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This difficulty is a factor in what I see as numeral inflation in the form of encroaching “1” use.</p> <p>One of the most obvious places for numeral use is in identifying study populations.</p> <p>For example, take this hypothetical Delphi consensus group: 5 physicians, 4 nurse practitioners, 3 patient advocates, 2 patient caregivers, and 1 health system leader.</p> <p>One of the most obvious places for spelled number use is in idiomatic phrasing or in parts of speech. Section 18.2.3, <a href="https://academic.oup.com/amamanualofstyle/book/27941/chapter/207571880#495825029">Accepted Usage</a>, advises using words “in circumstances in which use of the numeral would place an unintended emphasis on precise quantity.” When a number appears in text, what is the cutoff point between intended and unintended emphasis?</p> <p>The manual suggests that “common sense” plays a role in editorial judgment, but one person’s “common sense” is another person’s “thanks anyway.”</p> <p>As examples of avoiding unintended emphasis on quantity, the style manual lists “one-time variables,” “in one recent case,” and “has become one of the dominant topics.” However, in current publications you will find encroaching “1” use in various “1-time” constructions, the phrase “in 1 recent analysis,” and the wording “has become 1 of the leading reasons.”</p> <p>How about these uses of encroaching 1?</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>“At least 1 moderate event.”</li> <li>“In 1 large health system.”</li> <li>“More than 1 time zone.”</li> </ul> <p>Numeral use would seem to be justified by the idea that a moderate event, a large heath system, and a time zone are being counted.</p> <p>Section <a href="https://academic.oup.com/amamanualofstyle/book/27941/chapter/207571880#495825026">18.2.2</a> advises that we should spell “one” used as a pronoun or a noun, and these 1s are part of a noun phrase as the object of the prepositions “at least,” “in,” and “more than.”</p> <p>I am “all for one.” It can be a relief to have an automatic edit to make in the name of upholding style, but many of us are not “one for all”—even in cases sanctioned by Accepted Usage. Not every “one” that seems countable should be “1,” and I offer this observation not to get editors into the weeds (an occupational hazard) but rather to help them avoid reflexive editing.</p> <p>December 9, 2024</p> </div> <footer class="entry-meta"> <p class="cat-links taxonomy-links"> Posted in <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/editing-process/" rel="category tag">editing process</a>, <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/frequently-asked-questions/" rel="category tag">frequently asked questions</a>, <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/grammar/" rel="category tag">grammar</a>, <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/spelling/" rel="category tag">spelling</a>, <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/usage/" rel="category tag">usage</a> </p> <p class="date-link"><a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/2024/12/10/one-for-all/" title="Permalink to One for All" rel="bookmark" class="permalink"><span class="month">Dec</span><span class="sep">·</span><span class="day">10</span></a></p> </footer> </article> <article id="post-1664" class="post-1664 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-editing-process category-ethics category-frequently-asked-questions category-references category-usage"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/2024/11/27/can-jama-network-authors-use-generative-artificial-intelligence-to-create-content/" rel="bookmark">Can JAMA Network Authors Use Generative Artificial Intelligence to Create Content?</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="byline">Posted by <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://amastyleinsider.com/author/jennifer/" title="View all posts by Jennifer Sakhnovsky" rel="author">Jennifer Sakhnovsky</a></span></span> </div> <p class="comments-link"><a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/2024/11/27/can-jama-network-authors-use-generative-artificial-intelligence-to-create-content/#comments">1</a></p> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Jennifer Sakhnovsky, MA, JAMA Network</p> <p>The short answer is yes, but with a caveat: transparency is key. It is no secret that generative artificial intelligence (AI) models can create various types of content, including text, images, audio, and video. However, people’s feelings about using these tools in scientific research are mixed, with some academics showing concern and others embracing the new technology.</p> <p>Regardless of personal opinion, people are using these tools—a 2023 <em>Nature </em>survey of more than 1600 scientists reported that nearly 30% reported using generative AI tools to assist with writing manuscripts.<sup>1</sup> As 2023 began, many research articles already listed the generative AI tool ChatGPT as an author.<sup>2</sup> By October of the same year, 87 of the 100 highest-ranked scientific journals saw the need to publish online guidance for authors on generative AI use for content creation at their publications.<sup>3</sup></p> <p><em>JAMA</em> and the specialty journals in the JAMA Network were among those that provided online guidance, encouraging authors, reviewers, and editors to be transparent, responsible, and follow AI best practices in medical and scientific publishing. Importantly, the guidelines noted that “nonhuman artificial intelligence, language models, machine learning, or similar technologies do not qualify for authorship.”<sup>4</sup> More information on ethical and legal considerations can be found in <a href="https://academic.oup.com/amamanualofstyle/book/27941/chapter/207564250#479588611">chapter 5.1.12</a> of the <em>AMA Manual of Style</em>.</p> <p>If authors choose to use AI tools to create content or assist with manuscript creation, they must disclose such use in the Methods or Acknowledgements section of the article. The following example, found in <a href="https://academic.oup.com/amamanualofstyle/book/27941/chapter/207563234#479587971">chapter 3.15.13</a> of the <em>AMA Manual of Style</em>, can be used as an acknowledgment for an article that uses generative AI:</p> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"> <p><em>“</em>The authors acknowledge using ChatGPT (GPT-3.5, OpenAI) for text editing to improve the fluency of the English language in the preparation of this manuscript on September 15, 2023. The authors affirm that the original intent and meaning of the content remain unaltered during editing and that ChatGPT had no involvement in shaping the intellectual content of this work. The authors assume full responsibility for upholding the integrity of the content presented in this manuscript.<em>“</em></p> </blockquote> <p>As presented in this example, the following information must be included in the disclosure of AI use for content generation:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>Name of the AI software platform, program, or tool;</li> <li>Version and extension numbers;</li> <li>Manufacturer;</li> <li>Date(s) of use; and</li> <li>A brief description of how the AI was used and on what portions of the manuscript or content.</li> </ul> <p>In addition to the above considerations, authors should provide the following additional information if AI was used in the study:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>Prompt(s) used, their sequence, and any revisions;</li> <li>Institutional review board/ethics review, approval, waiver, or exemption;</li> <li>Methods or analyses included to address and manage AI-related bias and inaccuracy of AI-generated content; and</li> <li>Adherence to a relevant reporting guideline if followed.</li> </ul> <p>These guidelines emphasize accountability and human oversight when AI is used in medical publishing. To assist authors with adhering to new policies regarding AI, the JAMA Network’s automated manuscript submission system asks all authors whether AI was used for content creation.<sup>5</sup> If AI tools were used to generate creative content (noncreative content, such as basic grammar and spelling checks, does not need to be disclosed), authors must provide specific information about their use and take responsibility for the integrity of the AI tools’ outputs.</p> <p>JAMA Network authors are also asked to be aware of inputting identifiable patient information into an AI model, as well as potential copyright and intellectual property concerns. Limitations of AI tools should be included in an article’s Discussion section, including potential inaccuracies or biases, and, ideally, how these have been managed by the authors.</p> <p>The JAMA Network also encourages authors to consult relevant EQUATOR guidelines (<a href="https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/consort-artificial-intelligence/">https://www.equator-network.org</a>) depending on the type of study and AI use,<sup>4</sup> including the following:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>Reporting guidelines for clinical trial reports for interventions involving artificial intelligence (<a href="https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/consort-artificial-intelligence/">CONSORT-AI</a>);</li> <li>Guidelines for clinical trial protocols for interventions involving artificial intelligence (<a href="https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/spirit-artificial-intelligence/">SPIRIT-AI</a>);</li> <li>Minimum information about clinical artificial intelligence modeling (<a href="https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/minimum-information-about-clinical-artificial-intelligence-modeling-the-mi-claim-checklist/">MI-CLAIM</a>);</li> <li>Checklist for Artificial Intelligence in Medical Imaging (<a href="https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/checklist-for-artificial-intelligence-in-medical-imaging-claim-a-guide-for-authors-and-reviewers/">CLAIM</a>);</li> <li>MINimum Information for Medical AI Reporting (<a href="https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article/27/12/2011/5864179">MINIMAR</a>) for developing reporting standards for AI in health care; and</li> <li>Updated guidance for reporting clinical prediction models that use regression or machine learning methods (<a href="https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/tripod-statement/">TRIPOD-AI</a>).</li> </ul> <p>At the time of writing this blog post, several reporting guidelines are under development by the EQUATOR Network, including the following:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses – Artificial Intelligence Extension (<a href="https://www.equator-network.org/library/reporting-guidelines-under-development/reporting-guidelines-under-development-for-systematic-reviews/#PRISMA-AI">PRISMA-AI</a>);</li> <li>Reporting Guidelines for Diagnostic Accuracy Studies Evaluating Artificial Intelligence Interventions (<a href="https://www.equator-network.org/library/reporting-guidelines-under-development/reporting-guidelines-under-development-for-other-study-designs/#STARDAI">STARD-AI Extension)</a>;</li> <li>ChatGPT and Artificial Intelligence Natural Large Language Models for Accountable Reporting and Use Guidelines (<a href="https://www.equator-network.org/library/reporting-guidelines-under-development/reporting-guidelines-under-development-for-other-study-designs/#CANGARU">CANGARU)</a>;</li> <li>The Chatbot Assessment Reporting Tool for Clinical Advice: A Reporting Checklist for Chatbot Assessment Studies (<a href="https://www.equator-network.org/library/reporting-guidelines-under-development/reporting-guidelines-under-development-for-other-study-designs/#CHART">CHART)</a>;</li> <li>Reporting items for ChatGPT and other similar cHatbots usEd in mEdical Research (<a href="https://www.equator-network.org/library/reporting-guidelines-under-development/reporting-guidelines-under-development-for-other-study-designs/#CHEER">CHEER)</a>;</li> <li><a href="https://www.equator-network.org/library/reporting-guidelines-under-development/reporting-guidelines-under-development-for-other-study-designs/#LLM">TRIPOD+LLM;</a> and</li> <li><a href="https://www.equator-network.org/library/reporting-guidelines-under-development/reporting-guidelines-under-development-for-other-study-designs/#MENTAL">Reporting Guidelines for Artificial Intelligence Research in Mental Health.</a></li> </ul> <p>As AI tools continue to gain momentum and develop rapidly, editorial leaders of scientific journals are wise to guide the responsible use of such tools. This guidance may—and likely will—evolve over time. Like other publishers, the JAMA Network has moved expediently to publish AI usage guidelines. As is true for the journal’s other style rules, authors who publish in <em>JAMA</em> and the JAMA Network specialty journals will be guided to follow these guidelines into the future.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">References</h2> <ol class="wp-block-list"> <li>Van Noorden R, Perkel JM. AI and science: what 1,600 researchers think. <em>Nature</em>. 2023;621(7980):672-675. doi:10.1038/d41586-023-02980-0</li> <li>Mazzoleni S, Ambrosino N. How artificial intelligence is changing scientific publishing—unrequested advice for young researchers II. <em>Pulmonology</em>. 2024;30(5):413-415. doi:10.1016/j.pulmoe.2024.04.011</li> <li>Ganjavi C, Eppler MB, Pekcan A, et al. Publishers’ and journals’ instructions to authors on use of generative artificial intelligence in academic and scientific publishing: bibliometric analysis. <em>BMJ</em>. 2024;384:e077192. doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-077192</li> <li>Flanagin A, Bibbins-Domingo K, Berkwits M, Christiansen SL. Nonhuman “authors” and implications for the integrity of scientific publication and medical knowledge. <em>JAMA</em>. 2023;329(8):637-639. doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.1344</li> <li>Flanagin A, Kendall-Taylor J, Bibbins-Domingo K. Guidance for authors, peer reviewers, and editors on use of AI, language models, and chatbots. JAMA. 2023;330(8):702-703. doi:10.1001/jama.2023.12500</li> </ol> <p>November 27, 2024</p> </div> <footer class="entry-meta"> <p class="cat-links taxonomy-links"> Posted in <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/editing-process/" rel="category tag">editing process</a>, <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/ethics/" rel="category tag">ethics</a>, <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/frequently-asked-questions/" rel="category tag">frequently asked questions</a>, <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/references/" rel="category tag">references</a>, <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/usage/" rel="category tag">usage</a> </p> <p class="date-link"><a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/2024/11/27/can-jama-network-authors-use-generative-artificial-intelligence-to-create-content/" title="Permalink to Can JAMA Network Authors Use Generative Artificial Intelligence to Create Content?" rel="bookmark" class="permalink"><span class="month">Nov</span><span class="sep">·</span><span class="day">27</span></a></p> </footer> </article> <article id="post-1649" class="post-1649 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-editing-process category-frequently-asked-questions category-nomenclature category-spelling category-usage"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/2024/07/18/odds-and-ends/" rel="bookmark">Odds and Ends</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="byline">Posted by <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://amastyleinsider.com/author/amanda/" title="View all posts by Amanda Ehrhardt" rel="author">Amanda Ehrhardt</a></span></span> </div> <p class="comments-link"><a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/2024/07/18/odds-and-ends/#comments">1</a></p> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Amanda Ehrhardt, MA, JAMA Network</p> <p>Earlier this year, several small updates were made to the <em><a href="https://academic.oup.com/amamanualofstyle">AMA Manual of Style</a></em> that clarified some lingering questions that had left some editors potentially perplexed (or perhaps possibly puzzled!).</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">To Repeat or Not to Repeat?</h2> <p>The debate between the use of <em>repeat</em> vs <em>repeated</em> is no longer an existential crisis worthy of a Danish prince. Chapter <a href="https://academic.oup.com/amamanualofstyle/book/27941/chapter/207567296#414755438">11.1</a> has been updated to indicate that these terms can be used interchangeably (just like Rosencranz and Guildenstern).</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Game, Dataset, Match</h2> <p>One author serves up data in a data set. Another author swings their racket, sending data across the court in a dataset. So who won?</p> <p>According to Chapter <a href="https://academic.oup.com/amamanualofstyle/book/27941/chapter/207567296#414755438">11.3</a>, author 2 can celebrate with strawberries and cream: <em>dataset</em> is now the preferred spelling.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">A Sensitive Matter</h2> <p>To differentiate high-sensitivity troponin T from contemporary assays, it is now being reported in ng/L, which has been updated accordingly in chapter <a href="https://academic.oup.com/amamanualofstyle/book/27941/chapter/207571631#414759269">17.5</a>.</p> <p>So please add these changes to the Homerian catalog already in your editor’s mind, as we know the evolution of style changes is always an odyssey!</p> <p>July 12, 2024</p> <details class="wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow"><summary></summary> <p></p> </details> </div> <footer class="entry-meta"> <p class="cat-links taxonomy-links"> Posted in <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/editing-process/" rel="category tag">editing process</a>, <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/frequently-asked-questions/" rel="category tag">frequently asked questions</a>, <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/nomenclature/" rel="category tag">nomenclature</a>, <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/spelling/" rel="category tag">spelling</a>, <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/usage/" rel="category tag">usage</a> </p> <p class="date-link"><a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/2024/07/18/odds-and-ends/" title="Permalink to Odds and Ends" rel="bookmark" class="permalink"><span class="month">Jul</span><span class="sep">·</span><span class="day">18</span></a></p> </footer> </article> <article id="post-1640" class="post-1640 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-ethics category-frequently-asked-questions category-nomenclature"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/2024/05/31/language-to-discuss-suicide/" rel="bookmark">Language to Discuss Suicide</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="byline">Posted by <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://amastyleinsider.com/author/miriam/" title="View all posts by Miriam Cintron" rel="author">Miriam Cintron</a></span></span> </div> <p class="comments-link"><a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/2024/05/31/language-to-discuss-suicide/#comments">2</a></p> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Miriam Cintron, BA, <em>JAMA</em></p> <p>Although often regularly used in the past, the term <em>committed suicide </em>may imply that the act of suicide is criminal or morally wrong.<sup>1</sup></p> <p>Likewise, referring to a suicide attempt as a “success” or “failure” implies that “the person who died by suicide has accomplished or not accomplished (a failure) the act of suicide”<sup>1</sup> or that death was a favorable outcome.<sup>2</sup></p> <p>Factual and judgment-free language is preferred.<sup>1</sup> Language that is careful not to stigmatize suicide, suicidal behavior, or mental health issues<sup>3</sup> should always be used. For that reason, terms such as <em>died by suicide</em> or <em>suicide attempt</em> should be used. Such terms contribute to destigmatizing suicide.<sup>2</sup></p> <p>The term suicide should also not be used out of context (eg, “political suicide”) because this may desensitize readers to the term<sup>2</sup> or seem insensitive.</p> <p>Person-first language, which aligns with existing <em>AMA Manual of Style</em> guidelines (chapter <a href="https://academic.oup.com/amamanualofstyle/book/27941/chapter/207567296?searchresult=1#440333862">11.12.6</a>), should be used (eg, “person who attempted suicide” instead of “suicide attempter” or “person with suicidal ideation” instead of “suicidal person”).</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Avoid:</h2> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>Committed or completed suicide</li> <li>Unsuccessful or successful suicide attempt</li> <li>Failed suicide attempt</li> <li>Suicide epidemic</li> <li>Killed themself</li> <li>Took their own life</li> <li>Ended their life</li> </ul> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Preferred:</h2> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>Died by suicide</li> <li>Death by suicide</li> <li>Suicide death</li> <li>Suicide attempt</li> <li>Fatal suicide behavior</li> <li>Person with suicidal ideation</li> </ul> <p>The term “intentional self-harm” should not be used interchangeably with “suicide attempts.”</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">References</h2> <ol class="wp-block-list"> <li>Suicide Prevention Alliance. Changing how we view suicide prevention: suicide language. Accessed March 11, 2024. <a href="https://www.suicidepreventionalliance.org/about-suicide/suicide-language/">https://www.suicidepreventionalliance.org/about-suicide/suicide-language/</a></li> <li>World Health Organization. Preventing suicide: a resource for media professionals: update 2023. Accessed March 11, 2024. <a href="https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/372691/9789240076846-eng.pdf">https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/372691/9789240076846-eng.pdf</a></li> <li>International Association for Suicide Prevention. The language of suicide. Accessed March 11, 2024. <a href="https://www.iasp.info/languageguidelines/">https://www.iasp.info/languageguidelines/</a></li> </ol> <p>May 31, 2024</p> </div> <footer class="entry-meta"> <p class="cat-links taxonomy-links"> Posted in <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/ethics/" rel="category tag">ethics</a>, <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/frequently-asked-questions/" rel="category tag">frequently asked questions</a>, <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/nomenclature/" rel="category tag">nomenclature</a> </p> <p class="date-link"><a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/2024/05/31/language-to-discuss-suicide/" title="Permalink to Language to Discuss Suicide" rel="bookmark" class="permalink"><span class="month">May</span><span class="sep">·</span><span class="day">31</span></a></p> </footer> </article> <article id="post-1638" class="post-1638 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-abbreviations category-ethics category-nomenclature category-usage"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/2024/05/24/new-abbreviations-for-liver-diseases/" rel="bookmark">New Abbreviations for Liver Diseases</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="byline">Posted by <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://amastyleinsider.com/author/timgray/" title="View all posts by Timothy Gray" rel="author">Timothy Gray</a></span></span> </div> <p class="comments-link"><a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/2024/05/24/new-abbreviations-for-liver-diseases/#respond"><span class="no-reply">0</span></a></p> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Timothy Gray, PhD, JAMA Network</p> <p>The designation “nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)” is no longer accepted across <em>JAMA</em> and the JAMA Network journals, except to reflect the language used in data collection for a study (or search terms for a review).</p> <p>The directive is based on the recommendations of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the European Association for the Study of the Liver, as well as the Latin American Association for the Study of the Liver.</p> <p>In collaboration with hepatologists, gastroenterologists, pediatricians, endocrinologists, hepatopathologists, public health and obesity experts, colleagues from industry, regulatory agencies, and patient advocacy organizations, a consensus was developed via the Delphi process for a change in nomenclature.<sup>1</sup></p> <p>The term chosen to replace NAFLD is “metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD).” In the previous designation, the term <em>nonalcoholic</em> may have been confusing for patients and physicians. The word <em>fatty</em> also has stigmatizing and negative connotations.</p> <p>The same committee process resulted in another designation change that will be implemented across <em>JAMA</em> and the JAMA Network journals. The designation “nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)” is now called “metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis (MASH)” to avoid trivializing the diseases or confusing patients with the possible connotations of the term <em>nonalcoholic</em>.<sup>2</sup></p> <p>It is hoped that these updates will clarify what the diseases are instead of what they are not.</p> <p>The <em>AMA Manual of Style</em> has added these abbreviations and expansions to the list of clinical terms in <a href="https://academic.oup.com/amamanualofstyle/book/27941/chapter/207567846#440334214">chapter 13.11</a>.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">References</h2> <ol class="wp-block-list"> <li>Rinella ME, Lazarus JV, Ratziu V, et al. A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. <em>Hepatology</em>. 2023;78:1966-1986.</li> <li>Eskridge W, Cryer DR, Schattenberg JM, et al. Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease and metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis: the patient and physician perspective. <em>J Clin Med</em>. 2023;12(19):6216.</li> </ol> <p>May 24, 2024.</p> </div> <footer class="entry-meta"> <p class="cat-links taxonomy-links"> Posted in <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/abbreviations/" rel="category tag">abbreviations</a>, <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/ethics/" rel="category tag">ethics</a>, <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/nomenclature/" rel="category tag">nomenclature</a>, <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/usage/" rel="category tag">usage</a> </p> <p class="date-link"><a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/2024/05/24/new-abbreviations-for-liver-diseases/" title="Permalink to New Abbreviations for Liver Diseases" rel="bookmark" class="permalink"><span class="month">May</span><span class="sep">·</span><span class="day">24</span></a></p> </footer> </article> <article id="post-1599" class="post-1599 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-grammar category-usage"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/2023/10/05/embracing-the-prepositional-power-of-because-of-and-due-to/" rel="bookmark">Embracing the Prepositional Power of Because of and Due to</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="byline">Posted by <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://amastyleinsider.com/author/jennifer/" title="View all posts by Jennifer Sakhnovsky" rel="author">Jennifer Sakhnovsky</a></span></span> </div> <p class="comments-link"><a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/2023/10/05/embracing-the-prepositional-power-of-because-of-and-due-to/#comments">4</a></p> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Jennifer Clare Ball, MA, JAMA Network</p> <p>The recent acceptance of <em>due to</em> as a prepositional phrase by the <em>AMA Manual of Style</em> (<a href="https://academic.oup.com/amamanualofstyle/book/27941/chapter/207567296?login=true#med-9780190246556-chapter-11-div1-22">Chapter 11.1, Correct and Preferred Usage of Common Words and Phrases</a>) is a noteworthy development with substantial implications for professional writers and editors.<sup>1</sup></p> <p>The previous recommendation against its use in this way had sparked debate among grammarians and language enthusiasts, some of whom argued that it should only be used as an adjective phrase modifying a noun.</p> <p>The relaxation of grammar rules, such as the new guidance on <em>because of</em> vs <em>due to</em>, can positively and negatively affect language depending on the context in which it is used. While it can increase flexibility for writers and make the language more accessible to nonnative speakers, it may also reduce clarity and consistency in some cases. Thus, the creation of official guidance in the <em>AMA Manual of Style</em> is crucial.</p> <p>The etymology of <em>because of</em> and <em>due to</em> is also worth exploring.<sup>2</sup> <em>Because</em> was modeled on the French <em>par cause</em> and has been used with the word <em>of</em> since the late 14th century.</p> <p>On the other hand, due is from old French <em>deu</em>, past participle of <em>devoir</em>, meaning “to owe.” <em>Due to</em> came about in the early 15th century as “deserved by, merited by,” and its use as a prepositional phrase dates back to 1897.</p> <p>Current guidance now indicates that <em>because of</em>, <em>caused by</em>, <em>due to</em>, and <em>owing to</em> are acceptable to use as prepositions without restriction.</p> <p>To illustrate the use of <em>due to</em> in medical writing, below are examples from various JAMA Network articles in which the phrase can now be used interchangeably with <em>because of</em> as a prepositional phrase.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" width="400" height="1000" src="https://amastyleinsider.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/DUE-TO-AS-AN-ADJECTIVAL-PHRASE-VS-A-PREPOSITIONAL-PHRASE-400-×-1000-px.png" alt="" class="wp-image-1618" srcset="https://amastyleinsider.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/DUE-TO-AS-AN-ADJECTIVAL-PHRASE-VS-A-PREPOSITIONAL-PHRASE-400-×-1000-px.png 400w, https://amastyleinsider.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/DUE-TO-AS-AN-ADJECTIVAL-PHRASE-VS-A-PREPOSITIONAL-PHRASE-400-×-1000-px-120x300.png 120w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" /></figure> <p>The acceptance of <em>due to</em> as a prepositional phrase by the <em>AMA Manual of Style</em> is a notable milestone in the ongoing debate over its use. It provides greater flexibility for writers and editors while ensuring consistency and clarity in medical writing and other communication formats that follow AMA style.</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>The AMA Manual of Style now accepts “due to” as a prepositional phrase, which impacts authors and medical editors.</li> <li>The debate over “due to” was sparked by its previous disallowance in many instances; some argued for its limited role.</li> <li>Relaxed grammar rules can enhance flexibility and accessibility, but may compromise clarity; this highlights the significance of AMA accepting this change.</li> </ul> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">References</h2> <ol class="wp-block-list"> <li>Frey T, Young RK. Correct and preferred usage. In: Christiansen S, Iverson C, Flanagin A, et al. <em>AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors</em>. 11th ed. Oxford University Press; 2020. Accessed February 17, 2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jama/9780190246556.003.0011">https://doi.org/10.1093/jama/9780190246556.003.0011</a></li> <li>Online etymology dictionary. Accessed February 17, 2023. https://www.etymonline.com/</li> <li>Srinivas M, Wong NS, Wallace R, et al. Sexually transmitted infection rates and closure of family planning clinics because of abortion restrictions in iowa. <em>JAMA Netw Open</em>. 2022;5(10):e2239063. Published October 3, 2022. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.39063</li> <li>Martinez FJ, Han MK, Lopez C, et al. Discriminative accuracy of the CAPTURE tool for identifying chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in US primary care settings. <em>JAMA</em>. 2023;329(6):490-501. doi:10.1001/jama.2023.0128</li> <li>Wang J, Lee CC, Kesselheim AS, Rome BN. Estimated Medicaid spending on original and citrate-free adalimumab from 2014 through 2021. <em>JAMA Intern Med</em>. 2023;183(3):275-276. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.6299</li> </ol> <p>October 5, 2023.</p> </div> <footer class="entry-meta"> <p class="cat-links taxonomy-links"> Posted in <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/grammar/" rel="category tag">grammar</a>, <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/usage/" rel="category tag">usage</a> </p> <p class="date-link"><a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/2023/10/05/embracing-the-prepositional-power-of-because-of-and-due-to/" title="Permalink to Embracing the Prepositional Power of Because of and Due to" rel="bookmark" class="permalink"><span class="month">Oct</span><span class="sep">·</span><span class="day">05</span></a></p> </footer> </article> <article id="post-1607" class="post-1607 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-editing-process category-medical-history category-usage"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/2023/09/05/do-changes-actually-create-change/" rel="bookmark">Do Changes Actually Create Change?</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="byline">Posted by <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://amastyleinsider.com/author/amanda/" title="View all posts by Amanda Ehrhardt" rel="author">Amanda Ehrhardt</a></span></span> </div> <p class="comments-link"><a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/2023/09/05/do-changes-actually-create-change/#respond"><span class="no-reply">0</span></a></p> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Amanda Ehrhardt, MA, JAMA Network</p> <p>Part of the purpose of the <em>AMA Style Insider</em> is to report on changes made in the <em><a href="https://academic.oup.com/amamanualofstyle" data-type="URL" data-id="https://academic.oup.com/amamanualofstyle">AMA Manual of Style</a></em> that aim to improve not only the editing process but also advance ethics and equity in medical publishing. Changes are not made arbitrarily but as a result of many experts building consensus on what represents best practices, and they’re made to create a widespread standard.</p> <p>However, the manual can only release these standards to the world–what requires more follow up is whether the changes are actually implemented in publishing and how successful they are in creating new standards.</p> <p>This year, in <em>JAMA Network Open</em>, several JAMA Network editors and staff published a cross-sectional study<sup>1</sup> that examined race and ethnicity reporting across 3 JAMA Network journals before (January to March 2019 and May to July 2021) and after (January to March 2022) the implementation of the Updated Guidance on the Reporting of Race and Ethnicity in Medical and Science Journals<sup>2</sup> in August 2021 (which was based on revisions made to <a href="https://academic.oup.com/amamanualofstyle/book/27941/chapter/207567296#med-9780190246556-chapter-11-div2-23">11.12.3</a> of the style guide). </p> <p>Among the key takeaways were that the number of articles that reported race and ethnicity information for study participants increased by 10.4% from 2019 to 2022, more articles reported participants’ age or sex and gender, and the number of articles that defined categories included in the term “other” increased 58.1% from 2019 to 2022. </p> <p>Additionally, the number of articles that listed racial and ethnic group categories by alphabetical order increased by 75.9% between 2021 and 2022, and there was a 24.1% increase in the number of articles that defined how race and ethnicity were determined.</p> <p>Although this study had limitations (which are clearly stated in the article) and more improvement is needed, these results seem encouraging that <em>AMA Style Manual</em> updates are not made just to alter the day-to-day of editors across medical publishing, but to potentially create real and lasting change.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">References</h2> <ol class="wp-block-list"> <li>Flanagin A, Cintron MY, Christiansen SL, et al. Comparison of reporting race and ethnicity in medical journals before and after implementation of reporting guidance, 2019-2022. <em>JAMA Netw Open</em>. 2023(6):e231706. doi:<a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2802003" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.1706</a></li> <li>Flanagin A, Frey T, Christiansen SL, et al. Updated guidance on the reporting of race and ethnicity in medical and science journals. <em>JAMA</em>. 2021;326(7):621-627. doi:<a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2783090" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1001/jama.2021.13304</a> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li></li> </ul> </li> </ol> <p>September 5, 2023.</p> </div> <footer class="entry-meta"> <p class="cat-links taxonomy-links"> Posted in <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/editing-process/" rel="category tag">editing process</a>, <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/medical-history/" rel="category tag">medical history</a>, <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/usage/" rel="category tag">usage</a> </p> <p class="date-link"><a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/2023/09/05/do-changes-actually-create-change/" title="Permalink to Do Changes Actually Create Change?" rel="bookmark" class="permalink"><span class="month">Sep</span><span class="sep">·</span><span class="day">05</span></a></p> </footer> </article> <article id="post-1587" class="post-1587 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-editing-process category-grammar category-punctuation category-spelling"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/2023/08/01/the-ama-garden-of-hyphens/" rel="bookmark">The AMA Garden of Hyphens</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="byline">Posted by <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://amastyleinsider.com/author/timgray/" title="View all posts by Timothy Gray" rel="author">Timothy Gray</a></span></span> </div> <p class="comments-link"><a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/2023/08/01/the-ama-garden-of-hyphens/#comments">1</a></p> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Timothy Gray, PhD, JAMA Network</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" width="318" height="159" src="https://amastyleinsider.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Garden.png" alt="" class="wp-image-1589" srcset="https://amastyleinsider.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Garden.png 318w, https://amastyleinsider.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Garden-300x150.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 318px) 100vw, 318px" /></figure> <p>If your professional life requires adherence to AMA style, you may have gotten lost in the weeds styling hyphenated compounds in titles. No capitalization after a hyphen if a prefix or a suffix, if both parts are considered a single word (requiring a field trip to Merriam-Webster), if the compound is temporary, or if the parts do not carry equal weight.</p> <p>I have long wondered how parts of a compound carry weight, which isn’t to say that I don’t like the <em>idea</em>. As a practical suggestion, though, it lacks a little, uh, <em>practicality</em>.</p> <p>If you think of a compound as an entity on its own, any word that may carry weight because of its particular part of speech loses that identity (and drops the weight!) when it gets pulled into that magical realm of a hyphenated compound (all adjectives all the time). So “Short-term Effects” and “Full-time Coverage” have always read as weird to me, especially if they have appeared near “Early-Onset Disease.”</p> <p>How fitting, then, that the <em>AMA Manual of Style</em> has finally addressed the weed problem with hyphenation. No need to kill them. We can just get them out of our way. Let the weeds live happy lives in some other organization’s style manual.</p> <p>The new guidance in <a href="https://academic.oup.com/amamanualofstyle/book/27941/chapter/207567096#406371335">10.2.2</a> reads “In titles, subtitles, and text headings, capitalize both parts of a hyphenated compound.” Hence, “Short-Term Effects” and “Full-Time Coverage.” Take a look in the online manual for more information and other <a href="https://academic.oup.com/amamanualofstyle/pages/about/updates-to-the-manual">new style guidance</a>.</p> <p>Now when you review capitalization in titles with hyphenated compounds to align with AMA style, you needn’t make excursions to other sources. You can stay in the AMA garden without getting lost in the weeds.</p> <p>Published August 1, 2023.</p> </div> <footer class="entry-meta"> <p class="cat-links taxonomy-links"> Posted in <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/editing-process/" rel="category tag">editing process</a>, <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/grammar/" rel="category tag">grammar</a>, <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/punctuation/" rel="category tag">punctuation</a>, <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/spelling/" rel="category tag">spelling</a> </p> <p class="date-link"><a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/2023/08/01/the-ama-garden-of-hyphens/" title="Permalink to The AMA Garden of Hyphens" rel="bookmark" class="permalink"><span class="month">Aug</span><span class="sep">·</span><span class="day">01</span></a></p> </footer> </article> <article id="post-1566" class="post-1566 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-ethics category-medical-history category-nomenclature category-usage"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/2022/12/02/new-mpox-name-for-monkeypox-disease/" rel="bookmark">New Mpox Name for Monkeypox Disease</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="byline">Posted by <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://amastyleinsider.com/author/stacy/" title="View all posts by Stacy Christiansen" rel="author">Stacy Christiansen</a></span></span> </div> <p class="comments-link"><a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/2022/12/02/new-mpox-name-for-monkeypox-disease/#comments">1</a></p> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Stacy L. Christiansen, MA, Managing Editor, <em>JAMA</em></p> <p>The recent outbreak of monkeypox disease (caused by the <em>monkeypox virus</em>), like COVID-19 and other pathogens before it, raised concern about disease names, particularly those that could negatively affect particular nations, populations, or animals.</p> <p>The naming of diseases (and in this case, renaming) falls to the World Health Organization (WHO). After reports from individuals and countries raised concerns about the term “monkeypox” being racist or stigmatizing, the WHO met with concerned parties and invited public comment to rename the disease.<sup>1</sup></p> <p>The result is “mpox.”</p> <p>The <em>AMA Manual of Style</em> will add the term “mpox” to the viruses section in the Nomenclature chapter (<a href="https://academic.oup.com/amamanualofstyle/book/27941/chapter/207568211?login=true#382795565">14.14</a>) as well as information about the renamed clade I and clade II (formerly Central African and West African, respectively).<sup>2</sup></p> <p>We recommend dual reporting, such as mpox (monkeypox), at first mention to ease adoption of the new terminology. Other organizations, such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<sup>3</sup> and <em>AP Stylebook</em>,<sup>4</sup> have also announced their adoption of the updated terminology.</p> <p>The <em>monkeypox virus</em> name has not yet been changed. The International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses is responsible for that terminology,<sup>1</sup> and when new nomenclature is announced we will update the Manual accordingly.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">References</h2> <ol class="wp-block-list"> <li>World Health Organization. WHO recommends new name for monkeypox disease. Accessed December 1, 2022. <a href="https://www.who.int/news/item/28-11-2022-who-recommends-new-name-for-monkeypox-disease">https://www.who.int/news/item/28-11-2022-who-recommends-new-name-for-monkeypox-disease</a></li> <li>World Helath Organization. Monkeypox: experts give virus variants new names. Accessed December 1, 2022. <a href="https://www.who.int/news/item/12-08-2022-monkeypox--experts-give-virus-variants-new-names">https://www.who.int/news/item/12-08-2022-monkeypox–experts-give-virus-variants-new-names</a></li> <li>US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Monkeypox. Updated November 30, 2022. Accessed December 1, 2022. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/index.html">https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/index.html</a></li> <li>The Associated Press. mpox. <em>AP Stylebook</em>. November 30, 2022. Accessed December 1, 2022. <a href="https://www.apstylebook.com/ap_stylebook/mpox">https://www.apstylebook.com/ap_stylebook/mpox</a></li> </ol> </div> <footer class="entry-meta"> <p class="cat-links taxonomy-links"> Posted in <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/ethics/" rel="category tag">ethics</a>, <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/medical-history/" rel="category tag">medical history</a>, <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/nomenclature/" rel="category tag">nomenclature</a>, <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/usage/" rel="category tag">usage</a> </p> <p class="date-link"><a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/2022/12/02/new-mpox-name-for-monkeypox-disease/" title="Permalink to New Mpox Name for Monkeypox Disease" rel="bookmark" class="permalink"><span class="month">Dec</span><span class="sep">·</span><span class="day">02</span></a></p> </footer> </article> <article id="post-1548" class="post-1548 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-abbreviations category-acronyms category-nomenclature category-punctuation category-usage"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/2022/11/17/a-short-update-on-long-covid/" rel="bookmark">A Short Update on Long COVID</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="byline">Posted by <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://amastyleinsider.com/author/stacy/" title="View all posts by Stacy Christiansen" rel="author">Stacy Christiansen</a></span></span> </div> <p class="comments-link"><a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/2022/11/17/a-short-update-on-long-covid/#respond"><span class="no-reply">0</span></a></p> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Stacy L. Christiansen, MA, Managing Editor, <em>JAMA</em></p> <p>After infection with SARS-CoV-2, some people develop long-term effects. This condition has been termed <em>post-COVID conditions (PCCs), post-COVID syndrome, postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC),</em> and in common parlance, <em>long COVID</em>.<sup>1</sup></p> <p>Which term to use will depend on the content and the intended audience. The <em>ICD-10</em> code principally uses the term <em>post COVID-19 condition</em>.<sup>2,3</sup></p> <p>In the JAMA Network journals, we prefer <em>post–COVID-19 condition (PCC)</em>, with allowance of <em>long COVID</em> for colloquial use (eg, in narrative or patient-focused content). Note that “long” is lowercase.</p> <p>Avoid jargon terms, such as “long haulers,” in clinical or scientific content. The online style manual will be updated to include this terminology in chapter 11.1, <a href="https://academic.oup.com/amamanualofstyle/book/27941/chapter/207567296#369661375">Correct and Preferred Usage of Common Words and Phrases</a>.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">References</h2> <ol class="wp-block-list"> <li>US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Long COVID or post-COVID conditions. Updated September 1, 2022. Accessed October 28, 2022. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html">https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html</a></li> <li>US Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Post COVID-19 condition: <em>ICD-10-CM</em> official guidelines for coding and reporting. Updated April 1, 2022. Accessed October 14, 2022. <a href="https://www.cms.gov/files/document/fy-2022-icd-10-cm-coding-guidelines-updated-02012022.pdf">https://www.cms.gov/files/document/fy-2022-icd-10-cm-coding-guidelines-updated-02012022.pdf</a></li> <li>World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): post COVID-19 condition. Accessed October 14, 2022. <a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-post-covid-19-condition">https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-post-covid-19-condition</a></li> </ol> </div> <footer class="entry-meta"> <p class="cat-links taxonomy-links"> Posted in <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/abbreviations/" rel="category tag">abbreviations</a>, <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/acronyms/" rel="category tag">acronyms</a>, <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/nomenclature/" rel="category tag">nomenclature</a>, <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/punctuation/" rel="category tag">punctuation</a>, <a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/category/usage/" rel="category tag">usage</a> </p> <p class="date-link"><a href="https://amastyleinsider.com/2022/11/17/a-short-update-on-long-covid/" title="Permalink to A Short Update on Long COVID" rel="bookmark" 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