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class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Human–wildlife conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human–wildlife_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasive_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasive_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Invasive species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasive_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wildlife of Karnataka</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coraciasbenghalensis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Coraciasbenghalensis.jpg/200px-Coraciasbenghalensis.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Coraciasbenghalensis.jpg/300px-Coraciasbenghalensis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Coraciasbenghalensis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indian_roller" title="Indian roller">Indian roller</a> (<i>Coracias benghalensis</i>), the state bird</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SantalumAlbumSapling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/SantalumAlbumSapling.jpg/200px-SantalumAlbumSapling.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/SantalumAlbumSapling.jpg/300px-SantalumAlbumSapling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/SantalumAlbumSapling.jpg/400px-SantalumAlbumSapling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Young sapling of sandalwood (<i><a href="/wiki/Santalum_album" title="Santalum album">Santalum album</a></i>), the state tree</figcaption></figure> <p>The state of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> has a rich diversity of flora and fauna. It has a recorded forest area of 38,720 km<sup>2</sup> which constitutes 55% of the geographical area of the state. These forests support 25% of the elephant population and 20% of the tiger population of India. Many regions of Karnataka are still unexplored and new species of flora and fauna are still found. </p><p>The mountains of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a> in the western region of Karnataka are a biodiversity hotspot. Two sub-clusters of the Western Ghats, Talacauvery and Kudremukh, are on a tentative list of sites that could be designated as World Heritage Sites by UNESCO. The Bandipur and Nagarahole national parks which fall outside these subclusters were included in the Nilgiri biosphere reserve in 1986, a UNESCO designation. In the Biligiriranga Hills the Eastern Ghats meet the Western Ghats. </p><p>The state bird and state animal of Karnataka are Indian roller and the Indian elephant. The state tree and state flower are sandalwood (<i>Santalum album</i>) and lotus. Karnataka is home to 524 tigers (around 12% of tigers in world). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_parks">National parks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Karnataka&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: National parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nelumbo_nucifera1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nelumbo_nucifera1.jpg/200px-Nelumbo_nucifera1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nelumbo_nucifera1.jpg/300px-Nelumbo_nucifera1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nelumbo_nucifera1.jpg/400px-Nelumbo_nucifera1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="934" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">Lotus</a>, the state flower</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tusker_at_Nagarahole_wildlife_sanctuary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tusker_at_Nagarahole_wildlife_sanctuary.jpg/200px-Tusker_at_Nagarahole_wildlife_sanctuary.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tusker_at_Nagarahole_wildlife_sanctuary.jpg/300px-Tusker_at_Nagarahole_wildlife_sanctuary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tusker_at_Nagarahole_wildlife_sanctuary.jpg/400px-Tusker_at_Nagarahole_wildlife_sanctuary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1480" /></a><figcaption>Lone <a href="/wiki/Indian_elephant" title="Indian elephant">Indian elephant</a> (<i>Elephas maximus indicus</i>), the state animal, in <a href="/wiki/Nagarahole_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagarahole National Park">Nagarahole National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panthera_tigris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Panthera_tigris.jpg/200px-Panthera_tigris.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Panthera_tigris.jpg/300px-Panthera_tigris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Panthera_tigris.jpg/400px-Panthera_tigris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">tiger</a> (<i>Panthera tigris</i>). Karnataka has around 10% of the tiger population in India</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DodaAladaMara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/DodaAladaMara.jpg/200px-DodaAladaMara.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/DodaAladaMara.jpg/300px-DodaAladaMara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/DodaAladaMara.jpg/400px-DodaAladaMara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1544" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dodda_Alada_Mara" title="Dodda Alada Mara">Dodda Alada Mara</a>, a giant 400-year-old <a href="/wiki/Ficus_benghalensis" title="Ficus benghalensis">banyan</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peacock_at_Bandipur_National_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Peacock_at_Bandipur_National_Park.jpg/200px-Peacock_at_Bandipur_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Peacock_at_Bandipur_National_Park.jpg/300px-Peacock_at_Bandipur_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Peacock_at_Bandipur_National_Park.jpg/400px-Peacock_at_Bandipur_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1154" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pavo_cristatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavo cristatus">Peacock</a> (<i>Pavo cristatus</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Bandipur_National_Park" title="Bandipur National Park">Bandipur National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhacophorus_malabaricus_flat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Rhacophorus_malabaricus_flat.jpg/150px-Rhacophorus_malabaricus_flat.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Rhacophorus_malabaricus_flat.jpg/225px-Rhacophorus_malabaricus_flat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Rhacophorus_malabaricus_flat.jpg/300px-Rhacophorus_malabaricus_flat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="1202" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Malabar_gliding_frog" title="Malabar gliding frog">Malabar gliding frog</a> (<i>Rhacophorus malabaricus</i>) found in the Western Ghats</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Male_Gaur_(asiatic_wild_ox)_at_Nagarahole_wildlife_sanctuary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Male_Gaur_%28asiatic_wild_ox%29_at_Nagarahole_wildlife_sanctuary.jpg/200px-Male_Gaur_%28asiatic_wild_ox%29_at_Nagarahole_wildlife_sanctuary.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Male_Gaur_%28asiatic_wild_ox%29_at_Nagarahole_wildlife_sanctuary.jpg/300px-Male_Gaur_%28asiatic_wild_ox%29_at_Nagarahole_wildlife_sanctuary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Male_Gaur_%28asiatic_wild_ox%29_at_Nagarahole_wildlife_sanctuary.jpg/400px-Male_Gaur_%28asiatic_wild_ox%29_at_Nagarahole_wildlife_sanctuary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="992" /></a><figcaption>Male <a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">gaur</a> (<i>Bos gaurus</i>) in Nagarahole National Park</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anshi_National_Park">Anshi National Park</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Karnataka&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Anshi National Park"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This park is present in the <a href="/wiki/Uttara_Kannada" title="Uttara Kannada">Uttara Kannada</a> district and spreads over an area of 250 km<sup>2</sup>. The elevation varies from 27 to 937 metres (89 to 3,074 ft), and temperatures from 15.5 °C to 45 °C. Average annual rainfall is about 4,700 millimetres (185 in) . </p> <ul><li><b>Flora:</b><sup id="cite_ref-book_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area has semi-evergreen and <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> forests. Some common tree species in the area are <i><a href="/wiki/Calophyllum" title="Calophyllum">Calophyllum</a> tomentosa</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Calophyllum" title="Calophyllum">Calophyllum</a> wightianum</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Garcina" class="mw-redirect" title="Garcina">Garcina</a> cambogia</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Garcina" class="mw-redirect" title="Garcina">Garcina</a> morealla</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Knema" title="Knema">Knema</a> attenuata</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hopea" title="Hopea">Hopea</a> wightiana</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tetrameles" title="Tetrameles">Tetrameles</a> nudiflora</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Alstonia" title="Alstonia">Alstonia</a> scholaris</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Flacourtia" title="Flacourtia">Flacourtia</a> <a href="/wiki/Flacourtia_montana" title="Flacourtia montana">montana</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Machilis" title="Machilis">Machilis</a> macarantha</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Carallia" title="Carallia">Carallia</a> brachiata</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Artocarpus" title="Artocarpus">Artocarpus</a> hirsutus</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Artocarpus" title="Artocarpus">Artocarpus</a> lacoocha</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum" title="Cinnamomum">Cinnamomum</a> zeylanicum</i>.</li> <li><b>Fauna:</b><sup id="cite_ref-book_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mammals in the park include <a href="/wiki/Indian_elephant" title="Indian elephant">Indian elephant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">gaur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sambar_(deer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambar (deer)">sambar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chevrotain" title="Chevrotain">chevrotain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muntjac" title="Muntjac">muntjac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">chital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gray_langur" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray langur">gray langur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonnet_macaque" title="Bonnet macaque">bonnet macaque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slender_loris" title="Slender loris">slender loris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jungle_cat" title="Jungle cat">jungle cat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_leopard" title="Indian leopard">Indian leopard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopard_cat" title="Leopard cat">leopard cat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Small_Indian_civet" title="Small Indian civet">small Indian civet</a>, common mongoose, <a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">golden jackal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhole" title="Dhole">dhole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sloth_bear" title="Sloth bear">sloth bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_giant_squirrel" title="Indian giant squirrel">Malabar giant squirrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grizzled_giant_squirrel" title="Grizzled giant squirrel">grizzled giant squirrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_giant_flying_squirrel" title="Indian giant flying squirrel">Indian giant flying squirrel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indian_crested_porcupine" title="Indian crested porcupine">Indian crested porcupine</a>. <a href="/wiki/King_cobra" title="King cobra">King cobra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pythonidae" title="Pythonidae">python</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobra" title="Cobra">cobra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rat_snake" title="Rat snake">rat snake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viperidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Viperidae">viper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krait" class="mw-redirect" title="Krait">krait</a> are among the snakes that inhabit the park. Interesting birds include the <a href="/wiki/Great_hornbill" title="Great hornbill">great hornbill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malabar_pied_hornbill" title="Malabar pied hornbill">Malabar pied hornbill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ceylon_frogmouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon frogmouth">Ceylon frogmouth</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bandipur_National_Park">Bandipur National Park</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Karnataka&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bandipur National Park"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bandipur_National_Park" title="Bandipur National Park">Bandipur National Park</a></div> <p>The park is within <a href="/wiki/Gundlupet" title="Gundlupet">Gundlupet</a> taluk of <a href="/wiki/Chamarajanagar_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamarajanagar District">Chamarajanagar District</a> covering over 800 km<sup>2</sup> and adjoins the states of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>. In 1973, Bandipur became one of the first of India's tiger reserves and became a part of <a href="/wiki/Project_Tiger" title="Project Tiger">Project Tiger</a>. In 1977, an intention was declared under the Wildlife Protection Act to notify it as a <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national park</a>. </p> <ul><li><b>Flora:</b><sup id="cite_ref-book_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scrub jungles towards the eastern limits of the park consist of stunted trees, interspersed with bushes and open grassy patches. Towards its north-western fringes, there is a gradual shift in the vegetation from open dry <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> forests to tropical mixed deciduous forests. These diverse habitats support an enormous diversity of animal life.</li> <li><b>Fauna:</b><sup id="cite_ref-book_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mammals found here are <a href="/wiki/Indian_elephant" title="Indian elephant">Indian elephant</a> (<i>Elephas maximus indicus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">gaur</a> (<i>Bos gaurus</i>), sambar (<i><a href="/wiki/Cervus_unicolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervus unicolor">Cervus unicolor</a></i>), chital or spotted deer (<i><a href="/wiki/Axis_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis axis">Axis axis</a></i>), muntjac (<i><a href="/wiki/Muntiacus_muntjak" class="mw-redirect" title="Muntiacus muntjak">Muntiacus muntjak</a></i>) or barking deer, mouse deer (<i><a href="/wiki/Moschiola_indica" class="mw-redirect" title="Moschiola indica">Moschiola indica</a></i>), bonnet macaque (<i><a href="/wiki/Macaca_radiata" class="mw-redirect" title="Macaca radiata">Macaca radiata</a></i>), slender loris (<i><a href="/wiki/Loris_tardigradus" class="mw-redirect" title="Loris tardigradus">Loris tardigradus</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Red_giant_flying_squirrel" title="Red giant flying squirrel">red giant flying squirrel</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Petaurista_petaurista" class="mw-redirect" title="Petaurista petaurista">Petaurista petaurista</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a> (<i>Panthera tigris</i>), <a href="/wiki/Indian_leopard" title="Indian leopard">Indian leopard</a> (<i>Panthera pardus</i>), common palm civet (<i><a href="/wiki/Paradoxurus_hermaphroditus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paradoxurus hermaphroditus">Paradoxurus hermaphroditus</a></i>), small Indian civet (<i><a href="/wiki/Viverricula_indica" class="mw-redirect" title="Viverricula indica">Viverricula indica</a></i>), sloth bear (<i><a href="/wiki/Melursus_ursinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Melursus ursinus">Melursus ursinus</a></i>), dhole or Asiatic wild dog (<i><a href="/wiki/Cuon_alpinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuon alpinus">Cuon alpinus</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">golden jackal</a> (<i>Canis aureus</i>), ruddy mongoose (<i><a href="/wiki/Herpestes_smithii" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpestes smithii">Herpestes smithii</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Smooth-coated_otter" title="Smooth-coated otter">smooth-coated otter</a> (<i>Lutrogale perspicillata</i>), Indian pangolin (<i><a href="/wiki/Manis_crassicaudata" class="mw-redirect" title="Manis crassicaudata">Manis crassicaudata</a></i>). Among the 230 species<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of birds identified, important groups include herons, storks, egrets, ducks, kites, eagles, <a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">falcons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quail" title="Quail">quails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Partridge" title="Partridge">partridges</a>, wildfowl, <a href="/wiki/Lapwing" title="Lapwing">lapwings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandpiper" title="Sandpiper">sandpipers</a>, pigeons, doves, <a href="/wiki/Parakeet" title="Parakeet">parakeets</a>, cuckoos, owls, <a href="/wiki/Nightjar" title="Nightjar">nightjars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swift_(bird)" title="Swift (bird)">swifts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingfisher" title="Kingfisher">kingfishers</a>, bee-eaters and <a href="/wiki/Munia" class="mw-redirect" title="Munia">munias</a>. Reptiles like marsh crocodile (<i><a href="/wiki/Crocodylus_palustris" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodylus palustris">Crocodylus palustris</a></i>), Indian pond terrapin, starred tortoise (<i><a href="/wiki/Geochelone_elegans" class="mw-redirect" title="Geochelone elegans">Geochelone elegans</a></i>), common Indian monitor (<i><a href="/wiki/Varanus_bengalensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Varanus bengalensis">Varanus bengalensis</a></i>), Indian chameleon (<i><a href="/wiki/Chamaeleo_zeylanicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamaeleo zeylanicus">Chamaeleo zeylanicus</a></i>), skinks (<i><a href="/wiki/Mabuya" title="Mabuya">Mabuya</a> </i>spp.), geckos (<i><a href="/wiki/Hemidactylus" title="Hemidactylus">Hemidactylus</a></i>), common rat snake (<i><a href="/wiki/Ptyas_mucosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptyas mucosus">Ptyas mucosus</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Indian_cobra" title="Indian cobra">Indian cobra</a> (<i>Naja naja</i>), Russell's viper (<i><a href="/wiki/Daboia_russelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Daboia russelli">Daboia russelli</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Common_krait" title="Common krait">common krait</a> (<i>Bungarus caeruleus</i>), Indian python (<i><a href="/wiki/Python_molurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Python molurus">Python molurus</a></i>), checkered keelback, green whip snake, common Indian bronzeback (<i><a href="/wiki/Dendrelaphis_tristis" title="Dendrelaphis tristis">Dendrelaphis tristis</a></i>) and trinket snake (<i><a href="/wiki/Elaphe_helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Elaphe helena">Elaphe helena</a></i>) are found here</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bannerghatta_National_Park">Bannerghatta National Park</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Karnataka&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bannerghatta National Park"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The park is in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengaluru_urban_district&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bengaluru urban district (page does not exist)">Bengaluru urban district</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanakapura" title="Kanakapura">Kanakapura</a> taluk of <a href="/wiki/Ramanagara" title="Ramanagara">Ramanagara</a> district covers over 260.51 km<sup>2</sup> of area. Elevation varies from 740 to 1,034 metres (2,428 to 3,392 ft), temperature from 20 to 35 °C and the average annual rainfall is 700 millimetres (28 in). </p> <ul><li><b>Flora:</b><sup id="cite_ref-book_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area has dry <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> forests and thorny shrubs, with patches of moist[deciduous forests along the streams. Tree species in the park include <i><a href="/wiki/Anogeissus" class="mw-redirect" title="Anogeissus">Anogeissus</a> latifolia</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Schleichera" title="Schleichera">Schleichera</a> </i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Terminalia_tomentosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminalia tomentosa">Terminalia tomentosa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Terminalia_arjuna" title="Terminalia arjuna">Terminalia arjuna</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Grewia" title="Grewia">Grewia</a> tilaefolia</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Santalum" title="Santalum">Santalum</a> album</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Shorea" title="Shorea">Shorea</a> talura</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Emblica" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblica">Emblica</a> officinalis</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vitex" title="Vitex">Vitex</a> altissima</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wrightia" title="Wrightia">Wrightia</a> tinctoria</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Randia_(plant)" title="Randia (plant)">Randia</a></i> sp., <i><a href="/wiki/Ziziphus" title="Ziziphus">Ziziphus</a></i> sp. and <i><a href="/wiki/Albizzia" class="mw-redirect" title="Albizzia">Albizzia</a></i> sp. Bamboos are common in the park, the dominant species being <i><a href="/wiki/Dendrocalamus" title="Dendrocalamus">Dendrocalamus</a> strictus</i>. A small area of the park has plantations of <i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bauhinia" title="Bauhinia">Bauhinia</a> purpurea</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Samanea" title="Samanea">Samanea</a> saman</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Peltophorum" title="Peltophorum">Peltophorum</a> pterocarpum</i>.</li> <li><b>Fauna:</b><sup id="cite_ref-book_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mammals in the park include Indian leopard, gaur, Indian elephant, golden jackal, fox, wild boar, sloth bear, sambar, spotted deer, barking deer, common langur, bonnet macaque, Indian crested porcupine and hare. A Bengal tiger was sighted in the park.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kudremukh_National_Park">Kudremukh National Park</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Karnataka&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kudremukh National Park"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spread over an area of 600.32 km<sup>2</sup>, it encompasses regions in the districts of <a href="/wiki/Dakshina_Kannada" title="Dakshina Kannada">Dakshina Kannada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Udupi_district" title="Udupi district">Udupi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chikkamagaluru_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Chikkamagaluru district">Chikmagalur</a>. Altitude varies from 134 to 1,892 metres (440 to 6,207 ft). The park has a pleasant climate, with temperatures ranging from 17 to 28 °C. Annual rainfall varies from 1,778 to 6,350 millimetres (70 to 250 in), with an average of 4,000 millimetres (157 in). The rivers Nethravati, <a href="/wiki/Tunga_River" title="Tunga River">Tunga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhadra_River" title="Bhadra River">Bhadra</a> are believed to originate here at Ganga Moola. </p> <ul><li><b>Flora:</b><sup id="cite_ref-book_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The park has mostly <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> and semi-evergreen forests. <a href="/wiki/Shola" title="Shola">Shola</a> grassland habitat is found at elevations above 1,400 metres (4,593 ft). Evergreen trees include <i><a href="/wiki/Poeciloneuron" title="Poeciloneuron">Poeciloneuron</a> indicum</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Holigarna" title="Holigarna">Holigarna</a> arnottiana</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Artocarpus" title="Artocarpus">Artocarpus</a></i> sp., <i><a href="/wiki/Calophyllum" title="Calophyllum">Calophyllum</a></i> sp., <i><a href="/wiki/Alstonia_scholaris" title="Alstonia scholaris">Alstonia scholaris</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Canarium" title="Canarium">Canarium</a> strictum</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Syzygium" title="Syzygium">Syzygium</a> cumini</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Flacourtia" title="Flacourtia">Flacourtia</a> <a href="/wiki/Flacourtia_montana" title="Flacourtia montana">montana</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Symplocos" title="Symplocos">Symplocos</a> spicata</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hopea" title="Hopea">Hopea</a> parviflora</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mesua_ferrea" title="Mesua ferrea">Mesua ferrea</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Evodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Evodia">Evodiaroxburghiana</a></i>. There are also a few plantations of <i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Casuarina" title="Casuarina">Casuarina</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_auriculiformis" title="Acacia auriculiformis">Acacia auriculiformis</a></i>.</li> <li><b>Fauna:</b><sup id="cite_ref-book_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mammals in the park include <a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_leopard" title="Indian leopard">Indian leopard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhole" title="Dhole">dhole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">golden jackal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lion-tailed_macaque" title="Lion-tailed macaque">lion-tailed macaque</a>, common langur, <a href="/wiki/Sloth_bear" title="Sloth bear">sloth bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">gaur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sambar_(deer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambar (deer)">sambar</a>, spotted deer, barking deer, Malabar giant squirrel, Indian giant flying squirrel, Indian crested porcupine and mongoose. Reptiles are represented by snakes and tortoises. Bird species in the park include the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_trogon" title="Malabar trogon">Malabar trogon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_hornbill" title="Great hornbill">great hornbill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malabar_whistling_thrush" title="Malabar whistling thrush">Malabar whistling thrush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial-pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial-pigeon">imperial pigeon</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nagarahole_National_Park">Nagarahole National Park</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Karnataka&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nagarahole National Park"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Also known as Rajiv Gandhi (Nagarahole) National Park, the park gets its name from the <i>Nagara Hole</i> (<i>Snake River</i> in Kannada) which runs eastwards through its centre. Nagarahole river flows through the park before it joins the <a href="/wiki/Kabini" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabini">Kabini</a> river that also acts as a boundary between Nagarahole and Bandipur. The park covers an area of about 575 km<sup>2</sup>. The <a href="/wiki/Wayanad" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayanad">Wayanad</a> Wildlife Sanctuary of Kerala adjoins to the Southeast. </p> <ul><li>Flora:<sup id="cite_ref-book_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These forests are dominated by <a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosewood" title="Rosewood">rosewood</a>. The eastern limits of the park consist of regenerating dry deciduous forests. The west region of the park contains tropical moist and semi-evergreen forests. Interspersed with these forests are swampy fallows called <i>hadlus</i>, which are dominated by grasses and are favoured grazing areas of many wild herbivores.</li> <li>Fauna:<sup id="cite_ref-book_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the species of mammals found in this park are <a href="/wiki/Indian_elephant" title="Indian elephant">Indian elephant</a> (<i>Elephas maximus indicus</i>), gaur (<i><a href="/wiki/Bos_gaurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bos gaurus">Bos gaurus</a></i>), sambar (<i><a href="/wiki/Cervus_unicolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervus unicolor">Cervus unicolor</a></i>), chital or spotted deer or axis deer (<i><a href="/wiki/Axis_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis axis">Axis axis</a></i>), muntjac or barking deer (<i><a href="/wiki/Muntiacus_muntjak" class="mw-redirect" title="Muntiacus muntjak">Muntiacus muntjak</a></i>), chevrotain or mouse deer (<i><a href="/wiki/Moschiola_indica" class="mw-redirect" title="Moschiola indica">Moschiola indica</a></i>), four horned antelope (<i><a href="/wiki/Tetracerus_quadricornis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetracerus quadricornis">Tetracerus quadricornis</a></i>), giant fruit bat (<i><a href="/wiki/Pteropus_giganteus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteropus giganteus">Pteropus giganteus</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a> (<i>Panthera tigris</i>), <a href="/wiki/Indian_leopard" title="Indian leopard">Indian leopard</a> (<i>Panthera pardus</i>), leopard cat (<i><a href="/wiki/Felis_bengalensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Felis bengalensis">Felis bengalensis</a></i>), jungle cat (<i><a href="/wiki/Felis_chaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Felis chaus">Felis chaus</a></i>), rusty spotted cat (<i><a href="/wiki/Felis_rubiginosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Felis rubiginosa">Felis rubiginosa</a></i>), common palm civet (<i><a href="/wiki/Paradoxurus_hermaphroditus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paradoxurus hermaphroditus">Paradoxurus hermaphroditus</a></i>), small Indian civet (<i><a href="/wiki/Viverricula_indica" class="mw-redirect" title="Viverricula indica">Viverricula indica</a></i>), sloth bear (<i><a href="/wiki/Melursus_ursinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Melursus ursinus">Melursus ursinus</a></i>), dhole or Asiatic wild dog (<i><a href="/wiki/Cuon_alpinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuon alpinus">Cuon alpinus</a></i>) and flying fox (<i><a href="/wiki/Pteropus_giganteus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteropus giganteus">Pteropus giganteus</a></i>), the largest Indian bat. Among the 300 species<sup id="cite_ref-mysorenature.org_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mysorenature.org-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of birds identified in this park include herons, storks, egrets, ducks, kites, eagles, falcons, partridges, quails, peafowl, owls, lapwings, sandpipers, pigeons, doves, parakeets, cuckoos, nightjars, swifts, kingfishers, bee-eaters, barbets, swallows, larks, woodpeckers, shrikes and orioles. Reptiles include marsh crocodile (<i><a href="/wiki/Crocodylus_palustris" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodylus palustris">Crocodylus palustris</a></i>), Indian pond terrapin, star tortoise, common Indian monitor lizard (<i><a href="/wiki/Varanus_bengalensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Varanus bengalensis">Varanus bengalensis</a></i>), forest calotes, southern green calotes, skinks (<i><a href="/wiki/Mabuya" title="Mabuya">Mabuya</a></i> spp.), geckos, spectacled cobra, <a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_viper" title="Russell's viper">Russell's viper</a>, common krait, Indian python (<i><a href="/wiki/Python_molurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Python molurus">Python molurus</a></i>), checkered keelback, green whip snake, common Indian bronzeback, flying snake, wolf snake and trinket snake.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wildlife_sanctuaries">Wildlife sanctuaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Karnataka&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Wildlife sanctuaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doppelhornvogel-09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Doppelhornvogel-09.jpg/200px-Doppelhornvogel-09.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Doppelhornvogel-09.jpg/300px-Doppelhornvogel-09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Doppelhornvogel-09.jpg/400px-Doppelhornvogel-09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Indian_hornbill" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Indian hornbill">great Indian hornbill</a> (<i>Buceros bicornis</i>), found in the forests of Karnataka</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spotbilled_pelican.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Spotbilled_pelican.jpg/200px-Spotbilled_pelican.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Spotbilled_pelican.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Spot-billed_pelican" title="Spot-billed pelican">Spot-billed pelican</a>, (<i>Pelecanus philippensis</i>), a bird found in the bird sanctuaries of Karnataka</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rufous_babbler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rufous_babbler.jpg/200px-Rufous_babbler.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rufous_babbler.jpg/300px-Rufous_babbler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rufous_babbler.jpg/400px-Rufous_babbler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rufous_babbler" title="Rufous babbler">Rufous babbler</a> (<i>Turdoides subrufus</i>) at Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary</figcaption></figure> <p>Karnataka has 19 wildlife sanctuaries: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cauvery_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary">Kaveri Wildlife Sanctuary</a> is spread over three districts; Chamarajanagar, Mandya and Ramanagara. The sanctuary was originally notified in 1987 with an area of about 510 km2 . Subsequently it was expanded by adding more forest areas in stages, and its present extent is 1,027 km<sup>2</sup>. Cauvery wildlife division has two sub-divisions, namely, Hanur and Kanakapura sub-divisions, and consists of seven ranges, namely, Kothnur, Hanur, Cowdally, Gopinatham, Halagur, Sangam and Muggur ranges. The sanctuary provides a vital link between Bannerghatta National Park in the north and BRT Tiger Reserve and MM Hills Wildlife Sanctuary in the south. The area is drained by three rivers, namely, Cauvery, Arkavathi and Shimsha, along with their numerous rivulets. The forest is primarily of dry deciduous and scrub types, but a wide range of forest types including moist deciduous, semi-evergreen, evergreen, shola, riverine, Hardwickia forest, etc. are encountered at different altitudes. Important animals found in the sanctuary are tiger, elephant, leopard, bison, wild dog, sambar, spotted deer, barking deer, sloth bear, wild boar, common langur, bonnet macaque, giant squirrel, honey badger (ratel), chevrotain, kollegal ground gecko, varieties of reptiles and birds and many.</li> <li>Adichunchanagiri Wildlife Sanctuary,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Mandya_district" title="Mandya district">Mandya district</a>, is spread over 0.88 square kilometres (0.34 sq mi). It was created mainly for the conservation of peacocks. It also houses nearly 250 other species of birds.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Arabithittu Wildlife Sanctuary<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is in <a href="/wiki/Mysore_district" title="Mysore district">Mysore district</a> and is spread over 13.5 square kilometres (5.2 sq mi). This park consists of eucalyptus and sandalwood plantations. Leopard, fox and spotted deer are found here. Also around 230 species of birds have been observed here.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biligiriranga_Hills" title="Biligiriranga Hills">Biligiriranga Swamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Chamarajanagar_district" title="Chamarajanagar district">Chamarajanagar district</a> and is spread over 539.58 square kilometres (208.33 sq mi). Some of the species of flora found here are <i>Anogeissus latifolia</i>, <i>Grewia tilaefolia</i> and <i>Syzygium cumini</i>. Mammals include elephants, tigers, leopards, sloth bear, gaur, barking deer and sambar. Among the 215 species of birds are the Nilgiri wood pigeon, Malabar whistling thrush, yellow-throated bulbul, peregrine falcon, rufous-bellied hawk-eagle. An endangered amphibian, <i>Icthyophis ghytinosus</i> has been reported in the sanctuary.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadra_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary">Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary</a> is between <a href="/wiki/Chikkamagaluru" class="mw-redirect" title="Chikkamagaluru">Chikkamagaluru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shimoga" title="Shimoga">Shimoga</a> districts and is spread over 492.46 square kilometres (190.14 sq mi). Common species of flora include <i>Lagerstromia lanceolata</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Adina_cordifolia" title="Adina cordifolia">Adina cordifolia</a></i> and <i>Careya arborea</i>. Mammals include tiger, leopard, elephant, gaur, slender loris and pangolin. Among the bird species found here are ruby-throated bulbul, shama, Malabar whistling thrush and paradise flycatcher.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmagiri_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary">Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Kodagu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodagu">Kodagu</a> district and is spread over an area of 181.80 square kilometres (70.19 sq mi). The evergreen forests include species like <i>Cinnamomum zeylancium</i>, <i>Cedrela toona</i> and <i>Alstonia scholaris</i>. Bamboos are dominant and include species like <i>Bambusa bambos</i> and <i>Dendrocalamus strictus</i>. Mammals include elephant, gaur, tiger, jungle cat, bonnet macaque and Nilgiri marten.<sup id="cite_ref-book_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also around 300 species<sup id="cite_ref-mysorenature.org_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mysorenature.org-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of birds have been observed here: It is spread across the districts of <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandya" title="Mandya">Mandya</a> and is spread over 1,027.53 square kilometres (396.73 sq mi). Dry deciduous trees found in this park include species like <i>Terminalia arjuna</i> and <i>Syzgium cumini</i>. Animal species found in this park include leopard, elephant, sambar and common otter. This is also one of the last refuge of the highly endangered grizzled giant squirrel in Karnataka. Also around 300 species<sup id="cite_ref-mysorenature.org_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mysorenature.org-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of birds have been observed here. This sanctuary is also famous for mahseer fish (<i><a href="/wiki/Tor_(fish)" title="Tor (fish)">Tor</a></i> species).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandeli_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary">Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Uttara_Kannada" title="Uttara Kannada">Uttara Kannada</a> district and is spread over 475.02 square kilometres (183.41 sq mi). Common tree species found here are <i><a href="/wiki/Dalbergia_latifolia" title="Dalbergia latifolia">Dalbergia latifolia</a></i>, <i>Terminalia paniculata</i>, <i>T. tomentosa</i> and <i>Vitex altissima</i>. Mammal species include elephant, gaur, wild boar, slender loris, Malabar giant squirrel and barking deer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daroji_Sloth_Bear_Sanctuary" title="Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary">Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Bellary_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellary district">Bellary district</a> and is spread over 82.72 square kilometres (31.94 sq mi). This sanctuary was mainly created for the conservation of sloth bears.</li> <li>Malai Mahadeshwara Wildlife Sanctuary is spread over 906 square kilometres (349.8 sq mi), MM Hills wildlife sanctuary came to being on 7 May 2013. Contiguous with BRT Tiger Reserve and Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary, the sanctuary boasts of tiger, elephant, leopard, dhole, sambar, barking deer and others. The sanctuary is in Chamarajanagar district, Kollegala taluk.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkote_Temple_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Melkote Temple Wildlife Sanctuary">Melkote Temple Wildlife Sanctuary</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is in <a href="/wiki/Mandya_district" title="Mandya district">Mandya district</a> and is spread over 45.82 square kilometres (17.69 sq mi). An endangered species of flora, <i><a href="/wiki/Cycas_circinalis" title="Cycas circinalis">Cycas circinalis</a></i> is found here. Mammal species include wolf, leopard, blackbuck and pangolin. Also around 230 species<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of birds have been observed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mookambika_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary">Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Udupi_district" title="Udupi district">Udupi district</a> and is spread over 370.37 square kilometres (143.00 sq mi). Some of the tree species found here are <i>Dipterocarpus indicus</i>, <i>Calophyllum tomentosum</i> and <i>Hopea parviflora</i>. An endangered species of climber <i><a href="/wiki/Coscinium_fenestratum" title="Coscinium fenestratum">Coscinium fenestratum</a></i> has been recorded here. Slender loris, lion-tailed macaque, sambar and chital are some of the animals found here. The endangered cane turtle is also found here.</li> <li>Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary is in <a href="/wiki/Mysore_district" title="Mysore district">Mysore district</a> and is spread over 30.32 square kilometres (11.71 sq mi). Common species of flora include <i>Emblica officinalis</i>, <i>Santalum album</i> and <i>Dendrocalamus strictus</i>. Mammals include elephant, gaur, leopard, spotted deer and common palm civet.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushpagiri_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary">Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Kodagu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodagu">Kodagu</a> district and is spread over 102.59 square kilometres (39.61 sq mi). Some species of flora found here are <i><a href="/wiki/Hopea_parviflora" title="Hopea parviflora">Hopea parviflora</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptapleurum_capitatum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heptapleurum capitatum (page does not exist)">Heptapleurum capitatum</a></i>, <i>Xanthalis tomentosa</i> and <i>Ochlandra rheedii</i>. Mammals include elephant, tiger, slender loris, Nilgiri marten and bonnet macaque. Around 230 species of birds have been observed.<sup id="cite_ref-mysorenature.org_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mysorenature.org-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bird species include great pied hornbill, Malabar trogon and Nilgiri blackbird.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranibennur_Blackbuck_Sanctuary" title="Ranibennur Blackbuck Sanctuary">Ranibennur Blackbuck Sanctuary</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Haveri_district" title="Haveri district">Haveri district</a> and is spread over 119.00 square kilometres (45.95 sq mi). Eucalyptus is the dominant tree. <i><a href="/wiki/Cassia_fistula" title="Cassia fistula">Cassia fistula</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Prosopis_juliflora" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosopis juliflora">Prosopis juliflora</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ziziphus_mauritiana" title="Ziziphus mauritiana">Ziziphus mauritiana</a></i> are also present. This sanctuary was created mainly for the conservation of blackbucks. This sanctuary is also a habitat for the endangered <a href="/wiki/Great_Indian_bustard" title="Great Indian bustard">great Indian bustard</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharavathi_LTM_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Sharavathi LTM Wildlife Sanctuary">Sharavathi LTM Wildlife Sanctuary</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Shimoga_district" title="Shimoga district">Shimoga district</a> and is spread over 431.23 square kilometres (166.50 sq mi). <i><a href="/wiki/Dipterocarpus_indicus" title="Dipterocarpus indicus">Dipterocarpus indicus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Caryota_urens" title="Caryota urens">Caryota urens</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dillenia_pentagyna" title="Dillenia pentagyna">Dillenia pentagyna</a></i> are some of the species of plants found here. Tiger, leopard, mouse deer, bonnet macaque and common langur are some of the animal species found here. Snakes are commonly found here. Paradise flycatcher, racket-tailed drongo and blue-throated barbet are some of the bird species found here.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shettihalli_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary">Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Shimoga_district" title="Shimoga district">Shimoga district</a> and is spread over 395.60 square kilometres (152.74 sq mi). <i><a href="/wiki/Cassia_fistula" title="Cassia fistula">Cassia fistula</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kydia_calycina" title="Kydia calycina">Kydia calycina</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Wrightia_tinctoria" title="Wrightia tinctoria">Wrightia tinctoria</a></i> are some of the species of plants found here. Tiger, leopard, bonnet macaque and Malabar giant squirrel are some of the animal species found here.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Someshwara_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary">Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Udupi_district" title="Udupi district">Udupi district</a> and is spread over 88.40 square kilometres (34.13 sq mi). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machilus_macrantha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Machilus macrantha (page does not exist)">Machilus macrantha</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lophopetalum_wightanium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lophopetalum wightanium (page does not exist)">Lophopetalum wightanium</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Artocarpus_hirsuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Artocarpus hirsuta">Artocarpus hirsuta</a></i> are some of the species of plants found here. Tiger, leopard, lion-tailed macaque and spotted deer are some of the animal species found here.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talakaveri_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary">Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Kodagu_district" title="Kodagu district">Kodagu district</a> and is spread over 105.00 square kilometres (40.54 sq mi). <i><a href="/wiki/Albizzia_lebbek" class="mw-redirect" title="Albizzia lebbek">Albizzia lebbek</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Artocarpus_lakoocha" class="mw-redirect" title="Artocarpus lakoocha">Artocarpus lakoocha</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dysoxylum_malabaricum" title="Dysoxylum malabaricum">Dysoxylum malabaricum</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mesua_ferrea" title="Mesua ferrea">Mesua ferrea</a></i> are some of the species of plants found here. Clawless otter, elephant, tiger, striped-necked mongoose and mouse deer are some of the animal species found here. Also around 300 species of birds have been observed here.<sup id="cite_ref-mysorenature.org_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mysorenature.org-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fairy bluebird, Malabar trogon and broadbill roller are some of the avian species found.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungabhadra_Otter_Conservation_Reserve" title="Tungabhadra Otter Conservation Reserve">Tungabhadra Otter Conservation Reserve</a> is the country's first otter conservation reserve near <a href="/wiki/Hampi" title="Hampi">Hampi</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bird_sanctuaries">Bird sanctuaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Karnataka&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bird sanctuaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Painted_Stork_pair_at_Ranganathittu_bird_sanctuary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Painted_Stork_pair_at_Ranganathittu_bird_sanctuary.jpg/200px-Painted_Stork_pair_at_Ranganathittu_bird_sanctuary.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Painted_Stork_pair_at_Ranganathittu_bird_sanctuary.jpg/300px-Painted_Stork_pair_at_Ranganathittu_bird_sanctuary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Painted_Stork_pair_at_Ranganathittu_bird_sanctuary.jpg/400px-Painted_Stork_pair_at_Ranganathittu_bird_sanctuary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="1178" /></a><figcaption>A pair of <a href="/wiki/Painted_stork" title="Painted stork">painted storks</a> (<i>Mycteria leucocephala</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Ranganathittu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranganathittu">Ranganathittu</a> Bird Sanctuary</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceryle_rudis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ceryle_rudis.jpg/200px-Ceryle_rudis.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ceryle_rudis.jpg/300px-Ceryle_rudis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ceryle_rudis.jpg/400px-Ceryle_rudis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pied_kingfisher" title="Pied kingfisher">Pied kingfisher</a>, (<i>Ceryle rudis</i>), in <a href="/wiki/Ranganathittu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranganathittu">Ranganathittu</a> Bird Sanctuary</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attiveri_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Attiveri Bird Sanctuary">Attiveri Bird Sanctuary</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Uttara_Kannada" title="Uttara Kannada">Uttara Kannada</a> district and is spread over 2.23 km<sup>2</sup>. White ibis, little cormorant, pied kingfisher, common grey hornbill are found here.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudavi_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Gudavi Bird Sanctuary">Gudavi Bird Sanctuary</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Shimoga_district" title="Shimoga district">Shimoga district</a> and is spread over 0.73 km<sup>2</sup>. The tree species that dominate this sanctuary are <i>Vitex leucoxylon</i> and <i>Phyllanthus polyphyllus</i>. 191 species of birds are recorded here including white ibis, pheasant-tailed jacana, purple moorhen and little grebe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranganathittu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranganathittu">Ranganathittu</a> Bird Sanctuary<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is in <a href="/wiki/Mandya_district" title="Mandya district">Mandya district</a> and is spread over 0.67 km<sup>2</sup>. Among the tree species found here, is the unique <i>Iphigenia mysorensis</i>. Other tree species include <i>Derris indica</i> and <i>Barringtonia racemosa</i>. This sanctuary houses nearly 170 birds.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birds like cormorants, darter, white ibis, great stone plover, cliff swallow, spoonbills, lesser whistling teal roost here all through the year.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandagadde_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Mandagadde Bird Sanctuary">Mandagadde Bird Sanctuary</a>: It is near the little village Mandagadde which is 30 km from the <a href="/wiki/Shimoga" title="Shimoga">Shimoga</a> town and is based on a small island on the <a href="/wiki/Tunga_River" title="Tunga River">Tunga River</a>. It is mainly visited by migratory birds like median egret (<i><a href="/wiki/Egretta_intermedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Egretta intermedia">Egretta intermedia</a></i>), the little cormorant (<i><a href="/wiki/Microcarbo_niger" class="mw-redirect" title="Microcarbo niger">Microcarbo niger</a></i>), and the darter or snake bird (<i>Aninga nufa</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-manda_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manda-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaggaladu" title="Kaggaladu">Kaggaladu</a> Heronry is in <a href="/wiki/Tumkur_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumkur district">Tumkur district</a> and is one of the largest painted stork sanctuaries in South India. Some of the birds that nest here are painted storks, grey herons, pelicans, black stilts and ducks.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokrebellur" title="Kokrebellur">Kokrebellur</a> Pelicanry<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is in the town of Kokkare Bellur in <a href="/wiki/Mandya_district" title="Mandya district">Mandya district</a> and is a haven for avian species like grey or spot-billed pelican (<i>Pelecanus philippensis</i>) and painted stork (<i>Mycteria leucocephala</i>). In fact the word <i>kokkare</i> means stork in the <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> language. Apart from pelicans and storks, 250 species of birds have been sighted here.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kb_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kb-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadi_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Magadi Bird Sanctuary">Magadi Bird Sanctuary</a>: Magadi Bird Sanctuary created at the Magadi tank, in Magadi village of Shirahatti Taluk, <a href="/wiki/Gadag_district" title="Gadag district">Gadag district</a>. It is one of the biodiversity hotspots in North Karnataka. From Gadag it is 26 km, it is on Gadag-Bangalore Road, from Shirahatti it is 8 km, and from Lakshmeshwara 11 km. Bar-headed goose is one of the bird migrates to Magadi wetlands of Gadag district. Normally birds eat fish, amphibians, molluscs, snakes etc., but migratory birds eating agricultural produce is both interesting and curious too. Winter habitat is on cultivation, it feeds on barley, rice and wheat and damage crops.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankapura_Peacock_Sanctuary" title="Bankapura Peacock Sanctuary">Bankapura Peacock Sanctuary</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Haveri_district" title="Haveri district">Haveri district</a> and spread over an area of 139.10 acres (0.5629 km<sup>2</sup>). This sanctuary was created mainly for the conservation of peacocks.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonal_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Bonal Bird Sanctuary">Bonal Bird Sanctuary</a> is about 10 km from <a href="/wiki/Shorapur" class="mw-redirect" title="Shorapur">Shorapur</a> city in <a href="/wiki/Yadgir_district" title="Yadgir district">Yadgir district</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadevarabetta_Vulture_Sanctuary" title="Ramadevarabetta Vulture Sanctuary">Ramadevarabetta Vulture Sanctuary</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Ramanagara" title="Ramanagara">Ramanagara</a> and is home of the critically endangered long-billed vulture (<i>Gyps indicus</i>).</li> <li>Ghataprabha Bird Sanctuary is in <a href="/wiki/Belgaum_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgaum district">Belgaum district</a> and is spread over 20.78 square kilometres (8.02 sq mi). This sanctuary is known for migratory birds like demoiselle crane and European white stork.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dangers_to_flora_and_fauna">Dangers to flora and fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Karnataka&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dangers to flora and fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Flora and fauna in Karnataka are threatened. Issues include poaching, human–wildlife conflict, <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a>, pollution and introduction of invasive species. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poaching">Poaching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Karnataka&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Poaching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the best efforts of conservation activists, <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a> remains one of the serious problems affecting the flora and fauna in the state. Between 1997 and 2001, a 98 elephants were poached in Karnataka.<sup id="cite_ref-env_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-env-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poaching has also affected the breeding of turtles like <a href="/wiki/Olive_ridley" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive ridley">olive ridley</a> on the beaches of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Otters" class="mw-redirect" title="Otters">otters</a> on the river banks. Tigers are also another species that are threatened by poachers.<sup id="cite_ref-nagpoa_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nagpoa-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood">Sandalwood</a>, famed for its sculptures and its aroma, is frequently poached out of the forests of Karnataka. <a href="/wiki/Teakwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Teakwood">Teakwood</a>, famed for furniture, is another species affected by this problem. Staff shortage, lack of adequate funds and unscientific anti-poaching camps are some of the reasons quoted for continued poaching activities.<sup id="cite_ref-nagpoa_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nagpoa-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitat_destruction">Habitat destruction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Karnataka&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Habitat destruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the activities that are causing a destruction of habitat of flora and fauna in Karnataka are: </p> <ul><li>Construction of <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoirs</a>: Construction of dams causes widespread flooding of surrounding areas causing destruction of species that inhabit the area. They also affect riverine species like fishes and disrupt their normal habits. An example is the construction of the Linganamakki reservoir in <a href="/wiki/Shimoga_district" title="Shimoga district">Shimoga district</a> that caused the extinction of the grass <i><a href="/wiki/Hubbardia" title="Hubbardia">Hubbardia</a> heptaneuron</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-env_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-env-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Destruction of forest land for agriculture and other purposes: Large tracts of forest land have been cleaned up for <a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">monoculture</a> plantations of teak, coffee and rubber. This has led to the destruction of species that were dependent on the forest. An example of this is loss of habitats such as <i>Myristica</i> swamps and high altitude grasslands. In the dry zone, they have adversely affected several species dependent on large tracts of scrub such as the wolf and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Indian_bustard" title="Great Indian bustard">great Indian bustard</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a> operations: Mining operations clear out large areas of land and cause destruction to the species dependent on them. An example is the Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Limited which mined iron ore within the boundaries of the protected <a href="/wiki/Kudremukh_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Kudremukh National Park">Kudremukh National Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kudre_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kudre-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human–wildlife_conflict"><span id="Human.E2.80.93wildlife_conflict"></span>Human–wildlife conflict</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Karnataka&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Human–wildlife conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the loss of habitat, more and more species of fauna have started to venture into human habitation causing a conflict between humans and other animals. A typical species affected by this is the elephant which ventures out of the forest into human cultivations thereby eating or destroying the crops. In some cases, the elephants have also caused human deaths like an incident that happened in <a href="/wiki/Hassan_district" title="Hassan district">Hassan district</a> where a villager was trampled to death.<sup id="cite_ref-eledest_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eledest-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Precautionary measures (sometimes illegally) are taken by humans to prevent such mishaps like <a href="/wiki/Electric_fencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric fencing">electric fencing</a> have also led to disastrous consequences like <a href="/wiki/Electric_shock" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric shock">electrocution</a> of fauna.<sup id="cite_ref-eledeath_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eledeath-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pollution">Pollution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Karnataka&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Release of industrial waste and human effluents into rivers have caused significant damage to species that reside in rivers and riverbanks. Air pollution is also a significant cause of concern in metros like Bangalore where it has been found that air pollution is discolouring foliage including those of ornamental plants.<sup id="cite_ref-airp_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-airp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A comparison of the lichen flora of the garden <a href="/wiki/Lal_Bagh" title="Lal Bagh">Lal Bagh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> has revealed that 18 of the 22 species noted in 1980 were no longer present in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-env_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-env-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pollution in rivers like <a href="/wiki/Kabini" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabini">Kabini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaveri" title="Kaveri">Kaveri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghataprabha" title="Ghataprabha">Ghataprabha</a> has caused sharp reduction in populations of bird species, including beneficial insectivorous birds like drongos, as well as honeybees.<sup id="cite_ref-env_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-env-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasive_species">Invasive species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Karnataka&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Invasive species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Introduction of new species into a habitat has caused serious consequences to the existing species. A typical example is the introduction of the African <a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Clarias" title="Clarias">Clarias</a> gariepinus</i>) in the lakes and rivers of Karnataka. This is a carnivorous fish and has caused serious damage to the indigenous fauna.<sup id="cite_ref-env_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-env-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weeds like <i><a href="/wiki/Chromolaena_odoratissima" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromolaena odoratissima">Eupatorium</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lantana" title="Lantana">Lantana</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Parthenium" title="Parthenium">Parthenium</a></i> have invaded large tracts of land causing destruction. An increase in <i>Eupatorium</i> is attributed as one of the causes for the spread of the deadly <a href="/wiki/Kyasanur_forest_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyasanur forest disease">Kyasanur forest disease</a> (which has a morbidity rate of 10%) among humans since it harbours tick populations that are vectors for this disease.<sup id="cite_ref-env_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-env-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a></i> plantations in the <a href="/wiki/Ranibennur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranibennur">Ranibennur</a> <a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">blackbuck</a> sanctuary have seriously harmed the extremely rare <a href="/wiki/Great_Indian_bustard" title="Great Indian bustard">great Indian bustard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-env_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-env-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation_efforts">Conservation efforts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Karnataka&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Conservation efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various conservation activities are in progress to protect the biodiversity present in Karnataka. These activities are mostly done by the Forest Department of the State of Karnataka and other voluntary organisations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relocation_of_human_population">Relocation of human population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Karnataka&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Relocation of human population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The presence of human habitation within the core area of reserved forests poses many problems like human–wildlife conflict and destruction of habitat due to agriculture and cattle grazing. Systematic efforts have been made to relocate some of this population into proper zones outside the protected area. An example is the relocation of some villagers from Bhagawathi and Nassehalla habitations within the Kudremukh National Park to safer regions outside it.<sup id="cite_ref-reloc_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reloc-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage_of_technology">Usage of technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Karnataka&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Usage of technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>New scientific methods are being used to protect the flora and fauna. Some of these are: </p> <ul><li>Usage of satellites to detect forest fires so that they can easily be extinguished.<sup id="cite_ref-ff_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ff-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Radio tracking of animals and usage of techniques like remote camera sampling to estimate the animal population.<sup id="cite_ref-rt_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rt-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Installation of wireless stations and using wireless sets for easy communication among individuals involved in field trips and anti-poaching activities.<sup id="cite_ref-rt_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rt-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Staff_empowerment">Staff empowerment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Karnataka&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Staff empowerment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is highly important to keep up the morale of forest wardens and other staff members involved in anti-poaching activities and field trips. It is also necessary to keep them up-to-date on the technology and wildlife related laws. The following steps were implemented to address this issue:<sup id="cite_ref-rt_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rt-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Field kits were provided to the staff consisting of boots, rain gear and uniforms.</li> <li>Conservation related award programs were announced to boost the morale of the staff.</li> <li>Training programs were undertaken for the staff in the use of firearms against poachers, field craft and Indian wildlife laws</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recently_discovered_species">Recently discovered species</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Karnataka&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Recently discovered species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many areas of Karnataka, especially in the forests of <a href="/wiki/Malnad" class="mw-redirect" title="Malnad">Malnad</a> region are unexplored and new species of flora and fauna are discovered periodically. Some of the new species of flora discovered in Karnataka include <i>Paracautleya bhatii</i> (a <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>) and <i>Isachne veldkampii</i> (a grass), both of which were discovered near <a href="/wiki/Manipal" title="Manipal">Manipal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Udupi_district" title="Udupi district">Udupi district</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-isoetes_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isoetes-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two species of algae, <i>Cosmarium bourrellyi</i> and <i>Cosmarium desikacharyi</i> were discovered in a paddy field in <a href="/wiki/Belgaum" title="Belgaum">Belgaum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-alga_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alga-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other new species of flora discovered in Karnataka include <i>Isoetes udupiensis</i><sup id="cite_ref-isoetes_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isoetes-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (a pteridophyte) and <i>Pisolithus indicus</i> (a <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungus</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-fungi_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fungi-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the new species of fauna discovered include two species of ants, <i><a href="/wiki/Dilobocondyla_bangalorica" title="Dilobocondyla bangalorica">Dilobocondyla bangalorica</a></i> which was discovered on the campus of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Science" title="Indian Institute of Science">Indian Institute of Science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a><sup id="cite_ref-ant_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ant-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Discothyrea" title="Discothyrea">Discothyrea</a> sringerensis</i> which was discovered near <a href="/wiki/Sringeri" title="Sringeri">Sringeri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-antsri_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antsri-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three new species of frogs; <i><a href="/wiki/Philautus" title="Philautus">Philautus</a> luteolus</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Philautus" title="Philautus">Philautus</a> tuberohumerus</i><sup id="cite_ref-philaut_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philaut-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Nyctibatrachus" title="Nyctibatrachus">Nyctibatrachus</a> petraeus</i><sup id="cite_ref-nyct_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyct-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been discovered in Karnataka. Explorations in the <a href="/wiki/Sharavathi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharavathi">Sharavathi</a> river have yielded new fish species like <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batasio_sharavatiensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batasio sharavatiensis (page does not exist)">Batasio sharavatiensis</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-bata_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bata-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (a <a href="/wiki/Bagrid_catfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagrid catfish">bagrid catfish</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Schistura" title="Schistura">Schistura</a> nagodiensis</i><sup id="cite_ref-schis_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schis-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Schistura" title="Schistura">Schistura</a> sharavathiensis</i>. Another fish species, <i><a href="/wiki/Puntius" title="Puntius">Puntius</a> coorgensis</i><sup id="cite_ref-punt_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-punt-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been discovered near <a href="/wiki/Bhagamandala" title="Bhagamandala">Bhagamandala</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kaveri" title="Kaveri">Kaveri</a> river. Some other species of fauna discovered in Karnataka include two species of <a href="/wiki/Whitefly" title="Whitefly">whiteflies</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Distinctaleyrodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Distinctaleyrodes">Distinctaleyrodes</a> setosus</i><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Aleurocanthus" title="Aleurocanthus">Aleurocanthus</a> arecae</i><sup id="cite_ref-areca_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-areca-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Caecilian" title="Caecilian">caecilian</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gegeneophis" title="Gegeneophis">Gegeneophis</a> madhavai</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-caec_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caec-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Explorations in the soil around the <a href="/wiki/Linganamakki" class="mw-redirect" title="Linganamakki">Linganamakki</a> reservoir has revealed eleven new species of <a href="/wiki/Earthworm" title="Earthworm">earthworms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ew_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ew-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Endangered_species">Endangered species</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Karnataka&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Endangered species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shorea_roxburghii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Shorea_roxburghii.jpg/200px-Shorea_roxburghii.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Shorea_roxburghii.jpg/300px-Shorea_roxburghii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Shorea_roxburghii.jpg/400px-Shorea_roxburghii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Shorea_roxburghii" class="mw-redirect" title="Shorea roxburghii">Shorea roxburghii</a></i>, an endangered rainforest tree found in Karnataka</figcaption></figure> <p>Karnataka is the home of few critically endangered species of flora that include <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> trees like <i><a href="/wiki/Dipterocarpus_bourdilloni" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipterocarpus bourdilloni">Dipterocarpus bourdilloni</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hopea_erosa" title="Hopea erosa">Hopea erosa</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hopea_jacobi" title="Hopea jacobi">Hopea jacobi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Croton_lawianus" title="Croton lawianus">Croton lawianus</a></i> (a small tree) and <i>Pinnatella limbata</i> (a type of <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">moss</a>). Some of the critically endangered species of fauna found in Karnataka include <i><a href="/wiki/Gyps_indicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyps indicus">Gyps indicus</a></i> (the Indian vulture) and two species of frogs, <i><a href="/wiki/Indirana_gundia" title="Indirana gundia">Indirana gundia</a></i> (found only in Gundia range, <a href="/wiki/Sakleshpur" title="Sakleshpur">Sakleshpur</a>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Micrixalus_kottigeharensis" title="Micrixalus kottigeharensis">Micrixalus kottigeharensis</a></i> (found only near <a href="/wiki/Kottigehara" title="Kottigehara">Kottigehara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chikkamagaluru_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Chikkamagaluru district">Chikkamagaluru district</a>). </p><p>Some of the endangered species of flora include evergreen trees like <i><a href="/wiki/Cynometra" title="Cynometra">Cynometra</a> bourdillonii</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cynometra_travancorica" title="Cynometra travancorica">Cynometra travancorica</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hopea_glabra" title="Hopea glabra">Hopea glabra</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hopea_parviflora" title="Hopea parviflora">Hopea parviflora</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hopea_ponga" title="Hopea ponga">Hopea ponga</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hopea_racophloea" title="Hopea racophloea">Hopea racophloea</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hopea_wightiana" title="Hopea wightiana">Hopea wightiana</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Shorea_roxburghii" class="mw-redirect" title="Shorea roxburghii">Shorea roxburghii</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tarenna_agumbensis" title="Tarenna agumbensis">Tarenna agumbensis</a></i> and flowering plants like <i><a href="/wiki/Glochidion_pauciflorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Glochidion pauciflorum">Glochidion pauciflorum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Glochidion_tomentosum" class="mw-redirect" title="Glochidion tomentosum">Glochidion tomentosum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ixora_lawsoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ixora lawsoni">Ixora lawsoni</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Syzygium_stocksii" title="Syzygium stocksii">Syzygium stocksii</a></i>. Other endangered trees found in Karnataka include <i><a href="/wiki/Isonandra_stocksii" title="Isonandra stocksii">Isonandra stocksii</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kingiodendron_pinnatum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingiodendron pinnatum">Kingiodendron pinnatum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Maesa_velutina" title="Maesa velutina">Maesa velutina</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Myristica_magnifica" title="Myristica magnifica">Myristica magnifica</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rapanea_striata" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapanea striata">Rapanea striata</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Flacourtia_latifolia" title="Flacourtia latifolia">Flacourtia latifolia</a></i> (synonym <i>Xylosma latifolia</i>). </p><p>Endangered species of fauna found in Karnataka include the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_elephant" title="Indian elephant">Indian elephant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lion-tailed_macaque" title="Lion-tailed macaque">lion-tailed macaque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olive_ridley_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive ridley turtle">olive ridley turtle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dhole" title="Dhole">dhole</a>, the Indian wild dog. Many endangered species of amphibians are found here including frogs, <i><a href="/wiki/Indirana_brachytarsus" title="Indirana brachytarsus">Indirana brachytarsus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Microhyla_sholigari" title="Microhyla sholigari">Microhyla sholigari</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Minervarya_sahyadris" title="Minervarya sahyadris">Minervarya sahyadris</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nyctibatrachus_aliciae" title="Nyctibatrachus aliciae">Nyctibatrachus aliciae</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nyctibatrachus_hussaini" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyctibatrachus hussaini">Nyctibatrachus hussaini</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nyctibatrachus_sanctipalustris" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyctibatrachus sanctipalustris">Nyctibatrachus sanctipalustris</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Philautus_charius" class="mw-redirect" title="Philautus charius">Philautus charius</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Philautus_wynaadensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Philautus wynaadensis">Philautus wynaadensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ramanella_mormorata" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramanella mormorata">Ramanella mormorata</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Rhacophorus_lateralis" title="Rhacophorus lateralis">Rhacophorus lateralis</a></i> and a toad, <i><a href="/wiki/Bufo_beddomii" class="mw-redirect" title="Bufo beddomii">Bufo beddomii</a></i>. Other endangered species of fauna include <i><a href="/wiki/Hipposideros_hypophyllus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hipposideros hypophyllus">Hipposideros hypophyllus</a></i> (the <a href="/wiki/Kolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolar">Kolar</a> leaf-nosed bat) and <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudomulleria_dalyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudomulleria dalyi">Pseudomulleria dalyi</a></i> (a <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">mollusc</a>). </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Karnataka&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-book-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-book_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-book_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-book_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-book_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-book_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-book_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-book_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-book_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-book_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-book_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-book_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Walk on the Wild Side, An Information Guide to National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries of Karnataka</i>, Compiled and Edited by Dr. Nima Manjrekar, Karnataka Forest Department, Wildlife Wing, October 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mysorenature.org/mysorenature/birds-of-mysore-area">"Mysore Nature - Birds of Mysore Area"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mysore+Nature+-+Birds+of+Mysore+Area&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mysorenature.org%2Fmysorenature%2Fbirds-of-mysore-area&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+of+Karnataka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mysorenature.org-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mysorenature.org_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mysorenature.org_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mysorenature.org_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mysorenature.org_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mysorenature.org_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120618045940/http://www.mysorenature.org/kodagu-coorg-sector/bird-checklist">"Bird Checklist - Mysore Nature"</a>. <i>www.mysorenature.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mysorenature.org/kodagu-coorg-sector/bird-checklist">the original</a> on 18 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mysorenature.org&rft.atitle=Bird+Checklist+-+Mysore+Nature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mysorenature.org%2Fkodagu-coorg-sector%2Fbird-checklist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+of+Karnataka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mysorenature.org/adichunchanagiri-wildlife-sanctuary">Adichunchanagiri Wildlife Sanctuary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141007080055/http://www.mysorenature.org/adichunchanagiri-wildlife-sanctuary">Archived</a> 2014-10-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425151604/http://www.mysorenature.org/mandya-sector/bird-checklist">"Bird Checklist - Mysore Nature"</a>. <i>www.mysorenature.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mysorenature.org/mandya-sector/bird-checklist">the original</a> on 25 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mysorenature.org&rft.atitle=Bird+Checklist+-+Mysore+Nature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mysorenature.org%2Fmandya-sector%2Fbird-checklist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+of+Karnataka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mysorenature.org/hunsur-sector">Arabithittu Wildlife Sanctuary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019020226/http://www.mysorenature.org/hunsur-sector">Archived</a> 2012-10-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120509091213/http://www.mysorenature.org/hunsur-sector/bird-checklist">"Bird Checklist - Mysore Nature"</a>. <i>www.mysorenature.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mysorenature.org/hunsur-sector/bird-checklist">the original</a> on 9 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mysorenature.org&rft.atitle=Bird+Checklist+-+Mysore+Nature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mysorenature.org%2Fhunsur-sector%2Fbird-checklist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+of+Karnataka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193411/http://www.mysorenature.org/melkote/melkote-temple-wildlife-sanctuary">"Melkote Temple Wildlife Sanctuary - Mysore Nature"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mysorenature.org/melkote/melkote-temple-wildlife-sanctuary">the original</a> on 29 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Melkote+Temple+Wildlife+Sanctuary+-+Mysore+Nature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mysorenature.org%2Fmelkote%2Fmelkote-temple-wildlife-sanctuary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+of+Karnataka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120331162312/http://www.mysorenature.org/melkote/bird-checklist">"Bird Checklist - Mysore Nature"</a>. <i>www.mysorenature.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mysorenature.org/melkote/bird-checklist">the original</a> on 31 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mysorenature.org&rft.atitle=Bird+Checklist+-+Mysore+Nature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mysorenature.org%2Fmelkote%2Fbird-checklist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+of+Karnataka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120509090621/http://www.mysorenature.org/mandya-sector/ranganathittu-bird-sanctuary">"Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary - Mysore Nature"</a>. <i>www.mysorenature.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mysorenature.org/mandya-sector/ranganathittu-bird-sanctuary">the original</a> on 9 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mysorenature.org&rft.atitle=Ranganathittu+Bird+Sanctuary+-+Mysore+Nature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mysorenature.org%2Fmandya-sector%2Franganathittu-bird-sanctuary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+of+Karnataka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-manda-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-manda_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A brief overview of Mandagadde bird sanctuary is provided by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPramod_Mellegatti2001" class="citation web cs1">Pramod Mellegatti (21 August 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/2001/08/21/stories/0421210n.htm">"Will floods prevent seasonal migration of 'alien' birds?"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Will+floods+prevent+seasonal+migration+of+%27alien%27+birds%3F&rft.date=2001-08-21&rft.au=Pramod+Mellegatti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindujobs.com%2Fthehindu%2F2001%2F08%2F21%2Fstories%2F0421210n.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+of+Karnataka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120617095216/http://www.mysorenature.org/mandya-sector/kokkare-bellur">"Kokkare Bellur - Mysore Nature"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mysorenature.org/mandya-sector/kokkare-bellur">the original</a> on 17 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kokkare+Bellur+-+Mysore+Nature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mysorenature.org%2Fmandya-sector%2Fkokkare-bellur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+of+Karnataka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120618050016/http://www.mysorenature.org/mandya-sector/kokkare-bellur/environ">"Environ - Mysore Nature"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mysorenature.org/mandya-sector/kokkare-bellur/environ">the original</a> on 18 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Environ+-+Mysore+Nature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mysorenature.org%2Fmandya-sector%2Fkokkare-bellur%2Fenviron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+of+Karnataka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kb-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kb_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A description of Kokkare Bellur has been provided by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharath_S._Srivatsa2006" class="citation news cs1">Sharath S. Srivatsa (15 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060904154911/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/15/stories/2006021509750400.htm">"Lending a helping hand"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Chennai, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/15/stories/2006021509750400.htm">the original</a> on 4 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Lending+a+helping+hand&rft.date=2006-02-15&rft.au=Sharath+S.+Srivatsa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2006%2F02%2F15%2Fstories%2F2006021509750400.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+of+Karnataka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-env-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-env_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-env_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-env_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-env_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-env_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-env_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-env_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A report on the environment of Karnataka and action plan thereof is discussed by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadhav_Gadgil" class="citation web cs1">Madhav Gadgil; et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/hpg/envis/ETR/CES_ETR/etr16.pdf">"Karnataka State of Environment Report and Action Plan, Biodiversity Sector"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ENVIS Technical Report 16</i>. Environmental Information System, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ENVIS+Technical+Report+16&rft.atitle=Karnataka+State+of+Environment+Report+and+Action+Plan%2C+Biodiversity+Sector&rft.au=Madhav+Gadgil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fces.iisc.ernet.in%2Fhpg%2Fenvis%2FETR%2FCES_ETR%2Fetr16.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+of+Karnataka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nagpoa-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nagpoa_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nagpoa_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Poaching of a tiger in Nagarhole National Park is mentioned by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070608073923/http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/03/stories/2006040308950400.htm">"Tigers falling victim to 'poor' anti-poaching drive"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Chennai, India. 3 April 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/03/stories/2006040308950400.htm">the original</a> on 8 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Tigers+falling+victim+to+%27poor%27+anti-poaching+drive&rft.date=2006-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2006%2F04%2F03%2Fstories%2F2006040308950400.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+of+Karnataka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kudre-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kudre_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A brief description of mining at <a href="/wiki/Kudremukh" class="mw-redirect" title="Kudremukh">Kudremukh</a> is provided by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPraveen_BhargavNiren_Jain2004" class="citation news cs1">Praveen Bhargav & Niren Jain (4 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040310214248/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/01/04/stories/2004010400240400.htm">"Battle for Kudremukh"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Chennai, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/01/04/stories/2004010400240400.htm">the original</a> on 10 March 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Battle+for+Kudremukh&rft.date=2004-01-04&rft.au=Praveen+Bhargav&rft.au=Niren+Jain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fmag%2F2004%2F01%2F04%2Fstories%2F2004010400240400.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+of+Karnataka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eledest-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eledest_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Destruction caused by elephants in <a href="/wiki/Hassan_district" title="Hassan district">Hassan district</a> is mentioned by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Rajendran2006" class="citation news cs1">S. Rajendran (25 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070103202858/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/25/stories/2006122507080400.htm">"State seeks Centre's nod for translocating elephant herd"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Chennai, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/25/stories/2006122507080400.htm">the original</a> on 3 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=State+seeks+Centre%27s+nod+for+translocating+elephant+herd&rft.date=2006-12-25&rft.au=S.+Rajendran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2006%2F12%2F25%2Fstories%2F2006122507080400.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+of+Karnataka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eledeath-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eledeath_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Electrocution of an elephant in <a href="/wiki/Chamarajanagar_district" title="Chamarajanagar district">Chamarajanagar district</a> is mentioned by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070217103809/http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/02/stories/2007020214130300.htm">"Elephant electrocuted"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Chennai, India. 2 February 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/02/stories/2007020214130300.htm">the original</a> on 17 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Elephant+electrocuted&rft.date=2007-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2007%2F02%2F02%2Fstories%2F2007020214130300.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+of+Karnataka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-airp-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-airp_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Air pollution in Bangalore discolouring plants in mentioned by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoja_Kandath2001" class="citation news cs1">Roja Kandath (14 February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/20953186.cms">"Pollution is robbing blooms of their colour"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Pollution+is+robbing+blooms+of+their+colour&rft.date=2001-02-14&rft.au=Roja+Kandath&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Farticleshow%2F20953186.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+of+Karnataka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reloc-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reloc_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Relocation of villagers from Kudremukh National Park has been mentioned by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Ullas_Karanth,_Niren_Jain_and_N._Samba_Kumar" class="citation web cs1">K. Ullas Karanth, Niren Jain and N. Samba Kumar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070823122925/http://www.21stcenturytiger.org/projects/reports/Project8_Kudremukh_Tiger_Habitat_Consolidation_Web_Report.pdf">"Tiger Habitat Consolidation in Kudremukh"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>A Final Report to 21st Century Tiger from the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS)</i>. <a href="/wiki/21st_Century_Tiger" title="21st Century Tiger">21st Century Tiger</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.21stcenturytiger.org/projects/reports/Project8_Kudremukh_Tiger_Habitat_Consolidation_Web_Report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Final+Report+to+21st+Century+Tiger+from+the+Wildlife+Conservation+Society+%28WCS%29&rft.atitle=Tiger+Habitat+Consolidation+in+Kudremukh&rft.au=K.+Ullas+Karanth%2C+Niren+Jain+and+N.+Samba+Kumar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.21stcenturytiger.org%2Fprojects%2Freports%2FProject8_Kudremukh_Tiger_Habitat_Consolidation_Web_Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+of+Karnataka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ff-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ff_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Using satellites for detecting forest fires in Karnataka is mentioned by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/apr92005/state183822200548.asp">"Eye-in-the-sky tech to combat forest fires"</a>. <i>Deccan Herald</i>. 9 April 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Herald&rft.atitle=Eye-in-the-sky+tech+to+combat+forest+fires&rft.date=2005-04-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.deccanherald.com%2Fdeccanherald%2Fapr92005%2Fstate183822200548.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+of+Karnataka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rt-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rt_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rt_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rt_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Some conservation methods being used in Karnataka to protect flora and fauna are mentioned by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShekar_Dattatri" class="citation web cs1">Shekar Dattatri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildlifefirst.info/images/wordfiles/tigersinindia.doc">"Tigers in India A chance for survival"</a>. Wildlife First<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tigers+in+India+A+chance+for+survival&rft.pub=Wildlife+First&rft.au=Shekar+Dattatri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wildlifefirst.info%2Fimages%2Fwordfiles%2Ftigersinindia.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+of+Karnataka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isoetes-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-isoetes_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isoetes_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Discovery of Isoetes udupiensis has been mentioned by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071001011337/http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/11/stories/2005051103830500.htm">"New plant species found"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Chennai, India. 11 May 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/11/stories/2005051103830500.htm">the original</a> on 1 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=New+plant+species+found&rft.date=2005-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2005%2F05%2F11%2Fstories%2F2005051103830500.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+of+Karnataka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alga-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alga_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Discovery of new algae species is mentioned by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU_D_Bongale1989" class="citation journal cs1">U D Bongale (1989). "New taxa of Cosmarium Corda (Desmidiaceae) from Karnataka State, India". <i>Hydrobiologia</i>. <b>171</b> (2): 103–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00008169">10.1007/BF00008169</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42836704">42836704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hydrobiologia&rft.atitle=New+taxa+of+Cosmarium+Corda+%28Desmidiaceae%29+from+Karnataka+State%2C+India&rft.volume=171&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=103-106&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00008169&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42836704%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=U+D+Bongale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+of+Karnataka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fungi-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fungi_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._NatarajanG._SenthilarasuV._KumaresanTaiana_Riviere2005" class="citation journal cs1">K. Natarajan; G. Senthilarasu; V. Kumaresan; Taiana Riviere (25 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/jun252005/1893.pdf">"Diversity in ectomycorrhizal fungi of a dipterocarp forest in Western Ghats"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Current Science</i>. <b>88</b> (12)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Science&rft.atitle=Diversity+in+ectomycorrhizal+fungi+of+a+dipterocarp+forest+in+Western+Ghats&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=12&rft.date=2005-06-25&rft.au=K.+Natarajan&rft.au=G.+Senthilarasu&rft.au=V.+Kumaresan&rft.au=Taiana+Riviere&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ias.ac.in%2Fcurrsci%2Fjun252005%2F1893.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+of+Karnataka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ant-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ant_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Discovery of a new species of ant in the IISc campus, Bangalore is discussed by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThresiamma_Varghese2006" class="citation journal cs1">Thresiamma Varghese (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/thresi/pdf/Varghese_2006.pdf">"A new species of the ant genus <i>Dilobocondyla</i> (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from India, with notes on its nesting behaviour Catalog of Fishes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Oriental Insects</i>. <b>40</b>: 23–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00305316.2006.10417454">10.1080/00305316.2006.10417454</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73664638">73664638</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oriental+Insects&rft.atitle=A+new+species+of+the+ant+genus+Dilobocondyla+%28Hymenoptera%3A+Formicidae%29+from+India%2C+with+notes+on+its+nesting+behaviour+Catalog+of+Fishes&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=23-32&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00305316.2006.10417454&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A73664638%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Thresiamma+Varghese&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fces.iisc.ernet.in%2Fthresi%2Fpdf%2FVarghese_2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+of+Karnataka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-antsri-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-antsri_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Discovery of a new species of ant in <a href="/wiki/Sringeri" title="Sringeri">Sringeri</a> is discussed by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerry_ZachariasPriyadarshanan_Dharma_Rajan2004" class="citation journal cs1">Merry Zacharias & Priyadarshanan Dharma Rajan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antbase.org/ants/publications/20286/20286.pdf">"Discothyrea sringerensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) a new ant species from India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Zootaxa</i>. <b>484</b>: 1–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.484.1.1">10.11646/zootaxa.484.1.1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zootaxa&rft.atitle=Discothyrea+sringerensis+%28Hymenoptera%3A+Formicidae%29+a+new+ant+species+from+India&rft.volume=484&rft.pages=1-4&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11646%2Fzootaxa.484.1.1&rft.au=Merry+Zacharias&rft.au=Priyadarshanan+Dharma+Rajan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fantbase.org%2Fants%2Fpublications%2F20286%2F20286.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+of+Karnataka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-philaut-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-philaut_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaviprasad_Kamila2007" class="citation news cs1">Raviprasad Kamila (20 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015115512/http://hindu.com/2007/02/20/stories/2007022001180200.htm">"Two new species of frogs found"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Chennai, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/20/stories/2007022001180200.htm">the original</a> on 15 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Two+new+species+of+frogs+found&rft.date=2007-02-20&rft.au=Raviprasad+Kamila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2007%2F02%2F20%2Fstories%2F2007022001180200.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+of+Karnataka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyct-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyct_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndraneil_Das_and_Krushnamegh_Kunte2005" class="citation journal cs1">Indraneil Das and Krushnamegh Kunte (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060915121806/http://www.bio.utexas.edu/grad/krushnamegh/Moorings/DasKunte05.pdf">"New Species of Nyctibatrachus (Anura: Ranidae) from Castle Rock, Karnataka State, Southwest India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Herpetology</i>. <b>39</b> (3): 465–470. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1670%2F198-04a.1">10.1670/198-04a.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86102955">86102955</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bio.utexas.edu/grad/krushnamegh/Moorings/DasKunte05.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Herpetology&rft.atitle=New+Species+of+Nyctibatrachus+%28Anura%3A+Ranidae%29+from+Castle+Rock%2C+Karnataka+State%2C+Southwest+India&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=465-470&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1670%2F198-04a.1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86102955%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Indraneil+Das+and+Krushnamegh+Kunte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bio.utexas.edu%2Fgrad%2Fkrushnamegh%2FMoorings%2FDasKunte05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+of+Karnataka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bata-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bata_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Discovery of <i>Batasio sharavatiensis</i> has been mentioned by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnuradha_BhattK.C._Jayaram2004" class="citation journal cs1">Anuradha Bhatt & K.C. Jayaram (February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11609%2Fjott.zpj.19.2.1339-42">"A new species of the genus BATASIO BLYTH (Siluriformes: Bagridae) from Sharavathi river, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka"</a>. <i>Zoos' Print Journal</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 1339–1342. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11609%2Fjott.zpj.19.2.1339-42">10.11609/jott.zpj.19.2.1339-42</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zoos%27+Print+Journal&rft.atitle=A+new+species+of+the+genus+BATASIO+BLYTH+%28Siluriformes%3A+Bagridae%29+from+Sharavathi+river%2C+Uttara+Kannada%2C+Karnataka&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1339-1342&rft.date=2004-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11609%2Fjott.zpj.19.2.1339-42&rft.au=Anuradha+Bhatt&rft.au=K.C.+Jayaram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.11609%252Fjott.zpj.19.2.1339-42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+of+Karnataka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schis-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schis_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Details regarding new fishes of genus Schistura found in Sharavathi river is provided by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSreekantha,_K.V.Gururaja,_K.Remadevi,_T.J.Indra,_T.V._Ramachandra2006" class="citation journal cs1">Sreekantha, K.V.Gururaja, K.Remadevi, T.J.Indra, T.V. Ramachandra (April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/water/paper/twonew_fishes/Sreekantha%20et%20al.,%202006.pdf">"Two new fish species of the genus <i>Schistura</i> Mcclelland (Cypriniformes: Balitoridae) from Western Ghats, India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Zoos' Print Journal</i>. <b>21</b> (4): 2211–2216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11609%2Fjott.zpj.1386.2211-6">10.11609/jott.zpj.1386.2211-6</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zoos%27+Print+Journal&rft.atitle=Two+new+fish+species+of+the+genus+Schistura+Mcclelland+%28Cypriniformes%3A+Balitoridae%29+from+Western+Ghats%2C+India&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=2211-2216&rft.date=2006-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11609%2Fjott.zpj.1386.2211-6&rft.au=Sreekantha%2C+K.V.Gururaja%2C+K.Remadevi%2C+T.J.Indra%2C+T.V.+Ramachandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in%2Fenergy%2Fwater%2Fpaper%2Ftwonew_fishes%2FSreekantha%2520et%2520al.%2C%25202006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+of+Karnataka" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-punt-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-punt_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Details regarding <i>Puntius coorgensis</i> is provided by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayaram_(1982)" class="citation web cs1">Jayaram (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Eschmeyer/EschPiscesSummary.cfm?ID=55133">"Catalog of Fishes"</a>. <i>Pisces Reference</i>. Fishbase<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pisces+Reference&rft.atitle=Catalog+of+Fishes&rft.au=Jayaram+%281982%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffilaman.ifm-geomar.de%2FEschmeyer%2FEschPiscesSummary.cfm%3FID%3D55133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+of+Karnataka" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Discovery of a new genus and species of whitefly is discussed by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.K._DUBEYR._SUNDARARAJ2006" class="citation journal cs1">A.K. DUBEY & R. SUNDARARAJ (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2006f/z01154p039f.pdf">"Distinctaleyrodes setosus Dubey & Sundararaj (Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae), a new whitefly genus and species from India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Zootaxa</i>. <b>1154</b>: 35–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.1154.1.3">10.11646/zootaxa.1154.1.3</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zootaxa&rft.atitle=Distinctaleyrodes+setosus+Dubey+%26+Sundararaj+%28Sternorrhyncha%3A+Aleyrodidae%29%2C+a+new+whitefly+genus+and+species+from+India&rft.volume=1154&rft.pages=35-39&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11646%2Fzootaxa.1154.1.3&rft.au=A.K.+DUBEY&rft.au=R.+SUNDARARAJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mapress.com%2Fzootaxa%2F2006f%2Fz01154p039f.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+of+Karnataka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-areca-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-areca_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Discovery of a whitefly in areca plantations is discussed by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._VASANTHARAJ_DAVID_AND_M._MANJUNATHA2003" class="citation journal cs1">B. VASANTHARAJ DAVID AND M. MANJUNATHA (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2003f/z00173f.pdf">"A new species of Aleurocanthus Quaintance & Baker (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) from Areca catechu in India, with comments on the status of Aleurodes nubilans Buckton"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Zootaxa</i>. <b>173</b>: 1–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.173.1.1">10.11646/zootaxa.173.1.1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zootaxa&rft.atitle=A+new+species+of+Aleurocanthus+Quaintance+%26+Baker+%28Homoptera%3A+Aleyrodidae%29+from+Areca+catechu+in+India%2C+with+comments+on+the+status+of+Aleurodes+nubilans+Buckton&rft.volume=173&rft.pages=1-4&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11646%2Fzootaxa.173.1.1&rft.au=B.+VASANTHARAJ+DAVID+AND+M.+MANJUNATHA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mapress.com%2Fzootaxa%2F2003f%2Fz00173f.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+of+Karnataka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caec-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-caec_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Discovery of a caecilian has been discussed by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGOPALAKRISHNA_BHATTAR._SRINIVASA2004" class="citation journal cs1">GOPALAKRISHNA BHATTA & R. SRINIVASA (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2004f/z00644f.pdf">"A new species of Gegeneophis Peters (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Caeciliidae) from the surroundings of Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka, India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Zootaxa</i>. <b>644</b>: 1–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.644.1.1">10.11646/zootaxa.644.1.1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zootaxa&rft.atitle=A+new+species+of+Gegeneophis+Peters+%28Amphibia%3A+Gymnophiona%3A+Caeciliidae%29+from+the+surroundings+of+Mookambika+Wildlife+Sanctuary%2C+Karnataka%2C+India&rft.volume=644&rft.pages=1-8&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11646%2Fzootaxa.644.1.1&rft.au=GOPALAKRISHNA+BHATTA&rft.au=R.+SRINIVASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mapress.com%2Fzootaxa%2F2004f%2Fz00644f.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+of+Karnataka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ew-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ew_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Discovery of new species of earthworms is mentioned by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulka" class="citation journal cs1">Julka; et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2004f/z00486f.pdf">"New species of earthworms found in Western Ghats of Karnataka"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Zootaxa</i>. <b>486</b>: 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zootaxa&rft.atitle=New+species+of+earthworms+found+in+Western+Ghats+of+Karnataka&rft.volume=486&rft.pages=2&rft.au=Julka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mapress.com%2Fzootaxa%2F2004f%2Fz00486f.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+of+Karnataka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Karnataka&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/oct102002/810.pdf">Floral resources of Karnataka: A geographic perspective.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mysorenature.org/home">Natural history of southern Karnataka: Ornithological perspective. </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/edit?mid=1q8SiLDOZ0E36Y66HdjSVSXcCwqQ&ll=14.571888364684952%2C75.99547225000003&z=7">Google Map showing wildlife of Karnataka </a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;Seal_of_Karnataka_State_of_Karnataka" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Karnataka_topics" title="Template:Karnataka topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Karnataka_topics" title="Template talk:Karnataka topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Karnataka_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Karnataka topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;Seal_of_Karnataka_State_of_Karnataka" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Karnataka,_India.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of Karnataka"><img alt="Seal of Karnataka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png/25px-Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png/38px-Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png/50px-Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="454" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Karnataka_state_symbols" title="List of Karnataka state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_emblems" title="List of Indian state emblems">Emblem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Karnataka" title="Emblem of Karnataka">Emblem of Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_songs" title="List of Indian state songs">Song</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jaya_Bharata_Jananiya_Tanujate" title="Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate">Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Animal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indian_roller" title="Indian roller">Indian roller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">Lotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a>: <a href="/wiki/Santalum_album" title="Santalum album">Sandalwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">Fruit</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mangifera_indica" title="Mangifera indica">Mango</a></li> <li>Fish: <a href="/wiki/Hypselobarbus_carnaticus" title="Hypselobarbus carnaticus">Carnatic carp</a></li> <li>Insect: <a href="/wiki/Troides_minos" title="Troides minos">Southern birdwing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Karnataka" title="Category:Karnataka">Overviews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Karnataka" title="Architecture of Karnataka">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka#Climate" title="Karnataka">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_cuisine" title="Karnataka cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Karnataka" title="Demographics of Karnataka">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karnataka" title="Economy of Karnataka">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Karnataka" title="Education in Karnataka">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_arts_of_Karnataka" title="Folk arts of Karnataka">Folk arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Karnataka" title="Geography of Karnataka">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Karnataka" title="History of Karnataka">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Karnataka" title="Media in Karnataka">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Karnataka" title="Sports in Karnataka">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Karnataka" title="Transport in Karnataka">Transportation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Karnataka" title="Category:History of Karnataka">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aihole" title="Aihole">Aihole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alupa_dynasty" title="Alupa dynasty">Alupa dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoghavarsha" title="Amoghavarsha">Amoghavarsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badami" title="Badami">Badami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banavasi" title="Banavasi">Banavasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balligavi" title="Balligavi">Balligavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belur,_Karnataka" title="Belur, Karnataka">Belur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Chitradurga" title="Nayakas of Chitradurga">Chitradurga Nayakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_Raya_II" title="Deva Raya II">Deva Raya II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durvinita" title="Durvinita">Durvinita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halebidu" title="Halebidu">Halebidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Coorg" title="Kingdom of Coorg">Kingdom of Coorg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halmidi" title="Halmidi">Halmidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampi" title="Hampi">Hampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadamba dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Kalyani Chalukyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Keladi" title="Nayakas of Keladi">Keladi Nayakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivappa_Nayaka" title="Shivappa Nayaka">Shivappa Nayaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittur_Chennamma" title="Kittur Chennamma">Kittur Chennamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayurasharma" title="Mayurasharma">Mayurasharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulakeshin_II" title="Pulakeshin II">Pulakeshin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sringeri" title="Sringeri">Sringeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srirangapatna" title="Srirangapatna">Srirangapatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Karnataka" title="Unification of Karnataka">Unification of Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara" title="Vijayanagara">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnuvardhana" title="Vishnuvardhana">Vishnuvardhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veera_Ballala_II" title="Veera Ballala II">Veera Ballala II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_II" title="Vikramaditya II">Vikramaditya II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_VI" title="Vikramaditya VI">Vikramaditya VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Western Ganga dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Karnataka" title="List of districts of Karnataka">Districts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Karnataka" title="Administrative divisions of Karnataka">divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_division" title="Bangalore division">Bangalore division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_Urban_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore Urban district">Bangalore Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_Rural_district" title="Bangalore Rural district">Bangalore Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitradurga_district" title="Chitradurga district">Chitradurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davanagere_district" title="Davanagere district">Davanagere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolar_district" title="Kolar district">Kolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimoga_district" title="Shimoga district">Shimoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumakuru_district" title="Tumakuru district">Tumakuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanagara_district" title="Ramanagara district">Ramanagara </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikkaballapura_district" title="Chikkaballapura district">Chikkaballapura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Belagavi_division" title="Belagavi division">Belagavi division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagalkot_district" title="Bagalkot district">Bagalkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belagavi_district" title="Belagavi district">Belagavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijapur_district,_Karnataka" title="Bijapur district, Karnataka">Bijapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharwad_district" title="Dharwad district">Dharwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haveri_district" title="Haveri district">Haveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadag_district" title="Gadag district">Gadag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttara_Kannada" title="Uttara Kannada">Uttara Kannada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Kalaburagi_division" title="Kalaburagi division">Kalaburagi division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballari_district" title="Ballari district">Ballari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidar_district" title="Bidar district">Bidar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaburagi_district" title="Kalaburagi district">Kalaburagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koppal_district" title="Koppal district">Koppal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raichur_district" title="Raichur district">Raichur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_district" title="Vijayanagara district">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yadgir_district" title="Yadgir district">Yadgir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Mysore_division" title="Mysore division">Mysore division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamarajanagar_district" title="Chamarajanagar district">Chamarajanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikmagalur_district" title="Chikmagalur district">Chikmagalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshina_Kannada" title="Dakshina Kannada">Dakshina Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_district" title="Hassan district">Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodagu_district" title="Kodagu district">Kodagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandya_district" title="Mandya district">Mandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_district" title="Mysore district">Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udupi_district" title="Udupi district">Udupi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Karnataka" title="Geography of Karnataka">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_and_towns_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Cities and towns in Karnataka">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Karnataka" title="List of districts of Karnataka">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Rivers of Karnataka">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Karnataka" title="List of dams and reservoirs in Karnataka">Dams and reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_taluks_of_Karnataka" title="List of taluks of Karnataka">Taluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Villages_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Villages in Karnataka">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullayyana_Giri" title="Mullayyana Giri">Highest point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayalu_Seeme" title="Bayalu Seeme">Bayalu Seeme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malenadu" title="Malenadu">Malenadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanara" title="Kanara">Kanara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Culture of Karnataka">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buta_Kola" title="Buta Kola">Buta Kola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidriware" title="Bidriware">Bidriware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channapatna_toys" title="Channapatna toys">Channapatna toys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Chitrakala_Parishath" title="Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath">Chitrakala Parishat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaarudi_Gombe" title="Gaarudi Gombe">Gaarudi Gombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkal_sari" title="Ilkal sari">Ilkal sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamsale" title="Kamsale">Kamsale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Karnatik music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasuti" title="Kasuti">Kasuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khedda" title="Khedda">Khedda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_Dasara" title="Mysore Dasara">Mysore Dasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togalu_gombeyaata" title="Togalu gombeyaata">Togalu gombeyaata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udupi_cuisine" title="Udupi cuisine">Udupi cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeragase" title="Veeragase">Veeragase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicians_of_the_Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Musicians of the Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore musicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Literature_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Literature of Karnataka">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_literature" title="Kannada literature">Kannada</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_milestones_in_Kannada_literature" title="List of milestones in Kannada literature">Milestones</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_epics_in_the_Kannada_language" title="List of epics in the Kannada language">Epics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Kannada_literature" title="Medieval Kannada literature">Medieval</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_literature" title="Rashtrakuta literature">Rashtrakuta</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_literature" title="Western Ganga literature">Western Ganga</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_literature_in_Kannada" title="Western Chalukya literature in Kannada">Western Chalukya</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_literature" title="Hoysala literature">Hoysala</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_literature_in_Kannada" title="Vijayanagara literature in Kannada">Vijayanagara</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Vachana_sahitya" title="Vachana sahitya">Vachana</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Haridasa" title="Haridasa">Haridasa</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mysore_literature_in_Kannada" title="Mysore literature in Kannada">Mysore</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yakshagana_plays_in_the_Kannada_language" title="List of Yakshagana plays in the Kannada language">Play</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Kannada_literature" title="Modern Kannada literature">Modern</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Sahitya_Parishat" title="Kannada Sahitya Parishat">Kannada Sahitya Parishat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Sahitya_Sammelana" title="Kannada Sahitya Sammelana">Kannada Sahitya Sammelana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Karnataka_literature" title="List of Karnataka literature">Karnataka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Kannada_poets" title="Category:Kannada poets">Noted poets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asaga" title="Asaga">Asaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunavarma_I" title="Gunavarma I">Gunavarma I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adikavi_Pampa" title="Adikavi Pampa">Adikavi Pampa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponna_(poet)" title="Ponna (poet)">Sri Ponna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranna_(Kannada_poet)" title="Ranna (Kannada poet)">Ranna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devar_Dasimayya" title="Devar Dasimayya">Devar Dasimayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddharama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harihara_(poet)" title="Harihara (poet)">Harihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavanka" title="Raghavanka">Raghavanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudrabhatta" title="Rudrabhatta">Rudrabhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janna" title="Janna">Janna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumara_Vyasa" title="Kumara Vyasa">Kumara Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamarasa" title="Chamarasa">Chamarasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nijaguna_Shivayogi" title="Nijaguna Shivayogi">Nijaguna Shivayogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnakaravarni" title="Ratnakaravarni">Ratnakaravarni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Dasa" title="Vijaya Dasa">Vijaya Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopala_Dasa" title="Gopala Dasa">Gopala Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Kannada_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Kannada poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmisa" title="Lakshmisa">Lakshmisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvajna" title="Sarvajna">Sarvajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shishunala_Sharif" title="Shishunala Sharif">Shishunala Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaraja_Wadiyar_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishnaraja Wadiyar III">Krishnaraja Wadiyar III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._R._Bendre" title="D. R. Bendre">D. R. Bendre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopalakrishna_Adiga" title="Gopalakrishna Adiga">Gopalakrishna Adiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Seetharamaiah" title="V. Seetharamaiah">V. Seetharamaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._S._Narasimhaswamy" title="K. S. Narasimhaswamy">K. S. Narasimhaswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Govinda_Pai" title="M. Govinda Pai">M. Govinda Pai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvempu" title="Kuvempu">Kuvempu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._V._Gundappa" title="D. V. Gundappa">D. V. Gundappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._S._Shivarudrappa" title="G. S. Shivarudrappa">G. S. Shivarudrappa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Karnataka" title="Category:People from Karnataka">People</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Karnataka_society" title="Category:Karnataka society">society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnataka ethnic groups">Karnataka ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Karnataka" title="List of people from Karnataka">List of people from Karnataka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Karnataka" title="Tourism in Karnataka">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Karnataka" title="List of beaches in Karnataka">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dams_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Dams in Karnataka">Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forts_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Forts in Karnataka">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_parks_in_Karnataka" title="Category:National parks in Karnataka">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_temples_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Hindu temples in Karnataka">Hindu temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jain_temples_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Jain temples in Karnataka">Jain temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Waterfalls of Karnataka">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Civil_awards_and_decorations_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Civil awards and decorations of Karnataka">Awards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Ratna" title="Karnataka Ratna">Karnataka Ratna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampa_Award" title="Pampa Award">Pampa Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nrupatunga_Award" title="Nrupatunga Award">Nrupatunga Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava_Puraskara" title="Basava Puraskara">Basava Puraskara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajyotsava_Prashasti" title="Rajyotsava Prashasti">Rajyotsava Prashasti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakanachari_Award" title="Jakanachari Award">Jakanachari Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnashilpi_Venkatappa_Award" title="Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award">Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempegowda_Award" title="Kempegowda Award">Kempegowda Award</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Karnataka" title="Media in Karnataka">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_newspapers" title="List of Kannada-language newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_magazines" title="List of Kannada-language magazines">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_television_channels" title="List of Kannada-language television channels">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_radio_stations" title="List of Kannada-language radio stations">Radio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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