqTK7-q37_gqeCDG5ycIh8EZ" /> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_jJku_dBSpGBzL-Q1wGMXOurNyXAM2fLpoxg9V9CAkMA.js?scope=header&delta=0&language=en&theme=particle&include=eJxNjFEOwjAMQy_EFPHHbaY0mDZam1RZen-YhASf9vPznLveH0adrS6u2J5ISHrc5twHx4F0GsukHWpXd4JDGq3Ufl45GwYo3Xvhj8SRKh0kHvjDXIxLUau_xfd8e3mMN5xAM9U"></script> </head> <body class="path-node user-anonymous"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable"> Skip to main content </a> <div class="limit-width-wrapper"> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <div class="header-nav__spacer"></div> <div class="header-nav js-is-top"> <div class="header-nav__extra"> <div class="header-nav__extra-wrap"> <div class="header-nav__top-language" data-open="content:x_lng"> <span>English (Americas)</span> </div> <div class="header-nav__actions"> <div class="header-nav__top-search" data-open="content:x_sch"> <span>Search</span> </div> <div class="header-nav__top-login" data-open="content:x_lgn"> <span>Login</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__main"> <div class="header-nav__main-wrap"> <div class="header-nav__expand" data-open="home"></div> <ul class="header-nav__top-links"> <li class="header-nav__top-link"> <div data-open="content:platform_panel" class="header-nav__top-link-text"> Platform </div> </li> <li class="header-nav__top-link"> <div data-open="content:products_panel" class="header-nav__top-link-text"> Products </div> </li> <li class="header-nav__top-link"> <div data-open="content:solutions_panel" class="header-nav__top-link-text"> Solutions </div> </li> </ul> <a href="/us" class="header-nav__logo">Proofpoint</a> <div class="header-nav__buttons"> <a href=/us/contact class="global-elements__cta-button--outline header-nav__button" > <span>Contact</span> <div class="global-elements__cta-button--arrow-wrapper"></div> </a> </div> <div class="header-nav__mobile-actions"> <div class="header-nav__mobile-search" data-open="content:x_sch">Search</div> <div class="header-nav__mobile-menu" data-open="home"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu"> <div class="header-nav__menu-wrapper"> <div class="header-nav__menu-close"></div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-home={true}> <ul class="header-nav__home-links"> <li class="header-nav__home-link" data-open="content:platform_panel" ><span>Platform</span></li> <li class="header-nav__home-link" data-open="content:products_panel" ><span>Products</span></li> <li class="header-nav__home-link" data-open="content:solutions_panel" ><span>Solutions</span></li> <li class="header-nav__home-link" data-open="content:partners_panel" ><span>Partners</span></li> <li class="header-nav__home-link" data-open="content:resources_panel" ><span>Resources</span></li> <li class="header-nav__home-link" data-open="content:company_panel" ><span>Company</span></li> </ul> <div class="header-nav__menu-extras"> <div class="header-nav__menu-search" data-open="content:x_sch">Search</div> <div class="header-nav__menu-login" data-open="content:x_lgn">Login</div> <div class="header-nav__menu-language" data-open="content:x_lng">English (Americas)</div> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-sublinks="Platform"> <div class="header-nav__sublinks"> <div class="header-nav__expand-title">Platform</div> <ul class="header-nav__expand-links"> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-sublinks="Products"> <div class="header-nav__sublinks"> <div class="header-nav__expand-title">Products</div> <ul class="header-nav__expand-links"> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-sublinks="Solutions"> <div class="header-nav__sublinks"> <div class="header-nav__expand-title">Solutions</div> <ul class="header-nav__expand-links"> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-sublinks="Partners"> <div class="header-nav__sublinks"> <div class="header-nav__expand-title">Partners</div> <ul class="header-nav__expand-links"> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-sublinks="Resources"> <div class="header-nav__sublinks"> <div class="header-nav__expand-title">Resources</div> <ul class="header-nav__expand-links"> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-sublinks="Company"> <div class="header-nav__sublinks"> <div class="header-nav__expand-title">Company</div> <ul class="header-nav__expand-links"> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-content="products_panel"> <div class="header-nav__content"> <a href="/us/products/protect-people" class="header-nav__content-link-group-anchor"> <div class="header-nav__content-link-group"> <div class="header-nav__content-group-title">Protect People</div> <div class="header-nav__content-group-desc">Multi-layered, adaptive defenses for threat detection, impersonation, and supplier risk.</div> </div> </a> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/products/threat-defense" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Email Security</a> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/products/impersonation-protection" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Impersonation Protection</a> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="#" class="header-nav__content-link-text" data-open="content:products_more_tp_products_panel">More products</a> </div> <a href="/us/products/defend-data" class="header-nav__content-link-group-anchor"> <div class="header-nav__content-link-group"> <div class="header-nav__content-group-title">Defend Data</div> <div class="header-nav__content-group-desc">Transform your information protection with a human-centric, omni-channel approach.</div> </div> </a> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/products/data-security-posture-management" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Data Security Posture Management</a> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/products/data-loss-prevention" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Enterprise DLP</a> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/products/adaptive-email-dlp" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Adaptive Email DLP</a> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/products/insider-threat-management" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Insider Threat Management</a> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/products/digital-communications-governance" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Digital Communications Governance</a> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link-group"> <div class="header-nav__content-group-title">Mitigate Human Risk</div> <div class="header-nav__content-group-desc">Unlock full user risk visibility and drive behavior change.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/products/mitigate-human-risk" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Security Awareness</a> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link-group"> <div class="header-nav__content-group-title">Augment Your Capabilities</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/products/premium-services" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Managed Services</a> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/products/packages" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Product Packages</a> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link-spacer"></div> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-content="products_more_tp_products_panel"> <div class="header-nav__content"> <div class="header-nav__content-heading">More Protect People Products</div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/products/identity-protection" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Account Take-Over and Identity Protection</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Secure vulnerable identities, stop lateral movement and privilege escalation.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/products/adaptive-email-security" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Adaptive Email Security</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Stop more threats with a fully integrated layer of behavioral AI.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/products/email-protection/email-fraud-defense" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Email Fraud Defense</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Protect your brand reputation, increase deliverability and identify lookalikes of your domains.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/products/email-security-and-protection/secure-email-relay" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Secure Email Relay</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Secure your application email and accelerate DMARC implementation.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-content="solutions_panel"> <div class="header-nav__content"> <div class="header-nav__content-link-group"> <div class="header-nav__content-group-title">Solutions by Use Case</div> <div class="header-nav__content-group-desc">How Proofpoint protects your people and data.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/solutions/ensure-acceptable-genai-use" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Ensure Acceptable GenAI Use</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Empower your workforce with safe GenAI practices.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/solutions/email-authentication-with-dmarc" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Authenticate Your Email</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Protect your email deliverability with DMARC.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/solutions/combat-email-and-cloud-threats" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Combat Email and Cloud Threats</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Protect your people from email and cloud threats with an intelligent and holistic approach.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="#" class="header-nav__content-link-text" data-open="content:solutions_by_use_case_panel">More use cases</a> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link-group"> <div class="header-nav__content-group-title">Solutions by Industry</div> <div class="header-nav__content-group-desc">People-centric solutions for your organization.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/solutions/federal" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Federal Government</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Cybersecurity for federal government agencies.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/solutions/state-and-local-government" class="header-nav__content-link-text">State and Local Government</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Protecting the public sector, and the public from cyber threats.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="#" class="header-nav__content-link-text" data-open="content:solutions_by_industry_panel">More industries</a> </div> <a href="/us/compare" class="header-nav__content-link-group-anchor"> <div class="header-nav__content-link-group"> <div class="header-nav__content-group-title">Comparing Proofpoint</div> <div class="header-nav__content-group-desc">Evaluating cybersecurity vendors? Check out our side-by-side comparisons.</div> </div> </a> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="#" class="header-nav__content-link-text" data-open="content:compare_proofpoint_panel">View comparisons</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-content="solutions_by_use_case_panel"> <div class="header-nav__content"> <h3 class="header-nav__content-title">Solutions By Use Case</h3> <div class="header-nav__content-heading">How Proofpoint protects your people and data.</div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/solutions/change-user-behavior" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Change User Behavior</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Help your employees identify, resist and report attacks before the damage is done.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/solutions/combat-data-loss-and-insider-risk" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Combat Data Loss and Insider Risk</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Prevent data loss via negligent, compromised and malicious insiders.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/solutions/enable-intelligent-compliance" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Modernize Compliance and Archiving</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Manage risk and data retention needs with a modern compliance and archiving solution.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/solutions/protect-cloud-apps" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Protect Cloud Apps</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Keep your people and their cloud apps secure by eliminating threats and data loss.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/solutions/prevent-loss-from-ransomware" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Prevent Loss from Ransomware</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Learn about this growing threat and stop attacks by securing ransomware's top vector: email.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/solutions/secure-microsoft-365" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Secure Microsoft 365</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Implement the best security and compliance solution for Microsoft 365.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-content="solutions_by_industry_panel"> <div class="header-nav__content"> <h3 class="header-nav__content-title">Solutions By Industry</h3> <div class="header-nav__content-heading">People-centric solutions for your organization.</div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/solutions/higher-education-security" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Higher Education</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">A higher level of security for higher education.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/solutions/financial-services-and-insurance" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Financial Services</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Eliminate threats, build trust and foster growth for your organization.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/solutions/healthcare-information-security" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Healthcare</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Protect clinicians, patient data, and your intellectual property against advanced threats.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/solutions/mobile-message-security-solutions-for-service-providers" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Mobile Operators</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Make your messaging environment a secure environment.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/solutions/email-security-solutions-for-service-providers" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Internet Service Providers</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Cloudmark email protection.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/solutions/protection-compliance-small-business" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Small and Medium Businesses</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Big-time security for small business.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-content="compare_proofpoint_panel"> <div class="header-nav__content"> <h3 class="header-nav__content-title">Proofpoint vs. the competition</h3> <div class="header-nav__content-heading">Side-by-side comparisons.</div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/compare/proofpoint-vs-abnormal-security" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Proofpoint vs. Abnormal Security</a> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/compare/proofpoint-vs-mimecast" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Proofpoint vs. Mimecast</a> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/compare/proofpoint-vs-cisco" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Proofpoint vs. Cisco</a> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/compare/proofpoint-vs-microsoft" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Proofpoint vs Microsoft</a> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/compare/proofpoint-vs-microsoft-purview" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Proofpoint vs. Microsoft Purview</a> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/compare/proofpoint-vs-legacy-dlp" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Proofpoint vs. Legacy DLP</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-content="partners_panel"> <div class="header-nav__content"> <h3 class="header-nav__content-title">Partners</h3> <div class="header-nav__content-heading">Deliver Proofpoint solutions to your customers.</div> <a href=https://partners.proofpoint.com class="global-elements__cta-button header-nav__content-button" > <span>Become a Partner</span> <div class="global-elements__cta-button--arrow-wrapper"></div> </a> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/partners/trusted-data-solutions-partnership" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Archive Extraction Partners</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Learn about Extraction Partners.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/global-system-integrator-gsi-and-global-managed-service-provider-msp-partners" class="header-nav__content-link-text">GSI Partners</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Learn about our global consulting.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/partners/technology-alliance-partners" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Technology and Alliance Partners</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Learn about our relationships.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/partners/digital-risk-and-compliance-partners" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Social Media Protection Partners</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Learn about the technology and....</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/partners/msp" class="header-nav__content-link-text">MSP Partners</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Learn about our MSP solutions.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="https://partners.proofpoint.com" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Portal Login</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-content="resources_panel"> <div class="header-nav__content"> <h3 class="header-nav__content-title">Resources</h3> <div class="header-nav__content-heading">Find reports, webinars, blogs, events, podcasts and more.</div> <a href=/us/resources class="global-elements__cta-button header-nav__content-button" > <span>Resource Library</span> <div class="global-elements__cta-button--arrow-wrapper"></div> </a> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/blog" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Blog</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Keep up with the latest news and happenings.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/webinars" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Webinars</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Browse our webinar library to learn about the latest threats, trends and issues in cybersecurity.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/cybersecurity-academy" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Cybersecurity Academy</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Earn your certification to become a Proofpoint Certified Guardian.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/podcasts" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Podcasts</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Learn about the human side of cybersecurity.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/new-perimeters" class="header-nav__content-link-text">New Perimeters Magazine</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Get the latest cybersecurity insights in your hands.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/threat-reference" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Threat Glossary</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Learn about the latest security threats.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/events" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Events</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Connect with us at events to learn how to protect your people and data from ever-evolving threats.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/customer-stories" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Customer Stories</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Read how our customers solve their most pressing cybersecurity challenges.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-content="company_panel"> <div class="header-nav__content"> <h3 class="header-nav__content-title">Company</h3> <div class="header-nav__content-heading">Proofpoint protects organizations' greatest assets and biggest risks: their people.</div> <a href=/us/company/about class="global-elements__cta-button header-nav__content-button" > <span>About Proofpoint</span> <div class="global-elements__cta-button--arrow-wrapper"></div> </a> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/why-proofpoint" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Why Proofpoint</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Learn about our unique people-centric approach to protection.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/company/careers" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Careers</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Stand out and make a difference at one of the world's leading cybersecurity companies.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/newsroom" class="header-nav__content-link-text">News Center</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Read the latest press releases, news stories and media highlights about Proofpoint.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/legal/trust" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Privacy and Trust</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Learn about how we handle data and make commitments to privacy and other regulations.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/legal/esg" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Environmental, Social, and Governance</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Learn how we apply our principles to positively impact our community.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/support-services" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Support</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Access the full range of Proofpoint support services.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-content="platform_panel"> <div class="header-nav__content"> <h3 class="header-nav__content-title">Platform</h3> <div class="header-nav__content-heading">Discover the Proofpoint human-centric platform.</div> <a href=/us/platform class="global-elements__cta-button header-nav__content-button" > <span>Learn More</span> <div class="global-elements__cta-button--arrow-wrapper"></div> </a> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/platform/nexus" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Nexus</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Detection technologies to protect people and defend data.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/platform/zen" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Zen</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Protect and engage users wherever they work.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-content="x_sch"> <div class="header-nav__content"> <div class="header-nav__content-title--search"> Search Proofpoint </div> <div class="header-nav__search"> <form class="header-nav__search-form"> <input type="text" class="header-nav__search-input" placeholder=""> <input type="submit" class="header-nav__search-button" val="Search"> </form> <div class="header-nav__search-sugg-title">Try searching for</div> <div class="header-nav__search-suggestions"> <a href="/us/search?content%5Bquery%5D=Email%20Security" class="header-nav__search-suggestion">Email Security</a> <a href="/us/search?content%5Bquery%5D=Phishing" class="header-nav__search-suggestion">Phishing</a> <a href="/us/search?content%5Bquery%5D=DLP" class="header-nav__search-suggestion">DLP</a> <a href="/us/search?content%5Bquery%5D=Email%20Fraud" class="header-nav__search-suggestion">Email Fraud</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-content="x_lgn"> <div class="header-nav__content"> <div class="header-nav__content-title"> Select Product Login </div> <ul class="header-nav__logins"> <li class="header-nav__content-login"> <a href="https://proofpoint.my.site.com/community/s/" target="_blank">Support Log-in</a> </li> <li class="header-nav__content-login"> <a href="https://proofpointcybersecurityacademy.adobelearningmanager.com" target="_blank">Proofpoint Cybersecurity Academy</a> </li> <li class="header-nav__content-login"> <a href="https://digitalrisk.proofpoint.com/" target="_blank">Digital Risk Portal</a> </li> <li class="header-nav__content-login"> <a href="https://emaildefense.proofpoint.com/login.php" target="_blank">Email Fraud Defense</a> </li> <li class="header-nav__content-login"> <a href="https://threatintel.proofpoint.com/" target="_blank">ET Intelligence</a> </li> <li class="header-nav__content-login"> <a href="https://us1.proofpointessentials.com/app/login.php" target="_blank">Proofpoint Essentials</a> </li> <li class="header-nav__content-login"> <a href="https://proofpointcommunities.force.com/community" target="_blank">Sendmail Support Log-in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-content="x_lng"> <div class="header-nav__content"> <div class="header-nav__content-title"> Select Language </div> <ul class="header-nav__language-links"> <li class="header-nav__language-link"> <a href="/us">English (Americas)</a> </li> <li class="header-nav__language-link"> <a href="/uk">English (Europe, Middle East, Africa)</a> </li> <li class="header-nav__language-link"> <a href="/au">English (Asia-Pacific)</a> </li> <li class="header-nav__language-link"> <a href="/es">Español</a> </li> <li class="header-nav__language-link"> <a href="/de">Deutsch</a> </li> <li class="header-nav__language-link"> <a href="/fr">Français</a> </li> <li class="header-nav__language-link"> <a href="/it">Italiano</a> </li> <li class="header-nav__language-link"> <a href="/br">Português</a> </li> <li class="header-nav__language-link"> <a href="/jp">日本語</a> </li> <li class="header-nav__language-link"> <a href="/kr">한국어</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout-container"> <div> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> <main class="container" role="main"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <section class="row"> <div class="layout-content"> <div> <div id="block-particle-content"> <article about="/us/threat-reference/email-spoofing" class="node--type--glossary node--view-mode--full node node-glossary-full"> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org/", "@type": "DefinedTerm", "name": "What Is Email Spoofing?", "description": "Email Spoofing Definition A Brief History of Email Spoofing Spoofing vs. Phishing How Email Spoofing Works Examples of Email Spoofing How to Identify Spoofing Email Motivations Behind Email Spoofing Email Spoofing Statistics How to Protect Against Email Spoofing How Proofpoint Can Help", "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-reference/email-spoofing", "inDefinedTermSet": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-reference" } </script> <div class="glossary-content__breadcrumbs"> <div class="breadcrumbs _legacy_element _breadcrumbs"><div class="nav-crumbs"><div class="breadcrumb__item"><a href="/us/threat-reference" class="breadcrum__item-link">Glossary</a></div><div class="breadcrumb__item"> What Is Email Spoofing? </div></div></div> </div> <div class="glossary-content__hero"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--hero-banner-v3 paragraph--view-mode--default hero-banner-v3 _legacy_heros _hero_banner_v3" style="background-image: url("/sites/default/files/styles/webp_conversion/public/general-banners/pfpt-placeholder-banner-2022.png.webp?itok=EgtcKCzS")"> <div class="hero-banner-v3__wrapper hero-banner-v3__wrapper-default"> <h1 class="hero-banner-v3__title"> What Is Email Spoofing? </h1> <a href=/us/resources/analyst-reports/gartner-market-guide-email-security class="global-elements__cta-button--white" target="" > <span>Latest Gartner Report on Email Security</span> <div class="global-elements__cta-button--arrow-wrapper"></div> </a> <a href=/us/resources/data-sheets/email-protection class="global-elements__cta-button" target="" > <span>Download the Proofpoint Email Protection Data Sheet</span> <div class="global-elements__cta-button--arrow-wrapper"></div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="glossary-content"> <h3 class="glossary-content__headline"> Table of Contents </h3> <div class="node-full__body glossary-content__body"> <div style="display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin: 25px 0;"> <ul style="margin: 0; width: 400px;"> <li><a href="#toc-1">Email Spoofing Definition</a></li> <li><a href="#toc-2">A Brief History of Email Spoofing</a></li> <li><a href="#toc-3">Spoofing vs. Phishing</a></li> <li><a href="#toc-4">How Email Spoofing Works</a></li> <li><a href="#toc-5">Examples of Email Spoofing</a></li> </ul> <ul style="margin: 0; width: 400px;"> <li><a href="#toc-6">How to Identify Spoofing Email</a></li> <li><a href="#toc-7">Motivations Behind Email Spoofing</a></li> <li><a href="#toc-8">Email Spoofing Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="#toc-9">How to Protect Against Email Spoofing</a></li> <li><a href="#toc-10">How Proofpoint Can Help</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="glossary__components"> <span data-smooth-scroll="true" class="anchor_link _legacy_element _anchor" id="toc-1"></span> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-columns paragraph--view-mode--full text-cols _legacy_text _text-columns"> <div class="block-text-cols__cols block-text-cols__cols-1"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-column paragraph--view-mode--default block-text-cols__cols__item"> <h3 class="block-text-cols__title">Email Spoofing Definition</h3> <div class="block-text-cols__body"> <p>Email spoofing is a technique used in <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="fe9f57df-0346-44cd-af0f-a24cf6e562df" href="/us/threat-reference/spam" title="Spam">spam</a> and phishing attacks to trick users into thinking a message came from a person or entity they know or trust. In spoofing attacks, the sender forges email headers so that client software displays the fraudulent sender address, which most users take at face value. Users don’t realize the sender is forged unless they inspect the header more closely. If it’s a name they recognize, they’re more likely to trust it. So they’ll click malicious links, open <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="cf25aeea-2fa4-4674-b127-48d375cc5aac" href="/us/threat-reference/malicious-email-attachments" title="Malicious Email Attachments">malware attachments</a>, send sensitive data, and even wire corporate funds.</p> <p>Email spoofing is possible due to how email systems are designed. The client application assigns a sender address to outgoing messages, so outgoing email servers cannot identify whether the sender address is legitimate or spoofed.</p> <p>Recipient servers and antimalware software can help detect and filter spoofed messages. Unfortunately, not every email service has security protocols in place. Still, users can review each message’s email header to determine whether the sender address is forged.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--space paragraph--view-mode--full space _legacy_customer _space"> <div class="space__wrapper"> <div class="space__item space__sm"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--free-trial-panel paragraph--view-mode--full free-trial-panel _legacy-ctas _free-trial-panel free-trial-panel--black v3-dark-bg-only free-trial-panel--no-img"> <div class="free-trial-panel__wrapper"> <div class="free-trial-panel__content"> <div class="free-trial-panel__heading"> <h3>Cybersecurity Education and Training Begins Here</h3> </div> <a href=# class="global-elements__cta-button--white free-trial-panel__action-btn" > <span>Start a Free Trial</span> <div class="global-elements__cta-button--arrow-wrapper"></div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="free-trial-panel-form"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--marketo-form paragraph--view-mode--default marketo-form _legacy_customer _marketo_form UNCONVERTED"> <div class="marketo-form__content"> <h2>Here’s how your free trial works:</h2> <ul> <li>Meet with our cybersecurity experts to assess your environment and identify your threat risk exposure</li> <li>Within 24 hours and minimal configuration, we’ll deploy our solutions for 30 days</li> <li>Experience our technology in action!</li> <li>Receive report outlining your security vulnerabilities to help you take immediate action against cybersecurity attacks</li> </ul> <p>Fill out this form to request a meeting with our cybersecurity experts.</p> </div> <div class="marketo-form__form-container"> <div class="mk-form"> <div class="mk-form__form-container _legacy_element _marketo_form"> <script type="IN/Form2" data-data-form="mktoForm_3331" data-field-firstname="FirstName" data-field-lastname="LastName" data-field-email="Email" data-field-company="Company" data-field-title="Title" data-field-state="State" data-field-country="Country" ></script> <form id="mktoForm_3331" data-mkto-id="3331" data-mkto-base="//go.proofpoint.com" data-munchkin-id="309-RHV-619" data-submit-text="" data-redirect-link="" data-prefill="" data-event-label="" data-lang-code="us" data-validate-email="1" class="mk-form__form marketo-form-block__form" ></form> </div> </div> <div class="mk-form__success"> <p>Thank you for your submission.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--space paragraph--view-mode--full space _legacy_customer _space"> <div class="space__wrapper"> <div class="space__item space__md"> </div> </div> </div> <span data-smooth-scroll="true" class="anchor_link _legacy_element _anchor" id="toc-2"></span> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-columns paragraph--view-mode--full text-cols _legacy_text _text-columns"> <div class="block-text-cols__cols block-text-cols__cols-1"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-column paragraph--view-mode--default block-text-cols__cols__item"> <h3 class="block-text-cols__title">A Brief History of Email Spoofing</h3> <div class="block-text-cols__body"> <p>Email spoofing has been an issue since the 1970s due to how email protocols work. It started with spammers who used it to get around email filters. The issue became more common in the 1990s, then grew into a global cybersecurity issue in the 2000s.</p> <p>Security protocols were introduced in 2014 to help fight email spoofing and <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="3d41a44d-bc21-401b-8912-4f84e4e683ce" href="/us/threat-reference/phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a>. Since then, many spoofed email messages are now sent to user spamboxes or are rejected and never sent to recipient inboxes.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--space paragraph--view-mode--full space _legacy_customer _space"> <div class="space__wrapper"> <div class="space__item space__sm"> </div> </div> </div> <span data-smooth-scroll="true" class="anchor_link _legacy_element _anchor" id="toc-3"></span> <div class="utl-disable-bottom-margin paragraph paragraph--type--text-columns paragraph--view-mode--full text-cols _legacy_text _text-columns"> <div class="block-text-cols__cols block-text-cols__cols-1"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-column paragraph--view-mode--default block-text-cols__cols__item"> <h3 class="block-text-cols__title">Spoofing vs. Phishing</h3> <div class="block-text-cols__body"> <p>Despite sharing some similarities, spoofing and phishing are two distinct cyber threats with several fundamental differences.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-columns paragraph--view-mode--full text-cols _legacy_text _text-columns"> <div class="block-text-cols__cols block-text-cols__cols-2"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-column paragraph--view-mode--default block-text-cols__cols__item"> <div class="block-text-cols__body"> <ul> <li>The goal of spoofing is to impersonate someone’s identity, while the goal of phishing attacks is to steal information.</li> <li>Phishing scams are fraudulent because they involve information theft. However, spoofing is not considered fraud because the victim’s email address or phone number is not stolen but rather imitated.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-column paragraph--view-mode--default block-text-cols__cols__item"> <div class="block-text-cols__body"> <ul> <li>Phishing often involves the attacker pretending to be from a trusted organization, whereas spoofing involves changing the sender’s email address or phone number to impersonate someone else.</li> <li>Phishing is commonly executed with fake websites and data collection portals. Spoofing emails can be used to breach system security or steal user information.</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--space paragraph--view-mode--full space _legacy_customer _space"> <div class="space__wrapper"> <div class="space__item space__sm"> </div> </div> </div> <span data-smooth-scroll="true" class="anchor_link _legacy_element _anchor" id="toc-4"></span> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-columns paragraph--view-mode--full text-cols _legacy_text _text-columns"> <div class="block-text-cols__cols block-text-cols__cols-1"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-column paragraph--view-mode--default block-text-cols__cols__item"> <h3 class="block-text-cols__title">How Email Spoofing Works</h3> <div class="block-text-cols__body"> <p>Email spoofing aims to trick users into believing the email is from someone they know or trust—in most cases, a colleague, vendor, or brand. Exploiting that trust, the attacker asks the recipient to divulge information or take some other action.</p> <p>A typical email client (such as Microsoft Outlook) automatically enters the sender address when a user sends a new email message. But an attacker can programmatically send messages using basic scripts in any language that configures the sender address to a chosen email address. Email API endpoints allow a sender to specify the sender address regardless of whether the address exists. And outgoing email servers can’t determine whether the sender’s address is legitimate.</p> <p>Outgoing email is retrieved and routed using the <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="84095853-742e-457f-a269-544b9a2ccdbf" href="/us/threat-reference/smtp-relay" title="SMTP Relay">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)</a>. When a user clicks “Send” in an email client, the message is first sent to the outgoing SMTP server configured in the client software. The SMTP server identifies the recipient domain and routes it to the domain’s email server. The recipient’s email server then routes the message to the right user inbox.</p> <p>For every “hop” an email message takes as it travels across the internet from server to server, the IP address of each server is logged and included in the email headers. These headers divulge the true route and sender, but many users do not check headers before interacting with an email sender.</p> <p>The three major components of an email are:</p> <ul> <li>The sender address</li> <li>The recipient address</li> <li>The body of the email</li> </ul> <p>Another component often used in phishing is the Reply-To field. The sender can configure this field and use it in a phishing attack. The Reply-To address tells the client email software where to send a reply, which can be different from the sender’s address. Again, email servers and the SMTP protocol do not validate whether this email is legitimate or forged. It’s up to the user to realize that the reply is going to the wrong recipient.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--space paragraph--view-mode--full space _legacy_customer _space"> <div class="space__wrapper"> <div class="space__item space__sm"> </div> </div> </div> <span data-smooth-scroll="true" class="anchor_link _legacy_element _anchor" id="toc-5"></span> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-columns paragraph--view-mode--full text-cols _legacy_text _text-columns"> <div class="block-text-cols__cols block-text-cols__cols-1"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-column paragraph--view-mode--default block-text-cols__cols__item"> <h3 class="block-text-cols__title">Examples of Email Spoofing</h3> <div class="block-text-cols__body"> <p>As an example of email spoofing, an attacker might create an email that looks like it comes from PayPal. The message tells the user that their account will be suspended if they don’t click a link, authenticate into the site, and change the account’s password. If the user is successfully tricked and types in credentials, the attacker can authenticate into the targeted user’s PayPal account and steal the user’s money.</p> <p>To the user, a spoofed email message looks legitimate because many attackers use elements from the official website to make the message more believable. Here’s an email spoofing example with a PayPal phishing attack:</p> <p> </p> <article> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/webp_conversion/public/misc/example-of-email-spoofing.png.webp?itok=7zUBBsc9" width="624" height="456" alt="Example of Email Spoofing" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"> </article> <p> </p> <p>More complex attacks target financial employees and use social engineering and online reconnaissance to trick a targeted user into sending money to an attacker’s bank account. Here’s an example of a forged email:</p> <p> </p> <article> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/webp_conversion/public/misc/forged-email-spoofing-example.png.webp?itok=cDw3oDIv" width="624" height="465" alt="Forged Email Example – Email Spoofing" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"> </article> <p> </p> <p>Notice that the email address in the From field is Bill Gates (b.gates@microsoft.com). There are two sections in these email headers to review. The “Received” section shows that the email was originally handled by the email server email.random-company.nl, which is the first clue that this is a case of email spoofing. But the best field to review is the Received-SPF section—notice that the section has a “Fail” status.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--space paragraph--view-mode--full space _legacy_customer _space"> <div class="space__wrapper"> <div class="space__item space__sm"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--featured-asset-panel paragraph--view-mode--full featured-asset _legacy-ctas _featured-asset featured-asset--gray"> <div class="featured-asset__bg"></div> <div class="featured-asset__wrapper"> <div class="featured-asset__content"> <h4 class="featured-asset__headline">Email Protection</h4> <p class="featured-asset__summary">The Industry-Leading Email Gateway</p> </div> <a href=/us/products/email-security-and-protection/email-protection class="global-elements__cta-button featured-asset__button featured-asset__button--premium" > <span>Learn More</span> <div class="global-elements__cta-button--arrow-wrapper"></div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--space paragraph--view-mode--full space _legacy_customer _space"> <div class="space__wrapper"> <div class="space__item space__md"> </div> </div> </div> <span data-smooth-scroll="true" class="anchor_link _legacy_element _anchor" id="toc-6"></span> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-columns paragraph--view-mode--full text-cols _legacy_text _text-columns"> <div class="block-text-cols__cols block-text-cols__cols-1"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-column paragraph--view-mode--default block-text-cols__cols__item"> <h3 class="block-text-cols__title">How to Identify Spoofing Email</h3> <div class="block-text-cols__body"> <p>While spoofing scams continue to become increasingly elaborate, particular signs and cues can help you identify a spoofing email.</p> <ul> <li><strong>Check the email header:</strong> The email header contains information like the date, subject line, recipient’s and sender’s names, and email address. Check to see if the email address appears from a legitimate source and that the name and other details match up.</li> <li><strong>Look for disconnects between email addresses, display names, etc.:</strong> An email address that doesn’t match the sender’s display name is a telling sign of a spoofed email, especially if the domain of the email address looks suspicious.</li> <li><strong>Assess the email content:</strong> Spoofed emails often contain alarming or aggressive messaging to provoke a sense of urgency and impulsiveness. If the tone of the subject line and email content is tailored to scare you or alarm you, then it likely is a spoofed email.</li> <li><strong>Be watchful for emails requesting personal information:</strong> Spoofed emails are often used in conjunction with phishing scams, where fraudsters impersonate brands or identities to get your personal information.</li> <li><strong>Avoid clicking links or downloading attachments:</strong> If you receive an email that appears suspicious or is from an unknown sender, do not click links or download attachments.</li> <li><strong>Copy and paste the content of an email message into a search engine:</strong> Chances are that text used in a common phishing attack has already been reported and published on the Internet.</li> <li><strong>Look for inconsistencies in the email signature:</strong> If the information in the email signature, such as the telephone number, does not align with what is known about the sender, it may be a spoofed email.</li> </ul> <p>When in doubt, refrain from opening any unknown or suspicious emails. Spoofing email or not, a people-minded, user-focused approach is key to mitigating costly social engineering attacks.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--space paragraph--view-mode--full space _legacy_customer _space"> <div class="space__wrapper"> <div class="space__item space__sm"> </div> </div> </div> <span data-smooth-scroll="true" class="anchor_link _legacy_element _anchor" id="toc-7"></span> <div class="utl-disable-bottom-margin paragraph paragraph--type--text-columns paragraph--view-mode--full text-cols _legacy_text _text-columns"> <div class="block-text-cols__cols block-text-cols__cols-1"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-column paragraph--view-mode--default block-text-cols__cols__item"> <h3 class="block-text-cols__title">Motivations Behind Email Spoofing</h3> <div class="block-text-cols__body"> <p>Email spoofing may seem like an unusual tactic, but it can be an effective means of deceiving unaware victims. Some of the primary motivations behind email spoofing include:</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-columns paragraph--view-mode--full text-cols _legacy_text _text-columns"> <div class="block-text-cols__cols block-text-cols__cols-2"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-column paragraph--view-mode--default block-text-cols__cols__item"> <div class="block-text-cols__body"> <ul> <li><strong>Acquiring sensitive information:</strong> Attackers may use email spoofing to obtain sensitive information, such as social security numbers, financial details, and other critical information.</li> <li><strong>Taking over online accounts:</strong> Email spoofing can take over online accounts by deceiving users into revealing their login credentials.</li> <li><strong>Distributing malware:</strong> Attackers use email spoofing to deliver malware to the recipient’s computer or network.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-column paragraph--view-mode--default block-text-cols__cols__item"> <div class="block-text-cols__body"> <ul> <li><strong>Stealing funds:</strong> Email spoofing is used to steal funds by tricking users into revealing their financial information or transferring money to the attacker’s account.</li> <li><strong>Manipulate and influence:</strong> Spoofing email can sway public opinion for special interest groups and parties, whether political, governmental, or environmental.</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--space paragraph--view-mode--full space _legacy_customer _space"> <div class="space__wrapper"> <div class="space__item space__sm"> </div> </div> </div> <span data-smooth-scroll="true" class="anchor_link _legacy_element _anchor" id="toc-8"></span> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-columns paragraph--view-mode--full text-cols _legacy_text _text-columns"> <div class="block-text-cols__cols block-text-cols__cols-1"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-column paragraph--view-mode--default block-text-cols__cols__item"> <h3 class="block-text-cols__title">Email Spoofing Statistics</h3> <div class="block-text-cols__body"> <p>Email clients configured to use SPF and DMARC will automatically reject emails that fail validation or send them to the user’s spam box. Attackers target people and businesses, and just one successfully tricked user can lead to the theft of money, data, and credentials.</p> <p>It’s no wonder that email spoofing has become a commonly exploited avenue for cyber-attackers. Consider the following statistics:</p> <ul> <li>3.1 billion <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="5bf457e7-0b2a-40e0-9bd4-8e266b1fefcf" href="/us/threat-reference/domain-spoofing" title="Domain Spoofing">domain spoofing</a> emails are sent per day.</li> <li>More than 90% of cyber-attacks start with an email message.</li> <li>Email spoofing and phishing have had a worldwide impact costing an estimated $26 billion since 2016.</li> <li>In 2019, the FBI reported that 467,000 cyber-attacks were successful, and 24% were email-based.</li> <li>91% of bait emails are sent via Gmail, with just 9% coming from other sending domains. (Source: <a href="https://blog.barracuda.com/2021/11/10/threat-spotlight-bait-attacks/" rel=" noopener" target="_blank">https://blog.barracuda.com/2021/11/10/threat-spotlight-bait-attacks/</a>)</li> <li>The average scam tricked users out of $75,000.</li> </ul> <p>A common attack that uses email spoofing is <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="8351fbfa-c1fb-4749-a8ca-4b0850151f1d" href="/us/threat-reference/ceo-fraud" title="CEO Fraud">CEO fraud</a>, also known as <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="d00b9ca5-13f7-4068-8b15-b0eccbfde90f" href="/us/threat-reference/business-email-compromise" title="Business Email Compromise (BEC)">business email compromise (BEC)</a>. In BEC, the attacker spoofs the sender’s email address to impersonate an executive or owner of a business. This attack usually targets an employee in the financial, accounting, or accounts payable departments.</p> <p>Even smart, well-intentioned employees can be tricked into sending money when the request comes from someone they trust—especially an authority figure. Here are just a few high-profile examples of costly spoofing scams:</p> <ul> <li>The <a href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/ottawa-city-treasurer-transfers-130k-of-taxpayer-funds-to-email-fraudsters-1.4371900" rel=" noopener" target="_blank">Canadian City Treasure</a> was tricked into transferring $98,000 from taxpayer funds by an attacker claiming to be city manager Steve Kanellakos.</li> <li><a href="https://www.csoonline.com/article/3049392/chinese-scammers-take-mattel-to-the-bank-phishing-them-for-3-million.html" rel=" noopener" target="_blank">Mattel</a> was tricked into sending $3 million to an account in China, but it was lucky enough to claw back the money when the defrauded financial executive confirmed that CEO Christopher Sinclair did not send the email message.</li> <li>The <a href="https://www.brusselstimes.com/news/belgium-all-news/36335/belgian-bank-crelan-hit-by-a-70-million-eur-fraud/" rel=" noopener" target="_blank">Crelan bank in Belgium</a> was tricked into sending attackers €70 million.</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--space paragraph--view-mode--full space _legacy_customer _space"> <div class="space__wrapper"> <div class="space__item space__sm"> </div> </div> </div> <span data-smooth-scroll="true" class="anchor_link _legacy_element _anchor" id="toc-9"></span> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-columns paragraph--view-mode--full text-cols _legacy_text _text-columns"> <div class="block-text-cols__cols block-text-cols__cols-1"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-column paragraph--view-mode--default block-text-cols__cols__item"> <h3 class="block-text-cols__title">How to Protect Against Email Spoofing</h3> <div class="block-text-cols__body"> <p>In addition to having a discerning team with an eye for suspicious emails, specific tools and technologies can help prevent email spoofing from becoming a threat.</p> <ul> <li><strong>Secure email gateway:</strong> A <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="e49660a7-3183-4b97-bde7-04b7dd6f9171" href="/us/threat-reference/email-gateway" title="Email Gateway">secure email gateway</a> can help protect against email spoofing by filtering out suspicious messages and blocking messages from known spoofed email addresses.</li> <li><strong>Implement email authentication protocols:</strong> Implement Sender Policy Framework (SPF), DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM), and Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting, and Conformance (DMARC) protocols work together to authenticate emails and prevent email spoofing. <ul> <li><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="c979700f-5974-4b3b-9c46-62c41ec0d6e5" href="/us/threat-reference/spf" title="Sender Policy Framework (SPF)">Sender Policy Framework (SPF)</a> is a security protocol set as a standard in 2014. It works with <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="dc324b06-f751-460c-a03d-40dd8d7f37e3" href="/us/threat-reference/dmarc" title="DMARC">DMARC (Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting and Conformance)</a> to stop malware and phishing attacks.</li> <li>SPF can detect spoofed emails, and it’s become common with most email services to combat phishing. But it’s the domain holder’s responsibility to use SPF. To use SPF, a domain holder must configure a DNS TXT entry specifying all IP addresses authorized to send email on behalf of the domain.</li> <li>With this DNS entry configured, recipient email servers look up the IP address when receiving a message to ensure that it matches the email domain’s authorized IP addresses. If there is a match, the Received-SPF field displays a PASS status. If there is no match, the field displays a FAIL status. Recipients should review this status when receiving an email with links, attachments, or written instructions.</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Use a secure email provider:</strong> Choose a secure email service provider that uses advanced security measures to protect against email spoofing and phishing attacks. For example, ProtonMail is a widely known and free-to-use secure email provider.</li> <li><strong>Use email filters:</strong> Simple email filters limit the number of suspicious emails that get through to users’ inboxes. Email filters help detect and filter spoofed messages and block messages from known spoofed email addresses.</li> <li><strong>Educate users:</strong> Train your people to identify and avoid spoofing attacks. Share ways to identify suspicious emails that should be reported before opening.</li> </ul> <p>These are just some of the most common email security solutions that organizations use to better protect themselves from email spoofing and other types of cyber attacks.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--space paragraph--view-mode--full space _legacy_customer _space"> <div class="space__wrapper"> <div class="space__item space__sm"> </div> </div> </div> <span data-smooth-scroll="true" class="anchor_link _legacy_element _anchor" id="toc-10"></span> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-columns paragraph--view-mode--full text-cols _legacy_text _text-columns"> <div class="block-text-cols__cols block-text-cols__cols-1"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-column paragraph--view-mode--default block-text-cols__cols__item"> <h3 class="block-text-cols__title">How Proofpoint Can Help</h3> <div class="block-text-cols__body"> <p>Email Protection by Proofpoint is a comprehensive security solution that enables organizations to detect and block both known and emerging email threats, including spoofing, phishing, and other forms of social engineering.</p> <p>Some of the key features that make Proofpoint’s Email Protection a number-one ranked email security solution include:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Machine learning:</strong> Leverages machine learning to detect and block advanced email threats, including phishing, BEC, and email fraud.</li> <li><strong>Domain protection:</strong> Protects against domain spoofing and fraudulent emails using trusted domains. It stops fraudulent emails at the Proofpoint gateway while protecting your organization’s reputation.</li> <li><strong>Multilayered detection:</strong> Uses multilayered detection techniques, including signature-based detection and dynamic analysis, to prevent known and unknown threats.</li> <li><strong>Secure email gateway:</strong> Deployable as a cloud service or on-premises, Proofpoint provides a secure email gateway that helps organizations defend against threats while ensuring business continuity and email compliance.</li> </ul> <p>Learn more about Proofpoint Email Protection and how to make your email impenetrable against unauthorized users and advanced cyber threats. Contact Proofpoint to learn more about its world-class suite of cybersecurity products and solutions.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--space paragraph--view-mode--full space _legacy_customer _space"> <div class="space__wrapper"> <div class="space__item space__sm"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--resources paragraph--view-mode--full resources-block _legacy_blocks _resources-block"> <div class="resources-block__wrapper"> <div class="resources-block__inner-wrapper"> <div class="resources-block__heading-wrapper"> <h3 class="resources-block__heading"> Related Resources </h3> </div> <div class="resources-block__resources"> <div about="/us/resources/analyst-reports/ponemon-cost-of-phishing-study" class="node--type--resource-item node--view-mode--teaser-v3 resource-teaser-v3 _legacy_content _resource"> <a class="resource-teaser-v3__url _legacy_element _link" href="/us/resources/analyst-reports/ponemon-cost-of-phishing-study"> <div class="resource-teaser-v3__image" data-type="analyst-report"></div> <h3 class="resource-teaser-v3__type">Analyst Report</h3> <h4 class="resource-teaser-v3__title"> The Ponemon 2021 Cost of Phishing Study </h4> </a> </div> <div about="/us/resources/webinars/email-protection-stay-secure-o365" class="node--type--resource-item node--view-mode--teaser-v3 resource-teaser-v3 _legacy_content _resource"> <a class="resource-teaser-v3__url _legacy_element _link" href="/us/resources/webinars/email-protection-stay-secure-o365"> <div class="resource-teaser-v3__image" data-type="webinar"></div> <h3 class="resource-teaser-v3__type">Webinar</h3> <h4 class="resource-teaser-v3__title"> Email Protection Demo - Staying Secure in Office 365 </h4> </a> </div> <div about="/us/resources/white-papers/forrester-tei-email-protection" class="node--type--resource-item node--view-mode--teaser-v3 resource-teaser-v3 _legacy_content _resource"> <a class="resource-teaser-v3__url _legacy_element _link" href="/us/resources/white-papers/forrester-tei-email-protection"> <div class="resource-teaser-v3__image" data-type="white-paper"></div> <h3 class="resource-teaser-v3__type">White Paper</h3> <h4 class="resource-teaser-v3__title"> The Total Economic Impact of Proofpoint Advanced Email Protection </h4> </a> </div> <div about="/us/resources/white-papers/stopping-malware-advanced-email-protection" class="node--type--resource-item node--view-mode--teaser-v3 resource-teaser-v3 _legacy_content _resource"> <a class="resource-teaser-v3__url _legacy_element _link" href="/us/resources/white-papers/stopping-malware-advanced-email-protection"> <div class="resource-teaser-v3__image" data-type="white-paper"></div> <h3 class="resource-teaser-v3__type">White Paper</h3> <h4 class="resource-teaser-v3__title"> Stopping Malware with Advanced Email Protection </h4> </a> </div> </div> <div class="resources-block__link-wrapper"> <a class="resources-block__link _legacy_element _link" href="/us/resources"> See more resources </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="subscribe-block blog-subscribe _legacy_blocks _subscribe-block subscribe-block--black blog-subscribe--black v3-dark-bg-only" data-animate="true"> <div class="subscribe-block__inner blog-subscribe__inner"> <div class="subscribe-block__copy"> <h3 class="subscribe-block__heading"> Subscribe to the Proofpoint Blog </h3> </div> <div class="subscribe-block__form"> <div class="mk-form"> <div class="mk-form__form-container _legacy_element _marketo_form"> <script type="IN/Form2" data-data-form="mktoForm_19277" data-field-firstname="FirstName" data-field-lastname="LastName" data-field-email="Email" data-field-company="Company" data-field-title="Title" data-field-state="State" data-field-country="Country" ></script> <form id="mktoForm_19277" data-mkto-id="19277" data-mkto-base="//go.proofpoint.com" data-munchkin-id="309-RHV-619" data-submit-text="" data-redirect-link="" data-prefill="" data-event-label="" data-lang-code="us" data-validate-email="1" class="mk-form__form marketo-form-block__form" ></form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--space paragraph--view-mode--full space _legacy_customer _space"> <div class="space__wrapper"> <div class="space__item space__xl"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--cta-banner paragraph--view-mode--full cta-banner _legacy_ctas _cta-banner cta-banner--bg" data-background-image="/sites/default/files/styles/webp_conversion/public/cta-banner/cta-bkgd.jpg.webp?itok=tZl9397s"> <div class="cta-banner__wrapper"> <h2 class="cta-banner__heading"> Ready to Give Proofpoint a Try? </h2> <p class="cta-banner__body">Start with a free Proofpoint trial.</p> <div class="cta-banner__buttons"> <a href=/us/free-trial-request-legacy class="global-elements__cta-button--white" target="" > <span>Get Protected</span> <div class="global-elements__cta-button--arrow-wrapper"></div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="glossary__content-pager"> <div class="content-pager _legacy_blocks _content_pager"> <div class="content-pager__items-wrapper"> <div class="content-pager__items"> <div class="content-pager__item content-pager__item--prev"> <a href="/us/threat-reference/email-security" hreflang="en">Previous Glossary</a> </div> <div class="content-pager__item content-pager__item--next"> <a href="/us/threat-reference/endpoint-detection-and-response-edr" hreflang="en">Next Glossary</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </section> </main> </div> <div class="footer-v3" data-animate="true"> <div class="footer-v3__inner"> <nav class="footer-v3__nav"> <div class="footer-v3__nav-wrapper"> <div class="footer-v3__nav-heading">Products</div> <ul class="footer-v3__nav-collapsible"> <li><a href="/us/products/protect-people">Protect People</a></li> <li><a href="/us/products/defend-data">Defend Data</a></li> <li><a href="/us/products/mitigate-human-risk">Mitigate Human Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/us/products/premium-services">Premium Services</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-v3__nav-wrapper"> <div class="footer-v3__nav-heading">Get Support</div> <ul class="footer-v3__nav-collapsible"> <li><a href="https://proofpoint.my.site.com/community/s/" target="_blank">Product Support Login</a></li> <li><a href="/us/support-services">Support Services</a></li> <li><a href="/us/ipcheck">IP Address Blocked?</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-v3__nav-wrapper"> <div class="footer-v3__nav-heading">Connect with Us</div> <ul class="footer-v3__nav-collapsible"> <li><a href="tel:+1-408-517-4710" class="icon-phone-ppoint">+1-408-517-4710</a></li> <li><a href="/us/events">Attend an Event</a></li> <li><a href="/us/contact">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="/us/free-demo-request">Free Demo Request</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-v3__nav-wrapper"> <div class="footer-v3__nav-heading">More</div> <ul class="footer-v3__nav-collapsible"> <li><a href="/us/company/about">About Proofpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/us/why-proofpoint">Why Proofpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/us/company/careers">Careers</a></li> <li><a href="/us/leadership-team">Leadership Team</a></li> <li><a href="/us/newsroom">News Center</a></li> <li><a href="/us/legal/trust">Privacy and Trust</a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <div class="footer-v3__bottom-wrap"> <section class="footer-v3__bottom"> <div class="footer-v3__logo"> <a href="/us" class="footer-v3__logo-link"> <div class="footer-v3__logo-image"></div> </a> <div class="footer-v3__bottom-copyright-info">© 2025. All rights reserved. </div> </div> <div class="footer-v3__bottom-copyright"> <a class="footer-v3__bottom-copyright-info" href="/us/legal/license">Terms and conditions</a> <a class="footer-v3__bottom-copyright-info" href="/us/legal/privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a> <a class="footer-v3__bottom-copyright-info" href="/us/sitemap">Sitemap</a> </div> <ul class="footer-v3__bottom-social-menu"> <li> <a href="http://www.facebook.com/proofpoint" class="icon-facebook" target="_blank"></a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.twitter.com/proofpoint" class="icon-twitter" target="_blank"></a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/proofpoint" class="icon-linkedin" target="_blank"></a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCIvtJgsrUzFo90NKeiVozhQ" class="icon-youtube-play" target="_blank"></a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/proofpoint" class="icon-instagram" target="_blank"></a> </li> </ul> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript">document.write(unescape("%3Cscript src='//munchkin.marketo.net/munchkin.js' type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E")); </script> <script>Munchkin.init('309-RHV-619');</script><div class="element-invisible" style="clear:both;">  <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var google_conversion_id = 950296937; var google_custom_params = window.google_tag_params; var google_remarketing_only = true; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//www.googleadservices.com/pagead/conversion.js"> </script> <noscript> <div style="display:inline;"> <img height="1" width="1" style="border-style:none;" alt="" src="//googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/viewthroughconversion/950296937/?value=0&guid=ON&script=0"/> </div> </noscript></div> </div> <div id="flyout-container"></div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"us\/","currentPath":"node\/103931","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"ajaxPageState":{"libraries":"eJxlkFFuAyEMRC8Ugqr-9DaVAYdFARvZJmpuXxJFWbb9fTOWZ6ZhKuAvpRrKOUK3wnTqIJAF-qY-yehQzzs5D-oj1KIbpofRSqzoQ-XsdASNUgIuXBBSlNGC7jAyGZK5DhllxbJcRgMXgGh1XBBsCCYHqmgLZ57x3e1zQYLoTArU-Yaw7kquHCbFim2G0IOgCnJ3xGkJkplzRXfhg3mbveZLgtuRFcorEH6VOIQTVB4S0RXD9h-rm3PG6y5oh7gkeu_812f4Yy5yHY1m1P5dPr7IV6A85tIuoWE0lofSQK5o7NuguF0LPZgiSNz8sFKf17bNhbxBIAjh2evNmGsAOeldZwEfQPEXR6Hg_Q","theme":"particle","theme_token":null},"ajaxTrustedUrl":[],"vwo":{"id":1002484,"timeout_library":2500,"timeout_setting":2000,"usejquery":"false","testnull":null},"pp_i18n":{"language":"us"},"instantsearch":{"indexName":"content","path":"search"},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"d2c690dc50aab9a747cb007581c42f03855e8fe2ed922e6706b178b00522f212"}}</script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_Gj7yAqXw15FtY3sC98x-qfVyvWoUB67ErhAqSc0B41o.js?scope=footer&delta=0&language=en&theme=particle&include=eJxNjFEOwjAMQy_EFPHHbaY0mDZam1RZen-YhASf9vPznLveH0adrS6u2J5ISHrc5twHx4F0GsukHWpXd4JDGq3Ufl45GwYo3Xvhj8SRKh0kHvjDXIxLUau_xfd8e3mMN5xAM9U"></script> <script src="https://geoip-js.com/js/apis/geoip2/v2.1/geoip2.js"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_dfzxI1kBLIpbsNtAM8XOdI0AdbyzPfJ9AFJNYycoYfA.js?scope=footer&delta=2&language=en&theme=particle&include=eJxNjFEOwjAMQy_EFPHHbaY0mDZam1RZen-YhASf9vPznLveH0adrS6u2J5ISHrc5twHx4F0GsukHWpXd4JDGq3Ufl45GwYo3Xvhj8SRKh0kHvjDXIxLUau_xfd8e3mMN5xAM9U"></script> <script src="//munchkin.marketo.net/munchkin.js"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_xbrjVWEwfp9YKnqP1VQiMJvuieVubGQeDbhYBBNXsQ8.js?scope=footer&delta=4&language=en&theme=particle&include=eJxNjFEOwjAMQy_EFPHHbaY0mDZam1RZen-YhASf9vPznLveH0adrS6u2J5ISHrc5twHx4F0GsukHWpXd4JDGq3Ufl45GwYo3Xvhj8SRKh0kHvjDXIxLUau_xfd8e3mMN5xAM9U"></script> <script src="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/../../dist/app-drupal/assets/js/app.js?q=paJroij350g&v=1"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_LrBEJxb0kJ-3vhGGaGpr5iEXHcHS7mlydmiXQ2QU81g.js?scope=footer&delta=6&language=en&theme=particle&include=eJxNjFEOwjAMQy_EFPHHbaY0mDZam1RZen-YhASf9vPznLveH0adrS6u2J5ISHrc5twHx4F0GsukHWpXd4JDGq3Ufl45GwYo3Xvhj8SRKh0kHvjDXIxLUau_xfd8e3mMN5xAM9U"></script> <script src="//go.proofpoint.com/js/forms2/js/forms2.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"NRJS-dc609d42ed81d429509","applicationID":"981470745","transactionName":"ZAdTbEEEChJRBxFcVl1Nck1AEQsMHwoKUVwdBV1XQBYFE0k=","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":877,"atts":"SEBEGgkeGU0SBUcPQk4f","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

What Is Email Spoofing? Definition & Examples | Proofpoint US