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value="Go"> </form> <div style="display:flex;flex-flow:row nowrap;align-items:flex-end;"> <div class="s" id="wm-nav-captures" style="flex:1;"><a class="t" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452*/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/in__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="See a list of every capture for this URL">129 captures</a> <div class="r" title="Timespan for captures of this URL"> 13 Jul 2007 - 07 Oct 2024 </div> </div> <div class="k"><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/in__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" id="wm-graph-anchor"> <div id="wm-ipp-sparkline" title="Explore captures for this URL" style="position: relative"> <canvas id="wm-sparkline-canvas" width="725" height="27" border="0"></canvas> </div></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="n"> <table> <tbody> <tr class="m"> <td class="b" nowrap><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210506154647/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/in__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="06 May 2021"><strong>May</strong></a></td> <td class="c" id="displayMonthEl" title="You are here: 09:04:52 Jun 28, 2021">JUN</td> <td class="f" nowrap><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194230/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/in__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="29 Aug 2021"><strong>Aug</strong></a></td> </tr> <tr class="d"> <td class="b" nowrap><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210506154647/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/in__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="15:46:47 May 06, 2021"><img src="/_static/images/toolbar/wm_tb_prv_on.png" alt="Previous capture" width="14" height="16" border="0"></a></td> <td class="c" id="displayDayEl" style="width:34px;font-size:22px;white-space:nowrap;" title="You are here: 09:04:52 Jun 28, 2021">28</td> <td class="f" nowrap><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194230/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/in__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="19:42:30 Aug 29, 2021"><img src="/_static/images/toolbar/wm_tb_nxt_on.png" alt="Next capture" width="14" height="16" border="0"></a></td> </tr> <tr class="y"> <td class="b" nowrap><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200624104430/http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/in__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="24 Jun 2020"><strong>2020</strong></a></td> <td class="c" id="displayYearEl" title="You are here: 09:04:52 Jun 28, 2021">2021</td> <td class="f" nowrap><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20220807135440/http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/in__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="07 Aug 2022"><strong>2022</strong></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="r" style="display:flex;flex-flow:column nowrap;align-items:flex-end;justify-content:space-between;"> <div id="wm-btns" style="text-align:right;height:23px;"><span class="xxs"> <div id="wm-save-snapshot-success"> success </div> <div id="wm-save-snapshot-fail"> fail </div><a id="wm-save-snapshot-open" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/in__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#" title="Share via My Web Archive"> <span class="iconochive-web"></span> </a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/account/login.php" title="Sign In" id="wm-sign-in"> <span class="iconochive-person"></span> </a> <span id="wm-save-snapshot-in-progress" class="iconochive-web"></span> </span> <a class="xxs" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://faq.web.archive.org/" title="Get some help using the Wayback Machine" style="top:-6px;"><span class="iconochive-question" 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target="_new"><span class="wm-title">Wikipedia Eventstream</span></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="wm-capinfo-timestamps"> <div style="background-color:#666;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;text-align:center" title="Timestamps for the elements of this page"> TIMESTAMPS </div> <div> <div id="wm-capresources" style="margin:0 5px 5px 5px;max-height:250px;overflow-y:scroll !important"></div> <div id="wm-capresources-loading" style="text-align:left;margin:0 20px 5px 5px;display:none"> <img src="/_static/images/loading.gif" alt="loading"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="wm-ipp-print"> The Wayback Machine - https://web.archive.org/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/in__indx.html </div> <script type="text/javascript">//<![CDATA[ __wm.bt(725,27,25,2,"web","https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/in__indx.html","20210628090452",1996,"/_static/",["/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt","/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv"], false); __wm.rw(1); 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</a> </div> <ul class="list-unstyled components"> <p></p> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/in__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#constSubmenu" data-toggle="collapse" aria-expanded="true" class="dropdown-toggle" id="constToggle"><b>Constitutions</b></a> <ul class="collapse show list-unstyled" id="constSubmenu"> <ul> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/af__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/al__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ag__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ao__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ar__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/am__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/as__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/au__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/aj__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ba__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/bo__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/be__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/bk__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/br__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/bu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cb__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ca__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cc__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ch__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">China</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cf__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Congo-Brazzaville</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cs__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/hr__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cy__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ez__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/da__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/er__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/en__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/et__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/fj__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/fi__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/fr__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">France</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gg__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gm__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gr__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/h1__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/hk__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/hu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ic__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/in__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" active><b>India</b></a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/id__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/iz__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ei__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/is__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/it__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ja__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ke__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ku__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/lg__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/le__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/li__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ly__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/lh__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/lu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mk__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ma__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mt__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mr__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mg__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mo__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/wa__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/np__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/nl__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/nz__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/kn__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/no__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/pa__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/pl__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/po__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/qa__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ro__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/rs__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/rw__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sa__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ri__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sn__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/lo__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/si__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sf__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ks__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sp__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sw__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sz__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sy__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tw__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ti__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tz__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/th__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/t1__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ts__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/uk__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/us__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">United States of America</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/vm__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ym__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/za__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Zambia</a></li> <li><a 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href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ve__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Venezuela</a></li> </ul> </ul></li> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="col-sm-10" style="margin-bottom: 70px; margin-top: 50px;"> <div class="container-fluid sticky-top pl-0 pt-3 pb-1 bg-white" style="top: 50px;"> <h1 class="display-5">India</h1> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/in00000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Constitution</a> (<a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/in00t___.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">1996</a>)<a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/inc___.doc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"><img src="/web/20210628090452im_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gifs/download.gif" alt=" Download Document" border="0" height="13" width="15"></a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/in01000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Schedules</a> (<a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/in01t___.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">1996</a>)<a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/inc___.doc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"><img src="/web/20210628090452im_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gifs/download.gif" alt=" Download Document" border="0" height="13" width="15"></a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/in02000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Appendix</a> (<a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/in02t___.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">1996</a>)<a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/inc___.doc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"><img src="/web/20210628090452im_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gifs/download.gif" alt=" Download Document" border="0" height="13" width="15"></a></li><br> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="top">Parliament</a><img src="/web/20210628090452im_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gifs/others.gif" alt=" ..." height="11" width="17"></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/http://pmindia.nic.in/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="top">Prime Minister</a><img src="/web/20210628090452im_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gifs/others.gif" alt=" ..." height="11" width="17"></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/http://presidentofindia.nic.in/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="top">President</a><img src="/web/20210628090452im_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gifs/others.gif" alt=" ..." height="11" width="17"></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/new_s/wl_p1.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="top">Supreme Court</a><img src="/web/20210628090452im_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gifs/others.gif" alt=" ..." height="11" width="17"></li> </ul><br> <h4>Constitutional Background</h4> <div align="left"> The constitution was passed by the Constituent Assembly on 26 Nov 1949 and is fully applicable since 26 Jan 1950. Thanks to the help of <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/agrawal.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Prof. K.B. Agrawal</a>, the ICL-Edition of the Constitution now incorporates all amendments until and including the 78th amendment (1995) [30 Aug 1995]; there are no newer amendments until Dec 1996.  Amendments after Dec 1996 have not yet been included. </div><br> <div align="left"> India is a federal democratic republic of 25 states and seven Union Territories. Each state is administered by a Governor appointed by the President while each Union Territory is administered by the President through a Minister. The bicameral parliament is composed of the Council of States, Rajya Sabha, and the House of the People, Lok Sabha. The Council of States will consist of 250 members out of which the President of India will nominate 12 persons having special knowledge or practical experience in respect of literature, art, science and social service. The remaining 238 seats are to be filled in by the persons to be elected by the legislative assemblies of their respective states in staggered re-elections of one-third every second year. The House of People is composed of 550 members, i.e., 530 members from the States and 20 members from the Union Territories. </div><br> <div align="left"> The states of Bihar, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Maharshtra, and Uttar Pradesh have bicameral legislatures while the other 20 states have unicameral legislatures. Upper houses (Legislative Councils) are re-elected to one-third of their members every two years. Legislative Assemblies are chosen by direct election. </div><br> <div align="left"> There are some extraordinary features of the Indian system of government. For example, the Constitution encourages the states to introduce the prohibition. The states of Andhra Pradesh, Manipur, and Haryana have already banned the production, possession, and consumption of alcohol. </div><br> <h4>History and News</h4> <ul> <li>May 1996: General elections make BJP the biggest party. </li> <li>1991: Elections make Hindu nationalists and their BJP the second biggest force in India's parliament. </li> <li>1984: During elections, Rajiv Gandhi wins an unprecedented four-fifth of the votes. </li> <li>1971: After civil war, East Pakistan becomes Bangladesh. </li> <li>1947: Independence from Britain; Pakistan separates from India.</li> </ul> <hr size="1"> <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> For methodology see: <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/http://ssrn.com/abstract=1502125?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> Comparing Constitutions and International Constitutional Law</a>.<br><i>漏 1994 - 27.6.2020 / For corrections please contact <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628090452/http://www.rechtsphilosophie.ch/tschentscher.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">A. 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