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.gelicon--trailing::before { margin-left: 8px; } .gelicon--social { font-family: 'gelicons-social' !important; } .gelicon--core { font-family: 'gelicons-core' !important; } /* Set font on all icons (need to do this as Opera doesn't fallback per Glyph) */ /* On the icon, not ::before as IE7 hack injects the icon into the element instead of a pseudo element */ .gelicon--iplayer, .gelicon--iplayer-radio, .gelicon--previous, .gelicon--up, .gelicon--down, .gelicon--next, .gelicon--tobottom, .gelicon--totop, .gelicon--zoomin, .gelicon--zoomout, .gelicon--search, .gelicon--print, .gelicon--print-invert, .gelicon--yes, .gelicon--no, .gelicon--add, .gelicon--help, .gelicon--info, .gelicon--alert, .gelicon--expires, .gelicon--duration, .gelicon--alarm, .gelicon--countdown, .gelicon--grid, .gelicon--chapters, .gelicon--list, .gelicon--listthumb, .gelicon--lock, .gelicon--unlock, .gelicon--home, .gelicon--new, .gelicon--vocab, .gelicon--degraded, .gelicon--calendar-mini, .gelicon--calendar, .gelicon--mail, .gelicon--location, .gelicon--load, .gelicon--settings, .gelicon--embed, .gelicon--external, .gelicon--traffic, .gelicon--refresh, .gelicon--link, .gelicon--point, .gelicon--upload, .gelicon--download, .gelicon--finder, .gelicon--stations, .gelicon--untitled, .gelicon--untitled-2, .gelicon--quote, .gelicon--calendar-30, .gelicon--download-desktop, .gelicon--map, .gelicon--previous-alternative, .gelicon--next-alternative, .gelicon--arrow-down { font-family: 'gelicons-core' !important; } /* Begin Icons */ .gelicon--iplayer::before { content: '\e000'; } .gelicon--iplayer-radio::before { content: '\e001'; } .gelicon--previous::before { content: '\e002'; } .gelicon--up::before { content: '\e003'; } .gelicon--down::before { content: '\e004'; } .gelicon--next::before { content: '\e005'; } .gelicon--tobottom::before { content: '\e006'; } .gelicon--totop::before { content: '\e007'; } .gelicon--zoomin::before { content: '\e008'; } .gelicon--zoomout::before { content: '\e00a'; } .gelicon--search::before { content: '\e009'; } .gelicon--print::before { content: '\e00b'; } .gelicon--print-invert::before { content: '\e00c'; } .gelicon--yes::before { content: '\e00d'; } .gelicon--no::before { content: '\e00e'; } .gelicon--add::before { content: '\e00f'; } .gelicon--help::before { content: '\e010'; } .gelicon--info::before { content: '\e011'; } .gelicon--alert::before { content: '\e012'; } .gelicon--expires::before { content: '\e013'; } .gelicon--duration::before { content: '\e014'; } .gelicon--alarm::before { content: '\e015'; } .gelicon--countdown::before { content: '\e016'; } .gelicon--grid::before { content: '\e017'; } .gelicon--chapters::before { content: '\e018'; } .gelicon--list::before { content: '\e019'; } .gelicon--listthumb::before { content: '\e01a'; } .gelicon--lock::before { content: '\e01b'; } .gelicon--unlock::before { content: '\e01c'; } .gelicon--home::before { content: '\e01d'; } .gelicon--new::before { content: '\e01e'; } .gelicon--vocab::before { content: '\e01f'; } .gelicon--degraded::before { content: '\e020'; } .gelicon--calendar-mini::before { content: '\e021'; } .gelicon--calendar::before { content: '\e022'; } .gelicon--mail::before { content: '\e023'; } .gelicon--location::before { content: '\e024'; } .gelicon--load::before { content: '\e025'; } .gelicon--settings::before { content: '\e026'; } .gelicon--embed::before { content: '\e027'; } .gelicon--external::before { content: '\e028'; } .gelicon--traffic::before { content: '\e029'; } .gelicon--refresh::before { content: '\e02a'; } .gelicon--link::before { content: '\e02b'; } .gelicon--point::before { content: '\e02c'; } .gelicon--upload::before { content: '\e02d'; } .gelicon--download::before { content: '\e02e'; } .gelicon--finder::before { content: '\e02f'; } .gelicon--stations::before { content: '\e030'; } .gelicon--untitled::before { content: '\42'; } .gelicon--untitled-2::before { content: '\43'; } .gelicon--quote::before { content: '\22'; } .gelicon--playlister-add::before { content: '\e031'; } .gelicon--calendar-30::before { content: '\e032'; } .gelicon--download-desktop::before { content: '\e033'; } .gelicon--map::before { content: '\e034'; } .gelicon--previous-alternative::before { content: '\e035'; } .gelicon--next-alternative::before { content: '\e036'; } .gelicon--arrow-down::before { content: '\e038'; } /* Media icons */ .gelicon--menu, .gelicon--live, .gelicon--subtitles, .gelicon--ws, .gelicon--sd, .gelicon--hd, .gelicon--bsl, .gelicon--ad, .gelicon--3d, .gelicon--tv, .gelicon--radio, .gelicon--mobile, .gelicon--desktop, .gelicon--game, .gelicon--tablet, .gelicon--quiz, .gelicon--guidance, .gelicon--record, .gelicon--listen, .gelicon--play, .gelicon--pause, .gelicon--rewind, .gelicon--forward, .gelicon--restart, .gelicon--image, .gelicon--document, .gelicon--slideshow, .gelicon--activity, .gelicon--360, .gelicon--podcast, .gelicon--newsletter, .gelicon--rss, .gelicon--fullscreen, .gelicon--expand, .gelicon--popout, .gelicon--mute, .gelicon--music-on, .gelicon--music-off, .gelicon--windows, .gelicon--apple, .gelicon--interactive { font-family: 'gelicons-media' !important; } /* Begin Icons */ .gelicon--menu::before { content: '\e900'; } .gelicon--live::before { content: '\e100'; } .gelicon--subtitles::before { content: '\e101'; } .gelicon--ws::before { content: '\e102'; } .gelicon--sd::before { content: '\e103'; } .gelicon--hd::before { content: '\e104'; } .gelicon--bsl::before { content: '\e105'; } .gelicon--ad::before { content: '\e106'; } .gelicon--3d::before { content: '\e107'; } .gelicon--tv::before { content: '\e108'; } .gelicon--radio::before { content: '\e109'; } .gelicon--mobile::before { content: '\e10a'; } .gelicon--desktop::before { content: '\e10b'; } .gelicon--game::before { content: '\e10c'; } .gelicon--tablet::before { content: '\e10d'; } .gelicon--quiz::before { content: '\e10e'; } .gelicon--guidance::before { content: '\e10f'; } .gelicon--record::before { content: '\e110'; } .gelicon--listen::before { content: '\e111'; } .gelicon--play::before { content: '\e112'; } .gelicon--pause::before { content: '\e113'; } .gelicon--rewind::before { content: '\e114'; } .gelicon--forward::before { content: '\e115'; } .gelicon--restart::before { content: '\e116'; } .gelicon--image::before { content: '\e117'; } .gelicon--document::before { content: '\e118'; } .gelicon--slideshow::before { content: '\e119'; } .gelicon--activity::before { content: '\e11a'; } .gelicon--360::before { content: '\e11b'; } .gelicon--podcast::before { content: '\e11c'; } .gelicon--newsletter::before { content: '\e11d'; } .gelicon--rss::before { content: '\e11e'; } .gelicon--fullscreen::before { content: '\e11f'; } .gelicon--expand::before { content: '\e120'; } .gelicon--popout::before { content: '\e121'; } .gelicon--mute::before { content: '\e122'; } .gelicon--music-on::before { content: '\e123'; } .gelicon--music-off::before { content: '\e124'; } .gelicon--windows::before { content: '\e125'; } .gelicon--apple::before { content: '\e126'; } .gelicon--interactive::before { content: '\e900'; } /* Social Icons */ .gelicon--share, .gelicon--recommend, .gelicon--comments, .gelicon--blog, .gelicon--smiley, .gelicon--love, .gelicon--twitter, .gelicon--facebook, .gelicon--google-plus, .gelicon--google, .gelicon--spotify, .gelicon--pinterest, .gelicon--tumblr, .gelicon--stumbleupon, .gelicon--linkedin, .gelicon--reddit, .gelicon--digg, .gelicon--instagram, .gelicon--whatsapp { font-family: 'gelicons-social' !important; } /* GEL */ .gelicon--share::before { content: '\e200'; } .gelicon--recommend::before { content: '\e201'; } .gelicon--comments::before { content: '\e202'; } .gelicon--blog::before { content: '\e203'; } .gelicon--smiley::before { content: '\e204'; } .gelicon--love::before { content: '\e205'; } /* THIRD PARTY */ .gelicon--twitter::before { content: '\e300'; } .gelicon--facebook::before { content: '\e301'; } .gelicon--google-plus::before { content: '\e700'; } .gelicon--google::before { content: '\e701'; } .gelicon--spotify::before { content: '\e304'; } .gelicon--pinterest::before { content: '\e305'; } .gelicon--tumblr::before { content: '\e306'; } .gelicon--stumbleupon::before { content: '\e307'; } .gelicon--linkedin::before { content: '\e308'; } .gelicon--reddit::before { content: '\e309'; } .gelicon--digg::before { content: '\e30a'; } .gelicon--instagram::before { content: '\e30b'; } .gelicon--whatsapp::before { content: '\e600'; } .label-with-line { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .label-with-line__label { margin: 0 16px 0 0; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .uppercase-label { color: #8f8d8d; font-size: 12px; font-style: condensed; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: color 0.4s; transition: color 0.4s; } .uppercase-label--small { font-size: 11px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 14px; margin: 0; } .uppercase-label--medium { font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; } .uppercase-label--reith-condensed { font-weight: 400; } .uppercase-label--white { color: #ebebeb; } .uppercase-label--light-grey { color: #999; } .uppercase-label--dark-grey { color: #444; } .uppercase-label--large { font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px; } .uppercase-label--true-white { color: #fff; text-shadow: 0 1px 1px #193e6d; } .uppercase-label--arial { font-family: Arial; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-video { height: 100%; } .inline-video__container { position: relative; } .inline-video .play-button__inline-video { bottom: 0; left: 0; position: absolute; z-index: 1000; } .inline-video__smp { background-color: #000; padding-bottom: 56.25%; } .inline-video__smp--loaded { background-color: unset; padding-bottom: unset; } .inline-video__description { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); color: #737373; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; line-height: 24px; padding: 22px 10; } .inline-video__description--desktop { padding: 28px 16px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ @-webkit-keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); transform: rotate(0deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg); transform: rotate(360deg); } } @keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); transform: rotate(0deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg); transform: rotate(360deg); } } .spinner { fill: #444; } .spinner__image { -webkit-animation: spin 1s linear infinite; animation: spin 1s linear infinite; } .spinner--worklife { fill: #8beed9; } .spinner--future { fill: #ffc857; } .spinner--culture { fill: #472479; } .spinner--travel { fill: #002856; } .spinner--earth { fill: #002856; } .spinner--white { fill: #fff; } .spinner--audio { height: 32px; width: 32px; } .body-text-card-inline-video { margin: 24px 0; position: relative; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-image__description { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); font-style: italic; padding: 20px 10px 12px; } .inline-image__description--desktop { padding: 20px 18px 18px; } .inline-image img { border-radius: 0; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-quote { border-left: 3px solid #575757; color: #575757; letter-spacing: -1.69px; line-height: 32px; margin: 0; padding-left: 22px; } .inline-quote--worklife { border-left: 3px solid #8beed9; } .inline-quote--future { border-left: 3px solid #ffc857; } .inline-quote--culture { border-left: 3px solid #472479; } .inline-quote--earth { border-left: 3px solid #002856; } .inline-quote h2 { font-weight: 300; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-audio-player { background: none; } .inline-audio-player__smp-container { display: inline-block; width: 100%; } .inline-audio-player__smp-container > div { height: 50px; position: relative; } .inline-audio-player__smp-container > div > div { padding: 0 !important; } .inline-audio-player__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .inline-audio-player__cta-holder { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #ededed; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding-right: 8px; } .inline-audio-player__cta-container { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .inline-audio-player__text { background: none; border: 0; color: #222; cursor: pointer; font-size: 18px; height: 25px; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 25px; margin-left: 12px; outline: inherit; padding: 0; } .inline-audio-player__text--offline { cursor: default; pointer-events: none; } .inline-audio-player__beta { background-color: #e6711b; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; height: 25px; left: -110px; line-height: 12px; margin-left: 0; padding: 0 7px; position: relative; top: 25px; width: 66px; } .inline-audio-player__beta:hover .inline-audio-player__arrow { -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .inline-audio-player__inner-arrow { color: #4d4d49; font-size: 10px; } .inline-audio-player__arrow-button { background-color: transparent; border: 0; margin-left: auto; outline: none; -webkit-transition: all 0.5s ease; transition: all 0.5s ease; } .inline-audio-player__arrow-button__clicked { -webkit-transform: rotate(180deg); transform: rotate(180deg); } .inline-audio-player__beta-copy { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 16px; } .inline-audio-player__arrow { border: solid #fff; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; display: inline-block; padding: 3px; position: relative; top: -1px; -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg); transform: rotate(-45deg); -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .inline-audio-player__hidden { display: none; } .inline-audio-player .previous-media-button { height: 50px; margin-right: 1px; width: 50px; } .inline-audio-player .collapsible-container { background-color: #ededed; color: #444; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding: 1rem; } .inline-audio-player .collapsible-container__hide { display: none; } .inline-audio-player .previous-button__inline-audio { margin-right: 1px; } .inline-audio-player__line { margin-top: 16px; } .inline-audio-player-old { height: 100%; } .inline-audio-player-old__container { display: inline-block; width: 100%; } .inline-audio-player-old__container > div { height: 50px; position: relative; } .inline-audio-player-old__container > div > div { padding: 0 !important; } .inline-audio-player-old__cta-holder { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .inline-audio-player-old__cta-container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .inline-audio-player-old__text { background: none; border: 0; color: #4a4a4a; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; height: 25px; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 25px; margin-left: 12px; outline: inherit; padding: 0; } .inline-audio-player-old__beta { background-color: #e6711b; color: #fff; height: 25px; left: -110px; line-height: 12px; margin-left: 0; padding: 0 7px; position: relative; top: 25px; width: 66px; } .inline-audio-player-old__beta:hover .inline-audio-player__arrow { -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .inline-audio-player-old__beta-copy { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 16px; } .inline-audio-player-old__arrow { border: solid #fff; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; display: inline-block; padding: 3px; position: relative; top: -1px; -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg); transform: rotate(-45deg); -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .inline-audio-player-old__played { background-color: #ededed; } .inline-audio-player-old__hidden { display: none; } .copyright__text { color: #737373; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center; } @media (max-width: 767px) { .copyright__text { margin-top: 12px; } } .content-embed { width: 100%; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-video { height: 100%; position: relative; } .article-video img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .article-video__overlay { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__play-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; left: 50%; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); z-index: 1500; } .article-video__label { margin-bottom: 16px; } .article-video__image { bottom: 0; height: 100%; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__image--hide { opacity: 0; } .article-video__playercore { display: block; } .article-video__playercore--mobile { display: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__playercore--show { display: block; } .article-video--bordered { border-radius: 4px; overflow: hidden; } .infographic-embed__frame { width: 100%; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .hero-video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 180px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .hero-video__video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 80%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; width: 80%; z-index: 2; } .hero-video__video--desktop { left: 0; top: 65px; width: 71.5% !important; } .hero-video__video--mobile { height: 100%; width: 100%; } .hero-video__video--small-desktop { height: 70%; left: 0; top: 78px; width: 67%; } .hero-video--small-desktop, .hero-video--desktop { display: block; height: 720px; } .hero-video img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; -webkit-filter: brightness(40%); filter: brightness(40%); } @media all and (-ms-high-contrast: none), (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .hero-video img { opacity: 0.5; } } .hero-video--mobile { height: 280px; } .hero-video--medium-mobile { height: 430px; } .hero-video--tablet { height: 574px; } .hero-video__play-button { position: absolute; z-index: 100; } .hero-video__video div div { position: inherit !important; position: unset !important; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .bookmark-icon { background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer; height: 54px; padding: 0; width: 54px; } .bookmark-icon svg { height: 15px; margin: 15px; stroke: #949494; stroke-width: 40; -webkit-transform: scale(0.8); transform: scale(0.8); width: 15px; } .bookmark__icon--true-white svg { fill: #fff; } .bookmark__icon--black svg, .bookmark__icon--black path { fill: #000 !important; stroke: #000; } .bookmark__icon--light-grey svg { fill: currentColor !important; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .tooltip-box__container { position: relative; } .tooltip-box__message { background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; padding: 5px; position: absolute; right: 0; top: -80px; width: 215px; z-index: 1; } .tooltip-box__border-arrow { background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; border-bottom: 0; border-right: 0; height: 12px; left: 21px; position: absolute; top: -15px; -webkit-transform: rotate(-135deg); transform: rotate(-135deg); width: 12px; z-index: 2; } .tooltip-box__close { border: 0 !important; height: 15px !important; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; right: 5px; top: -75px; width: 15px !important; z-index: 2; } .tooltip-box__close:hover .tooltip-box__close-icon { -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .tooltip-box__close-icon { color: #444; cursor: pointer; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-share-tools { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .article-share-tools a, .article-share-tools button { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; border-radius: 0; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; color: #979797; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 52px; margin-right: 2px; width: 52px; } .article-share-tools--dark a, .article-share-tools--dark button { color: #444; height: 54px; width: 54px; } .article-share-tools--dark a svg, .article-share-tools--dark button svg { stroke: #444; } .article-share-tools a:hover, .article-share-tools button:hover { background-color: #fff; } .article-share-tools .facebook-icon:hover { color: #3b5898; } .article-share-tools .email-icon:hover { color: #615f5d; } .article-share-tools .twitter-icon:hover { color: #47c7fa; } .article-share-tools .linkedin-icon:hover { color: #0077b5; } .article-share-tools .whatsapp-icon:hover { color: #25d366; } .article-share-tools .facebook-messenger { color: #0184ff; } .article-share-tools .ticked-icon { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; border-radius: 0; -webkit-box-shadow: none; box-shadow: none; font-size: 11px; margin-right: 2px; padding: 3px; } .article-share-tools--popout > *, .article-share-tools--popout a { color: #020203; margin-bottom: 3px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .share-tools-popout { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #979797; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; padding: 30px 0 20px; position: relative; width: 300px; } .share-tools-popout__text { color: #444; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0 18px 18px; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .share-tools-popout__url-container { padding: 0 18px; width: 100%; } .share-tools-popout__articleurl { border: 1px solid #979797; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; color: #a39f9f; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: -0.5px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 0; padding: 12px 10px; text-align: center; width: 262px; } .share-tools-popout__close { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; position: absolute; right: 8px; top: 20px; } .share-tools-popout__close:hover .share-tools-popout__close-icon { color: #888; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .share-tools-popout__close-icon { color: #000; font-size: 16px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .share-tools-popout__border-arrow { background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #979797; border-bottom: 0; border-right: 0; height: 12px; left: 40px; position: absolute; top: -7px; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); width: 12px; } .share-tools-popout__tools { margin-bottom: 13px; } .share-tools-popout__details { -ms-flex-item-align: normal; -ms-grid-row-align: normal; align-self: normal; color: #444; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 16px; margin: 0; max-width: 180px; padding-left: 14px; } .share-tools-popout__copied, .share-tools-popout__copy { background-color: #000; border: unset; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 12px 6px; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; width: 110px; } .share-tools-popout__copy:hover { background-color: #555; } .share-tools-popout__copied .gelicon--yes { color: #ff9700; margin-left: 8px; } .share-button-with-popout { position: relative; z-index: 9999; } .share-button-with-popout__popout { max-width: 330px; padding-right: 8px; position: absolute; top: 53px; width: 100%; } .share-button-with-popout__popout--desktop { width: auto; } .article-end__line--long { margin-bottom: 24px; } .article-end__share-tools { margin-bottom: 0; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__line--long { margin-bottom: 44px; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__share-tools { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-bottom: 50px; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__share { margin-top: 0; } .article-end__share { margin-top: 5px; } .domestic-disclaimer { background-color: #333; position: relative; } .domestic-disclaimer__content { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 990px; } .domestic-disclaimer__content--desktop-small { max-width: 976px; } .domestic-disclaimer__content--desktop { max-width: 1248px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text { color: #d8d8d8; font-size: 13px; line-height: 14px; margin: auto; padding: 8px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text--tablet { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 16px 54px 16px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text--desktop { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; margin-left: 0; max-width: 890px; padding: 14px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding: 0 16px 0 0; position: relative; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-button--desktop { padding: 0 16px 0 0; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-icon { color: #d8d8d8; font-size: 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-icon--desktop { font-size: 22px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .section-header-unit { max-width: 1280px; position: relative; } .section-header-unit--tablet { height: 320px; } .section-header-unit--desktop { border-radius: 4px; height: 320px; overflow: hidden; } .section-header-unit__image { height: 320px; max-height: 320px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; } .section-header-unit__image img { left: 50%; position: relative; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); } .section-header-unit__image--right img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: 0; width: unset; } .section-header-unit__image--left img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: unset; width: unset; } .section-header-unit__content { position: relative; -webkit-transform: translateY(-50%); transform: translateY(-50%); } .section-header-unit__content--desktop { bottom: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; max-width: 420px; position: absolute; right: 32px; top: 0; -webkit-transform: none; transform: none; } .section-header-unit__content--advert { -webkit-transform: translateY(calc(-50% - 28px)); transform: translateY(calc(-50% - 28px)); /* - half the height of the advert so the text is still centered. */ } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .label-list { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; position: relative; } .label-list__line { width: 100%; } .label-list__content { margin: 30px 0 0 16px; width: 100%; } .label-list__content--tablet { margin: 34px 0 0 38px; } .label-list__content--desktop { margin: 42px 0 0 32px; } .label-list__list-item { margin: 0; padding: 0; } .label-list__link { color: #444; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; text-decoration: none; } .label-list__link:hover { color: #adadad; } .label-list__link--large { font-size: 22px; line-height: 29px; } .label-list__link:not(:first-of-type) { margin-top: 8px; } .label-list__link--large:not(:first-of-type) { margin-top: 12px; } .label-list__list-items { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin-top: 36px; } .label-list__list-items--tablet { margin-top: 52px; } .label-list__list-items--desktop { margin-top: 46px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .section-header-text__text { background-color: #fff; border-radius: 4px; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 20px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5), 0 2px 5px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 0 20px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5), 0 2px 5px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5); margin: 0 8px; opacity: 0.95; padding: 16px; position: relative; z-index: 3; } .section-header-text__text--no-margin { margin: 0; } .section-header-text__ad { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; margin: 0 8px 8px; position: relative; top: unset; } .section-header-text__ad--desktop { margin: 0 0 8px; } .section-header-text__title { display: inline-block; } .section-header-text__title--large-margin { margin: 0 40px 16px 0; } .section-header-text__title--premium { border: 1.78px solid; padding: 8px; } .section-header-text__title-content { color: #444; font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; margin: unset; } .section-header-text__title-content--tablet { font-size: 24px; } .section-header-text__title-content--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .section-header-text__description { color: #555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0; } .section-header-text__description--large { font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .offline-reading { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .offline-reading__header { font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0 0 16px; max-width: 220px; text-align: center; } .offline-reading__header--desktop { font-size: 18px; max-width: 460px; } .offline-reading__buttons { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; text-align: center; } .offline-reading__buttons--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .offline-reading__top-stories { margin-bottom: 24px; } .offline-reading__top-stories--desktop { margin: 0 16px 0 0; } .offline-reading__icon { display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 24px; width: 120px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .rectangle-image { background-size: cover; height: 74px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 132px; } .rectangle-image img { height: 100%; left: 50%; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: auto; } .rectangle-image--small { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 32px; width: 56px; } .rectangle-image--large { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 162px; width: 288px; } .rectangle-image--medium { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 126px; width: 222px; } .rectangle-image--full-screen { padding-top: 56.25%; width: 100%; } .rectangle-image img { -webkit-transition: all 0.4s ease; transition: all 0.4s ease; } .rectangle-image__overlay { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0; height: 100%; left: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; width: 100%; } .rectangle-image__overlay--culture { background-color: rgba(72, 41, 120, 0.6); } .rectangle-image:hover .rectangle-image__overlay { opacity: 1; } .rectangle-image:hover img { height: 108%; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .rectangle-story-item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 100%; width: 288px; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-image__overlay { opacity: 1; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #000; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container--culture:hover .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #482978; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-image img { height: 108%; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container { position: relative; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-item--tablet { width: 222px; } .rectangle-story-item__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1 auto; flex: 1 1 auto; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin-top: 3px; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-item__label { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 16px; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 20px; padding-bottom: 3px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; } .rectangle-story-item__label--worklife:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label--future:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label__travel:hover { background-image: none; } .rectangle-story-item__label--worklife > span:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label--future > span:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label__travel > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #4a4a4a; } .rectangle-story-item__label--culture:hover { background-image: none; } .rectangle-story-item__label--culture > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #482978; } .rectangle-story-item__line { display: block; margin: 16px 0; } .rectangle-story-item__author { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 35px; text-decoration: none; } .rectangle-story-item__title { color: rgba(46, 46, 46, 0.85); display: block; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 30px; text-decoration: none; } .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #000; bottom: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 14px; height: 44px; line-height: 44px; position: absolute; text-align: center; -webkit-transition: 0.4s ease; transition: 0.4s ease; width: 44px; } .rectangle-story-item__title--white, .rectangle-story-item__author--white, .rectangle-story-item__label--white { color: #fff; } .rectangle-story-item__label--white:hover { border-bottom: 0; } .rectangle-story-item__label--white > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #fff; } .rectangle-story-item__remove-bookmark-btn { background-color: transparent; border: 0; color: #adadad; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-align: left; width: -webkit-fit-content; width: -moz-fit-content; width: fit-content; } .rectangle-article-group { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; } .rectangle-article-group--tablet, .rectangle-article-group--desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .rectangle-article-group__article { display: inline-block; padding-top: 12px; } .rectangle-article-group__article--tablet { padding: 0 16px 0 0; } .rectangle-article-group__article--desktop { padding: 0 24px 0 0; } .fake-ad { -ms-flex-line-pack: center; align-content: center; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background: #f6f6f6; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; padding: 8px; } .fake-ad__body { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background: #5ae9cb; color: #fff; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 0 0 auto; flex: 0 0 auto; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .fake-ad__text { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; color: #444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.5; text-align: right; text-transform: uppercase; } .fake-ad--mpu .fake-ad__body { height: 320px; width: 320px; } .fake-ad--mpu .fake-ad__text { width: 320px; } .fake-ad--mobile-leaderboard .fake-ad__body { height: 50px; width: 300px; } .fake-ad--mobile-leaderboard .fake-ad__text { width: 300px; } .fake-ad--leaderboard .fake-ad__body { height: 90px; width: 728px; } .fake-ad--leaderboard .fake-ad__text { width: 728px; } .body-text-card-inline-image { margin: 24px 0; position: relative; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .branding { -webkit-box-sizing: content-box !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; display: inline-block; height: 24px; padding: 12px 16px; width: 100%; } .branding__icon { display: inline-block; height: 24px; width: 100%; } .branding__icon g { fill: #fff; } .branding--medium { padding: 16px; } .branding--large { padding: 16px 24px; } .branding--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .branding--future { background-color: #002856; } .branding--culture { background-color: #472479; } .branding--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .branding--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .branding--travel svg, .branding--earth svg, .branding--culture svg, .branding--future svg, .branding--worklife svg { height: 24px; } .branding--small, .branding--small svg { height: 17px; } .branding__icon--medium, .branding--medium, .branding--medium svg { height: 22px; } .branding__icon--large, .branding--large, .branding--large svg { height: 24px; } .branding__icon--largest, .branding--largest, .branding--largest svg { height: 32px; } .branding__icon--small, .branding--travel .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--earth .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--culture .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--future .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--worklife .branding__icon--small svg { height: 17px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .body-text-card { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5; } .body-text-card__image, .body-text-card__video { margin: 24px 0; } .body-text-card__text { display: block; } .body-text-card__advert { margin: 20px 0; } .body-text-card__text div a { cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; } .body-text-card__text a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } .body-text-card__text > div > p { margin: 0 20px 16px; } .body-text-card__text > div > p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; padding-bottom: 0; } .body-text-card__drop-capped { float: left; margin: 0 8px 0 20px; padding-top: 6px; } .body-text-card__text--drop-capped p:first-of-type::first-letter { color: transparent; font-size: 0; } .body-text-card__text--flush-text > div > p { margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; } .body-text-card__text--future div a:visited { color: #666; } .body-text-card__text--future div a { color: #002856; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #002856; text-decoration-color: #002856; } .body-text-card__text--travel div a { color: #589e50; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #589e50; text-decoration-color: #589e50; } .body-text-card__text--worklife div a { color: #0052a1; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #0052a1; text-decoration-color: #0052a1; } .body-text-card__text--earth div a { color: #0fbb56; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #0fbb56; text-decoration-color: #0fbb56; } .body-text-card__text--culture div a { color: #472479; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #472479; text-decoration-color: #472479; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .swimlane-inner { background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: auto 100%; display: block; padding: 24px 16px; } .swimlane-inner--small { padding: 24px 8px; } .swimlane-inner--tablet { padding: 28px 16px 42px; } .swimlane-inner--small-desktop { padding: 30px 16px 42px; } .swimlane-inner--desktop { padding: 38px 16px 42px; } .swimlane { overflow: hidden; position: relative; z-index: 0; } .swimlane__black { background-color: #0e0e0e; } .swimlane__background-image { height: 500px; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; width: 915px; z-index: -1; } .swimlane__background-image--mobile { height: 181px; width: 320px; } .swimlane__background-image--tablet { height: 421px; width: 752px; } .swimlane__background-image--desktop { height: 500px; width: 915px; } .swimlane__background-image--atb { background-color: rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.8); background-size: cover; height: 100%; width: 100%; } .swimlane__item { margin: 0 0 25px; width: 100%; } .swimlane__item--desktop { margin: 0; } .swimlane__item--tablet { margin: 0 16px 25px 0; width: calc((100% - 48px) / 3); } .swimlane__item--tablet:nth-of-type(3n + 3) { margin-right: 0; } .swimlane__item--two-columns { margin-right: 0 !important; max-width: 572px; width: 50%; } .swimlane__item--four-columns { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 25px; margin-right: 16px; width: calc((100% - 48px) / 4); } .swimlane__item--four-columns:nth-of-type(4n + 4) { margin-right: 0; } .swimlane__items { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin-top: 24px; text-align: left; } .swimlane__items--desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-top: 42px; } .swimlane__items--small-desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 30px; } .swimlane__items--tablet { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin-top: 30px; } .swimlane__items--no-title { margin-top: 0; } .swimlane__content { margin: auto; max-width: 942px; text-align: center; } .swimlane__content--desktop { max-width: 1216px; } .swimlane__title { color: #fff; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; text-transform: uppercase; } .swimlane__title--black { color: #010101; font-weight: 400; } .see-more-button-container-alt { color: #0e0e0e; } .follow-us-on { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; } .follow-us-on__text { color: #fff; font-size: 16px; font-style: condensed; line-height: 20px; margin: 0 0 20px; padding: 0; text-transform: uppercase; } .follow-us-on__links { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .follow-us-on__link:first-child { margin-right: 16px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-bar { background-color: #fff; } .nav-bar__hidden-menu { display: none; } .nav-bar__visible-menu { display: block; } .nav-bar__no-scroll { max-height: 100vh; overflow: hidden; } .sponsor-section { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; max-width: 530px; } .sponsor-section--menu { padding: 20px 0 16px 24px; } .sponsor-section__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; } .sponsor-section__container--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; } .sponsor-section__sponsor { color: #fff; padding-right: 16px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #4e4e4e; font-size: 26px; margin: 0; white-space: nowrap; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--mobile { padding-bottom: 16px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--desktop { font-size: 22px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--menu { color: #fff; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--menu-desktop { font-size: 32px; } .sponsor-section__summary { color: #ebebeb; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding-top: 16px; } .sponsor-section__advert { display: inline-block; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .dot-with-label { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .dot-with-label__text { padding-left: 8px; } .dot-with-label__text a { text-decoration: none; } .dot-with-label__text:hover h2 { color: #adadad; } .icon-with-label { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .icon-with-label__icon { padding-right: 10px; } .more-articles { background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; overflow: hidden; position: relative; -webkit-transition: background-image 0.4s; transition: background-image 0.4s; } .more-articles__heading { display: inline-block; margin: auto; max-width: 1272px; padding: 20px 0 0 16px; position: relative; z-index: 5; } .more-articles__stories { margin: 10px 16px 42px; max-width: 1232px; padding: 8px; position: relative; z-index: 4; } .more-articles__stories--small { padding: 0; } .more-articles__stories--tablet { margin: 24px 16px 72px; max-width: 1216px; } .more-articles__stories--desktop { margin: 56px 48px 92px; max-width: 1152px; } .more-articles__story-container:not(:first-of-type) { padding-top: 16px; } .more-articles__line { opacity: 0.3; padding-top: 16px; z-index: 5; } .more-articles__image-overlay { background-color: rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.3); bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; z-index: 1; } .more-articles__image { opacity: 0; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .more-articles__image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .more-articles__image--right img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: 0; width: unset; } .more-articles__image--left img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: unset; width: unset; } .more-articles__image--visible { opacity: 1; } .more-articles__story--two-columns, .more-articles__story--three-columns { padding-right: 16px; width: 310px; } .more-articles__story-container:nth-child(even) .more-articles__story--two-columns { padding-right: 0; } .more-articles__story-container:nth-child(3n + 3) .more-articles__story--three-columns { padding-right: 0; } .more-articles__stories--two-columns, .more-articles__stories--three-columns { -ms-flex-align: end; align-items: flex-end; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; padding: 16px; } .more-articles__stories--two-columns .more-articles-item__link, .more-articles__stories--three-columns .more-articles-item__link { pointer-events: all; } .more-articles__story-container--two-columns { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 50%; } .more-articles__story-container--two-columns:nth-child(2) { padding-top: 0; } .more-articles__story-container--three-columns { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 33%; } .more-articles__story-container--three-columns:nth-child(-n + 3) { padding-top: 0; } .more-articles__heading--small { padding: 20px 0 0 8px; } .more-articles__heading--desktop { max-width: 1264px; padding: 38px 0 0 16px; } .more-articles__heading--tablet { max-width: 1264px; padding: 24px 0 0 16px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .more-articles-item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; z-index: 5; } .more-articles-item__link { text-decoration: none; } .more-articles-item__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; width: 100%; } .more-articles-item__label { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 8px; } .more-articles-item__type { margin-right: 16px; position: relative; } .more-articles-item__icon { color: #fff; font-size: 12px; margin-right: 8px; } .more-articles-item__text { color: #fff; font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; padding: 0; position: relative; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.7); -webkit-transition: color 0.4s; transition: color 0.4s; } .more-articles-item__text--medium { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .more-articles-item__text--large { color: #ebebeb; font-size: 30px; line-height: 37px; } .more-articles-item__container--column { -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .more-articles-item__image-container { position: relative; } .more-articles-item--two-columns { margin-right: 16px; } .more-articles-item__label--desktop { margin-top: 16px; } .more-articles-item__label--tablet { margin-top: 16px; } .more-articles-item__link:hover .more-articles-item__text { color: #adadad; } .full-width-image-article { width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__container { min-height: 325px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; } .full-width-image-article__container--desktop { min-height: 400px; } .full-width-image-article__image { height: 100%; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__text { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; color: #fff; left: 50%; max-width: 488px; padding: 0 20px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__text a { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__label { display: inline-block; font-size: 14.4px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3.6px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 11px; text-transform: uppercase; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__header { font-size: 24px; letter-spacing: -0.25px; line-height: 42px; margin: 0; padding: 0; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__header--desktop { font-size: 33.6px; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__author { font-size: 16.6px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.13px; line-height: 42px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 28px; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__author--desktop { margin-top: 32px; } .full-width-image-article__background { background-image: radial-gradient(50% 49%, rgba(5, 36, 53, 0.37) 50%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 83%); height: 100%; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__link { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; } .most-popular { background-color: #f9f9f9; } .most-popular__inner { margin: 0 auto; max-width: 894px; padding: 45px 24px 21px; } .most-popular__inner--desktop { padding: 47px 0 86px; } .most-popular__header { font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .most-popular__items { display: block; } .most-popular__items--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 57px; } .most-popular-item { box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 33px; } .most-popular-item:last-of-type { margin-bottom: 42px; } .most-popular-item--desktop { padding: 0 20px; width: calc(33.333%); } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(3n + 2) { -ms-flex-order: 2; order: 2; padding: 38px 20px; } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(3n + 3) { -ms-flex-order: 3; order: 3; } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(n+4) { border-left: 1px solid #dadada; } .most-popular-item--desktop:last-of-type { margin-bottom: 0; } .most-popular-item a { text-decoration: none; } .most-popular-item__content { -ms-flex-align: start; align-items: flex-start; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-top: 5px; } .most-popular-item__number { color: #cbcbcb; font-size: 40px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; line-height: 32px; margin: 0 20px 0 0; width: 25px; } .most-popular-item__label { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0 0 0 45px; text-transform: uppercase; } .most-popular-item__title { color: #2e2e2ecc; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; } .StickyElementContent { -webkit-transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s; transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s; transition: transform 0.5s; transition: transform 0.5s, -webkit-transform 0.5s; } .StickyElementContent--is-undocked { left: 0; position: fixed; top: 0; width: 100%; } .StickyElementContent--is-hidden { -webkit-transform: translateY(-100%); transform: translateY(-100%); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .image-gallery-item { margin: 26px 0; } .image-gallery-item img { height: 100%; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; width: 100%; } .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -3%; width: 106%; } @media (max-width: 1000px) and (min-width: 767px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -16%; width: 116%; } } @media (max-width: 1180px) and (min-width: 1024px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -8%; width: 108%; } } @media (max-width: 1365px) and (min-width: 1280px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -42%; width: 142%; } } @media (min-width: 1366px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -55%; width: 155%; } } .image-gallery-item__image--portrait { margin: 20px 0; width: 100%; } @media (max-width: 599px) { .image-gallery-item__image--portrait { margin-left: -3%; width: 106%; } } .image-gallery-item__image--portrait, .image-gallery-item__image--portrait img { max-height: 507px; min-height: 463px; } @media (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 768px) { .image-gallery-item__image--portrait, .image-gallery-item__image--portrait img { min-height: 818px; } } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .styled-line { background-color: #8beed9; height: 3px; width: 72px; } .styled-line--small { width: 45px; } .styled-line--medium { width: 135px; } .styled-line--large { height: 1px; width: auto; } .styled-line--height--large { height: 5px; } .styled-line--height--small { height: 1px; } .styled-line--xs-small { width: 25px; } .styled-line--worklife { background-color: #8beed9; } .styled-line--future { background-color: #ffc857; } .styled-line--culture { background-color: #472479; } .styled-line--earth { background-color: #002856; } .styled-line--travel { background-color: #002856; } .styled-line--white { background-color: #fff; } .styled-line--dark-grey { background-color: #6a6a6a; } .styled-line--light-grey { background-color: #4b4b4b; } .styled-line--grey { background-color: #dedede; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .styled-list { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; } .styled-list__item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .styled-list__item:not(:first-of-type) { padding-top: 8px; } .styled-list__item a { font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; } .styled-list__item--worklife a { color: #8beed9; } .styled-list__item--future a { color: #ffc857; } .styled-list__item--culture a { color: #472479; } .styled-list__item--earth a { color: #002856; } .styled-list__item--travel a { color: #002856; } .styled-list__text { color: #444; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding-left: 20px; } .styled-list__dot { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-top: 8px; } .error-page { position: relative; } .error-page__container { margin-bottom: 16px; } .error-page__container--tablet-plus { margin-bottom: 32px; } .error-page__title { margin-bottom: 12px; } .error-page__title--desktop { margin-bottom: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-labels { font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; text-transform: uppercase; } .article-labels a { color: #fff; letter-spacing: 1px; text-decoration: none; } .article-labels__text:first-child { font-weight: bold; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .rectangle-story-group { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin: auto; position: relative; } .rectangle-story-group__articles { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; } .rectangle-story-group__articles--small-tablet { -ms-flex-pack: unset; justify-content: unset; } .rectangle-story-group__articles--full-screen { display: block; } .rectangle-story-group__article { display: inline-block; padding-left: 18px; padding-top: 16px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--tablet { padding-left: 20px; padding-top: 22px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--desktop { padding-left: 22px; padding-top: 24px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--desktop:first-of-type { padding-left: 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-tablet { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; width: 50%; } .rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen { display: block; padding: 16px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen:first-of-type { padding-top: 0; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-desktop { padding-left: 10px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-desktop:last-of-type { padding-right: 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__articles-container { margin: auto; max-width: 950px; overflow: hidden; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 16px 16px 24px; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu--desktop { border-left: 1px solid #dadada; display: block; padding: 0 0 0 16px; padding-top: 0; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu--small-desktop { display: block; padding: 0 0 0 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__hero--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .rectangle-story-group__article-hero--tablet { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .article-title-card-rectangle { width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image:hover .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay { opacity: 1; } .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0; height: 100%; left: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; -webkit-transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; transition: transform 0.5s ease; transition: transform 0.5s ease, -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; width: 100%; will-change: transform; } .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay--culture { background-color: rgba(72, 41, 120, 0.6); } .article-title-card-rectangle__image { margin-right: 40px; max-height: 390px; max-width: 620px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: auto; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image img { display: block; min-height: 194px; min-width: 344px; width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__image--desktop { margin-right: 0; width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--tablet img, .article-title-card-rectangle__image--desktop img { width: 110%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--preview-article { margin-right: 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__container--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container--preview-article { margin-right: 8px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box { background-color: #fff; margin-left: 40px; padding: 16px 22px 0; position: relative; top: -22px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0; text-transform: uppercase; width: -webkit-fit-content; width: -moz-fit-content; width: fit-content; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--worklife:hover, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--future:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #4a4a4a; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--culture:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #482978; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header { color: #2e2e2e; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 12px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--tablet { font-size: 26px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 35px; margin: 8px 0 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author--tablet { margin: 14px 0 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--desktop { left: -40px; margin: 0; padding: 40px; top: 0; -webkit-transform: none; transform: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--tablet { padding: 35px 22px 22px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__link { color: #000; text-decoration: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container { display: block; max-width: 252px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container--desktop { max-width: 320px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__preview-container { color: #4d4d4d; text-decoration: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__preview-text { display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-top: 27px; max-width: 396px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__read-more { display: inline-block; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 4px; margin: 25px 16px 0 0; text-transform: uppercase; } .article-title-card-rectangle__arrow { color: #bababa; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(-90deg); transform: rotate(-90deg); } .article-headline { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; padding: 38px 0 32px; } .article-headline .article-labels { text-align: center; } .article-headline__line--short { margin-bottom: 40px; } .article-headline--largeTablet .article-headline__text { font-size: 32px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--tablet .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 24px; } .article-headline--tablet .article-headline__text { font-size: 32px; letter-spacing: -0.84px; margin: 0 15px 15px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--mobile { padding: 20px 0; } .article-headline--mobile .article-headline__text { font-size: 24px; letter-spacing: -0.63px; margin: 0 15px 15px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--mobile .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 15px; } .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 40px; } .article-headline__collection a { color: #242424; } .article-headline__text { font-size: 45px; letter-spacing: -1.26px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 44px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .loading-spinner { margin: 0 auto; text-align: center; } .loading-spinner__message { color: #002756; display: block; font-size: 1.2rem; font-weight: bold; margin: 12px 0; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .loading-spinner__image { display: block; margin: 0 auto; width: 48px; } @media only screen and (min-width: 1600px) { .hero-image { height: 900px; position: relative; } .hero-image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 1600px) { .hero-image { height: 0; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 56.25%; position: relative; } .hero-image img { height: 100%; left: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-hero { height: 672px; margin: 0; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 100%; } .article-hero--small-mobile { height: 373px; } .article-hero--mobile { height: 486px; } .article-hero--small-tablet { height: 433px; } .article-hero--tablet { height: 433px; } .article-hero--tablet .article-hero__content { padding: 60px 15px 0; } .article-hero__content { margin: auto; max-width: 1004px; pointer-events: none; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .article-hero--desktop { height: 573px; } .article-hero--desktop .article-hero__content { padding: 50px 30px 0; } .article-hero--large-desktop .article-hero__content { max-width: 1276px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content { padding: 60px 10px 0; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-title, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-title, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-title { font-size: 24px; line-height: 30px; max-width: 220px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-line, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-line, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-line { margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 16px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-labels, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-labels, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-labels { margin-bottom: 15px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-cta, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-cta, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-cta { line-height: 22px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-cta a, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-cta a, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-cta a { letter-spacing: 3px; } .article-hero__ambient-hidden { display: none; } .article-hero__background-ambient { bottom: 0; left: 0; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; z-index: -1; } .article-hero__background::after { background-image: linear-gradient(-63deg, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06) 24%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 51%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.32) 67%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.51) 100%); content: ''; height: 100%; left: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-hero__background img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .article-hero__background--parallax img { -webkit-transform: scale(1.1); transform: scale(1.1); } .article-hero a { color: #fff; letter-spacing: 3px; text-decoration: none; } .article-hero__content-cta { clear: both; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 4px; line-height: 20px; max-width: 170px; pointer-events: all; text-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); text-transform: uppercase; } .article-hero__content-cta a { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; letter-spacing: 4px; } .article-hero__content-labels { font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 20px; pointer-events: all; } .article-hero__content-line { background-color: #fff; border: 0; display: block; float: left; height: 1px; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-right: 300px; margin-top: 25px; width: 120px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow { position: relative; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow::before { background: #fff; content: ''; height: 2px; left: 5px; margin-top: -1px; opacity: 0.4; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transition: all 0.3s ease; transition: all 0.3s ease; width: 20px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow::after { border-right: 2px solid #fff; border-top: 2px solid #fff; content: ''; display: inline-block; height: 10px; left: 16px; margin-top: 5px; opacity: 0.4; position: absolute; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); width: 10px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow--small::before { opacity: 1; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow--small::after { margin-top: 6px; opacity: 1; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow img { height: 11px; margin-left: 10px; width: 19px; } .article-hero__content-title { color: #fff; font-size: 50px; line-height: 54px; margin-top: 0; max-width: 450px; pointer-events: all; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.7); } .article-hero__content-title a { letter-spacing: -1.32px; } .article-hero__title-text { display: inline; } .article-hero__content-title > a:hover > div, .article-hero__content-subtitle > a:hover { background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, color-stop(100%, currentColor), color-stop(0%, transparent)); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, currentColor 100%, transparent 0%); background-position: 0 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 100% 2px; } .article-hero__content-subtitle { clear: both; color: #fff; font-size: 23px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0; max-width: 440px; pointer-events: all; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.5); } .article-hero__content-subtitle a { letter-spacing: -1px; } .article-hero__content-title--small { font-size: 30px; line-height: 35px; } .article-hero__content-title--tablet { clear: both; font-size: 32px; letter-spacing: -0.84px; line-height: 42px; max-width: 264px; } .article-hero__content-title--small a { letter-spacing: -0.63px; } .article-hero__down-arrow { background-color: transparent; border: 0; bottom: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; left: calc(50% - 29px); margin: 0; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0; position: absolute; -webkit-transform: scale(0.5); transform: scale(0.5); } .see-more-button-container { color: #fff; } .similar-articles-list { background-color: #f9f9f9; position: relative; text-align: center; } .similar-articles-list__container { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-left: -50px; } .similar-articles-list__collection { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; padding-bottom: 3px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; } .similar-articles-list__header { background-color: #000; color: #fff; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0 0 36px; padding: 8px; text-transform: uppercase; } .similar-articles-list__title { color: rgba(46, 46, 46, 0.85); display: block; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.19px; line-height: 22px; margin-top: 3px; text-decoration: none; } .similar-articles-list__number { color: #000; font-size: 40px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 0; margin-right: 26px; opacity: 0.18; } .similar-articles-list__articles-article { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin: 0 auto; max-width: 262px; padding-bottom: 32px; position: relative; } .similar-articles-list__articles-article:last-child { padding-bottom: 58px; } .similar-articles-list__number, .similar-articles-list__text { display: inline-block; } .similar-articles-list__text { margin-left: 50px; max-width: 210px; text-align: left; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .see-more-button { border-bottom: 1px solid #979797; text-align: center; } .see-more-button__inner { background-color: transparent; border: 0; color: #6c6c6c; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: linear 0.6s; transition: linear 0.6s; } .see-more-button__inner-arrow { color: #6c6c6c; font-size: 10px; position: absolute; right: 9px; top: 2px; -webkit-transition: linear 0.3s; transition: linear 0.3s; } .see-more-button__inner-text { margin-right: 24px; } .see-more-button__inner:hover { color: #4a4a4a; } .see-more-button__inner:hover .see-more-button__inner-arrow { color: #4a4a4a; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .beta-btn { background-color: #e6711b; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; height: 25px; line-height: 12px; padding: 0 7px; width: 66px; } .beta-btn:hover .beta-btn__arrow { cursor: pointer; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .beta-btn:hover .beta-btn__arrow--expanded { -webkit-transform: rotate(-35deg); transform: rotate(-35deg); } .beta-btn__copy { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 17px; margin: 16px auto; max-width: 50%; } .beta-btn__arrow { border: solid #fff; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; display: inline-block; padding: 3px; position: relative; top: -1px; -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg); transform: rotate(-45deg); -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .beta-btn__arrow--expanded { -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .basic-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #adadad; border-radius: 4px; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 0 #fff, 0 2px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08); box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 0 #fff, 0 2px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08); color: #193e6d; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 20px; height: 54px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; min-width: 222px; text-align: center; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .basic-button--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .basic-button--future { color: #002856; } .basic-button--culture { color: #472479; } .basic-button--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button--travel { color: #589e50; } .basic-button__text { color: #444; font-family: 'BBC Reith Sans Cd'; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .basic-button__text--white { color: #fff; } .basic-button__text--curious { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; } .basic-button__text--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .basic-button__text--future { color: #002856; } .basic-button__text--culture { color: #472479; } .basic-button__text--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button__text--travel { color: #589e50; } .basic-button::before { padding-right: 16px; } .basic-button:hover { background-color: #dedede; } .basic-button--background-light-blue:hover { background-color: #dfe8ff; } .basic-button--background-worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .basic-button--background-future { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button--background-culture { background-color: #472479; } .basic-button--background-earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button--background-travel { background-color: #589e50; } .basic-button--background-worklife:hover { background-color: #4494e4; } .basic-button--background-future:hover { background-color: #ffc857; } .basic-button--background-culture:hover { background-color: #472479; } .basic-button--background-earth:hover { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button--background-travel:hover { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button__text--bold { font-weight: bold; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .load-more-button { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; } .load-more-button__refresh.gelicon--refresh { margin-right: 16px; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .load-more-button__downarrow { color: #adadad; font-size: 22px; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .load-more-button__loading .load-more-button__refresh.gelicon--refresh { -webkit-animation: spin 2s linear infinite; animation: spin 2s linear infinite; } .load-more-button__downarrow:first-of-type { padding-right: 16px; } .load-more-button__downarrow:not(:first-of-type) { padding-left: 16px; } @-webkit-keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(-270deg); transform: rotate(-270deg); } } @keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(-270deg); transform: rotate(-270deg); } } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .read-more-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; font-weight: bold; position: relative; width: 224px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .AdFrame { display: -ms-inline-flexbox; display: inline-flex; } .AdFrame--default { background-color: #f6f6f6; } .AdFrame--dark-grey { background-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.8); } .AdFrame--centre-aligned { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .see-more-button { border-bottom: 1px solid #979797; text-align: center; } .see-more-button-inner { background-color: transparent; border: 0; color: #6c6c6c; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; } .see-more-button-inner--light { color: #b4b4b4; } .see-more-button-inner__arrow { color: #6c6c6c; font-size: 10px; position: absolute; right: 9px; top: 2px; } .see-more-button-inner__arrow--light { color: #b4b4b4; } .see-more-button-inner__text { margin-right: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .simple-header { color: #444; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; } .simple-header--large { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .simple-header--simple { font-size: 18px; line-height: 22px; } .simple-header--small { font-size: 20px; line-height: 27px; } .simple-header--smallest { font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; } .simple-header--medium { font-size: 24px; line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--regular { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--condensed-bold { font-stretch: condensed; } .simple-header--condensed-bold.simple-header--large { line-height: 37px; } .simple-header--condensed-bold.simple-header--regular { line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--white { color: #fff; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .text-with-styled-background { height: inherit; position: relative; width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background--collection { display: inline-block; width: unset; } .text-with-styled-background--center-align { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .text-with-styled-background__text { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #444; display: block; font-size: 20px; line-height: 24px; padding: 0 0 0 10px; position: relative; } .text-with-styled-background__text--large { font-size: 26px; line-height: 30px; padding: 0 0 0 24px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--medium { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--remove-padding { padding: 0; width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__text--largest { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .text-with-styled-background__text--future { color: #002856; } .text-with-styled-background__text--culture { color: #472479; } .text-with-styled-background__text--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .text-with-styled-background__text--travel { color: #589e50; } .text-with-styled-background__text--blue { color: #0052a1; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; padding: 0; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection--medium { font-size: 32px; line-height: 38px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection--large { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .text-with-styled-background__line-container { bottom: 0; margin-left: 13px; position: absolute; width: calc(100% - 26px); } .text-with-styled-background__line { background-color: rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.05); height: 26px; max-width: 240px; position: relative; } .text-with-styled-background__line--large { bottom: -10px; height: 42px; max-width: 340px; } .text-with-styled-background__line--narrow { height: 26px; max-width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__line--medium { bottom: -10px; height: 36px; max-width: 340px; } .text-with-styled-background__line--largest { max-width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__line-container--collection { width: calc(100% + 26px); } .text-with-styled-background__line-container--no-margin { margin: 0; } .text-with-styled-background__line--collection { height: 26px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .play-button__inline-audio, .play-button__inline-video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #000; border: 0; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 16px; height: 49px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 49px; } .play-button__inline-audio .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video .gelicon--play { color: #ececec; } .play-button__inline-audio--worklife .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--worklife .gelicon--play { color: #8beed9; } .play-button__inline-audio--travel .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--travel .gelicon--play { color: #002856; } .play-button__inline-audio--future .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--future .gelicon--play { color: #ffc857; } .play-button__inline-audio--culture .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--culture .gelicon--play { color: #472479; } .play-button__inline-audio--earth .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--earth .gelicon--play { color: #002856; } .play-button__inline-audio { color: #fff; font-size: 22px; height: 50px; padding: 0; width: 50px; } .play-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); border: 2px solid #5ae9cb; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 22px; height: 80px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 80px; } .play-button:hover { color: #5ae9cb; } .play-button--white { border: 4px solid #fff; } .play-button--white:hover { color: #fff; } .play-button--white .gelicon--play { color: inherit; } .play-button--worklife { border: 2px solid #8beed9; } .play-button--worklife:hover { color: #8beed9; } .play-button--travel { border: 2px solid #002856; } .play-button--travel:hover { color: #002856; } .play-button--future { border: 2px solid #ffc857; } .play-button--future:hover { color: #ffc857; } .play-button--culture { border: 2px solid #472479; } .play-button--culture:hover { color: #472479; } .play-button--earth { border: 2px solid #002856; } .play-button--earth:hover { color: #002856; } .play-button--desktop { font-size: 30px; height: 76px; width: 76px; } .play-button--background-hover:hover { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .error-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #000; border: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 22px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; } .error-button .gelicon--alert { color: #ececec; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .previous-media-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #000; border: 0; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 16px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; } .previous-media-button__icon--white svg { fill: #fff; } .previous-media-button span { height: 18px; width: 16px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .text-summary__text { font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; text-align: left; } .text-summary__text--blue { color: #193e6d; } .text-summary__text--black { color: #000; } .text-summary__text--grey { color: #6a6a6a; } .text-summary__text--dark-grey { color: #444; } .text-summary__text--left { text-align: left; } .text-summary__text--right { text-align: right; } .screen-reader-only { border: 0; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); -webkit-clip-path: inset(50%); clip-path: inset(50%); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute !important; width: 1px; word-wrap: normal !important; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .simple-p-tag { color: #444; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; } .simple-p-tag--large { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .simple-header--serif-light-italic { font-style: italic; line-height: inherit; } .inline-html { display: block; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .drop-capped { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; border: 2px solid #444; color: #444; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; float: left; font-size: 58px; font-weight: bold; height: 84px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin: 8px 10px 4px 0; text-transform: uppercase; width: 84px; } .drop-capped--worklife { border-color: #8beed9; } .drop-capped--future { border-color: #ffc857; } .drop-capped--culture { border-color: #444; } .drop-capped--earth { border-color: #002856; } .drop-capped--travel { border-color: #002856; } .drop-capped--desktop { margin-right: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-label { color: #4e4e4e; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .nav-label:hover { color: #8e8e8e; } .nav-label--menu { color: #ebebeb; } .nav-label--menu:hover { color: #cecece; } .nav-label--white { color: #fff; } .nav-label--curiousSans { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .close-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; position: relative; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .close-nav__icon { color: #fff; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 20px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .close-nav:hover .close-nav__icon { color: #cecece; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .close-nav__label { display: inline-block; margin-right: 12px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-links__link { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; padding-right: 24px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-links__link--active p { border-bottom: 2px solid #002856; font-weight: bold; } .nav-links__link--active--menu p { border-bottom: unset; } .nav-links__link--active--worklife p { border-bottom: 2px solid #0052a1; } .nav-links__link--active--culture p { border-bottom: 2px solid #472479; } .nav-links__link--active--earth p { border-bottom: 2px solid #0fbb56; } .nav-links__link--active--travel p { border-bottom: 2px solid #589e50; } .nav-links__icon { background-color: #0052a1; bottom: 10px; height: 2px; position: absolute; width: 80px; } .nav-links__link--menu { display: block; padding-right: unset; } .nav-links__icon--menu { display: none; } .nav-links__icon--menu-tablet { width: 60px; } .nav-links__icon--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .nav-links__icon--future { background-color: #002856; } .nav-links__icon--culture { background-color: #472479; } .nav-links__icon--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .nav-links__icon--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .nav-links__link--menu p { font-size: 26px; padding: 0 0 32px 24px; } .nav-links__link--menu-desktop p { font-size: 32px; line-height: 42px; padding: 0 0 44px 100px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .burger-nav { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #0052a1; cursor: pointer; font-size: 20px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .burger-nav--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .burger-nav--future { color: #002856; } .burger-nav--culture { color: #472479; } .burger-nav--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .burger-nav--travel { color: #589e50; } .burger-nav--medium { font-size: 16px; } .burger-nav--small { font-size: 12px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-menu { background-color: #0052a1; display: block; height: 100%; left: 0; min-height: 100vh; opacity: 0.98; overflow: auto; position: fixed; top: 0; width: 100vw; } .nav-menu--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .nav-menu--future { background-color: #002856; } .nav-menu--culture { background-color: #472479; } .nav-menu--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .nav-menu--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .nav-menu__close-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; padding: 16px 8px 60px; } .nav-menu__close-nav--desktop { padding: 20px 16px 70px; } .nav-menu__sponsored { background-color: rgba(34, 34, 34, 0.5); height: 100%; margin-bottom: 32px; } .nav-menu__sponsored--desktop { margin-bottom: 44px; } .nav-menu__sponsored-container { padding: 20px 16px 16px 24px; } .nav-menu__sponsored--desktop-container { margin: auto; max-width: 1264px; padding: 20px 16px 20px 100px; } .nav-menu__follow-us { padding: 52px 0 34px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .ad-slot { display: inline-block; } .ad-slot__container { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .ad-slot__label { max-width: 120px; min-width: 112px; padding-right: 8px; text-align: right; } .ad-slot--leaderboard { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .ad-slot__label--mpu, .ad-slot__label--leaderboard { margin-bottom: 8px; max-width: unset; padding-right: unset; text-align: right; } .ad-slot__container--mpu, .ad-slot__container--leaderboard { display: inline-block; -ms-flex-wrap: unset; flex-wrap: unset; } .ad-slot__fake--sponsor { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 31px; min-width: 88px; } .ad-slot__fake--mpu { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 250px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__fake--mpu-large { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 600px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-large { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 90px; min-width: 728px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-medium { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 50px; min-width: 320px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-small { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 50px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__label--dark { color: #dcdcdc; } .ad-slot--dark { background-color: #f6f6f6; padding: 8px; } .ad-slot--black { background-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.8); padding: 8px; } .open-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; padding: 0; position: relative; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .open-nav__icon { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .open-nav__label { display: inline-block; margin-right: 12px; } .play-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .play-icon--red { color: #f00; } .play-icon--grey { color: #999; } .play-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .play-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } .camera-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .camera-icon--red { color: #f00; } .camera-icon--grey { color: #999; } .camera-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .camera-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .styled-dot { background-color: #5ae9cb; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 6px; width: 6px; } .styled-dot--no-cursor { cursor: unset; } .styled-dot--medium { -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; height: 10px; width: 10px; } .styled-dot--dark-blue { background-color: #193e6d; } .styled-dot--purple { background-color: #362e67; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--black { background-color: #000; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--grey-green { background-color: #008e9b; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--dark-green { background-color: #589e50; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--worklife { background-color: #8beed9; } .styled-dot--future { background-color: #ffc857; } .styled-dot--culture { background-color: #472479; } .styled-dot--earth { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--travel { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--worklife-prime { background-color: #0052a1; } .styled-dot--future-prime { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--culture-prime { background-color: #472479; } .styled-dot--earth-prime { background-color: #0fbb56; } .styled-dot--travel-prime { background-color: #589e50; } .styled-dot--large { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 1px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 1px 1px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); height: 16px; width: 16px; } .styled-dot--small { -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; height: 8px; width: 8px; } .styled-dot--grey { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-build-bar { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: auto; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; width: 100%; } .nav-build-bar--mobile { height: auto; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; } .nav-build-bar--mobile .nav-build-bar__title-content { white-space: pre-wrap; } .nav-build-bar--tablet { height: 58px; } .nav-build-bar--desktop { height: 60px; } .nav-build-bar__links { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; margin-left: auto; overflow: hidden; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored-brand { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-left: 8px; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored-brand--no-brand { margin-left: 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding: 0 8px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding--tablet { padding: 0 30px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding--desktop { padding: 0 80px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__title-content { border: 1.78px solid; color: #444; font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; margin: unset; padding: 8px; width: -webkit-fit-content; width: -moz-fit-content; width: fit-content; } .nav-build-bar__title-content--tablet { font-size: 24px; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-build-bar__title-content--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 48px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav-button { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding-left: 8px; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored { background-color: #f6f6f6; border: 1px solid #d3d3d3; height: 48px; padding: 0 16px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav--desktop { padding-right: 16px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav--mobile { -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; max-width: 100px; width: 100%; } .info-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .info-icon--red { color: #f00; } .info-icon--grey { color: #999; } .info-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .info-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .email-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 11px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .email-icon:hover { background-color: #000; } .email-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .facebook-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 15px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .facebook-icon:hover { background-color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--blue { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #3b5998; color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--blue:hover { background-color: #3b5998; color: #fff; } .facebook-icon--white { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #fff; color: #fff; } .facebook-icon--white:hover { background-color: #fff; color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--small { font-size: 20px; height: 38px; width: 38px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .hero-header { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .hero-header__header { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #fff; font-size: 38px; line-height: 40px; margin: 0; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.7); } .hero-header__header--large { font-size: 44px; line-height: 48px; } .hero-header__header--medium { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .hero-header__header--small { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .hero-header__header--black { color: #000; text-shadow: unset; } .hero-header__header--grey { color: #adadad; text-shadow: unset; } .ticked-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #13de99; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .ticked-icon--small { font-size: 12px; height: 38px; width: 38px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .google-plus-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 26px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .google-plus-icon:hover { background-color: #d34836; } .google-plus-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .reddit-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 26px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .reddit-icon:hover { background-color: #ff4500; } .reddit-icon__hide { display: none; } .reddit-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .linkedin-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 13px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .linkedin-icon:hover { background-color: #0077b5; } .linkedin-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } .share-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; color: #444; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; letter-spacing: 3px; padding: 18px 16px; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; width: 110px; z-index: 55; } .share-button .gelicon--share { margin-right: 10px; -webkit-transition: 0.3s ease-in; transition: 0.3s ease-in; } .share-button:hover .gelicon--share, .share-button .gelicon--share-sharing { -webkit-transform: rotate(-180deg); transform: rotate(-180deg); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .twitter-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 13px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .twitter-icon:hover { background-color: #1da1f2; } .twitter-icon--light-blue { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #1da1f2; color: #1da1f2; } .twitter-icon--light-blue:hover { background-color: #1da1f2; color: #fff; } .twitter-icon--white { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #fff; color: #fff; } .twitter-icon--white:hover { background-color: #fff; color: #1da1f2; } .twitter-icon--small { font-size: 18px; height: 38px; width: 38px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .whatsapp-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 13px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .whatsapp-icon:hover { background-color: #25d366; } .whatsapp-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; }html, body { margin: 0; padding: 0; } #root *, #root *::before, #root *::after { box-sizing: border-box; } #root article, #root aside, #root figure, #root footer, #root header, #root nav, #root section { display: block; } body { background: #fff; } .app__body { display: flex; flex-direction: column; min-height: 100vh; overflow: visible; position: relative; } .app__domestic-disclaimer { bottom: 0; position: fixed; width: 100%; z-index: 5000; } .main { display: flex; flex: 1 0 auto; flex-direction: column; } .navigation { background-color: #fff; display: none; margin: auto; max-width: 1248px; padding: 4px 16px 0; position: relative; z-index: 1000; } @media (min-width: 1008px) and (max-width: 1279px) { .navigation { max-width: 976px; } } @media (min-width: 600px) { .navigation { padding: 0 16px 1px; } } @media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1007px) { .navigation { max-width: 990px; } } @media (min-width: 300px) and (max-width: 399px) { .navigation { padding: 4px 8px; } } .navigation--display { display: block; } .navigation-sticky--undocked { background-color: #fff; width: 100%; z-index: 10000; } .StickyElement { position: relative; z-index: 1501; } .loader { display: none; height: 100%; left: -99999px; opacity: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; transition: 0.2s opacity; width: 100%; z-index: 1000; } .loader--is-active { background: white; display: block; left: 0; opacity: 1; } .loader__body { display: none; left: 50%; position: fixed; top: 50%; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-50%); } .loader__body--show-loader { display: block; } .no-js .loader { display: none; } .vertical-index { display: flex; flex: 1 0 auto; flex-direction: column; } .vertical-index__collection-swimlane { min-height: 400px; } .vertical-index .article-hero__content { margin-top: 106px; padding-left: 25px; } .vertical-index__full-width-ad { background-color: #f1f1f1; padding: 25px; } .vertical-index__latest-articles { margin-top: 35px; } .vertical-index__latest-articles--mobile { margin-top: 28px; } 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srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p092szfn.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p092szfn.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p092szfn.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p092szfn.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p092szfn.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p092szfn.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p092szfn.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p092szfn.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="In some cultures being a non-conformer is seen as a sign of creativity while in others it is seen as a sign of bad behaviour (Credit: Avishek Das/Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p092szfn.jpg" alt="In some cultures being a non-conformer is seen as a sign of creativity while in others it is seen as a sign of bad behaviour (Credit: Avishek Das/Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210105034924/https://www.bbc.com/future/columns/weird-west"><span>Weird West</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210105034924/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201231-how-the-way-you-think-was-shaped-centuries-ago"><span>How the 'Western mind' was shaped</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By <!-- -->Joe Henrich</span></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet" data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="The benefits of having many lovers" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::3"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200320-why-people-can-love-more-than-one-person" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210105034924/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200320-why-people-can-love-more-than-one-person"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08767c5.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08767c5.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08767c5.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08767c5.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08767c5.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08767c5.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08767c5.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08767c5.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="A good and loving relationship can take many forms, sometimes involving more than two partners (Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08767c5.jpg" alt="A good and loving relationship can take many forms, sometimes involving more than two partners (Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210105034924/https://www.bbc.com/future/columns/modern-love"><span>Modern Love</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210105034924/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200320-why-people-can-love-more-than-one-person"><span>The benefits of having many lovers</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By <!-- -->William Park</span></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet" data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="The return of Europe’s largest beasts" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::4"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200929-how-wolves-and-bison-are-returning-to-europe" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210105034924/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200929-how-wolves-and-bison-are-returning-to-europe"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08swbpb.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08swbpb.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08swbpb.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08swbpb.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08swbpb.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08swbpb.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08swbpb.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08swbpb.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Large herbivores could help replenish the European landscape through rewilding - but there are local clashes between farmers and conservationists (Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08swbpb.jpg" alt="Large herbivores could help replenish the European landscape through rewilding - but there are local clashes between farmers and conservationists (Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210105034924/https://www.bbc.com/future/future-planet"><span>Future Planet</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210105034924/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200929-how-wolves-and-bison-are-returning-to-europe"><span>The return of Europe’s largest beasts</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By <!-- -->Jessica Bateman</span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="vertical-index__full-width-image-article"><div class="full-width-image-article" data-bbc-container="full-width-image-article" data-bbc-title="37 memories of 2020 worth keeping" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"full-width-image-article","CHD":"card::1"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201217-time-capsule-2020-the-37-objects-that-defined-the-year" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><div class="full-width-image-article__container"><div class="full-width-image-article__image"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p091pzqb.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p091pzqb.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p091pzqb.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p091pzqb.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p091pzqb.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p091pzqb.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p091pzqb.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p091pzqb.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Hopefully, face masks will eventually become a rarer sight, but this year they've been defining (Credit: Emmanuel Lafont)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p091pzqb.jpg" alt="Hopefully, face masks will eventually become a rarer sight, but this year they've been defining (Credit: Emmanuel Lafont)" id=""/></picture><div class="full-width-image-article__background"></div></div><div class="full-width-image-article__text"><a class="full-width-image-article__link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210105034924/https://www.bbc.com/future/tags/prediction"><span class="full-width-image-article-text__label b-reith-sans-font">Prediction</span></a><a class="full-width-image-article__link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210105034924/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201217-time-capsule-2020-the-37-objects-that-defined-the-year"><h2 class="full-width-image-article-text__header b-reith-sans-font b-font-weight-300">37 memories of 2020 worth keeping</h2></a><p class="full-width-image-article-text__author b-font-family-serif b-font-weight-300">By <!-- -->Richard Fisher</p></div></div></div></div><div class="vertical-index__latest-articles vertical-index__latest-articles--mobile"><div class="latest-articles__container latest-articles__rectangle latest-articles__container--tablet"><p class="latest-articles__editor b-reith-sans-font latest-articles__editor--tablet">Covid-19</p><div class="latest-articles__articles latest-articles__articles--tablet latest-articles__articles--tablet-rectangle latest-articles__articles--mobile-rectangle"><div class="rectangle-story-group"><div class="rectangle-story-group__articles-container"><div><div class="rectangle-story-group__article-hero rectangle-story-group__article-hero--tablet" data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="The material that powered pandemic life" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::1"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle b-reith-sans-font"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__container"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__image"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924/https://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/made-on-earth/how-the-microchip-powered-pandemic-life.html" class="article-title-card-rectangle__link" target="" rel="" id=""><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p091mtwb.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p091mtwb.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p091mtwb.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p091mtwb.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p091mtwb.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p091mtwb.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p091mtwb.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p091mtwb.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Semiconductors have played a critical role in the Covid-19 pandemic (Credit: Anton Novoderezhkin/Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p091mtwb.jpg" alt="Semiconductors have played a critical role in the Covid-19 pandemic (Credit: Anton Novoderezhkin/Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="article-title-card-rectangle__overlay article-title-card-rectangle__overlay--future"></span></a></div><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924/https://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/made-on-earth/" class="article-title-card-rectangle__link article-title-card-rectangle__text-container" target="" rel="" id=""><span class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--future">Made on Earth</span></a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924/https://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/made-on-earth/how-the-microchip-powered-pandemic-life.html" class="article-title-card-rectangle__link article-title-card-rectangle__text-container" target="" rel="" id=""><h2 class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header b-font-weight-300 b-reith-sans-font b-font-weight-300">The material that powered pandemic life</h2></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__articles rectangle-story-group__articles--full-screen"><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet" data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="The benefits of embracing 'deep time'" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::2"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201209-the-benefits-of-embracing-deep-time-in-a-year-like-2020" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210105034924/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201209-the-benefits-of-embracing-deep-time-in-a-year-like-2020"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p090xyy2.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p090xyy2.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p090xyy2.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p090xyy2.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p090xyy2.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p090xyy2.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p090xyy2.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p090xyy2.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Wandering above Appalachia’s hills, imagining deep time (Credit: Allegra Wrocklage)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p090xyy2.jpg" alt="Wandering above Appalachia’s hills, imagining deep time (Credit: Allegra Wrocklage)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210105034924/https://www.bbc.com/future/columns/deep-civilisation"><span>Deep Civilisation</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210105034924/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201209-the-benefits-of-embracing-deep-time-in-a-year-like-2020"><span>The benefits of embracing 'deep time'</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By <!-- -->Vincent Ialenti</span></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet" data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="Here’s why vaccination beats infection" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::3"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201120-why-you-really-dont-want-to-catch-covid-19" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210105034924/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201120-why-you-really-dont-want-to-catch-covid-19"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08z2drw.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08z2drw.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08z2drw.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08z2drw.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08z2drw.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08z2drw.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08z2drw.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08z2drw.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Man and child with anti-Covid helmets (Credit: Anadolu Agency/Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08z2drw.jpg" alt="Man and child with anti-Covid helmets (Credit: Anadolu Agency/Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210105034924/https://www.bbc.com/future/columns/immune-response"><span>Immune Response</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210105034924/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201120-why-you-really-dont-want-to-catch-covid-19"><span>Here’s why vaccination beats infection</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By <!-- -->Zaria Gorvett</span></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet" data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="The woman with immortal cells" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::4"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201123-the-young-woman-who-saved-millions-of-lives-without-knowing" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210105034924/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201123-the-young-woman-who-saved-millions-of-lives-without-knowing"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08wsryh.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08wsryh.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08wsryh.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08wsryh.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08wsryh.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08wsryh.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08wsryh.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08wsryh.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="The 'immortal' cells of Henrietta Lacks" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08wsryh.jpg" alt="The 'immortal' cells of Henrietta Lacks" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div><div class="rectangle-story-item__icon gelicon--play"></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210105034924/https://www.bbc.com/future/tags/medicine"><span>Medicine</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210105034924/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201123-the-young-woman-who-saved-millions-of-lives-without-knowing"><span>The woman with immortal cells</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By <!-- -->William Park</span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="vertical-index__most-popular-container"><div class="most-popular"><div class="most-popular__inner"><h2 class="most-popular__header b-reith-sans-font">Most Popular</h2><div class="most-popular__items"><div class="most-popular-item" data-bbc-container="most-popular-article" data-bbc-title="The great bicycle boom of 2020" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"most-popular-article","CHD":"card::0"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/made-on-earth/the-great-bicycle-boom-of-2020.html" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924/https://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/made-on-earth/" class="" target="" rel="" id=""><p class="most-popular-item__label b-reith-sans-font">Made on Earth</p></a><div class="most-popular-item__content"><p class="most-popular-item__number b-font-family-serif">1</p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924/https://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/made-on-earth/the-great-bicycle-boom-of-2020.html" class="" target="" rel="" id=""><h2 class="most-popular-item__title b-reith-sans-font b-font-weight-300">The great bicycle boom of 2020</h2></a></div></div><div class="most-popular-item" data-bbc-container="most-popular-article" data-bbc-title="Why being kind to others is good for your health" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"most-popular-article","CHD":"card::1"}" data-bbc-result="/future/article/20201215-why-being-kind-to-others-is-good-for-your-health" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><a class="" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210105034924/https://www.bbc.com/future/tags/psychology"><p class="most-popular-item__label b-reith-sans-font">Psychology</p></a><div class="most-popular-item__content"><p class="most-popular-item__number b-font-family-serif">2</p><a class="" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210105034924/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201215-why-being-kind-to-others-is-good-for-your-health"><h2 class="most-popular-item__title b-reith-sans-font b-font-weight-300">Why being kind to others is good for your health</h2></a></div></div><div class="most-popular-item" data-bbc-container="most-popular-article" data-bbc-title="The medications that change who we are" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"most-popular-article","CHD":"card::2"}" 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class="vertical-index__collection-swimlane"></div><div class="around-the-bbc-swimlane"><div class="swimlane"><div class="swimlane-inner swimlane-inner--small"><div class="swimlane__content"><span class="swimlane__title b-reith-sans-font">Around the BBC</span><div class="swimlane__items"></div></div></div><div class="swimlane__background-image swimlane__background-image--atb" style="background-image:linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(0,0,0,0.50) 0%, rgba(0,0,0,0.50) 100%), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034924im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08gp0tv.jpg);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover"></div></div></div></div></main></div></div> <script>window.__PWA_PRELOADED_STATE__ = 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next project is a necklace. This piece, though, doesn't feature a precious stone as a pendant, but rather a small box. Right now, it measures a lightly unwieldy 5cm by 5cm (2in x 2in), but Duerinck is determined to shrink it down to the size of a die. It is no simple ornament either.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInside the cube is a battery and scenting system designed to deliver a puff of fragrance on demand that Duerinck describes as a \"scent bubble\". The Netherlands-based entrepreneur is the co-founder of startup Scentronix, which already operates a perfume printing machine. That device uses an algorithm to build a bespoke scent based on a customer's answers in a questionnaire. But now Deurinck wants to deploy the same technology in miniature so that digital scenting can be mobile.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWear one to the movies, for example, and you could use an app on your phone to program it to play along, dispensing discreet scents at key moments. The ultimate device is nowhere near ready, Duerinck acknowledges – its current size and battery life are hurdles, as is the quality of the scent and the projection. But he remains optimistic. \"We have proof of concept with our prototype, and there's nothing out there right now which works that way, so we're applying for a patent.\" The next step, he hopes, is to finesse it enough to win over investors and secure funding for further development on a wearable version.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210104-the-reason-why-you-cant-smell-television-shows-yet-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0930yfp"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210104-the-reason-why-you-cant-smell-television-shows-yet-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDuerinck, of course, isn't the first to try to deliver scents on demand to people's noses in an attempt to create a more immersive sensory experience. He's also aware that it's an Ahabian quest that's bested many entrepreneurs before him.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven the Ancient Greeks are thought to have tried it. One ancient poem recounts how \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.co.uk\u002Fbooks?id=JxorBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA24&lpg=PA24&dq=He+slipped+four+doves,+whose+wings+were+and+scented+oil&source=bl&ots=L8nZ9HVTfn&sig=ACfU3U0LewsrDKq-BcNN2115e_Xy_exmIg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwix6q_n0_jtAhViXhUIHdnDBl4Q6AEwAHoECAEQAg#v=onepage&q=He%20slipped%20four%20doves%2C%20whose%20wings%20were%20and%20scented%20oil&f=false\"\u003Edoves' wings were doused in fragranced oils\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to spread scents among guests during a feast. As the birds flapped their wings, the aroma spread over the assembled crowd. Perfumes and incense have also long played an important role in religious rituals and ceremonies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the movie era, attempts to add scent began as early as 1916, when one cinema owner accented a showing of the annual Rose Bowl American Football game with rose oil.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThen came \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fsnst-hu.lzu.edu.cn\u002Fzhangyi\u002Fndata\u002FSmell-O-Vision.html\"\u003ESmellovision\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (or, as it was initially called, Scentovision). Unveiled at the World's Fair in New York in 1939, it was little more than a series of pipes attached to viewers' chairs through which a projectionist could deliver smell in sync with the images they were showing. The technology only gained popular attention in 1960 when it was revived in slightly simplified form for the release of Scent of Mystery.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200911-how-to-supercharge-your-sense-of-smell\"\u003EWhy some people become super smellers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200108-why-preserving-certain-scents-is-important\"\u003EThe people saving scents from extinction\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190314-the-power-of-hidden-senses-like-echolocation\"\u003EThe power of our hidden senses\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA thriller starring an uncredited Elizabeth Taylor, key plot points were accented with scents piped into the auditorium at large, such as when the assassin smoked a pipe. The film, and Smellovision itself, was a flop, largely because the scent technology worked so poorly – a hiccup in timing could cause problems, and the scents were too diffuse to give a satisfactory experience. Clearing an odour in a timely fashion for the next to waft freely was also troublesome.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA rival system, known as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnationalboardofreview.org\u002F2014\u002F01\u002Finnovations-cinema-aromarama\u002F\"\u003EAromarama\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, displayed similar shortcomings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210104-the-reason-why-you-cant-smell-television-shows-yet-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"As the world of entertainment has become more high-tech, odour remains the one element that is elusive and hard to replicate","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210104-the-reason-why-you-cant-smell-television-shows-yet-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe filmmaker John Waters tried \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.criterion.com\u002Fcurrent\u002Fposts\u002F6605-a-whiff-of-polyester-inside-the-odorama-process\"\u003Escratch and sniff cards\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to accompany his movie Polyester in the early 1980s\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ebut no other filmmaker copied his gimmick. In the 1990s, an Oakland, California-based startup, DigiScents, launched its iSmell concept, raising $20m (£12.5m) in funding for an at-home device it said would work by plugging into a computer's USB port. The smell would be generated from a replaceable cartridge, much like an inkjet printer. This dongle, though, would use 128 primary odors to mix into every smell imaginable.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe problem was that it didn't work very well – smells commingled as it was hard to clear them thoroughly, the same problem that had bedeviled Smellovision. And by the end of 2001, as the world roiled in a post-9\u002F11 economic crisis, the company ran out of money, barely two years after it launched its prototype.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210104-the-reason-why-you-cant-smell-television-shows-yet-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0930y80"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210104-the-reason-why-you-cant-smell-television-shows-yet-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEven now, though, as the world of entertainment has become more high-tech, and immersive with virtual reality headsets and promenade theatre, odour remains the one element that is elusive and hard to replicate. But while Duerinck is determined his efforts won't stumble as others have done, he'll need to overcome four major challenges that have meant we're still not able to experience the acrid trace of gunpowder during an on-screen shoot-out, the intoxicating perfume of a femme fatale or the honest whiff of a sweaty action hero.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps the most fundamental problem is that we don't yet fully understand how our sense of smell functions. It was only in 1991 that two scientists at Columbia University in New York published work that finally revealed that our sense of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flinkinghub.elsevier.com\u002Fretrieve\u002Fpii\u002F0092-8674(91)90418-X\"\u003Esmell relies upon some 1,000 different genes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – about 3% of our total genome – that code for receptors that occupy a small area of tissue that lines the upper part of our nasal cavities. Each cell in this olfactory tissue expresses just one type of receptor, but together they allow us to detect around 10,000 smells when different odour molecules land on them, triggering nerve pulses to our brains.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe two scientists – Linda Buck and Richard Axel – were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nobelprize.org\u002Fprizes\u002Fmedicine\u002F2004\u002Fpress-release\u002F\"\u003Eawarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2004\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for their work, but exactly how an odour activates our olfactory receptors to send signals is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F18618409\u002F\"\u003Estill debated by scientists\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210104-the-reason-why-you-cant-smell-television-shows-yet-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Scent isn't like colour, where we can do the RGB or CMYK and replicate whatever we want – Saskia Wilson-Brown","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210104-the-reason-why-you-cant-smell-television-shows-yet-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESaskia Wilson-Brown, founder of the non-profit \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fartandolfaction.com\u002F\"\u003EInstitute for Art and Olfaction in\u003C\u002Fa\u003E Los Angeles, California, explains that there are two competing theories as to how our noses work. The first suggests that when a molecule passes our olfactory receptors, weak electrostatic forces between the atoms \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffphy.2018.00025\u002Ffull\"\u003Etrigger a vibration\u003C\u002Fa\u003Eal energy. These vibrational frequencies are translated into electrical signals, by which data on the smell can be delivered to the brain and so processed. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe second, and more widely supported theory, is that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F1840504\u002F\"\u003Escent molecules may act more like a key in a lock\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and so instructs the nerve signals to the brain in this way. Wilson-Brown says developing an artificial scenting device is akin to asking a Medieval artist to reproduce a true-to-life painting before they have grasped the basic tenets of perspective.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Scent isn't like colour, where we can do the RGB or CMYK and replicate whatever we want,\" says Wilson-Brown. \"Every smell has its own components.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile some odours are triggered by single molecules, most are caused by multiple odorant molecules and each of these will often trigger multiple receptors. And although certain chemical groups found in odourants seem to play a greater role in smells than others, it is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC6627536\u002F\"\u003Edifficult to predict what smell a molecule will produce from its chemical formula alone\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. A good example of this can be found in three chemically similar molecules known as lactones. Although they are closely related with similar chemical structures, one has a minty odour, the other \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp\u002Farticle\u002Fbbb1961\u002F32\u002F8\u002F32_8_1016\u002F_article\"\u003Ea buttery character\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and the third has a camphorous smell.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210104-the-reason-why-you-cant-smell-television-shows-yet-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p093100k"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210104-the-reason-why-you-cant-smell-television-shows-yet-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis all makes predicting and recreating smells artificially on demand extremely difficult, particularly as much of the work on artificial odourants is closely guarded by secretive multinationals.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We don't have databases to reference, or help us understand it,\" says scent strategist Olivia Jezler, founder of the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.futureofsmell.com\u002F\"\u003EFuture of Smell\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a consultancy that develops scents for brands including the World Economic Forum, Victoria's Secret and Dior. Instead, she and her colleagues must largely rely on trial and error. \"All the really good fragrance research is housed in the labs of five companies in the world.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe second hurdle is more cultural than biological: smell has an image problem. Smells are considered a little \u003Cem\u003Einfra dig\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, a legacy of philosophers like Plato who deemed the body inferior to the ideal. \"Scent is the ultimate in realism, something that even if you cannot see, it has to physically penetrate your nose,\" says perfumer Nadjib Achaibou, who works for the fragrance producer Symrise.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJezler agrees. She herself has worked in the lab at the University of Sussex, mapping scent and the other senses, but says such academic rigour is rarely applied. \"Smell is considered to be the lowest [grade] of the senses, and it's one of the least studied as a result,\" she adds. \"But it's the only sense where the stimuli has a direct connection to our brain – molecules travel up the naval passageway and directly bind to the olfactory receptors and transmitted to our amygdala,\" she continues.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210104-the-reason-why-you-cant-smell-television-shows-yet-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The odours we find repulsive are often highly individual and dependent on tiny differences in our genes, making it tricky to find the right amount of an odourant to release without some people finding it overpowering","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210104-the-reason-why-you-cant-smell-television-shows-yet-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EShe also theorises that this year's pandemic might inadvertently help bolster the perceived importance of scent. \"People have realised that, since losing your sense of smell is a way of diagnosing Covid-19, just how important it is to us.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere's an additional issue of ickiness. We also tend to be more \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F31475613\u002F\"\u003Esensitive to smells we find disgusting\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but the odours we find repulsive are often highly individual and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC3990440\u002F\"\u003Edependent on tiny differences in our genes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, making it tricky to find the right amount of an odourant to release without some people finding it overpowering.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFilmmaker Grace Boyle has worked extensively with artificial scent, including on the 360-degree movie Mundukuru. She says that smell is often regarded as being of lower importance than other senses, which may also be holding back progress in the field. She runs \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thefeelies.io\u002F\"\u003EThe Feelies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, an immersive video production company named after and inspired by a similar setup in Aldous Huxley's Brave New World.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBoyle says that odour is often relegated to an afterthought in the creative process, which results in it being gimmicky. For scent to work as a component in entertainment, she adds, it must be considered from the outset, baked into a script.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210104-the-reason-why-you-cant-smell-television-shows-yet-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0930yml"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210104-the-reason-why-you-cant-smell-television-shows-yet-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"You don't write a piece for the clarinet and bash it out on the piano, and expect it to be just as effective,\" Boyle says. \"All three stages – writing, shooting and delivery – need to be truly multisensory.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBoyle instead suggests using scent in more subtle ways in a production. Rather than wafting the smell of bread into a headset while a scene takes place in a bakery, for example, it might be better to use the killer's cologne to signal to the audience that he's broken into a room where the protagonist remains unaware of his presence. It would be the olfactory equivalent of the music that builds tension in a scene.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA third issue with delivering scent as entertainment is money. Costs \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cabinetmagazine.org\u002Fissues\u002F64\u002Fturner.php\"\u003Ecertainly inhibited the success of Aromarama and rivals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – retrofitting movie theaters to install scenting systems alongside the projector was expensive, reportedly \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cabinetmagazine.org\u002Fissues\u002F64\u002Fturner.php\"\u003Ecosting around $30,000\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at the time, or just over $250,000 (£183,500) per screen, today when adjusted for inflation. Even now, as the focus shifts to more personal scenting devices like the Scentronix, price remains a barrier.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210104-the-reason-why-you-cant-smell-television-shows-yet-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We also found that people couldn't be bothered to refill the cartridges – and so it was like an inkjet printer that was always running out of a specific ink – Adrian Cheok","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210104-the-reason-why-you-cant-smell-television-shows-yet-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EJacki Morie, a virtual reality expert who spent a decade at the Institute for Creative Technologies at the University of Southern California before founding her own spin-out company, has been working in the artificial scenting field since the 1980s. She has trialed various devices over the decades – her latest is a collar, where \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Falltheseworldsllc.com\u002Fsolutions\u002Fa-deep-inhale-scent-in-virtual-spaces\u002F\"\u003Escent is delivered on a filter paper rather than via spray\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This makes it easier to rotate through smells quickly, as so few molecules are actually released, she explains. \"We have been stymied by the fact that people don't want to invest because – well, Smellovision,\" she says. \"If I had seed funding – say around $100,000 (£73,400) – I'd have dozens of these devices out for developers to test by the end of the year. But investor after investor wants big return on investment. They want something scalable, and ask 'how will you sell 500 million units within five years?' There's just not a market for that now.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHer cause hasn't been helped by the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ft.com\u002Fcontent\u002Fbff48624-daf5-11e7-a039-c64b1c09b482\"\u003Eslow consumer uptake of virtual reality headsets\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbgr.com\u002F2016\u002F12\u002F05\u002Fvr-headset-sales-augmented-reality\u002F\"\u003Enot yet gained\u003C\u002Fa\u003E the momentum expected. But others worry there's a final, simpler reason: lack of interest in digital scenting.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDavid Edwards is a bioengineer at Harvard University and inventor of a \"digital scent speaker\" he called Cyrano. Launched in 2016, it was a cartridge-based system that could generate around 10 or so different smells, with each unit costing $49 (£36).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We generally found that consumers just didn't get it,\" he recalls. Most Cyranos devices ended up gathering dust on desks and the device was soon discontinued.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210104-the-reason-why-you-cant-smell-television-shows-yet-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0930yry"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210104-the-reason-why-you-cant-smell-television-shows-yet-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMuch the same fate awaited the Scentee, another cartridge-powered gizmo based on research by engineer \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fadriancheok.info\u002Fprofile\u002F\"\u003EAdrian Cheok, the founder of Malaysia's Imagineering Institute who also teaches at i-University in Tokyo\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. A local entrepreneur repurposed his research on smell to developing a pocket-sized toy. It cost $30 (£22) when it went on sale in 2013, but was quickly discontinued.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMost of the devices, Cheok says, ended up bought in pairs by young couples who used them to send the smell of chocolates or roses to each other remotely. \"It was fun for them for a while, but how many times do you want to do that?\" he says. \"We also found that people couldn't be bothered to refill the cartridges – and so it was like an inkjet printer that was always running out of a specific ink.\" The narrow range of smells, and so repetitive nature of the product, also proved a key drawback and the built-in inconvenience – that cartridge could be empty at a crucial moment – and poor usability doomed it, too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENonetheless, the failure of the Scentee prompted Cheok to shift his focus and he's currently working on a new scent-delivering device which operates in an entirely different way. It directly stimulates the olfactory receptors in the nose via electrodes that are inserted through the nostril. It might solve the problem of replacing the scents with expensive cartridges and he's seen promising results from lab tests, but recognises this equipment faces problems all its own.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Will people sit in their living room and stick electrodes in their noses?\" he asks. \"Even in normal times, probably not, but in the age of coronavirus, it's the worst possible research you can do. I've not worked on it this year at all.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210104-the-reason-why-you-cant-smell-television-shows-yet-18"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-01-05T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Why you can't smell through your television","headlineShort":"Why television doesn't have a smell","image":["p0930zx4"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5fe1d081fc4895687d99ba62"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"We can see, hear and even feel the action as it happens on screen, but odour is still missing from the list of senses that are stimulated for entertainment.","summaryShort":"Will it ever be possible to use odour for mass entertainment?","tag":["tag\u002Ftechnology","tag\u002Ftelevision"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-01-05T01:00:17.37118Z","entity":"article","guid":"20c5da11-f72d-46e3-8374-775b2d8ba19a","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210104-the-reason-why-you-cant-smell-television-shows-yet","modifiedDateTime":"2021-01-05T01:00:17.37118Z","project":"future","slug":"20210104-the-reason-why-you-cant-smell-television-shows-yet","cacheLastUpdated":1609818565309},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201231-how-the-way-you-think-was-shaped-centuries-ago":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20201231-how-the-way-you-think-was-shaped-centuries-ago","_id":"5ff33ddbfc4895687dd10e6f","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fjoe-henrich"],"bodyIntro":"Most research on human psychology focuses on Western societies, but the way people in the West think can be traced to changes in family structures in the Middle Ages.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EUpon entering a psychology laboratory, you and a small group of other participants are tasked with matching a line to one of three other lines of varying lengths. Participants are asked in succession to state aloud which of these line segments have the same length. Sometimes the others’ choices are the same as yours. But occasionally they all seem to agree with each other but not with you.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen it’s your turn to voice your judgments, do you go along with your peers, or stick with your initial assessment?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt could depend a great deal on where you are from.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis experimental task, which has fascinated psychologists and undergraduates alike since the mid-20th Century, shows that an important fraction of people will \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpsyc604.stasson.org\u002FAsch1956.pdf\"\u003Econform to the inaccurate responses of their peers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This occurs even when the judgement is easy: when people are alone or answer first in a group, they give the correct answers more than 98% of the time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESuch findings raise two questions. First, despite entering the textbooks as how “people” think, nearly all studies examining this effect were conducted among US students. Yet social commentators, going back to at least Alexis De Tocqueville, have noted that Americans are particularly individualistic and independent. So, are Americans good psychological representatives of \u003Cem\u003EHomo sapiens\u003C\u002Fem\u003E more broadly, as the textbooks imply? Second, why was this result so striking to both researchers and their students?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201231-how-the-way-you-think-was-shaped-centuries-ago-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p092szfn"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201231-how-the-way-you-think-was-shaped-centuries-ago-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETo tackle the first question, researchers in the 1990s analysed studies using the experiment described above – known as the Asch Conformity Task – from 17 different countries. They found that the participants from the US \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002FdoiLanding?doi=10.1037%2F0033-2909.119.1.111\"\u003Ehold down the low end of the global conformity distribution\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. While students in places like France and North America go along with their peers about 20% of the time, those in Ghana and Fiji support their peers about half the time. Other populations, including students from Japan, Hong Kong and Lebanon, fall somewhere in between.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EResearch lead by the cognitive scientist Cristine Legare at the University of Texas, Austin, further illuminates these patterns and may help explain why conformity was so eyebrow-raising to psychologists. Legare’s team had adults in both the US and Vanuatu, in the South Pacific, watch two videos of children making a necklace. In both videos, the child first watched a demonstrator make a necklace, then were given a chance to make their own. However, in one of the videos, the child assembled a necklace that precisely matched the one made by the demonstrator in its bead colours and sequence. In the other, the child produced a necklace with a different sequence of coloured beads.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen asked which child was “smarter”, 88% of adults in Vanuatu pointed to the “conformer”, compared to only 19% of US respondents. When asked why they selected the non-conformers as “smarter”, the adults in the US explained that the child was “creative”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201231-how-the-way-you-think-was-shaped-centuries-ago-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Calling someone a 'conformist' is a compliment in many places, but not in the US","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201231-how-the-way-you-think-was-shaped-centuries-ago-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen asked who was better behaved, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002FdoiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fxge0000275\"\u003E78% of adults in Vanuatu thought the conformer was better behaved\u003C\u002Fa\u003E while less than half (44%) of US respondents felt similarly. Instead, most Americans (56%) thought the conforming and non-conforming children were equally well-behaved.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis underlines the fact that calling someone a “conformist” is a compliment in many places, but not in the US.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20170118-how-east-and-west-think-in-profoundly-different-ways\"\u003EHow the East and West think in different ways\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20191004-the-peculiar-bathroom-habits-of-westerners\"\u003EThe peculiar bathroom habits of Westerners\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-why-being-kind-to-others-is-good-for-your-health\"\u003EThe benefits of being kind to others\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EConformity, however, is not some idiosyncratic case of cultural difference, but represents the tip of a psychological iceberg. The database that dominates our understanding of human psychology derives primarily – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002F115\u002F45\u002F11401\"\u003Eapproximately 95% of it in fact\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – from populations that are Western, Educated, Industrialised, Rich and Democratic (Weird), and these Weird populations turn out to be distinct in many ways.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUnlike much of the world today – and most people who have ever lived – Weird people are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww2.psych.ubc.ca\u002F~henrich\u002Fpdfs\u002FWeirdPeople.pdf\"\u003Ehighly individualistic, self-obsessed, guilt-ridden and analytical\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in their thinking style. They focus on themselves – their attributes, accomplishments and aspirations – over relationships and roles. When \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1467-839X.2008.00266.x\"\u003Ereasoning\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, Weird people tend to look for abstract categories with which to organise the world. They \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1207\u002Fs15516709cog2605_4\"\u003Esimplify complex phenomena\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by breaking them down into discrete elements and assigning properties – whether by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1177\u002F0963721409359301\"\u003Eimagining types of particles, pathogens or personalities\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201231-how-the-way-you-think-was-shaped-centuries-ago-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p092t004"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201231-how-the-way-you-think-was-shaped-centuries-ago-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDespite their \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1467-9280.2007.01946.x\"\u003Eseeming self-obsession\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, Weird people tend to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fnature17160\"\u003Estick to impartial rules\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and can be quite \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F366\u002F6466\u002Feaau5141\"\u003Etrusting, fair and cooperative toward strangers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Emotionally, Weird people are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1177\u002F0002764295038008007\"\u003Erelatively shameless\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, less constrained by the eyes of others, but often \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww2.psych.ubc.ca\u002F~henrich\u002Fpdfs\u002FWeirdPeople.pdf\"\u003Ewracked by guilt\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as they fail to live up to their own self-imposed standards.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhere did these psychological differences come from and why are European populations, along with their cultural descendants in places like North America, at the extreme end of these global distributions?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA growing body of research traces these psychological differences to the structure of families – what anthropologists call \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS1090513820300817\"\u003Ekin-based institutions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This work suggests that our minds calibrate and adapt to the social worlds we encounter while growing up. Until recently, most societies have been undergirded by intensive kin-based institutions built around large extended families, clans, cousin marriage, polygamy and many other kinship norms that regulate and tighten social life. These institutions persist in many parts of the world today, especially in rural areas.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBy contrast, many European populations have been dominated by monogamous nuclear families – a pattern labeled the “European Marriage Pattern” by historians – since at least the end of the Middle Ages.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201231-how-the-way-you-think-was-shaped-centuries-ago-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The structure of our family networks plays a central role in explaining global psychological diversity","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201231-how-the-way-you-think-was-shaped-centuries-ago-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETesting this idea, analyses reveal that people from societies rooted in more intensive kin-based institutions show \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F366\u002F6466\u002Feaau5141\"\u003Egreater conformity, less individualism\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, more holistic thinking, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fqje\u002Farticle\u002F134\u002F2\u002F953\u002F5288003\"\u003Efewer guilty experiences\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fweirdpeople.fas.harvard.edu\u002F\"\u003Eless willingness to trust strangers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. These patterns emerge whether we compare countries, regions within countries or second-generation immigrants from different backgrounds living in the same place. As the first and often the most important institution we humans encounter upon entering the world, the structure of our family networks plays a central role in explaining global psychological diversity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut why do families organise themselves in such different ways across societies, and why were European families already peculiar by the end of the Middle Ages?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile the diversity of kin-based institutions found around the world has been influenced by many factors, the European Marriage Pattern traces primarily to a religious mutation. Beginning in late antiquity, the branch of Christianity that evolved into the Roman Catholic Church began to gradually \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F366\u002F6466\u002Feaau5141\"\u003Epromulgate a set of prohibitions and prescriptions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E related to marriage and the family. The Church, for example, banned cousin marriage, arranged marriage and polygamous marriage. Unlike other Christian sects, the Church slowly expanded the circle of “incestuous” relationships out to sixth cousins by the 11th Century.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDespite often facing stout resistance, this enterprise slowly dissolved the complex kin-based institutions of tribal Europe, leaving independent nuclear households as a cultural ideal and common pattern.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201231-how-the-way-you-think-was-shaped-centuries-ago-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p092t0cy"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201231-how-the-way-you-think-was-shaped-centuries-ago-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETo test the idea that the medieval Church has shaped contemporary psychological variation, it is possible to exploit the unevenness of this historical process by tracking the diffusion of bishoprics across Europe from AD 500 to 1500. Analyses show that Europeans from regions that spent more centuries under the influence of the Church are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F366\u002F6466\u002Feaau5141\u002Ftab-article-info\"\u003Etoday less inclined to conform\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, more individualistic and show greater trust and fairness towards strangers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGlobally, national populations with longer historical exposures to the Church not only show weaker kin-based institutions, but are psychologically “Weirder” today.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMost of us might prefer to think of ourselves as independent, rational thinkers. But how we think, feel and reason – including our inclinations toward conformity and preferences for analytical explanations – has been shaped by historical events, cultural heritages and incest taboos that stretch back centuries or even millennia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUnderstanding how history has shaped our minds is part of exploring and embracing our diversity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E* Joseph Henrich is a professor of Human Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University and author of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fweirdpeople.fas.harvard.edu\u002F\"\u003EThe WEIRDest People in the World: How the West became psychologically peculiar and particularly prosperous\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWeird West\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis article is part of our Weird West series. Back in 2010, a team at the University of British Columbia pointed out that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpapers.ssrn.com\u002Fsol3\u002Fpapers.cfm?abstract_id=1601785\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Epsychology research contains a major flaw\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: much of it is based on samples entirely from Western, Educated, Industrialised, Rich and Democratic – or Weird – societies. The researchers often assumed that their findings would be applicable to people anywhere. But when they did a review, the university team found that from reasoning styles to visual perception, members of Weird societies are, in fact, “among the least representative populations one could find for generalising about humans”. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFrom the mainstream media to academia, however, it remains common to see the Weird as “normal” – or at least as a “standard” against which other cultures, and people, are judged. In this series, we dig into what this looks like in everyday life. What habits and ways of thinking are common in Weird societies that people living elsewhere in the world might find, well, weird? And what does this tell us, not only about cultural differences, but about ourselves? From when we shower to how we shop, this series re-examines the behaviours often taken for granted – and explores how the “standard” is rarely the best, or only, way.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or follow us on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201231-how-the-way-you-think-was-shaped-centuries-ago-10"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fweird-west"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-01-04T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How the 'Western mind' was shaped by the Medieval Church","headlineShort":"How the 'Western mind' was shaped","image":["p092szfs"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5fe1d081fc4895687d99ba62"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p092szfn"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Most research on human psychology focuses on Western societies, but the way people in the West think can be traced to changes in family structures in the Middle Ages.","summaryShort":"The way you think has some surprisingly deep roots","tag":["tag\u002Fpsychology"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-01-04T01:00:48.423726Z","entity":"article","guid":"e2e7b506-945b-46b7-9b10-a72ab8915e39","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201231-how-the-way-you-think-was-shaped-centuries-ago","modifiedDateTime":"2021-01-04T16:09:46.330846Z","project":"future","slug":"20201231-how-the-way-you-think-was-shaped-centuries-ago","cacheLastUpdated":1609818565310},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200320-why-people-can-love-more-than-one-person":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200320-why-people-can-love-more-than-one-person","_id":"5feb6e3afc4895687d0187be","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002F20150417-william-park"],"bodyIntro":"We often see a relationship as an exclusive understanding between two people. But this norm is increasingly coming under scrutiny as people find other ways to redefine romantic love.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETo mark the end of a turbulent year, we are bringing back some of our finest stories for BBC Future’s “Best of 2020” collection. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fcolumns\u002Fbest-of-bbc-future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EDiscover more of our picks\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E here\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E. \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“What does exclusivity mean to you?” asks Amy Hart, a contestant on UK reality TV show Love Island in 2019. Her partner, Curtis Pritchard, is cornered and she knows it. He had been kissing other girls behind her back. Pritchard shrinks into his seat as Hart eloquently and calmly lists the issues with their relationship, starting with how he could possibly have romantic feelings for two people at the same time, how she needed him, and how he had let her down.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHart was operating under the assumption that a romantic relationship involves two people only, and that Pritchard was breaking the rules. But what we know about human relationships is that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffevo.2019.00230\u002Ffull\"\u003Ehistorically, they were much more complicated than the monogamy that is normal in many societies now\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Might we return to our non-monogamous roots?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EConsensual non-monogamy (CNM) allows both parties in a couple to be free to explore relationships with other people. This could incorporate everything from polyamory to swinging and other forms of “open” relationship. Regardless of the form it takes, one of the defining features of CNM is that partners discuss and agree the boundaries, such as for how far they can go, and when and where. This definition means that Pritchard’s antics wouldn’t come under this banner, as Hart had not signed up for them. But the presence of non-monogamy in a sizeable minority of the population might explain why Pritchard acted the way he did.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDespite the prevalence of monogamy, humans are pretty obsessed with having sex with people other than their partner. Psychologist Justin Lehmiller asked 4,000 Americans to describe their sexual fantasies for his book Tell Me What You Want. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.lehmiller.com\u002Ftell-me-what-you-want\"\u003EHaving a threesome is the most popular fantasy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, by some margin. And what is a threesome if not consensual non-monogamy?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200320-why-people-can-love-more-than-one-person-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0876848"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200320-why-people-can-love-more-than-one-person-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“If we think about all the people in relationships, about 5% would define as CNM,” says Amy Muise, assistant professor of psychology at York University in Toronto, Canada. But including those who have tried CNM boosts the figure. “\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.amymuise.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F08\u002FMuise-Laughton-Moors-Impett-2018-advanced-online.pdf\"\u003EIn lifetime experience, 21% of people have been non-monogamous at some point.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200320-why-people-can-love-more-than-one-person-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Having a threesome is the most popular sexual fantasy, by some margin","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200320-why-people-can-love-more-than-one-person-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETo put that in perspective, 21% is slightly less than the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdata.census.gov\u002Fcedsci\u002Ftable?q=langauge%20other%20than%20english&g=&hidePreview=false&table=S1601&tid=ACSST1Y2018.S1601&lastDisplayedRow=19\"\u003Enumber of US households who speak a language other than English\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at home (21.9%). “I wouldn't be surprised if it was more common,” says Amy Moors, assistant professor of psychology at Chapman University, California. “Something called social desirability explains why people give slightly conservative answers to questions. It might be why someone overestimates how often they eat five fruits or vegetables a day, or underestimates how much they drink.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor that sizeable minority, the opportunities to meet with partners outside their household may be few right now, as measures to prevent social interactions step up in countries affected by the Covid-19 outbreak. People in CNM relationships might find themselves spending a greater amount of time with their live-in partners while having to get used to seeing their other partners a lot less. How this will affect their wellbeing is unclear, although well-established research on long-distance relationships suggests that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F14681994.2018.1527027\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Elong-distance relationships can be perfectly fulfilling\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And, as social psychology tells us, in more ordinary times there are reasons to believe that people in CNM relationships may experience advantages their monogamous peers do not.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190702-are-we-set-for-a-new-sexual-revolution\"\u003EWhat is the future of sex?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200228-how-our-emotions-could-help-save-the-world\"\u003EWhy we need to be more emotional\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190805-the-benefits-of-being-blinded-by-love\"\u003EThe surprising benefits of being blinded by love\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwarwick.ac.uk\u002Ffac\u002Fsoc\u002Feconomics\u002Fstaff\u002Fmmperry\u002Ffgp_rev10_jet.pdf\"\u003EAt what point monogamy began to occur in humans is up for debate\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Some anthropologists cite the fact that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1002\u002Fajpa.20745\"\u003Eancient human ancestors were strongly sexually dimorphic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – that males and females were different sizes and shapes – as evidence of non-monogamy. A high degree of sexual dimorphism suggests that there are strong sexually selective pressures on one (or both) genders. In some species, like gorillas, larger males are more likely to be sexually successful by using their greater size to fight off competition from other males. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbrill.com\u002Fview\u002Fjournals\u002Fbeh\u002F146\u002F9\u002Farticle-p1193_2.xml\"\u003EA dominant male mountain gorilla will monopolise 70% of all copulations\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, for example, creating a polygynous society (one where many females mate with one male).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESexual dimorphism does not always work this way. Species that use ostentatious displays of fitness, like birds with beautiful plumes and brightly coloured fish, compete for the attention of mates, rather than physically fighting off competition. The difference here is that often these are not social species, unlike humans, so one male or female would not necessarily be able to control all of their potential mates in one area.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe ancient human fossil record is patchy, though. Similar logic is also used to argue the exact opposite – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1098\u002Frstb.2010.0086\"\u003Ethat our ancient relatives had a similar level of dimorphism to us. This can be justified by looking at different fossils\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Therefore monogamy might have first occurred much earlier.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe diversity, or lack-thereof, of the human Y-chromosome has also been used to suggest that humans were polygynous until relatively recently. Again, anthropologists contest the evidence, but some have suggested that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00239-003-2458-x\"\u003Ethe relative similarity in male genetic data suggests that only a few males were mating in our evolutionary past\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. More recently, this diversity has increased, which suggests that more males have been able to mate because of monogamy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200320-why-people-can-love-more-than-one-person-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08767tl"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200320-why-people-can-love-more-than-one-person-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWe know from archaeological evidence that ancient humans lived in small, close extended family groups. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fpdf\u002F10.1098\u002Frstb.2016.0316\"\u003EComputer modelling of hunter-gatherer societies suggests that they needed to mate with individuals outside of their local group\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in order to maintain the population as a whole. There would have therefore been a large flow of mating individuals between hunter-gatherer societies. Maintaining a family whose exact genetic lineage was known would have been impossible.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis model suggests that hunter-gatherers were serially monogamous – where couples stay together exclusively for the time taken to wean a child before moving on to find a new partner. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fbeheco\u002Farticle\u002F21\u002F5\u002F906\u002F197047\"\u003EThis has been shown to be sexually advantageous for modern men\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which might explain why men are more interested in open relationships.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELehmiller’s research on fantasies found that men are more interested in group sex (about 26% of men compared to 8% of women). \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.lehmiller.com\u002Fblog\u002F2017\u002F7\u002F31\u002Fhow-many-americans-have-had-a-social-sexual-experience-infographic?rq=swinging\"\u003ESimilar trends are also seen for other types of “social sex”\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, too, like interest in going to sex parties or swingers clubs (17% of men compared to 7% of women). However, those women who were interested in these fantasies were more likely to fulfil them. The number of people in the same sample who reported having taking part in group sex, for example, was 12% of men and 6% of women. It would seem, then, that women are more likely to find the right opportunities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhat we do know is that in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0376635700001182?via%3Dihub\"\u003E85% of modern human societies globally, forms of non-monogamy are sanctioned\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Even the Old Testament is filled with many references to polygamy. However, the default condition in most societies is still monogamy. It might be common now, but however you look at it, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00239-003-2458-x\"\u003Ehistorically humans were not monogamous like we are today\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. So why is lifetime monogamy now seen as the default?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It is tricky to succinctly answer without saying \u003Cem\u003Ethe media\u003C\u002Fem\u003E,” says Moors, emphasising the impact that our art and culture play on us while growing up. “In the most part, when growing up our parents are married or trying to be monogamous. In most places worldwide we have the institution of marriage.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Since people started taking up land and calling it their own, that is when marriage took off because that was one clear way to keep control of your property and have it go to your family,” says Moors. “From that point we started prioritising a couple and heterosexuality.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EIs it better to see other people?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERepeatedly, research on CNM shows that \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.amymuise.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F08\u002FMuise-Laughton-Moors-Impett-2018-advanced-online.pdf\"\u003Ecouples with differing sexual interests report being better off when they have multiple sexual partners\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “In a relationship often there is a discrepancy between both partners’ interests,” says Muise. “However, people with multiple partnerships might be more fulfilled overall. If you have the interest in being sexual with other people it can be healthy to explore that.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhat has been lacking in research on CNM to date has been large longitudinal studies, where groups of people who are considering opening up their relationships are followed for several years, starting even before they have that first conversation with their partner.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200320-why-people-can-love-more-than-one-person-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0876934"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200320-why-people-can-love-more-than-one-person-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESome studies, however, are starting to fill that gap. For one, CNM-curious people and people who had never considered being open were recruited for a series of questionnaires about their relationship and sexual satisfaction. In the beginning, none of them had approached their partner to discuss the idea of opening up to other people. At the end, they were asked the same questions about how satisfied they were in their romantic lives, but also had to report whether they had opened their relationship.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“For the people who wanted to open their relationship and who did end up doing it, their satisfaction was significantly higher,” says Samantha Joel, assistant professor of social psychology at Western University in London, Canada. “Meanwhile, for the people who thought about it but didn't, their satisfaction dipped, but barely significantly.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200320-why-people-can-love-more-than-one-person-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"For the people who wanted to open their relationship and who did end up doing it, their satisfaction was significantly higher – Samantha Joel","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200320-why-people-can-love-more-than-one-person-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EJoel suggests that the uplift in satisfaction among people who switched to CNM might have been the result of a dragging effect. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fosf.io\u002F5fxsk\u002F\"\u003EA better quality of sex life with a secondary partner drags up satisfaction with the primary partner, because suddenly the pressure of one person having to provide all of their enjoyment is removed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We know that when people are happier with their sex life they communicate better anyway,” says Joel. “But people in CNM report having open communication – it is difficult to be CNM if you are not talking about boundaries. Whereas in monogamous couples, those discussions about boundaries often don’t happen.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEmotional satisfaction – feelings of security, nurturing and closeness – tends to increase in normal relationships over time. Meanwhile, spontaneity and excitement, which is linked to eroticism, decreases. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The beginning is sexy and steamy, but then it becomes predictable,” says Rhonda Balzarini, a psychologist at York University. “Novelty is hard to maintain and there goes the steaminess.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBalzarini gives the example of a primary partner with whom you might be legally married, live, have kids and generally have the responsibilities associated with living a monogamous life. With all the work this entails, there is more need for predictability – which is not sexy, she says. A secondary partner might never share these responsibilities with you, and so, the deterioration in the excitement of your relationship might not happen. As a result, secondary partners tend to provide a higher frequency of sex with fewer commitments.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I think generally there is this dance between novelty and security and being in a long-term CNM relationship is a way to try to meet both needs simultaneously,” says Joel. “It’s not the only way, but it is one way and it works for some people.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are about as many ways to have a CNM relationship as there are people who are in them. Anita Cassidy, one of the interviewees in the video below, talks about how her and her partner manage theirs. Cassidy lives with her two children and maintains relationships with multiple partners who visit her home throughout the week. Cassidy was interviewed for this video before the Covid-19 outbreak began, and social distancing or self-isolation might limit how frequently she is able to see her partners.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200320-why-people-can-love-more-than-one-person-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","videoImage":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08373xm","videoImageAlign":"centre","videoUrn":["p0833y0x"],"id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200320-why-people-can-love-more-than-one-person-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow do you deal with jealousy?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe benefits of CNM are most strongly seen when primary partners are both motivated to support each other’s happiness, says Muise. “It seems like there is something about a primary wanting to see their partner sexually fulfilled but not needing to be the one who does it,” she says. “When they see their primary partner motivated by their happiness they are more comfortable getting their needs met.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200320-why-people-can-love-more-than-one-person-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"There is something about a primary wanting to see their partner sexually fulfilled but not needing to be the one who does it – Amy Muise","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200320-why-people-can-love-more-than-one-person-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis describes \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Faeon.co\u002Fessays\u002Flove-without-jealousy-consider-the-benefits-of-compersion\"\u003Ea psychological concept called compersion – being able to experience pleasure by seeing another’s pleasure\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It might be more familiar to you outside the realms of romantic relationships. Think, for example, of watching someone open a gift. But compersion has also been applied to seeing someone else sexually gratified.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo how do people in CNM couples override any feelings of jealousy? For men, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.elainehatfield.com\u002Fuploads\u002F3\u002F4\u002F5\u002F2\u002F34523593\u002F146._happy_green_eyed_monogamist_copy.pdf\"\u003Ejealousy is more strongly felt in relation to sexual infidelity than emotional infidelity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, writes Katherine Aumer, a researcher at Hawaii Pacific University, and her co-authors in a study on compersion in both monogamous and CNM couples. We would expect this if men are more strongly motivated than women to know the paternity of their children, as evolutionary theory would suggest (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190625-why-we-need-to-talk-about-cheating\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ERead more about what we get wrong about cheating\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Identifying the maternity of their child is not hugely complicated for women.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWomen are, however, more likely to feel jealous about emotional infidelity, Aumer continues. With regards to the evolutionary pressures of raising a child, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1467-9280.1992.tb00038.x\"\u003Ewomen are strongly motivated to keep their male partner around so that he can provide food and protection for them and their child\u003C\u002Fa\u003E while they are breastfeeding. If the man appears to be emotionally invested in another woman, the mother may not be receiving the best quality food, protection and shelter from him.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhy do people choose non-monogamy?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere is evidence that certain people might be better than others at managing multiple relationships at the same time. Attachment theory describes how feelings of security or insecurity shape our relationships and might explain why some are less willing to share a partner (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190924-the-benefits-of-rebounding-after-a-break-up\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ERead more about how attachment theory explains rebounding\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200320-why-people-can-love-more-than-one-person-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08769j6"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200320-why-people-can-love-more-than-one-person-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EChris Fraley from the University of Illinois has been \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Flabs.psychology.illinois.edu\u002F~rcfraley\u002Fresources.html\"\u003Ecollecting attachment data from respondents to an online questionnaire for two decades\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In total, about 200,000 people have taken this test, and many other researchers rely on this wealth of data to establish norms for all sorts of behaviours. Using this data, Moors says she has found that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0191886919302466\"\u003Epeople engaging in poly relationships are lower on anxious attachment and avoidant attachment compared to others\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. However, she points out that this is a correlational finding. It could be the case that only secure, non-anxious, non-avoidant people are attracted to this lifestyle.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhat the psychological profiles of CNM people might suggest is that they have emotional needs that cannot be satisfied by one person. “People in poly relationships might have higher needs in general,” says Balzarini. “We find monogamous people are on an even keel in terms of their needs for nurturance and eroticism. But poly people have high highs and low lows. They might be people who need both things simultaneously and it is hard to experience those things with only one partner. A primary partner who is nurturing is unlikely to also be exciting in an erotic way.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200320-why-people-can-love-more-than-one-person-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We already know how to have close loving relationships with multiple people, but we are expected to believe that romantic love is limited? – Amy Moors","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200320-why-people-can-love-more-than-one-person-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThat said, there is very little in the way of a profile that you can build about CNM people, according to Moors. She says that there is no correlation between age, income, location, education, race, ethnicity, religion or political affiliation and CNM in her research. People who identify as lesbian, gay or bisexual are more likely to be CNM, but that is the only pattern.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor something that seems to span all walks of life, there is still a relentless stigma associated with non-monogamous lifestyles. Moors gives the example of how normal it is to think of platonic or familial love as endless, yet for some reason we consider romantic love finite. “We already know how to have close loving relationships with multiple people,” she says. “But we are expected to believe that romantic love is limited? How many best mates do you have? Oh, that’s disgusting you have one too many? That would be a ridiculous thing to say.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe ask a lot from our partners. We expect them to be our life coach, best friend, confidant. “We don’t need all of those things from one person,” says Moors. Perhaps we would be better off by spreading our needs between more than one person.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or follow us on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200320-why-people-can-love-more-than-one-person-18"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fmodern-love"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-03-23T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The benefits of having many lovers","headlineShort":"The benefits of having many lovers","image":["p08767c5"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5fe1d081fc4895687d99ba62"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fpsychology"],"summaryLong":"We often see a relationship as an exclusive understanding between two people. But this norm is increasingly coming under scrutiny as people find other ways to redefine romantic love.","summaryShort":"Romantic relationships don't have to be exclusively between two people","tag":["tag\u002Frelationships","tag\u002Flove"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-03-23T01:00:51.455812Z","entity":"article","guid":"07f003f3-bfac-4590-a6ed-e39bb2535dc6","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200320-why-people-can-love-more-than-one-person","modifiedDateTime":"2020-12-29T17:58:00.706162Z","project":"future","slug":"20200320-why-people-can-love-more-than-one-person","cacheLastUpdated":1609818565310},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200929-how-wolves-and-bison-are-returning-to-europe":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200929-how-wolves-and-bison-are-returning-to-europe","_id":"5fed9f1dfc4895687dca6b39","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fjessica-bateman"],"bodyIntro":"Bison and wolf populations are reviving in parts of Europe, in an effort to return some of the landscape to wilderness – but these large beasts are not always welcome.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EI stumble past long grass, whipping mosquitoes away from my legs, as I enter a clearing. “The deer have been eating all the young trees here, so they haven’t managed to grow,” my guide tells me, gesturing to the shrubbery in front of us. We carry on walking and the trees suddenly become taller and denser.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It looks like they don’t graze here as much,” he says. “Probably because there’s dead wood on the ground. It makes it harder for them to get away if there are wolves in the area.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Is that a good thing?” I ask.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It’s neither good nor bad,” he replies. “It’s just what nature intends.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMy guide is Stefan Schwill, one of Germany’s leading proponents of rewilding. This method of conservation aims to let large areas of land return to wilderness – in other words, a state of zero human intervention. This may require a bit of manipulation to begin with, but the aim is to eventually step back and let nature do what it wants. Schwill currently works as board director of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Frewildingeurope.com\u002Fareas\u002Foder-delta\u002F\"\u003ERewilding Oder Delta\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a rewilding project founded in 2015 by several environmental NGOs that covers 250,000 hectares (965 sq miles) at the northernmost part of the German-Polish border. I’ve joined him for a walk through the German side, in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200929-how-wolves-and-bison-are-returning-to-europe-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It’s only a matter of time before more bison come. And so, we need to prepare the local people – Stefan Schwill","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200929-how-wolves-and-bison-are-returning-to-europe-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETo mark the end of a turbulent year, we are bringing back some of our favourite stories for BBC Future’s “Best of 2020” collection. \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fcolumns\u002Fbest-of-bbc-future\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EDiscover more of our picks here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The goal is to bring 2% of the surface area of Germany to wilderness state,” Schwill tells me. However, in densely populated western Europe, it’s difficult to find suitable space – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS1617138117302972\"\u003Eonly 0.6% of Germany could be classed as wilderness so far\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The area we’re walking through is a rare find – it was once used for agriculture, but a dyke broke in 1995, flooding the fields and making them useless for farmers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo far today I’ve seen a plethora of wildflowers, multiple types of butterfly, beaver dens and even several white-tailed eagles, which nature enthusiast Schwill expertly spots on the horizon. But Schwill has, quite literally, even bigger dreams for the species he would like to see in the area. “Part of my vision is to let large mammals come back,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200923-could-geoengineering-save-the-arctic-sea-ice\"\u003EThe plan to scatter glass in the Arctic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-the-bold-plan-that-could-save-south-africas-leopards\"\u003EThe bold plan to save South Africa’s leopards\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200818-the-canadian-sea-otter-rescue-plan-that-worked-too-well\"\u003EThe coast overwhelmed with otters\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJust the other side of the border there are 13 free-living bison herds and a number of elk. In 2017, one wild male bison crossed into Germany and was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.independent.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fgermany-wild-bison-shot-dead-250-years-species-wwf-filing-charges-jorg-vogelsanger-a7957241.html\"\u003Eimmediately shot dead\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by panicked authorities. Young elk also regularly wander into Germany, and are starting to do so more regularly. “It’s only a matter of time before more come,” says Schwill. “And so, we need to prepare the local people.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200929-how-wolves-and-bison-are-returning-to-europe-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"An ecosystem that has many different species and systems in place can bounce back more easily from any disturbances – Andrea Perino","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200929-how-wolves-and-bison-are-returning-to-europe-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe fact that these animals are currently living freely in western Poland is something of a feel-good story. Bison used to roam across most of Europe, but were hunted extensively by humans – the last wild bison was shot dead in 1919. However, a small population remained in captivity and in 1954 some were released into eastern Poland. Since then, they have been reintroduced to several other countries, including the Netherlands, Switzerland and one part of western Germany. A small number of elk have always lived Poland, where a ban on hunting means they have increased in numbers too. Lynx have also recently been reintroduced to the Polish side, and have been tracked close to the border.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200929-how-wolves-and-bison-are-returning-to-europe-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08swc53"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200929-how-wolves-and-bison-are-returning-to-europe-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAlthough there is something almost fairytale-like about the idea of swathes of land turning wild and being overrun by majestic beasts, it’s not just about romantic nostalgia. Rewilding’s proponents believe it can help protect our ecosystems from climate change.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“If done right, [rewilding] can increase what we call the ecological resistance of an ecosystem,” says Andrea Perino, a science policy coordinator at the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F364\u002F6438\u002Feaav5570\"\u003Ewho studies the effectiveness of rewilding\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “An ecosystem that has many different species and systems in place can bounce back more easily from any disturbances.” For example, if there are several species in an area fulfilling the same task, the ecosystem has a better chance of not collapsing if one of them is killed off by rising temperatures.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd according to Perino, although large mammals are not the most important aspect of rewilding, they do help increase biodiversity. Large carnivores such as wolves or lynx alter their prey’s behaviour, making them more competitive. And large herbivores, such as bison, maintain open grassland space by grazing on young trees. This is particularly important in central and western Europe, as much of the land has been farmed for centuries. When humans withdraw from an area, trees tend to overtake – bad news for the many species that prefer field conditions. But if large herbivores are around, a patchwork of forest and open space can be naturally maintained. This variety of habitats results in better biodiversity and, in turn, greater overall resilience.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200929-how-wolves-and-bison-are-returning-to-europe-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"There are many examples of where a species has been reintroduced and they have caused lots of unexpected problems – Andrea Perino","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200929-how-wolves-and-bison-are-returning-to-europe-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnimals can be actively reintroduced from captivity into the wild, as has already happened elsewhere in Europe, or allowed to come back naturally – a practice known as “passive” rewilding. Perino is a fan of the latter. “Personally, I think it’s less risky,” she says. “There are many examples of where a species has been reintroduced and they have caused lots of unexpected problems.” She gives the example of Australia, where \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.scientificamerican.com\u002Farticle\u002Finside-australia-rsquo-s-war-on-invasive-species1\u002F\"\u003Ethe introduction of non-native species\u003C\u002Fa\u003E such as rabbits and red foxes has led to populations growing out of control and causing damage to both agriculture and native species.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200929-how-wolves-and-bison-are-returning-to-europe-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08v31b1"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200929-how-wolves-and-bison-are-returning-to-europe-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESchwill and his team are choosing to take the passive approach on the German border, letting the animals wander across themselves rather than actively encouraging them. “We know from other areas that active reintroduction causes a lot of problems,” he tells me.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOver in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, a herd of bison were actively reintroduced in 2013, on land belonging to a local aristocrat. However, this herd is unable to survive without help from humans. “The issue is that the population isn’t linked to other areas,” says the project’s scientific coordinator, Kaja Heising. There is no way for bulls to freely reach females from other herds, thanks to the distances, roads and cities in between. So to prevent inbreeding, they would need to be transported elsewhere.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The last option is to take them out lethally,” Heising continues. “And this is what we were forced to do, as we couldn’t find another area to transport them to.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKylie Wirebach, a research assistant at Allegheny College who has studied \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F13658816.2019.1672876\"\u003Ethe viability of land in central and eastern Europe for supporting bison herds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, explains that inbreeding can be catastrophic for the animals. “It can lead to genetic problems, such as infertility, and make them more susceptible to disease,” she explains. At the moment, she says central and western Europe in general lack the huge spaces needed to support free-living herds. However, “there are organisations that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-the-bold-plan-that-could-save-south-africas-leopards\"\u003Ecreate ‘habitat corridors’ so that animals can reach different, protected areas\u003C\u002Fa\u003E”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“So, it might not be that an area’s unsuitable, but that it needs more work and investment,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs well as avoiding this scenario, Schwill believes passive rewilding will limit clashes with local people. “One of the main questions is, who do the animals belong to? If they cause damage, then who pays?” he says. “This doesn’t exist if they come back themselves.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd Schwill is right to worry about this – so far, the return of other large mammals has proved a politically divisive issue in Germany. As well as the reintroduced bison, Germany has seen huge increases in wolf, beaver and grey seal populations over the past few decades as a result of hunting bans. Two wolfpacks live close to the Oder Delta area, and we spot their droppings at one point during our walk.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200929-how-wolves-and-bison-are-returning-to-europe-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08swck4"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200929-how-wolves-and-bison-are-returning-to-europe-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThese animals cause problems for farmers, who suffer from livestock and field damage, and for fishermen whose nets can be destroyed by seals. Hans Witte, a farmer who lives in the village of Fiedland, around 35km (22 miles) south-west of the rewilded site, explains over the phone that 20 hectares (49 acres) of his land have become unusable due to beaver digging. He also says there is a wolfpack living in his area, which has attacked his neighbour’s livestock. “That makes you feel extremely uncomfortable,” he says. “The way I see it, a wolf that does that has to be destroyed. And I think the same thing about beavers.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200929-how-wolves-and-bison-are-returning-to-europe-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Some people are excited about these animals coming back, but others are very scared – Jonathan Rauhut","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200929-how-wolves-and-bison-are-returning-to-europe-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHe expresses exasperation at authorities and conservationists, adding that he believes they should have kept the animals on protected land. “Now we have them everywhere and no one is taking care of the situation… The landowners have to bear all of the consequences and are not compensated properly.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn top of this, Witte says there was recently an elk in his neighbourhood that had wandered across from Poland, and he is worried about the threat posed to humans. “[Elk and bison] are a huge danger to cars and other vehicles,” he says. “They are not normal wild animals for us here.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWolves are a particularly sensitive topic in the old East Germany, where hunting was legal prior to reunification with the West in 1990. There have even been anti-wolf protests in Brandenburg, the state neighbouring Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. There are worries that if elk and bison cause extensive crop damage – as they do in other countries where they are present, such as the US – there will be similar clashes in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200929-how-wolves-and-bison-are-returning-to-europe-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08swbzh"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200929-how-wolves-and-bison-are-returning-to-europe-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe discomfort around rewilding is something that the far-right AfD, the second-largest political party in the Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state government, has picked up as a campaign issue, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2019\u002F04\u002F23\u002Fworld\u002Feurope\u002Fgermany-wolves-afd-immigration.html\"\u003Eopposing the return of the wolf to Germany\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “I can only speculate, but I can’t see why they wouldn’t jump on other large mammals like they have with the wolf,” says Perino. Schwill adds that the AfD is quick to oppose changes that would result in the loss of agricultural land, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fe360.yale.edu\u002Ffeatures\u002Ffor-europes-far-right-parties-climate-is-a-new-battleground\"\u003Ealso denies climate change\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShifting local perceptions of rewilding will be a big factor in whether Schwill’s vision materialises. I speak with his colleague, Jonathan Rauhut, who is working on developing coexistence workshops that will be presented to the German authorities. “Some people are excited about these animals coming back, but others are very scared,” he tells me.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERauhut believes the answer may lie on the Polish side of the border, where bison and elk exist peacefully alongside humans. He plans to bring German authorities across to meet their Polish counterparts, so they can learn how they deal with issues such as crop damage and traffic collisions. Rauhut also hopes to take them to spot some free-roaming animals, so they can get used to them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome techniques used in Poland could be easily adapted, such as collars which track members of large herds so authorities can intervene if they get too close to busy roads or farmland. Others will require legislative changes. “In Poland, all damages are paid by the state, and this should happen in Germany,” Rauhut says. Currently, the large volume of privately owned farm and forest in Germany means that compensation mechanisms “do not make sense yet”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe German state currently compensates farmers for livestock killed by wolves, but according to Perino “there are bureaucratic hurdles – someone needs to come and assess whether it was definitely a wolf that killed your animals”. She adds that farmers can also get financial assistance for electric fences and guard dogs, but “it’s sometimes ignored [by environmentalists] that all this requires labour, and I think it’s important to acknowledge that”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUltimately, conservationists believe people’s acceptance of large mammals may come down to whether they see them as an economic threat or benefit. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern is the second poorest state in Germany, and the main industries here are agriculture and tourism. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffmars.2018.00342\u002Ffull\"\u003ERising sea levels and sinking coastal land\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are making farming more expensive, as land has to be drained more regularly.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The future for this region is in nature tourism,” one local nature guide, Gunter Hoffmann, tells me when I meet him in the main square of Anklam, the nearest large town. “When people see that the animals can benefit them, things will change. But I think it will take a new generation.” Nature safaris are becoming increasingly popular on both sides of the border. In other eastern German states, such as Saxony, dedicated wolf tours are also becoming commonplace.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOverall, there may be even deeper reasons that explain why large mammals are better accepted in Poland, which will be difficult to recreate In Germany. “There is research suggesting that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10344-018-1219-5\"\u003Eif you grow up with these animals, you are more accepting of them\u003C\u002Fa\u003E,” says Perino. “I think [these animals’ history in Poland] is why people are more relaxed.” As to whether environmentalists’ dreams of humans and large mammals living together side by side in Germany, we’ll have to wait and see what happens when they next wander across the border.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 18kg CO2, travelling by train and car. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200929-how-wolves-and-bison-are-returning-to-europe-16"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffuture-planet"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-09-30T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The return of Europe’s largest beasts","headlineShort":"The return of Europe’s largest beasts","image":["p08swbpb"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5fe1d081fc4895687d99ba62"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fanimal"],"summaryLong":"Bison and wolf populations are reviving in parts of Europe, in an effort to return some of the landscape to wilderness – but these large beasts are not always welcome.","summaryShort":"The revival of Europe's most majestic animals is dividing local communities","tag":["tag\u002Frewilding","tag\u002Ffuture-planet"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-09-29T23:10:44.396564Z","entity":"article","guid":"c311321d-6bb9-4fb6-bb43-80606be9cefc","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200929-how-wolves-and-bison-are-returning-to-europe","modifiedDateTime":"2020-12-31T09:51:08.599747Z","project":"future","slug":"20200929-how-wolves-and-bison-are-returning-to-europe","cacheLastUpdated":1609818565311},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-time-capsule-2020-the-37-objects-that-defined-the-year":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-time-capsule-2020-the-37-objects-that-defined-the-year","_id":"5fe6fbd6fc4895687d5ba064","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Frichard-fisher"],"bodyIntro":"If we were to create a time capsule of objects that captured life in 2020, what might we choose?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe eyes of future historians are on us now. The year 2020 has been tumultuous, disruptive, exhausting, and pivotal – and one day, our great-grandchildren may wonder what it was like to live through these times. Yet with all that has happened over the past 12 months, only snapshots may be recorded in the long-term: the most salient traumas and the most dramatic turning points. History often charts the stories of the privileged, the powerful or the notorious, but cannot capture all of human experience.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo, what might we wish future generations to know about this year? If you could leave behind an object that spoke of 2020, what would it be?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs the year comes to an end, BBC Future decided to assemble a virtual\u003Cstrong\u003E time capsule\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E – a list of objects that matter, and that tomorrow's generations should know about, 100 years from now.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECollaborating with the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsoif.org.uk\u002F\"\u003ESchool of International Futures\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, we asked their network and global \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsoif.org.uk\u002Fnext-generation\u002Fngfp-fellows\u002F\"\u003Enext-generation fellows\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to nominate a series of objects. To that list, we added a few extra submissions from other future thinkers – plus one or two of our own.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome might wish to forget this year. However, the objects we collated are intended to be symbols of acts, experiences, ideas and changes that are worth preserving. We asked our submitters to propose items they believe deserve attention and memorialisation during these turbulent times. As well as the trauma, this year has also brought some positive changes that we don't want to lose, moments when things got a little bit better amid the chaos, local wisdom or inspiration, as well as warnings that we might hope will not be forgotten.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETime capsules have always been about what a society wishes to remember and pass on: its best version of itself, projected into the future. They are usually subjective, often eclectic, and always tell a human story. And that's exactly what we got when we asked for submissions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHere's what we chose:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-time-capsule-2020-the-37-objects-that-defined-the-year-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p091pzqb"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-time-capsule-2020-the-37-objects-that-defined-the-year-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps the most obvious item to place in our hypothetical time capsule would be the \u003Cstrong\u003Eface mask. \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EIn 10 years' time, you might find yours in a drawer and marvel at how it became such a dominant part of life in 2020.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe had a couple of variants on this theme. One was for \u003Cstrong\u003Emasks with company logos \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E(Mansi Parikh), to capture the idea that the world remained just as consumerised as it was pre-pandemic. Until 2020, personal protective equipment (PPE) was largely limited to health workers, builders and other professionals that needed protecting. \"That shift from specialised equipment to a mainstream consumer product is very iconic of 2020,\" says Parikh.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMeanwhile, Angela Henshall found the smaller \u003Cstrong\u003Eface masks for toddlers \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003Eparticularly evocative. With their cartoon characters printed on the front, they marked a sharp contrast between the dangers of the disease and the innocence of childhood.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut if we had to include only one item in the \"mask\" category it would be the \u003Cstrong\u003Eneedle and thread \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E(Pupul Bisht). \"The pen is mightier than the sword goes the saying, but in 2020 the humble needle and thread emerged as two of the mightiest tools against the deadly pandemic,\" says Bisht. When masks were in short supply, \"some old cloth scraps, a needle and some thread went a long way for communities to be able to protect themselves. These tiny little objects often tucked away in old cookie tins made it possible to save lives\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-time-capsule-2020-the-37-objects-that-defined-the-year-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p091q01c"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-time-capsule-2020-the-37-objects-that-defined-the-year-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn the early lockdowns when shop shelves emptied and supply chains broke down, a spirit of self-reliance and make-do-and-mend was essential to get through times of shortage and restriction.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUntil stocks were replenished, many were forced to turn to DIY disinfectants, such as homemade \u003Cstrong\u003Ehand sanitiser \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E(which, it should be noted, is not recommended unless you really have to and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.healthline.com\u002Fhealth\u002Fhow-to-make-hand-sanitizer#ingredients\"\u003Eknow what you're doing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Christy Casey nominated a \u003Cstrong\u003Eplastic disposable wipe container filled with cloth scraps. \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\"My favourite DIY solution was my mum's reusable bleach wipes,\" Casey explains. \"It's such a simple solution: take rags made from T-shirts or other fabric and place them in the container from the disposable set you just finished (or a jar), and add bleach and water.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMeanwhile, other capsule submissions told stories about how their nominators had managed to meet specific, personal needs with a dash of creativity. One submission was for a \u003Cstrong\u003Ehand-made candle \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E(Olga Remneva, Anna Peplova, Irina Danilicheva, and Anastasia Evgrafova). \"With a little bit of light and scent, one can make his\u002Fher\u002Ftheir place nice and cosy. Watching a candle reminded one to look inside, and to find there a whole world,\" they wrote.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnother was a \u003Cstrong\u003Ehomemade digital drawing stylus \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E(Rocco Fazzari), constructed using an old pen casing, steel wool and aluminium foil.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd when Amy Charles and her housemate Eleanor found their usual exercise routines disrupted, they made a \u003Cstrong\u003Ehomemade weight to keep fit\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E. \"We bought sand, cement and some toilet piping, and poured the mixture into a lunchbox to create a 5kg (11lb) weight with a handle. It's crude, and can also be used as a doorstop, but it was a fun project.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-time-capsule-2020-the-37-objects-that-defined-the-year-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p091pzx0"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-time-capsule-2020-the-37-objects-that-defined-the-year-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne suggestion that manages to capture the spirit of make-do-and-mend in a single object was a \u003Cstrong\u003Ekintsugi-repaired bowl\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E (Will Park). Kintsugi is a traditional Japanese practice involving refashioning old possessions into new. \"Kintsugi involves sealing cracks with lacquer that is then coloured with gold or silver dust. It creates an appearance of veins of rare metal running through the porcelain. The result can be even more beautiful than the original,\" wrote Park in an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-the-decline-of-antiques-and-objects-that-last-for-generation\"\u003Earticle for BBC Future earlier this year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHome comforts and neighbourhoods\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith so much time spent in lockdowns this year, it's perhaps not surprising that many people looked close to home for their inspiration. We had nominations for a set of \u003Cstrong\u003Epyjamas\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E (Deppshika Dash), a \u003Cstrong\u003Ehome office chair \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E(Kate Rahme), and \u003Cstrong\u003Ethe wire of a phone\u002Flaptop charger \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E(Iman Jamall) because it enabled connection to the internet and other people.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther objects offered reminders of a sense of play, such as a \u003Cstrong\u003Echessboard \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E(Shakil Ahmed) from Bangladesh. Or creativity and home comforts, such as Maggie Greyson's proposal to include a \u003Cstrong\u003Ebreadknife. \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003ELike many, she and her husband discovered sourdough this year, after learning how to make it from a friend who lived near her parent's farm. When they returned home to Toronto, \"we tried to buy a breadknife instead of mashing the bread with our dull kitchen knives, but they were out of stock. Two months later, a package came in the mail with the best breadknife we had ever seen\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany also discovered new ways of getting around this year, which is why one person suggested a \u003Cstrong\u003Epair of running shoes \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E(Maryann D'sa)\u003Cstrong\u003E, \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003Eand another their \u003Cstrong\u003Eold mountain bike called Hendrix \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E(Griesham Taan). \"I found myself digging out the 17-year-old bike from my father's shed, dusting off cobwebs and oiling the wheels,\" says Taan. \"In a world full of fear and uncertainty – Hendrix, my old mountain bike – gave me a sense of control, freedom, purpose and safety.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-time-capsule-2020-the-37-objects-that-defined-the-year-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p091pzdb"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-time-capsule-2020-the-37-objects-that-defined-the-year-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne idea for inclusion that spoke to the monotony of lockdown was a hypothetical \u003Cstrong\u003Ecalendar of views from the same window \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E(Fiona Macdonald). The calendar would be one scene taken multiple times \"like a timelapse, as the seasons rush by\", explains Macdonald, whose own window view features \"bedraggled shrubs, forgotten toys, and the windows of the neighbours opposite\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's an idea that reminded me of the website \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.window-swap.com\u002F\"\u003EWindow Swap\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which gained popularity this year. People from around the world shared scenes from inside their homes of mountain views or verdant gardens, allowing visitors to instantly transport themselves to a new location.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESolace from local beauty was also the thinking behind the suggestion of a \u003Cstrong\u003Eflaming red bombax flower\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E (Pupul Bisht), from New Delhi. \"The old\u003Cem\u003E seemal \u003C\u002Fem\u003Etree (English: bombax) outside my window had turned into a flaming red hue by the third week of March like clockwork. Despite everything feeling unfamiliar, the tree brought a sense of normalcy to my days. 2020 made a statement loud and clear – that flowers bloom in dystopias too.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-time-capsule-2020-the-37-objects-that-defined-the-year-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p091q08p"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-time-capsule-2020-the-37-objects-that-defined-the-year-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHome working was, of course, a luxury that many people did not have this year. With that in mind, we also had a nomination from more than one person for a \u003Cstrong\u003Edelivery bag \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E(Olga Remneva and others), in recognition of the way that drivers, shop-workers and many other professions kept the world turning.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESimilarly, it would be an omission for us not to include an item that recognises healthcare and care-home workers. In many countries, that object was a \u003Cstrong\u003Echild's drawing of a rainbow\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E, a universal message of thanks to those in risky, pressured and stressful environments, looking after the most vulnerable and ill.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-time-capsule-2020-the-37-objects-that-defined-the-year-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p091pzld"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-time-capsule-2020-the-37-objects-that-defined-the-year-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMoving around \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEnvironmental change – for better and worse – was the theme of a few other suggestions, drawing connections between nature close to home and in the broader world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMy own nomination for inclusion is\u003Cstrong\u003E a sealed vial of clean city air\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E. Before the pandemic, I would run home from work, and when I stepped through my apartment door, I could often still taste the metallic traffic fumes in my dry throat and nose. During the lockdowns, however, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200326-covid-19-the-impact-of-coronavirus-on-the-environment\"\u003Emany cities saw air pollution plummet\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Harmful particulates will return – in some cases, they already have – but a vial of clean air is a reminder of possibility, and a memory of a less polluted city where it was easier to breathe.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-time-capsule-2020-the-37-objects-that-defined-the-year-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p091pzgg"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-time-capsule-2020-the-37-objects-that-defined-the-year-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOther environmental changes in 2020 were less welcome. In particular, we had a number of nominations aiming to capture the memory of this year's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200821-how-wildfire-pollution-may-be-harming-your-health\"\u003Ewildfires\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which came due to the climatic change that was sometimes overlooked this year. The starkest objects proposed were \u003Cstrong\u003Ea piece of burnt wood \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E(Leonardo Soares) – \"a painful reminder that, despite the existence of a global pandemic, humanity still faces a massive environmental crisis\" – and a piece of black \u003Cstrong\u003Egranite rock \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E(Paul Brown), from Washpool National Park in New South Wales, Australia. \"Charred by fire, shedding its blackened 'skin', the rock survives in landscape utterly devastated by fire, though beginning to regain life – eucalypts, waratahs and ferns regenerating first.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut others submitting in this theme were more hopeful. Rodrigo Mendes, who lives in Brazil where Amazon fires raged, chose an object that captured both a popular pastime of lockdown and what he saw as increased international concern over the fires in his country – a \u003Cstrong\u003Eplant in a pot – \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003Ebecause plants \"require daily care and make us reflect on the importance of biodiversity\", he explains.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou may also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20140627-how-our-descendants-will-hate-us\"\u003EWhat our descendants will deplore about us\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-the-benefits-of-embracing-deep-time-in-a-year-like-2020\"\u003EThe benefits of embracing 'deep time' in a year like 2020\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fcolumns\u002Fbest-of-bbc-future\u002F\"\u003EBest of BBC Future\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd a second suggestion from Australia was a pair of \u003Cstrong\u003Edirty gardening gloves\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E from a local community garden (Claire Marshall). \"Feeling safe in nature was quite a profound thing to feel after the horrendous bushfires,\" she explains. Gardening also offered a respite from thinking about the pandemic. \"In March we thought everything we touched could harbour the virus (glass, hard surfaces, plastic etc). I remember telling my children 'don’t touch that' a million times, but in the garden, it was safe: the dirt, the leaves, the neighbour's strawberries.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA final development related to the living world and environment this year, which could have long-running impacts, was the rise of artificial meat. Late in the year, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-55155741\"\u003Elab-grown chicken meat was approved for consumption\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for the first time, in Singapore. Meanwhile, there's been a dizzying rise in the popularity of plant-based \"meat\" products already on the market. That's why one capsule submission was a pack of \u003Cstrong\u003Eartificial plant-based burgers\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E (Sarah Castell, Stephanie Barrett and the Ipsos Mori Trends and Futures team). By reducing carbon emissions and the farming of animals, these products reflect a potentially broader societal change towards more ethical consumption, say Castell and colleagues. Future generations may see the introduction of healthier artificial meat as \"an early signal of the tide turning towards an attitude to wellness that considers the whole planet, as well as the consumer themselves\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESocial and political change\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis year was also one of social change, with the rise of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-us-canada-55106268\"\u003Ethe Black Lives Matters movement\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and other equality protests around the world. To capture these broad and diverse changes in a single object, Samantha Matters proposed the \u003Cstrong\u003Etoppled head of a statue. \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EShe specifically chose Montreal's statue of John A Macdonald, Canada's first prime minister, which was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-us-canada-53963665\"\u003Epulled down by protestors in August\u003C\u002Fa\u003E because of his links to cruel policies that killed many indigenous people in the 19th Century. Yet it could equally be any one of the many ancestor statues that were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20200612-black-lives-matter-protests-why-are-statues-so-powerful\"\u003Eeither toppled or peacefully reassessed this year.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-time-capsule-2020-the-37-objects-that-defined-the-year-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p091q0c7"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-time-capsule-2020-the-37-objects-that-defined-the-year-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"The stories we choose to tell matter, the legacies we immortalise hold meaning,\" says Matters. \"2020 was a time for old stories to land on new ears. This year was not the first to witness such an uprising, but perhaps amid the calamity that we continue to navigate, we will find a way for it to be the last,\" she continues. \"Can we look at these defamed relics of the past not as something to be rebuilt and upheld, but as a symbol of the traumas of a future that will continue to divide us if we cannot find the courage to acknowledge the harms we have caused and make space for collective healing?\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn case you missed it, there was also an election in the US. There was much about that event that was unprecedented, and historians will record in detail what happened for future generations. But one suggestion for the time capsule spoke to a specific facet: the erosion of truth, and the rise of misinformation. Mathew Markman proposed we include a \u003Cstrong\u003Elocal printed newspaper. \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EIt may be an increasingly archaic medium, but it speaks to what we are leaving behind as we move deeper into the digital age, he argues. \"While not immune to the perils of politics and propaganda, the printed press is a tangible product that carries the potential to ground our reality in the local community,\" Markman explains. \"It is an allusion to a time when (dis)information was slowed by its corporal form, and that which was most important to us could be found in our immediate surroundings.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EConnection and care \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne of the more popular themes running through our capsule nominations was the concept of community. While in 2020 there were many points of tension and anger, selfishness and polarisation, a number of our proposers spoke of the relationships they forged, and the neighbourliness they discovered.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-time-capsule-2020-the-37-objects-that-defined-the-year-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p091q045"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-time-capsule-2020-the-37-objects-that-defined-the-year-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne nomination we got from Thailand was literally \u003Cstrong\u003Ethe neighbours\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E (Aline Roldan)\u003Cstrong\u003E: \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\"I did not know who they were and suddenly they were the only people I could interact with on a daily basis\". (Heartening as this is, we would never dream of burying her neighbours inside a time capsule.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnother community-minded nomination was the \u003Cstrong\u003EIndian diya\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E (Deepshika Dash), an oil lamp usually made from clay. \"This earthen artefact has been a symbol of hope and victory for centuries and is often seen as the remover of darkness, both literally and figuratively,\" says Dash. This year, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com\u002Fnews\u002Fpolitics-and-nation\u002Fmillions-of-indians-respond-to-pms-appeal-light-candles-diyas-turn-on-mobile-phone-torches\u002Farticleshow\u002F74997232.cms\"\u003Emany Indians lit the lamps\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at the same time: 21:00 for nine minutes, \"demonstrating how an old cultural artefact was used to motivate and build hope in the masses, while giving them the strength to unite and move forward during darkness and uncertainty\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-time-capsule-2020-the-37-objects-that-defined-the-year-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p091pzzw"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-time-capsule-2020-the-37-objects-that-defined-the-year-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOther nominations spoke to personal relationships within the pandemic – those created and those missed. One suggestion for inclusion was the hug curtain (Javier Hirschfeld), the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fav\u002Fuk-england-coventry-warwickshire-52708674\"\u003Eslightly strange plastic sheet with arms\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that allowed relatives and friends to embrace this year without spreading the virus. In this vein of unusual inventions, one person nominated a futuristic piece of clothing called the \u003Cstrong\u003EMicrashell \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E(Leah Zaldi), which looks like a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fproduction.club\u002Fmicrashell\u002F\"\u003Ecyberpunk astronaut suit\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and allows people to socialise and dance together while remaining distanced.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMaggie Greyson suggested an object that told a specific personal story about friendship: a \u003Cstrong\u003Ehand-typed telegram on yellow paper. \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EIt was a meaningful thank-you note, she explains, sent by a friend who was struggling after being laid off. Greyson had helped her rediscover her passions. \"An old-timey French man with a moustache and postmaster hat showed up at my door with a note of love and gratitude. He delivered a deeply human experience in a hand-typed telegram, on yellow paper. He left his sweet bicycle on the sidewalk and my husband remarked on how beautiful it was.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EVirkein Dhar nominated \u003Cstrong\u003Ea journal of her drawings \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003Ethat helped to connect her and others via a WhatsApp group this year. Every day between 28 March and 7 November, Dhar's friend read a poem in Hindi, Urdu and English for the group via a WhatsApp audio note, and Dhar drew illustrations in response. The end result was called \"226 – Zoon\", named after the Kashmiri word for \"moon\" – \"a journal of 226 sheets of drawings, interspersed with snippets of prose and ramblings, hand sewn into an archive of the sense of each day as it has played out in lockdown\". The project was captured in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpoemlove.in\u002F\"\u003Ethis digital archive\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFuture gifts\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe last category of submissions we received fell under the theme of \"gifts to the future\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EErica Bol, from the Netherlands, suggested a set of teaching materials called the \u003Cstrong\u003EFutures Thinking Playbook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E, which features interactive exercises that Bol hopes could help tomorrow's children anticipate and influence the future. \"It is difficult to teach something that doesn’t exist yet, but children can learn the skills to better prepare for the future,\" she says. \"Covid-19 brutally showed us 'change' is around the corner, the world does change, sometimes faster, sometimes slower and we can better prepare for it.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd the final object to go in our time capsule? Roman Krznaric, the author of the book The Good Ancestor, had a mischievous-but-meaningful suggestion: another, \u003Cstrong\u003Esmaller time capsule\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E, inside the first one. \"On one level this time capsule is a symbol of our desire to communicate with future generations,\" he explains. \"It tells them that we care about the world we are bequeathing them, which is full of risks and possibilities. But the time capsule is also in itself an intergenerational gift we are passing down, which the citizens of the future can fill and themselves pass on to their descendants.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"As each generation passes on a time capsule inside their capsule to the next generation, the time capsules may well become progressively smaller, but they will also become a great chain connecting all generations through time.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo, with that, our time capsule is almost full. But there is room for one or two more objects that we may have missed. What would you want to propose? Let us know on our social media channels below.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen this year becomes a distant memory, and the difficulties it has brought have long since passed, there's little doubt that we'll be glad it is behind us. But that doesn't mean there aren't many things about 2020 that ought to be remembered: the moments of light, the good ideas, the sacrifices, the self-reliance, the relationships, and the communities. To paraphrase the often-quoted wisdom: a society that forgets its past is doomed to repeat it, but a society that forgets its humanity has no future at all.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E*Richard Fisher is a senior journalist for BBC Future and tweets \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Frifish\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E@rifish\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E+ Thank you to the following for their creative contributions:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsoif.org.uk\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESchool of International Futures \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003Eand \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnextgenforesight.org\u002Fngfp-fellows\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ENext Generation Foresight Practitioners\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EPupul Bisht, who coordinated submissions\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EShakil Ahmed\u003Cbr \u002F\u003ENour Batyne\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EErica Bol\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EChristy Casey\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EDeepshika Dash\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EVirkein Dhar\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EMaggie Greyson\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EIman Jamall\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EMathew Markman\u003Cbr \u002F\u003ESamantha Matters\u003Cbr \u002F\u003ERodrigo Mendes\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EMansi Parikh\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EOlga Remneva, Anna Peplova, Irina Danilicheva, and Anastasia Evgrafova from Future Culture Lab\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EAline Roldan\u003Cbr \u002F\u003ELeah Zaidi\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.museumoffutures.com\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMuseum of Futures\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EPaul Brown\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EThomas Cameron\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EMaryann D'sa\u003Cbr \u002F\u003ERocco Fazzari\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EClaire Marshall\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EKate Rahme\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ipsos.com\u002Fipsos-mori\u002Fen-uk\u002Fipsos-mori-trends-and-futures\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EIpsos MORI Trends and Futures team\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003ESarah Castell\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EStephanie Barrett\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBBC.com & others\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EAmy Charles\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EJavier Hirschfeld\u003Cbr \u002F\u003ERoman Krznaric\u003Cbr \u002F\u003ELeonardo Soares\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EFiona Macdonald\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EWill Park\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EGriesham Taan\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-time-capsule-2020-the-37-objects-that-defined-the-year-20"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-12-26T00:00:52Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Time capsule 2020: The 37 objects that defined the year","headlineShort":"37 memories of 2020 worth keeping","image":["p091pzvc"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5fe1d081fc4895687d99ba62"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p091pzqb"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fprediction"],"summaryLong":"If we were to create a time capsule of objects that captured life in 2020, what might we choose?","summaryShort":"If we buried a time capsule representing this year, what would go in it?","tag":["tag\u002Fprediction","tag\u002Ffuture"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-12-18T00:30:19.908523Z","entity":"article","guid":"e8b1512e-164f-4e5a-9db9-db9b9301ee80","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-time-capsule-2020-the-37-objects-that-defined-the-year","modifiedDateTime":"2020-12-26T09:00:47.026195Z","project":"future","slug":"20201217-time-capsule-2020-the-37-objects-that-defined-the-year","cacheLastUpdated":1609818565311},"future\u002Fexternal\u002F20201216-the-material-that-powered-pandemic-life":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:external:future\u002Fexternal\u002F20201216-the-material-that-powered-pandemic-life","_id":"5fe1cfe8fc4895687d946166","name":"The material that powered pandemic life","primaryVertical":"future","sourceName":"Made on Earth","sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20210105034924\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fbespoke\u002Fmade-on-earth\u002F","summaryLong":"They have kept people working, learning and talking through the coronavirus lockdowns, but semiconductors are also instrumental in the fight against Covid-19.","summaryShort":"The material that powered pandemic life","tag":null,"creationDateTime":"2020-12-16T19:25:28.553101Z","entity":"external","guid":"ce9aeaeb-16e5-4b05-aecc-2c35abd89ed7","id":"future\u002Fexternal\u002F20201216-the-material-that-powered-pandemic-life","modifiedDateTime":"2020-12-16T19:25:28.553101Z","project":"future","slug":"20201216-the-material-that-powered-pandemic-life","image":["p091mtwb"],"promoImage":["p091mtwb"],"articleType":"external","headlineShort":"The material that powered pandemic life","promoAlignment":"center","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20210105034924\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fbespoke\u002Fmade-on-earth\u002Fhow-the-microchip-powered-pandemic-life.html","cacheLastUpdated":1609818565312},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-the-benefits-of-embracing-deep-time-in-a-year-like-2020":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-the-benefits-of-embracing-deep-time-in-a-year-like-2020","_id":"5fe1cfdafc4895687d93efbc","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fvincent-ialenti"],"bodyIntro":"Taking inspiration from a far-sighted Finnish nuclear waste project, anthropologist Vincent Ialenti explains why embracing Earth's radical long-term can be good for well-being.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EFor much of 2020, the world has been trapped in the short-term: glued to 24-hour news cycles, pandemic announcements, or social media culture wars. With the virus and politics drawing almost all attention, it has been difficult to imagine next year – let alone further ahead.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EIn times of global crisis, focusing on the present is justified. Yet as we move into 2021, there is good reason to spend some time also reflecting on our place within the longer-term past and future. For one, there remain creeping problems that we cannot ignore, such as climate change, antibiotic resistance or biodiversity loss. But also because contemplating deeper time can help replenish our mental energies during adversity, and offer a meditative source of catharsis amid the frenzy of the now.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EIn my research and writing, I explore the worldviews of nuclear waste experts in Finland, who reckon with radioactive isotopes over extremely long-term planetary timeframes. Plutonium-239 has a half-life of 24,100 years, whereas uranium-235’s half-life is over seven hundred million years. Like many anthropologists doing fieldwork within other cultures, my mission has been to uncover insights that could widen people’s perspectives in my own or other societies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EWhile the experiences of a nuclear waste expert may seem an unusual source of inspiration for well-being, this research has taught me that there can be personal benefits to stretching the intellect across time. Here's how you might integrate some of these principles into your own life as you step into next year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou may also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200731-how-to-build-a-nuclear-warning-for-10000-years-time\"\u003EHow to build a nuclear warning for 10,000 years' time\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fcolumns\u002Fdeep-civilisation\"\u003EBBC Future's Deep Civilisation series\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200923-the-hinge-of-history-long-termism-and-existential-risk\"\u003EAre we living at the hinge of history?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EMy deep time studies began in Finland, where I spent 32 months among the country's \"Safety Case\" experts, who are planning the long-term impact of a repository for nuclear waste beneath the island of Olkiluoto. Sometime in the next few years, this repository will begin caching high-level, used-up nuclear fuel.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ERecording 121 interviews, I immersed myself in a community in which mind-bending visions of far-future worlds figured into everyday office routines, policymaking considerations, industry plans, and regulatory rules. The Safety Case experts forecasted geological, hydrological, and ecological events that could occur over the coming tens of thousands – or even hundreds of thousands – of years. They had to plan for distant future glaciations, climate changes, earthquakes, floods, human and animal population changes, and more.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-the-benefits-of-embracing-deep-time-in-a-year-like-2020-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p090xqy4"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-the-benefits-of-embracing-deep-time-in-a-year-like-2020-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThis fieldwork inspired my recent book, called \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.penguinrandomhouse.com\u002Fbooks\u002F653442\u002Fdeep-time-reckoning-by-vincent-ialenti-foreword-by-marcia-bjornerud\u002F\"\u003EDeep Time Reckoning\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which describes strategies to better envision potential future worlds. Based on the wisdom of the Finnish experts and more, my aim is to provide a practical guide in the art of long-termism.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EFinland’s Safety Case experts developed several methods for forecasting the Olkiluoto repository’s long-term fate. They made quantitative computer models of ecological and geological changes millennia from now. They developed engineering reports on mechanical strength tests done on copper nuclear waste canisters. They wrote prose scenarios detailing repository components’ future conditions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EYet one of their techniques can be particularly useful for escaping the stresses of today’s rampant short-termism. It involves tapping into the power of analogy to envision distant future worlds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDeep time analogies\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EEarly on, the Safety Case experts realised that they would need to gauge what a future Finnish ice sheet could look like during and after the next Ice Age. Such an event could have disruptive effects on a repository. So, they studied a massive glacial ice sheet near Kangerlussuaq, Greenland, collecting data on local groundwater, ice, and permafrost.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThey also visited Lake Lappajärvi, a crater lake that formed after a meteor crashed into Finland roughly 73 million years ago, to better understand how the country's landscape could erode over the coming ice ages.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-the-benefits-of-embracing-deep-time-in-a-year-like-2020-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p090xq7c"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-the-benefits-of-embracing-deep-time-in-a-year-like-2020-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAnother problem they faced was forecasting the future of their copper nuclear waste canisters, and whether they would corrode. For that, they studied a Mesozoic copper deposit found in mudstone in Devon, England. The copper was preserved for 170 million years without succumbing to major corrosion. They also studied a bronze cannon from the shipwrecked 17th-Century Swedish warship Kronan, which was submerged for almost three centuries in Baltic seawater and sediment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThese locations and materials all provided useful present-day stand-ins for far future events and processes. There are, of course, limits to what a bronze cannon or the copper in Devon mudrock can tell us about a nuclear waste canister buried in granite bedrock for millennia. Yet for the Safety Case experts, analogues offered a real-world concreteness that was, at least, more tangible than empty speculation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EIt's not possible to visit the far future to see what happens there – but the lesson is that \u003Cem\u003Eanalogues of deep time\u003C\u002Fem\u003E are already here on Earth if we look close enough.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-the-benefits-of-embracing-deep-time-in-a-year-like-2020-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p090xq22"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-the-benefits-of-embracing-deep-time-in-a-year-like-2020-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ESince my research in Finland, I often look for similar examples of deep time as I navigate my everyday life. I have found that coupling analogues with simple contemplative exercises often helps me escape the pressures of the present and stretch the mind into the longer-term.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThere may be one waiting right outside your door. Each plot of land has its own geological history that, with a little background research, can be uncovered and transformed into an exercise in reflecting on Earth’s distant past and future. The trick is to draw from information and imageries we already have in our heads of present-day landscapes, and then stretch them, analogically, across time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAs an example, I enjoy hiking through Appalachia’s rolling hills. Hundreds of millions of years ago, the region was home to taller mountains. Some say their elevations rivaled those of today’s Alps, Rockies, or Himalayas. When I hike, I re-imagine my surroundings by drawing on the images I already have in my head of what taller mountain ranges look like today. Making this analogy stretches the momentary \"now\" of my hike into much wider histories and futures – introducing a rough approximation of deep time into my awareness of my surroundings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-the-benefits-of-embracing-deep-time-in-a-year-like-2020-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"infographic","image":["p090xx9t"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-the-benefits-of-embracing-deep-time-in-a-year-like-2020-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ECity-dwellers can do this too. I spent the past few years working in Washington DC. I would often walk past four bald cypress trees, planted in the mid-1800s, in Lafayette Square right near the White House. These trees thrived in this region long before US politicians turned up. In 1922, excavation crews clearing ground for building the city’s Mayflower Hotel found fossilised cypresses a few metres underground. The trees grew about 100,000 years ago and lived to be about 1,700 years old. Back then, America’s capital city was a \u003Cem\u003Eliteral\u003C\u002Fem\u003E swamp.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ESo, when looking at, say, an ancient artifact in a history museum, why not start thinking analogically? This could mean imagining how your home appliances might be exhibited in a history museum thousands of years from now. Or, when watching a documentary on archaeological excavations of ancient Mesopotamian settlements, why not try imagining what Hong Kong, Buenos Aires, London, or Mumbai might look like to archaeologists excavating them millennia from now?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EA simple internet search might reveal that your hometown had a rainforest ecosystem at one point in its geological history. If so, you can do an analogical exercise that asks: what imageries do I have in my mind – imageries of, say, the Amazon – that I can use to re-imagine my neighbourhood as if it were a rainforest?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThere may be places to visit nearby that already provide this climatic big picture. The \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgarfieldconservatory.org\u002Fgardens-collections\u002Ffern-room\u002F\"\u003EGarfield Conservatory’s Fern Room\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Chicago, for instance, gives visitors a \"glimpse of what Illinois might have looked like millions of years ago\". It features an indoor lagoon along with plants from species groups from the time of dinosaurs. After visiting, Chicagoans can use the ferns to re-imagine their streets, analogically, as prehistoric lagoons. As another example, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nps.gov\u002Fiatr\u002Findex.htm\"\u003EUS Ice Age National Scenic Trail\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Wisconsin brands itself as harbouring the \"finest features of the glacial landscape\", where you can contemplating Earth’s icy past via the trail’s drumlins, eskers, kames, erratics, and kettles.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-the-benefits-of-embracing-deep-time-in-a-year-like-2020-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p090xwyv"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-the-benefits-of-embracing-deep-time-in-a-year-like-2020-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EOther climate-based approaches promise to help people visualise their future too. One is called \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcgspace.cgiar.org\u002Fhandle\u002F10568\u002F68627\"\u003EClimate Analogues\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a concept created by the inter-governmental organisation CGIAR (Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research). CGIAR has built a website that looks at rainfall and climate forecasts for future places across the Earth. Then it makes analogies between the forecasts and present-day regions already seeing those conditions. The idea is that if, say, the climate of Durban, South Africa in 2030 will resemble that of northern Argentina today, then the maize farmers in Africa should seek advice from their South American counterparts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDeep time rejuvenation\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EDoing Safety Case-inspired deep time exercises can not only help us imagine local landscapes over decades, centuries, and millennia. It can also help us take a step back from our everyday lives – transporting our minds to different places and times, and feeling rejuvenated when we return.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThere are several benefits to this. Cognitive scientists \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhbr.org\u002F2011\u002F11\u002Fwhy-inspiration-matters\"\u003Ehave shown\u003C\u002Fa\u003E how creativity can be sparked by perceiving \"something one has not seen before (but that was probably always there)\". Corporate coaches have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.psychologytoday.com\u002Fca\u002Fblog\u002Fcommunication-success\u002F201402\u002Fhow-unleash-your-creativity-and-find-inspiration-today\"\u003Erecommended\u003C\u002Fa\u003E taking breaks from our familiar thinking patterns to experience the world in new ways and overcome mental blocks. Contemplating deep time can cultivate a thoughtful appreciation of our species’ and planet’s longer-term histories and futures.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EYet it can also help us refresh during frazzled moments of unrest. Setting aside a few minutes each day for deep time contemplation can enrich us by evoking a momentary sense of awe. A Stanford University \u003Cspan\u003Estudy\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E has shown how \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gsb.stanford.edu\u002Ffaculty-research\u002Fpublications\u002Fawe-expands-peoples-perception-time-enhances-well-being\"\u003Eawe can expand our sense of time\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and promote well-being. Anthropologist Barbara King \u003Cspan\u003Ehas shown\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E how awe \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002Fsections\u002F13.7\u002F2014\u002F08\u002F28\u002F343952506\u002Fatheists-feel-awe-too\"\u003Ecan be \"mind- and heart-expanding\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EOur challenge, then, is to discover, in ourselves, techniques for always bringing an awe-inspired awareness of deep time with us – wherever our futures may lead.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EVincent Ialenti is an assistant research professor at George Washington University and a postdoctoral fellow at the University of British Columbia. He is the author of Deep Time Reckoning: How Future Thinking Can Help Earth Now (MIT Press, 2020). \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-the-benefits-of-embracing-deep-time-in-a-year-like-2020-10"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fdeep-civilisation"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-12-10T00:00:33Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The benefits of embracing 'deep time' in a year like 2020","headlineShort":"The benefits of embracing 'deep time'","image":["p090xyy2"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5fe1d081fc4895687d99ba62"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Taking inspiration from a far-sighted Finnish nuclear waste project, anthropologist Vincent Ialenti explains why embracing Earth's radical long-term can be good for well-being.","summaryShort":"How to think longer-term in a year like 2020","tag":["tag\u002Fcomment-analysis","tag\u002Fnuclear"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-12-10T00:00:18.504777Z","entity":"article","guid":"baa97bbd-eaa7-4dcf-928f-2647c069e668","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-the-benefits-of-embracing-deep-time-in-a-year-like-2020","modifiedDateTime":"2020-12-10T08:08:32.703334Z","project":"future","slug":"20201209-the-benefits-of-embracing-deep-time-in-a-year-like-2020","cacheLastUpdated":1609818565312},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201120-why-you-really-dont-want-to-catch-covid-19":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20201120-why-you-really-dont-want-to-catch-covid-19","_id":"5fe1cfd9fc4895687d93eac2","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fzaria-gorvett"],"bodyIntro":"From the surprisingly treacherous path to herd immunity to the potentially superior protection offered by vaccines, there are many reasons to avoid Covid-19.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAll throughout history, people have gone to extraordinary lengths to avoid infections.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the Middle Ages, it was common to douse oneself in “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffpls.2020.571042\u002Ffull#B9\"\u003Efour thieves vinegar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E” – a concoction of herbs brewed in cider vinegar – before leaving the house, as a way of staving off the plague. Legend has it that a group of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.farmersalmanac.com\u002Ffour-thieves-vinegar-35968\"\u003Egrave robbers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E invented it to keep them safe. Eventually they were arrested, but the authorities agreed to let them go in exchange for their secret recipe.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 16th-Century Sardinia, things were a bit more sophisticated. The doctor Quinto Tiberio Angelerio devised an ingenious method of social distancing, in which “any person going out from home must \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffpls.2020.571042\u002Ffull#f1\"\u003Ecarry a cane six spans long\u003C\u002Fa\u003E [the distance measured by a human hand], and as long as the cane is, one must not approach other people”. In his spookily prescient manual on the sanitary measures to be taken during an outbreak in the city of Alghero, he also recommended only \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC3810900\u002F\"\u003Eone person per household venture out to do the shopping\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and urged his readers to be careful when shaking hands.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 1793, the US government simply \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.history.com\u002Fthis-day-in-history\u002Fyellow-fever-breaks-out-in-philadelphia\"\u003Eevacuated entire sections of Philadelphia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – the then-capital – to protect residents from a yellow fever outbreak. An estimated \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.history.com\u002Fnews\u002Fyellow-fever-outbreak-philadelphia\"\u003E20,000 people left the city\u003C\u002Fa\u003E over the course of a month, which amounted to half its population at the time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther precautions adopted by our ancestors include \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.livescience.com\u002Fissac-newton-plague-toad-vomit-auction.html\"\u003Etoad-vomit lozenges\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, developed by none other than the celebrated physicist Sir Isaac Newton during the Black Death, and an alarmingly recent dental practise: in the 1940s, women would \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bristolpost.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fhistory\u002Fbrace-yourself-painful-terrifying-history-25906\"\u003Eroutinely have all their teeth removed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, just in case they ever went septic. The preventative was so popular, it was often paid for as part of a wedding gift, or for their 18th birthday. (Happy birthday, you now need dentures!)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201027-what-is-added-to-vaccines\"\u003EThe strange ingredients in vaccines\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201013-why-older-people-are-harder-to-vaccinate\"\u003EWhy the elderly are harder to vaccinate\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201009-could-social-distancing-make-the-flu-extinct\"\u003EHow Covid-19 is changing the flu\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven centuries before we knew about microorganisms, antibodies or vaccination, people had a pretty good idea that being infected was something to avoid at all costs. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2020, cracks began to appear in this previously universal thinking. Early in the Covid-19 pandemic, it was reported some people were considering the – deeply risky and highly dubious – strategy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.huffingtonpost.co.uk\u002Fentry\u002Fcoronavirus-infection-immunity-passports_uk_5e89df7cc5b6cbaf282ae5ff?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAJuqW1GC5yNMErMIFtCiJxpATaEeHT_CZ9mR18pWO1gjzMQj2_dcUuzqk02QVQyDyOz2Vg5hT2-UJgZK3kV4VOSN6ETpK8S0ydmw1Td_6SK73pz47QdPK2ClUN4fkB6V8h7oTHi3nrVaU0LvYpIWltd94mRNMtkUKb3ieggsQuvG\"\u003Ecatching Covid-19 on purpose\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, as a way to fast-track their route back to normal life. The terms “immunity passport” and “herd immunity” became part of the mainstream lexicon, and low antibody counts in the population were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.telegraph.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002F2020\u002F07\u002F25\u002Fnumber-people-coronavirus-antibodies-third-lower-thought-figures\u002F\"\u003Eframed as a “blow”\u003C\u002Fa\u003E rather than a success.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENow a group of scientists has signed a controversial statement – the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgbdeclaration.org\u002F\"\u003EGreat Barrington Declaration\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – which criticises the imposition of lockdowns, and instead calls for what they call “focused protection”. Drawn up by a group of two epidemiologists and a health economist, the claims the most compassionate approach to the pandemic would be to “allow those who are at minimal risk of death to live their lives normally to build up immunity to the virus through natural infection, while better protecting those who are at highest risk”. It has attracted \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bmj.com\u002Fcontent\u002F371\u002Fbmj.m3908\"\u003Ethousands of signatures\u003C\u002Fa\u003E since \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.aier.org\u002Farticle\u002Freaching-immunity-a-private-summit-of-epidemiologists-against-lockdowns-video\u002F\"\u003Eit was unveiled\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but many of their claims have been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencemediacentre.org\u002Fexpert-reaction-to-barrington-declaration-an-open-letter-arguing-against-lockdown-policies-and-for-focused-protection\u002F\"\u003Equestioned by others in the scientific community\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201120-why-you-really-dont-want-to-catch-covid-19-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08z2g3q"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201120-why-you-really-dont-want-to-catch-covid-19-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn some places, however, infections have even become an implicit part of the national strategy. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Sweden, the Folkhälsomyndigheten (FHM), or public health agency, has taken what is arguably one of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmarkets.businessinsider.com\u002Fnews\u002Fstocks\u002Fsweden-coronavirus-economy-relaxed-lockdown-stronger-rest-of-europe-2020-7-1029415101\"\u003Ethe most relaxed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E approaches in Europe. The country is currently \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fworld\u002F2020\u002Fnov\u002F16\u002Fsweden-limits-public-gatherings-to-eight-people-amid-covid-surge\"\u003Eentering its first lockdown\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but for most of the last year, it has remained a rare bastion of normality. The state epidemiologist Anders Tegnell has actively \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencemag.org\u002Fnews\u002F2020\u002F10\u002Fit-s-been-so-so-surreal-critics-sweden-s-lax-pandemic-policies-face-fierce-backlash\"\u003Ediscouraged the public from wearing masks\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and while much of the rest of Europe has been housebound, the Nordic nation has been mingling freely in bars, gyms, shops and restaurants. Back in July, the FHM \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.dn.se\u002Fnyheter\u002Fsverige\u002Ffhm-stockholm-kan-ha-40-procents-immunitet\u002F\"\u003Eclaimed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that the rate of immunity in the capital, Stockholm, could be as high as 40%, and was already pushing back the virus.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis may all soon be behind us. It looks increasingly like there are at least two \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2020\u002F11\u002F17\u002Fhealth\u002Fcoronavirus-vaccine-operation-warp-speed.html\"\u003Eviable vaccines\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on the horizon, and the German immunologist behind one of them – the Pfizer-BioNTech version – recently predicted that the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fhealth-54949799\"\u003Epandemic will be over by next winter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut for now, the pandemic continues. Covid-19 cases are rising rapidly in the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fedition.cnn.com\u002F2020\u002F11\u002F18\u002Fhealth\u002Fus-coronavirus-wednesday\u002Findex.html\"\u003EUS\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.france24.com\u002Fen\u002Feurope\u002F20201115-who-dashboard-documents-record-daily-covid-19-cases\"\u003EFrance\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fuk.reuters.com\u002Farticle\u002Fhealth-coronavirus-belgium\u002Fbrussels-edges-towards-lockdown-as-belgian-covid-19-cases-hit-record-high-idINKBN2790LQ\"\u003EBelgium\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fworld\u002F2020\u002Fnov\u002F13\u002Fglobal-report-germany-may-extend-lockdown-as-covid-cases-in-italy-soar\"\u003EGermany\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ft.com\u002Fcontent\u002Fd132e1ad-ebc5-3bce-b160-66668ae4391b\"\u003EItaly\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fuk.reuters.com\u002Farticle\u002Fhealth-coronavirus-russia-hospital\u002Fmoscow-turns-ice-rink-into-hospital-as-russias-covid-19-cases-hit-record-idUSL8N2I226D\"\u003ERussia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fuk-54908680\"\u003EUK\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-asia-india-54912871\"\u003EIndia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fuk.reuters.com\u002Farticle\u002Fus-health-coronavirus-mexico\u002Fmexicos-coronavirus-cases-rise-to-almost-800000-idUKKBN26T019\"\u003EMexico\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ft.com\u002Fcontent\u002F67fc5152-d500-4b9e-ad5c-79e1bf2b68e2\"\u003ESweden\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fworld\u002Flive\u002F2020\u002Fnov\u002F11\u002Fcoronavirus-live-news-governments-scramble-to-secure-vaccine-doses-as-us-infections-top-100000-for-seventh-day-in-a-row\"\u003EGreece\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Russia has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reuters.com\u002Farticle\u002Fus-health-coronavirus-russia-hospital-idUSKBN27W14E\"\u003Eturned an ice rink into a hospital\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the Indonesian capital, Jakarta, is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fcities\u002F2019\u002Fnov\u002F01\u002Fin-jakartas-cemeteries-theyre-stacking-the-dead-six-deep\"\u003Erunning out of graves\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and Spain has declared a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fworld\u002F2020\u002Foct\u002F25\u002Fglobal-report-spain-declares-covid-state-of-emergency-as-italians-urged-to-stay-home\"\u003Estate of national emergency\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The situation in America has been described as the “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fedition.cnn.com\u002F2020\u002F11\u002F18\u002Fhealth\u002Fus-coronavirus-wednesday\u002Findex.html\"\u003Elast big surge\u003C\u002Fa\u003E”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs we’re still faced with the uneasy dichotomy of lockdowns verses mass infection, here’s a rundown of the reasons experts are so enamoured with the first option – and why you really don’t want to catch any kind of pathogen on purpose.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EVaccines can be more protective\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn February 2009, a brand new flu virus \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencemag.org\u002Fnews\u002F2009\u002F07\u002Fyet-another-new-patient-zero-swine-flu-pandemic\"\u003Eemerged from a pig farm in eastern Mexico\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo begin with, infected pigs began to cough or ”bark”, producing a harsh, reverberating noise like the honking of geese. Over the coming days, victims could be found suffering from sticky noses and red eyes, breathing with their mouths wide open and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC2764467\u002F\"\u003Efeeling generally reluctant to get up\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Some developed a temperature and experienced sneezing fits, while others had no symptoms whatsoever.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne day, it’s thought to have hopped from a sickly pig to a human in a nearby mountain village – possibly a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fedition.cnn.com\u002F2009\u002FHEALTH\u002F04\u002F29\u002Fswine.flu.patient.zero\u002Findex.html#:~:text=LA%20GLORIA%2C%20Mexico%20(CNN),documented%20case%20of%20swine%20flu.\"\u003Esix-year old boy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, possibly a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencemag.org\u002Fnews\u002F2009\u002F07\u002Fyet-another-new-patient-zero-swine-flu-pandemic\"\u003Ebaby girl\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. From there, it quickly swept around the globe. By May, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedaily.com\u002Freleases\u002F2009\u002F05\u002F090503190223.htm\"\u003Eat least 18 countries\u003C\u002Fa\u003E had been affected. As of July, it had been found in 168, and there were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fcsr\u002Fdon\u002F2009_08_04\u002Fen\u002F\"\u003Ecases on every continent\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This was a pandemic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201120-why-you-really-dont-want-to-catch-covid-19-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Sometimes our immune systems are able to side-step their usual blunder","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201120-why-you-really-dont-want-to-catch-covid-19-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut while the world’s attention was focused on tracking the spread of this mysterious virus, something extraordinary was happening – people infected by it were acquiring a kind of universal protection to other types of the flu.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELeft to their own devices, our immune systems tend to hone in the “head” of a virus particle, making antibodies that can identify this part. But this is a mistake. The flu is a famously slippery beast, and the head evolves rapidly – meaning that this generally only provides protection against the specific strain that you have been exposed to. All other flu viruses remain unrecognisable. This is why we can catch the flu again and again, and why it’s necessary for the more vulnerable to have flu vaccines annually. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis time it was different. It just so happens that, when exposed to swine flu, sometimes our immune systems are able to side-step their usual blunder – and focus their attention on the much-more-stable “stalk” of the virus instead, which is shared between lots of different types.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“When we analysed the antibody responses that some of the infected people had made,” says Ahmed Rafi, the Director of the Emory Vaccine Center, Georgia, “we found that that many of the antibodies that were generated were very broadly cross reactive.” This meant they weren’t just effective against the H1N1 strain they were made for – but to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Frupress.org\u002Fjem\u002Farticle\u002F208\u002F1\u002F181\u002F40767\u002FBroadly-cross-reactive-antibodies-dominate-the\"\u003Emany other flu viruses as well\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201120-why-you-really-dont-want-to-catch-covid-19-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08z2bw3"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201120-why-you-really-dont-want-to-catch-covid-19-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe result was radical. The ability to recognise the stalk is thought to have been so potently useful, some scientists think it explains another event that coincided with the pandemic. Every other kind of influenza A that had existed up until that point in humans – the only type that causes pandemics, as well as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fnrmicro.2017.118.pdf?origin=ppub\"\u003Emost cases of seasonal flu\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – abruptly disappeared. It looks as if, by training the body to recognise many other flu viruses, H1N1 made its closest relatives extinct.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut if this leaves you thinking that catching swine flu sounds like a good deal, you might want to reconsider. Like the strain behind the 1918 pandemic, the virus has the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thelancet.com\u002Fjournals\u002Flanonc\u002Farticle\u002FPIIS0140-6736(10)61195-6\u002Ffulltext\"\u003Eunusual habit of killing young people\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It’s also been linked to the development of autoimmune conditions, including \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedaily.com\u002Freleases\u002F2017\u002F09\u002F170913193138.htm#:~:text=People%20inherit%20a%20genetic%20susceptibility,of%20autoimmune%20disorders%20including%20narcolepsy.\"\u003Etype 1 diabetes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F26668381\u002F#:~:text=An%20increased%20incidence%20in%20the,far%20mainly%20focused%20on%20autoimmunity.\"\u003Enarcolepsy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And though the fatality rate has turned out to be low overall, this \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fpdf\u002F10.1111\u002Firv.12074\"\u003Etook years to establish\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInstead, insights from the swine flu pandemic are being channelled into developing what could become the first universal flu vaccines. “That paper was very influential in the strategy that is now being used by many research groups,” says Rafi. Until his discovery, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002F109\u002F23\u002F9047\u002F\"\u003Eno one knew if they were even possible\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But in 2018, nearly a decade after the swine flu pandemic, such a vaccine finally \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.the-scientist.com\u002Fnews-opinion\u002Ffirst-universal-flu-vaccine-to-enter-phase-3-trial-65073\"\u003Emade it to Phase III clinical trials\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – large-scale tests in humans that help to assess the safety and effectiveness of medical interventions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201120-why-you-really-dont-want-to-catch-covid-19-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The technology that you use for vaccination can swing the profile of the of the immune response a little bit – Beate Kampmann","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201120-why-you-really-dont-want-to-catch-covid-19-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis is the first big advantage of modern vaccines. “Not all natural infections cause long-lasting immunity,” says Beate Kampmann, who is a professor of infection and immunity at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and director of its vaccine centre. “This is a big deal in the context of Covid-19, because the coronaviruses generally don't. So, if you think about the vaccine, if you want long-lasting immunity, you have to do better than nature.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo achieve this, scientists can draw on more than a century of knowledge and expertise in making vaccines. Some contain specific proteins painstakingly selected for their ability to generate enduring immunity – like those found in swine flu. They often include added ingredients – from shark liver oil to aluminium – that contribute to their effectiveness. (\u003Cem\u003ERead more about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201027-what-is-added-to-vaccines\"\u003Ethe strange ingredients added to vaccines\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThen there’s the way they’re taken – vaccines can be injected into \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fvaccines\u002Fhcp\u002Fadmin\u002Fadminister-vaccines.html\"\u003Emuscle or below the skin\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fflu\u002Fprevent\u002Fjet-injector.htm\"\u003Eblasted at the skin\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in a jet of fluid, introduced via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC2904604\u002F\"\u003Emicroneedles\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, ingested on a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002F0025556494000463\"\u003Esugar cube\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nihr.ac.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fnew-study-to-trial-inhaled-covid-19-vaccines\u002F25646\"\u003Einhaled\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The technology that you use for vaccination can swing the profile of the immune response a little bit,” says Kampmann. She gives the example of the BCG. The tuberculosis vaccine is injected into the skin, rather than the muscle – and this helps it to interact more closely with a person’s T cells, whose main job is to attack infected cells, rather than produce antibodies. It just so happens this is the optimal strategy for this pathogen.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201120-why-you-really-dont-want-to-catch-covid-19-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08z2cfs"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201120-why-you-really-dont-want-to-catch-covid-19-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“So, the vaccine reaches a different sort of distribution. It's almost like there’s a street map of the immune system, and if you take a vaccine one way rather than another you’re taking the M1 rather than the M25,” says Kampmann.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are already a number of vaccines which can be more protective than natural infections, including the zoster, Hib, HPV, and tetanus vaccines.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPeople who receive the live zoster virus in vaccine form are around \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fbooks\u002FNBK47446\u002F\"\u003E20 times\u003C\u002Fa\u003E less likely to develop shingles in adulthood than people who catch chickenpox – which is caused by the same virus – in childhood. The Hib vaccine – which protects against the \u003Cem\u003EHaemophilus Influenzae\u003C\u002Fem\u003E type b bacterium, is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC2870866\u002F\"\u003Eparticularly effective in children\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, in whom natural infections lead to a negligible immune response. People who have been infected with tetanus do not have any natural immunity and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fnews-room\u002Ffact-sheets\u002Fdetail\u002Ftetanus\"\u003Ecan be infected again\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fvaccines\u002Fpubs\u002Fpinkbook\u002Ftetanus.html\"\u003Ealmost 100%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of vaccinated individuals are protected. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd while natural infections with HPV generate a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fvaccines\u002Fpubs\u002Fsurv-manual\u002Fchpt05-hpv.html\"\u003Eminimal immune response\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – some people don’t produce any detectable antibodies – the vaccine can \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fjid\u002Farticle-abstract\u002F221\u002F11\u002F1884\u002F5698719?redirectedFrom=fulltext\"\u003Eprotect people for up to nine years\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This ingenious technology is made from the protein that normally coats the virus, which \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fvirologyj.biomedcentral.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1186\u002F1743-422X-9-52\"\u003Eself-assembles\u003C\u002Fa\u003E into particles that resemble it – known as virus-like particles – as it’s being manufactured. The protein is more concentrated in the vaccine than the virus, which is thought to help increase the potency of the immune response.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201120-why-you-really-dont-want-to-catch-covid-19-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It’s not yet clear how the immunity generated by natural infections with Covid-19 compares to that produced by the vaccines currently in clinical trials","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201120-why-you-really-dont-want-to-catch-covid-19-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn other cases, vaccination would clearly be preferable to natural infection because once you’re infected, the pathogen never goes away. Famous examples include HSV-2, which causes genital herpes, and HIV. There aren’t yet any licensed vaccines that can prevent either, but a candidate for the former has already \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.plos.org\u002Fplospathogens\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\u002Fjournal.ppat.1008795\"\u003Eshown promising results in animal studies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, while a potential option for the latter has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.aidsmap.com\u002Fnews\u002Fmar-2020\u002Fhiv-vaccine-generates-broadly-neutralising-antibodies-passes-first-safety-and-proof\"\u003Epassed the first safety test in humans\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAll this means that becoming infected with Covid-19 may not have the same payoff as receiving the vaccine.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn October, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.imperial.ac.uk\u002Fnews\u002F207333\u002Fcoronavirus-antibody-prevalence-falling-england-react\u002F\"\u003Eresearchers from Imperial College London\u003C\u002Fa\u003E estimated that the number of people in the UK with antibodies to the virus is likely to have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.imperial.ac.uk\u002Fnews\u002F207333\u002Fcoronavirus-antibody-prevalence-falling-england-react\u002F\"\u003Efallen between June and October\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The findings made international headlines and caused widespread alarm, with many concerned that this suggests it’s possible to be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thetimes.co.uk\u002Farticle\u002Fquarter-of-early-patients-have-lost-coronavirus-antibody-defences-wwcfn7pwf\"\u003Ereinfected with Covid-19\u003C\u002Fa\u003E regularly – and that this would inevitably mean vaccines wouldn’t provide lasting protection either.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, as a number of experts pointed out, this is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencemediacentre.org\u002Fexpert-reaction-to-a-preprint-from-the-react-2-study-looking-at-prevalence-of-antibody-positivity-to-sars-cov-2\u002F\"\u003Enot necessarily the case\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. For example, the study \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fa-new-study-suggests-coronavirus-antibodies-fade-over-time-but-how-concerned-should-we-be-148957\"\u003Edidn’t look at T-cell immunity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – a kind of lasting protection thought to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200716-the-people-with-hidden-protection-from-covid-19\"\u003Eplay an important role\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the severity of Covid-19 infections. But crucially, vaccines are very different to natural infections.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201120-why-you-really-dont-want-to-catch-covid-19-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08z2d59"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201120-why-you-really-dont-want-to-catch-covid-19-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt’s not yet clear how the immunity generated by infection with Covid-19 compares to that produced by the vaccines currently in clinical trials – including those made by Pfizer\u002FBioNTech and Moderna, which have released preliminary results demonstrating \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pfizer.com\u002Fnews\u002Fpress-release\u002Fpress-release-detail\u002Fpfizer-and-biontech-announce-vaccine-candidate-against\"\u003Eabove 90%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Finvestors.modernatx.com\u002Fnews-releases\u002Fnews-release-details\u002Fmodernas-covid-19-vaccine-candidate-meets-its-primary-efficacy\"\u003E94.5%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E effectiveness respectively. However, early results from trials in animals suggest that some vaccine candidates lead to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fiercebiotech.com\u002Fresearch\u002Fpfizer-biontech-report-strong-immune-response-animals-to-covid-19-mrna-vaccine-candidate\"\u003Ehigher antibody levels\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than are found in the blood of recovered patents. This suggests they might be more protective than natural infections.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnother crucial advantage of vaccines is that they provide the opportunity to generate immunity in large numbers of people all at once. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHerd immunity usually happens via vaccines\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEarly in the Covid-19 pandemic, Italy was one of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fworld\u002F2020\u002Fmar\u002F01\u002Fcoronavirus-deaths-iran-rise-global-outbreak-worsens\"\u003Ehardest-hit countries on the planet\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And within it, Bergamo – a northern province encompassing 1.1 million people and covering 2,755 sq km (1,064 sq miles) – was the epicentre of the outbreak.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThough Bergamo is usually renowned for its \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.italyheaven.co.uk\u002Flombardy\u002Fbergamo-mountains.html\"\u003Ealpine vistas\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fitaliantravel.it\u002Fwine-regions-around-bergamo\u002F\"\u003Evineyards\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2010\u002F12\u002F19\u002Ftravel\u002F19bergamo-overnighter.html#:~:text=For%20nearly%20400%20years%2C%20starting,narrow%20and%20winding%20cobblestone%20streets.\"\u003Emedieval history\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, suddenly this was a place where ambulance sirens wailed all through the day and night, doctors were faced with heart-breaking \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reuters.com\u002Farticle\u002Fus-health-coronavirus-italy-ethics-speci-idUSKBN2133KG\"\u003Emoral dilemmas\u003C\u002Fa\u003E about who to prioritise for intensive care beds, and many older patients reportedly \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2020\u002F03\u002F16\u002Fworld\u002Feurope\u002Fitaly-coronavirus-funerals.html\"\u003Edied alone\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn one tragic case, a 74-year-old priest was gifted a ventilator by his adoring congregation. It might have saved his life – but instead he \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cbsnews.com\u002Fnews\u002Fitalian-priest-coronavirus-ventilator-don-giuseppe-berardelli\u002F\"\u003Edonated it to someone younger\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and died shortly afterwards.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201120-why-you-really-dont-want-to-catch-covid-19-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Contrary to popular belief, there is no reliable threshold at which herd immunity can be reached","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201120-why-you-really-dont-want-to-catch-covid-19-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs of September, scientists have estimated that around 38.5% of people in Bergamo had antibodies against Covid-19, suggesting that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thelancet.com\u002Fjournals\u002Febiom\u002Farticle\u002FPIIS2352-3964(20)30445-X\u002Ffulltext\"\u003Earound 420,000 people\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the province have been infected. There are only a handful of other places where such a high proportion of people are thought to have contracted the virus, including the Brazilian city of Manaus, where roughly \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fd41586-020-02948-4\"\u003E66% of people\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have antibodies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn both Bergamo and Manaus, the number of Covid-19 cases has tailed off dramatically, possibly as a result of herd immunity curtailing the virus’ spread. But there are several reasons that this is ordinarily achieved with vaccines – and why it’s unusual to discuss the concept in the context of natural infections.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHerd immunity is a kind of disease resistance that occurs within a population, as a result of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fnews-room\u002Fq-a-detail\u002Fherd-immunity-lockdowns-and-covid-19\"\u003Ebuild-up of immunity in individuals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It doesn’t make viruses disappear completely, but limits their spread as long as they are contagious – it doesn’t work for infections that are caught in other ways. If few people are susceptible to a certain pathogen, there won’t be much of it in circulation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201120-why-you-really-dont-want-to-catch-covid-19-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08z2f55"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201120-why-you-really-dont-want-to-catch-covid-19-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EContrary to popular belief, there is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fd41586-020-02948-4\"\u003Eno reliable threshold at which herd immunity can be reached\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, such as the commonly-cited 66% of people for Covid-19. Instead, the point at which it materialises depends the reproduction (R) number, which represents the number of people that the average person infects. Where the R number is high, the number of people that need to be immune before herd immunity kicks in is high also. This is the case for measles, where each person infects around 15 others and around \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ovg.ox.ac.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fherd-immunity-how-does-it-work\"\u003E90-95% of the population\u003C\u002Fa\u003E needs to be protected at all times.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn reality, this means that there is unlikely to be a single, reliable threshold at which herd immunity is reached for Covid-19. The R number varies around the world, and depends on our behaviour and the level of immunity in the population. It’s also not usually evenly distributed across a population – for example, it might be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.centreforcities.org\u002Fblog\u002Fhave-uk-cities-been-hotbeds-of-covid-19-pandemic\u002F\"\u003Ehigher in cities\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thelancet.com\u002Fjournals\u002Flanres\u002Farticle\u002FPIIS2213-2600(20)30461-6\u002Ffulltext\"\u003Ecertain demographics\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs a result, estimates for the number of people that need to be immune to the virus to end the pandemic have ranged from 85% in Bahrain to 5.66% in Kuwait, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fd41586-020-02948-4\"\u003Eaccording to an article published by the journal Nature\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201120-why-you-really-dont-want-to-catch-covid-19-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It’s possible that that people who have been infected with Covid-19 once will still be able to catch it and spread it again","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201120-why-you-really-dont-want-to-catch-covid-19-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis is one reason relying on the population building up herd immunity naturally is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fd41586-020-02948-4\"\u003Eusually not recommended\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Due to its dynamic nature, it can be hard to spot and quick to slip away. It can also be totally impractical; if 85% of people need to be infected to achieve it, you’re reaching the point where it’s not protecting many people who haven’t already had the virus – and shielding the most vulnerable members of society might be impractical.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESecondly, it’s possible that people who have been infected with Covid-19 once will \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thelancet.com\u002Fjournals\u002Flaninf\u002Farticle\u002FPIIS1473-3099(20)30766-0\u002Ffulltext\"\u003Estill be able to catch it and spread it again\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, even if they don’t develop symptoms the second time – as is the case for some seasonal cold viruses. If this kind of immunity doesn’t halt onward transmission, herd immunity may never materialise.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThirdly, herd immunity can come at a steep price. In Bergamo alone, there have been 3,100 deaths, while in Manaus around \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fd41586-020-02725-3\"\u003Eone in every 500-800 people\u003C\u002Fa\u003E has been killed by the disease. Catching any pathogen is a gamble – especially one that’s new to humankind. Sometimes, the cost of an infection doesn’t show up for months or years afterwards; HPV can take years to lead to cervical cancer, while HSV-1 has recently been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC3546524\u002F\"\u003Elinked to Alzheimer’s disease\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fcoronavirus\u002F2019-ncov\u002Flong-term-effects.html\"\u003Ewide range of longer-term health problems\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are now believed to be caused by Covid-19 in those who have been infected – something that has now become known as “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.england.nhs.uk\u002F2020\u002F11\u002Fnhs-launches-40-long-covid-clinics-to-tackle-persistent-symptoms\u002F\"\u003Elong-Covid\u003C\u002Fa\u003E”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENo one knows how enduring long Covid will be. The syndrome of fatigue, breathlessness, brain fog and joint pain, among other things, occurs in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcovid.joinzoe.com\u002Fpost\u002Flong-covid#:~:text=The%20latest%20analysis%20of%20data,lasting%20more%20than%208%20weeks.\"\u003Eone in 20 people\u003C\u002Fa\u003E who have recovered from Covid-19. There are already signs that the consequences of the pandemic might be with us for years to come.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201120-why-you-really-dont-want-to-catch-covid-19-20"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08z286k"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201120-why-you-really-dont-want-to-catch-covid-19-21"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPreliminary data from one study suggests that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.medrxiv.org\u002Fcontent\u002F10.1101\u002F2020.10.14.20212555v1.full.pdf\"\u003Ealmost 70% of people with long Covid\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have impairments in one or more organs four months after they first developed symptoms of infection. This includes damage to the heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen and pancreas.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA follow-up study of patients who were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41413-020-0084-5\"\u003Ehospitalised with another coronavirus infection, Sars, 15 years previously\u003C\u002Fa\u003E recently found that, while their lungs tended to recover substantially within the first year after infection, there was very little change after that.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMeanwhile a large-scale analysis of the evidence found that the survivors of Mers and Sars often found it hard to exercise and this \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.medrxiv.org\u002Fcontent\u002F10.1101\u002F2020.04.16.20067975v1.full.pdf\"\u003Edid not improve much beyond six months afterwards\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. There was also a “considerable prevalence” of lingering psychological disorders. The authors speculated this may have implications for the long-term prospects of those who have been infected with Covid-19.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf this is true, it may well be preferable to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.medrxiv.org\u002Fcontent\u002F10.1101\u002F2020.10.14.20212555v1.full.pdf\"\u003Eminimise the number of infections\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Looking at humanity’s long history of desperate, even nauseating strategies for avoiding infection, you might say it’s the least we can do.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStaying home, keeping your distance, wearing a mask, and washing your hands should be easy – certainly better than toad vomit-flavoured lozenges or the prospect of tooth pulling.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201120-why-you-really-dont-want-to-catch-covid-19-22"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fimmune-response"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-11-23T11:46:18Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Why you really don’t want to catch Covid-19","headlineShort":"Here’s why vaccination beats infection","image":["p08z2drw"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5fe1d081fc4895687d99ba62"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"From the surprisingly treacherous path to herd immunity to the potentially superior protection offered by vaccines, there are many reasons to avoid Covid-19.","summaryShort":"Vaccines can provide stronger and longer-lasting protection than infections","tag":["tag\u002Fvaccine"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-11-23T01:00:28.546835Z","entity":"article","guid":"03d40a44-4a37-4477-9b38-80f52b712088","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201120-why-you-really-dont-want-to-catch-covid-19","modifiedDateTime":"2020-11-26T13:45:32.817133Z","project":"future","slug":"20201120-why-you-really-dont-want-to-catch-covid-19","cacheLastUpdated":1609818565312},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201123-the-young-woman-who-saved-millions-of-lives-without-knowing":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20201123-the-young-woman-who-saved-millions-of-lives-without-knowing","_id":"5fe1cfd9fc4895687d93eafe","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"video","assetVideo":["p08wr9gf"],"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002F20150417-william-park"],"bodyIntro":"Few people in the history of medicine can say they have saved more lives than Henrietta Lacks.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne young black woman has a reasonable claim to have made one of the greatest contributions to modern medicine – without ever knowing she had.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHenrietta Lacks was diagnosed with cervical cancer in 1951 at the age of just 31, shortly after giving birth to her fifth child. At the time, many hospitals in the US still segregated black people from white people, so there were few options for her to seek treatment when she started suffering symptoms. She turned to Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland, as it was the nearest to her home.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe ward she ended up in happened to be down the hall from George Gey, a researcher who had been trying to grow human cells in his lab for decades. During the treatment to remove her tumour, her doctor sent a small sample of tissue without her consent to Gey. Up to this point, attempts to grow human cells outside the body had been failures. But something about Lacks’s cells was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Freel\u002Fvideo\u002Fp08wr9gf\u002Fhow-one-woman-s-immortal-cells-changed-the-world\"\u003Eabout to change that\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn most people a natural process called senescence puts a limit on the lifespan of cells. Senescence is linked to aging: as cells divide and multiply over time, the accuracy of each accompanying replication of DNA wanes. The protective caps on the end of each strand of DNA – known as telomeres – shorten, until eventually the DNA strands are unprotected and harmful mutations arise. These mutations tend to be associated with cancers and other age-related diseases. To protect against this, the replication machinery inside cells is able to detect this shortening of the telomeres so that after a certain point they stop dividing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETypically human cells are able to divide around 50 times before they reach senescence.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut Lacks’s cells were different. Her cells were able to divide and replicate indefinitely. It made them perfect for medical research as a culture of identical cells could be grown quickly. Soon, scientists all over the world were taking shipments of Lacks’s cells for their research.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHer cell line, which came to be known as “HeLa” in honour of Lacks, is the first and most commonly used immortalised cell line in medicine. Millions of people owe their lives to the tissue taken from her – the cell line it generated was used to create the first polio vaccine, cancer medicines and in vitro fertilisation. Her cells even made it into space before any living human. (\u003Cem\u003ERead more about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201103-the-controversial-cells-that-saved-10-million-lives\"\u003Eother controversial cells that have saved millions of lives\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHer story is also one of complicated ethics. In 1951 the idea of informed consent was uncommon, so her family had no idea of Lacks’s contributions until journalist Rebecca Skloot traced back her DNA 50 years later. In the video above BBC Reel speaks to Lacks’s descendents about her enormous legacy and the moment they found out about Lacks’s contribution to all of our lives.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EClick play on the video above to learn more.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis video \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\u002Fvideo\u002Fp08wr9gf\u002Fhow-one-woman-s-immortal-cells-changed-the-world\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eoriginally appeared on BBC Reel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, as part of the Equality Matters playlist. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201123-the-young-woman-who-saved-millions-of-lives-without-knowing-0"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-11-24T11:27:46Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The young woman who saved millions of lives without knowing","headlineShort":"The woman with immortal cells","image":["p08wsryh"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5fe1d081fc4895687d99ba62"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p08wsryh"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fmedicine"],"summaryLong":"Few people in the history of medicine can say they have saved more lives than Henrietta Lacks.","summaryShort":"So much of modern medicine has Henrietta Lacks to thank","tag":["tag\u002Fmedicine"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-11-24T01:00:28.445259Z","entity":"article","guid":"d1c5e89d-d519-4bf2-93ba-1486c9e78acd","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201123-the-young-woman-who-saved-millions-of-lives-without-knowing","modifiedDateTime":"2020-11-24T11:39:38.817377Z","project":"future","slug":"20201123-the-young-woman-who-saved-millions-of-lives-without-knowing","cacheLastUpdated":1609818565312},"future\u002Fexternal\u002F20201221-the-great-bicycle-boom-of-2020":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:external:future\u002Fexternal\u002F20201221-the-great-bicycle-boom-of-2020","_id":"5fe1cfe9fc4895687d9461b7","name":"The great bicycle boom of 2020","primaryVertical":"future","sourceName":"Made on Earth","sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20210105034924\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fbespoke\u002Fmade-on-earth\u002F","summaryLong":"Throughout lockdown, rusty bikes were dusted off in garages around the world and sales of new bikes surged. The question is now: can it last?","summaryShort":"The great bicycle boom of 2020","tag":null,"creationDateTime":"2020-12-21T16:56:38.298507Z","entity":"external","guid":"9f97ca86-5f6b-4d28-9cfb-d06d546e0ced","id":"future\u002Fexternal\u002F20201221-the-great-bicycle-boom-of-2020","modifiedDateTime":"2020-12-21T16:56:38.298507Z","project":"future","slug":"20201221-the-great-bicycle-boom-of-2020","image":["p0923tx6"],"promoImage":["p0923tx6"],"articleType":"external","headlineShort":"The great bicycle boom of 2020","promoAlignment":"center","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20210105034924\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fbespoke\u002Fmade-on-earth\u002Fthe-great-bicycle-boom-of-2020.html","cacheLastUpdated":1609818565313},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-why-being-kind-to-others-is-good-for-your-health":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-why-being-kind-to-others-is-good-for-your-health","_id":"5fe1cfdafc4895687d93f0eb","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fmarta-zaraska"],"bodyIntro":"While we might all enjoy the warm glow of helping out others or giving up a little of our time for charity, it could be doing us some physical good too.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003ENewspapers started writing about Betty Lowe when she was 96 years old. Despite being long past retirement age, she was still volunteering at a cafe at Salford Royal Hospital in Greater Manchester, UK, serving coffee, washing dishes and chatting to patients. Then Lowe turned 100. “Still volunteers at hospital”, the headlines ran. Then she reached 102 and the headlines declared: “Still volunteering”. The same again when she turned 104. Even at 106, Lowe would \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.royalvoluntaryservice.org.uk\u002Fnews-and-events\u002Fnews\u002F106-year-old-royal-voluntary-service-volunteer-from-salford-awarded-with-a-point-of-light-\"\u003Ework at the cafe once a week\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, despite her failing eyesight.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003ELowe told the reporters who interviewed her that the reason she kept working at the cafe long after most people would have chosen to put their feet up was because she believed volunteering kept her healthy. And she was probably right. Science reveals that altruistic behaviours, from formal volunteering and monetary donations to random acts of everyday kindness, promote wellbeing and longevity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EStudies show, for instance, that volunteering correlates with a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fprofile\u002FMorris_Okun\u002Fpublication\u002F235667763_Volunteering_by_Older_Adults_and_Risk_of_Mortality_A_Meta-Analysis\u002Flinks\u002F54d4e94c0cf25013d02a258c.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E24% lower risk of early death\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – about the same as eating \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bmj.com\u002Fcontent\u002F349\u002Fbmj.g4490\"\u003Esix or more servings of fruits and vegetables\u003C\u002Fa\u003E each day, according to some studies. What’s more, volunteers have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fgerontologist\u002Farticle\u002F56\u002F5\u002F937\u002F2605275\"\u003Ea lower risk of high blood glucose\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fgerontologist\u002Farticle\u002F56\u002F5\u002F937\u002F2605275\"\u003Elower risk of the inflammation levels\u003C\u002Fa\u003E connected to heart disease. They also spend \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC4718793\u002F\"\u003E38% fewer nights\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in hospitals than people who shy from involvement in charities. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EAnd these health-boosting impacts of volunteering appear to be found in all corners of the world, from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0277953612000123\"\u003ESpain and Egypt to Uganda and Jamaica\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, according to one study based on the data from the Gallup World Poll.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-why-being-kind-to-others-is-good-for-your-health-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p091js7t"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-why-being-kind-to-others-is-good-for-your-health-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EOf course, it could be that people who are in better health to begin with are simply more likely to be in a position to pick up volunteering. If you are suffering from severe arthritis, for example, the chances are you won’t be keen to sign up to work at a soup kitchen.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E“There is research suggesting that people who are in better health are more likely to volunteer, but because scientists are very well aware of that, in our studies we statistically control for that,” says Sara Konrath, a psychologist and philanthropy researcher at Indiana University.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EEven when scientists remove the effects of pre-existing health, the impacts of volunteering on wellbeing still remain strong. What’s more, several randomised lab experiments shed light on the biological mechanisms through which helping others can boost our health.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EIn one such experiment, high school students in Canada were either assigned to tutor elementary school children for two months, or put on a waitlist. Four months later, after the tutoring was well over, the differences between the two groups of teenagers were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjamanetwork.com\u002Fjournals\u002Fjamapediatrics\u002Farticle-abstract\u002F1655500\"\u003Eclearly visible in their blood\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Compared to those on the waitlist, high-schoolers who were actively tutoring the younger children had lower levels of cholesterol, as well as lower inflammatory markers such as interleukin 6 in their blood – which apart of being a powerful predictor of cardiovascular health, also plays an important role in viral infections.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-why-being-kind-to-others-is-good-for-your-health-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Participants assigned to conduct simple acts of kindness, such as buying coffee for a stranger, had lower activity of leukocyte genes that are related to inflammation","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-why-being-kind-to-others-is-good-for-your-health-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EOf course, in pandemic times, volunteering may be more of a challenge. However, Konrath believes that doing so online could also bring health benefits, if our motivation is to really help other people. She also recommends virtual volunteering with friends, since research shows that the social component of volunteering is important for wellbeing. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EBut it’s not just the effects of formal volunteering that show up in the blood either – random acts of kindness do as well. In one study in California, participants who were assigned to conduct simple acts of kindness, such as buying coffee for a stranger, had \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fescholarship.org\u002Fcontent\u002Fqt3wz5m4w0\u002Fqt3wz5m4w0.pdf\"\u003Elower activity of leukocyte genes that are related to inflammation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. That’s a good thing, since chronic inflammation has been linked to conditions such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.health.harvard.edu\u002Fstaying-healthy\u002Funderstanding-inflammation\"\u003Erheumatoid arthritis, cancer, heart disease, and diabetes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like: \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20151125-why-are-we-so-suspicious-of-being-kind\"\u003EWhy we are suspicious of those who are kind\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200930-can-empathy-be-bad-for-you\"\u003EThe surprising downsides to empathy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200612-how-to-help-the-world-during-lockdown\"\u003EThe people solving mysteries during lockdown\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd if you put people into a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanner, and tell them to act altruistically, you may see changes in how their brains react to pain. In one recent experiment, volunteers had to make various decisions, including whether to donate money, while their hands were subjected to mild electric shocks. The results were clear – the brains of those who \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002Fpnas\u002F117\u002F2\u002F950.full.pdf\"\u003Emade a donation lit up less in response to pain\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And the more they considered their actions as helpful, the more pain-resistant they became. Similarly, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002Fpnas\u002F117\u002F2\u002F950.full.pdf\"\u003Edonating blood appears to hurt less\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than having your blood drawn for a test, even though in the first scenario the needle may be twice as thick.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-why-being-kind-to-others-is-good-for-your-health-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p091jtbw"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-why-being-kind-to-others-is-good-for-your-health-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EThere are countless other examples of the positive health effects of both kindness and monetary donations. For instance, grandparents who regularly babysit their grandchildren have a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpure.mpg.de\u002Frest\u002Fitems\u002Fitem_2442163\u002Fcomponent\u002Ffile_2442514\u002Fcontent\"\u003Emortality risk that is up to 37% lower\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than those who don’t provide such childcare. That’s a larger effect than \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpure.mpg.de\u002Frest\u002Fitems\u002Fitem_2442163\u002Fcomponent\u002Ffile_2442514\u002Fcontent\"\u003Emay be achieved from regular exercise\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, according one meta-analysis of studies. This assumes the grandparents are not stepping into the parents’ shoes completely (although, admittedly, caring for grandkids often does involve a lot of physical activity, especially when we are talking about toddlers).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EOn the other hand, spending money on others rather than for your own pleasure can lead to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fpsychsocgerontology\u002Farticle\u002F60\u002F3\u002FP143\u002F559390\"\u003Ebetter hearing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fpsychsocgerontology\u002Farticle\u002F60\u002F3\u002FP143\u002F559390\"\u003Eimproved sleep\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Frepository.essex.ac.uk\u002F16072\u002F1\u002FWhillansetal2016.pdf\"\u003Elower blood pressure\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with the effects as large as those of starting new hypertension medication.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EMeanwhile, writing a cheque for a charity can be a good strategy for boosting your muscle power. In one experiment that tested handgrip strength, participants who made a donation to Unicef could \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mpmlab.org\u002FGray%20-%202010%20-%20Moral%20Transformation.pdf\"\u003Esqueeze a hand exerciser for 20 seconds longer\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than those who had not given away their money. So, the next time you want to try yourself at arm wrestling, for example, reach for your chequebook first.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-why-being-kind-to-others-is-good-for-your-health-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Humans are extremely social, we have better health when we are interconnected, and part of being interconnected is giving – Tristen Inagaki","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-why-being-kind-to-others-is-good-for-your-health-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EFor Tristen Inagaki, neuroscientist at San Diego State University, there is nothing surprising in the fact that kindness and altruism should impact our physical wellbeing. “Humans are extremely social, we have better health when we are interconnected, and part of being interconnected is giving,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EInagaki studies our caregiving system – a network of brain regions tied to both helping behaviours and health. This system likely evolved to facilitate parenting of our infants, unusually helpless by mammalian standards, and later probably got co-opted to helping other people, too. Part of the system is made up from the reward regions of the brain, such as the septal area and ventral striatum – the very same ones that light up when you get three cherries in a row on a slot machine. By wiring parenting to the reward system, nature has tried to assure we don’t run away from our screaming, needy babies. Neuroimagining studies by Inagaki and her colleagues show that these brain areas also light up \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fscan\u002Fadvance-article\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1093\u002Fscan\u002Fnsz052\u002F5527421\"\u003Ewhen we give support to other loved ones\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EBesides making caregiving rewarding, evolution also linked it with reduced stress. When we act kindly, or even simply reflect on our past kindness, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fscan\u002Fadvance-article\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1093\u002Fscan\u002Fnsz052\u002F5527421\"\u003Ethe activity of our brain’s fear centre, the amygdala, goes down\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Again this could be linked to raising children.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EIt may seem counterintuitive that childcare might be stress-reducing – ask any new parent and they’ll likely tell you that caring for babies isn’t exactly a trip to the spa. But research shows that when animals hear the whimpers of infants of the same species, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0149763415001001\"\u003Eactivity of their amygdalae tempers down\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and the same thing happens to parents when they are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F29749102\u002F\"\u003Eshown the photo of their own child\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Inagaki explains that the activity of the brain’s fear centre has to go down if we are to be truly useful to others. “If you were completely overwhelmed by their stress, you probably couldn’t even approach them to help them in the first place,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-why-being-kind-to-others-is-good-for-your-health-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p091jsdg"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-why-being-kind-to-others-is-good-for-your-health-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EAll this has direct consequences for health. The caregiving system – the amygdala and the reward areas – are networked with our sympathetic nervous system, which is involved in regulating our blood pressure and inflammatory responding, Inagaki explains. This is why turning your caregiving on can \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjamanetwork.com\u002Fjournals\u002Fjamapediatrics\u002Ffullarticle\u002F1655500\"\u003Eimprove your cardiovascular health\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and help you live longer. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EAdolescents who volunteer their time have been found to have lower levels of two markers of inflammation – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjamanetwork.com\u002Fjournals\u002Fjamapediatrics\u002Ffullarticle\u002F1655500\"\u003Einterleukin 6 and C-reactive protein\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Both of these have also been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.medrxiv.org\u002Fcontent\u002F10.1101\u002F2020.04.01.20047381v2\"\u003Eimplicated in severe outcomes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1002\u002Fjmv.25819\"\u003Epatients infected with Covid-19\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It raises the tantalising prospect that during the pandemic, helping others in need could be particularly powerful, not simply as a way of lifting our moods through lockdown gloom. Research actually testing whether volunteering could have a protective effect against Covid-19 has yet to be conducted, and anything that increases your contact with others who might carry the virus would potentially increase your risk.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EWhat if, however, giving doesn’t come naturally to you?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EEmpathy, a quality that is strongly linked to volunteering and giving behaviours, is highly heritable – about a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fmp2017122\"\u003Ethird of how empathetic we are is down to our genes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Yet, Konrath says it does not mean people born with low empathy are doomed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E“We are also born with different athletic potential, it’s easier for some of us to build muscles than for others, but all of us have muscles, and all of us if we do some exercises we will build our muscles,\" she says. \"No matter where we start, and research shows this, all of us can improve in empathy.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-why-being-kind-to-others-is-good-for-your-health-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The research suggests such kindness not only warms our hearts, it can help them stay healthy for longer","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-why-being-kind-to-others-is-good-for-your-health-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003ESome interventions take no more than a few seconds at a time. For example, you can try looking at the world from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mitpressjournals.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1162\u002Fjocn.2007.19.1.42\"\u003Eanother person’s perspective\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, really getting under their skin, for a moment or two each day. Or you can \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu\u002Fviewdoc\u002Fdownload?doi=10.1.1.688.7566&rep=rep1&type=pdf\"\u003Epractice mindfulness and loving-kindness meditation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.2466\u002Fpr0.1990.66.3.931\"\u003ETaking care of pets\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.2190\u002FP4R8-KPKG-0B0C-R4LT\"\u003Ereading emotionally-charged books\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a perfect lockdown past-time, also works well to boost empathy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EDuring the first six months of 2020, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fefa-net.eu\u002Fnews\u002Fbritons-gave-e890-million-more-in-lockdown-but-medical-research-charities-suffered\"\u003EBritons donated £800m ($1.05bn) more to charity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than for the same period in 2019, and similar stats pour in from other countries. Almost \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ipsos.com\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fipsos-coronavirus-us-aggregate-topline-041720.pdf\"\u003Ehalf of Americans have recently checked on their elderly or sick neighbours\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In Germany, the coronavirus crisis has pulled people closer together – while in February 2020 as many as 41% said that people did not care about others, this \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bertelsmann-stiftung.de\u002Fen\u002Four-projects\u002Fsocial-cohesion\u002Fproject-news\u002Fsocial-cohesion-improves-during-coronavirus-crisis\"\u003Efigure was down to just 19%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by early summer. And then, there are the stories of pandemic kindness – Americans and Australians leaving \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2020\u002F04\u002F03\u002Fstyle\u002Fteddy-bear-scavenger-hunt.html\"\u003Eteddy bears in their windows\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to cheer up children. A French florist, Murielle Marcenac, placed \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmetro.co.uk\u002F2020\u002F11\u002F08\u002Fflorist-leaves-bouquets-on-caregivers-cars-instead-of-binning-flowers-13557712\u002F\"\u003E400 bouquets on cars of hospital staff\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Perpignan.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EThe research suggests such kindness not only warms our hearts, it can help them stay healthy for longer, too. “There is really something about just focusing on others sometimes that’s really good for you,” Inagaki says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EWith that in mind, surely we could all spare a little time for a moment's kindness in the months ahead.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E* Marta Zaraska is the author of \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.growingyoungthebook.com\u002F\"\u003EGrowing Young: How Friendship, Optimism and Kindness Can Help You Live to 100\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. She can be found \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fmzaraska\"\u003E@mzaraska\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or follow us on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-why-being-kind-to-others-is-good-for-your-health-12"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-12-16T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Why being kind to others is good for your health","headlineShort":"The benefits of being kind to others","image":["p091jsp9"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5fe1d081fc4895687d99ba62"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"While we might all enjoy the warm glow of helping out others or giving up a little of our time for charity, it could be doing us some physical good too.","summaryShort":"Volunteering and giving to charity can improve your health","tag":["tag\u002Fpsychology"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-12-16T01:00:48.413606Z","entity":"article","guid":"7c9af4fe-148e-40cd-a766-a2d7e4c5b13c","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-why-being-kind-to-others-is-good-for-your-health","modifiedDateTime":"2020-12-16T14:02:09.052851Z","project":"future","slug":"20201215-why-being-kind-to-others-is-good-for-your-health","cacheLastUpdated":1609818565313},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200108-the-medications-that-change-who-we-are":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200108-the-medications-that-change-who-we-are","_id":"5fe1cfd7fc4895687d93e4b2","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["wwfuture\u002Fauthor\u002Fzaria-gorvett"],"bodyIntro":"They’ve been linked to road rage, pathological gambling, and complicated acts of fraud. Some make us less neurotic, and others may even shape our social relationships. It turns out many ordinary medications don’t just affect our bodies – they affect our brains. Why? And should there be warnings on packets?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETo mark the end of a turbulent year, we are bringing back some of our favourite stories for BBC Future’s “Best of 2020” collection. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca title=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fcolumns\u002Fbest-of-bbc-future\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fcolumns\u002Fbest-of-bbc-future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EDiscover more of our picks\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E here\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Patient Five” was in his late 50s when a trip to the doctors changed his life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe had diabetes, and he had signed up for a study to see if taking a “statin” – a kind of cholesterol-lowering drug – might help. So far, so normal.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut soon after he began the treatment, his wife began to notice a sinister transformation. A previously reasonable man, he became explosively angry and – out of nowhere – developed a tendency for road rage. During one memorable episode, he warned his family to keep away, lest he put them in hospital. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOut of fear of what might happen, Patient Five stopped driving. Even as a passenger, his outbursts often forced his wife to abandon their journeys and turn back. Afterwards, she’d leave him alone to watch TV and calm down. She became increasingly fearful for her own safety.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThen one day, Patient Five had an epiphany. “He was like, ‘Wow, it really seems that these problems started when I enrolled in this study’,” says Beatrice Golomb, who leads a research group at the University of California, San Diego.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20180116-the-mystery-of-why-some-people-become-sudden-geniuses\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhy some people become sudden geniuses\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190731-is-the-moon-impacting-your-mood-and-wellbeing\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe mood-altering power of the Moon\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20180312-are-digital-drugs-the-future-of-medication\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAre digital drugs the future of medication?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlarmed, the couple turned to the study’s organisers. “They were very hostile. They said that the two couldn’t possibly be related, that he needed to keep taking the medication, and that he should stay in the study,” says Golomb.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIronically, by this point the patient was so cantankerous that he flatly ignored the doctors’ advice. “He swore roundly, stormed out of the office and stopped taking the drug immediately,” she says. Two weeks later, he had his personality back.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOthers have not been so lucky. Over the years, Golomb has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC5014216\u002F\"\u003Ecollected reports from patients\u003C\u002Fa\u003E across the United States – tales of broken marriages, destroyed careers, and a surprising number of men who have come unnervingly close to murdering their wives. In almost every case, the symptoms began when they started taking statins, then promptly returned to normal when they stopped; one man \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fqjmed\u002Farticle\u002F97\u002F4\u002F229\u002F1525385\"\u003Erepeated this cycle five times\u003C\u002Fa\u003E before he realised what was going on.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200108-the-medications-that-change-who-we-are-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07yjt4l"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200108-the-medications-that-change-who-we-are-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAccording to Golomb, this is typical – in her experience, most patients struggle to recognise their own behavioural changes, let alone connect them to their medication. In some instances, the realisation comes too late: the researcher was contacted by the families of a number of people, including an internationally renowned scientist and a former editor of a legal publication, who \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC5005588\u002F\"\u003Etook their own lives\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe’re all familiar with the mind-bending properties of psychedelic drugs – but it turns out ordinary medications can be just as potent. From paracetamol (known as acetaminophen in the US) to antihistamines, statins, asthma medications and antidepressants, there’s emerging evidence that they can make us impulsive, angry, or restless, diminish our empathy for strangers, and even manipulate fundamental aspects of our personalities, such as how neurotic we are.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn most people, these changes are extremely subtle. But in some they can also be dramatic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200108-the-medications-that-change-who-we-are-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The list of potential culprits includes some of the most widely consumed drugs on the planet","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200108-the-medications-that-change-who-we-are-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBack in 2011, a French father-of-two sued the pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline, claiming that the drug he was taking for Parkinson’s disease had turned him into a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fabcnews.go.com\u002FHealth\u002FMindMoodResourceCenter\u002Fman-parkinsons-drug-requip-made-addicted-gambling-gay\u002Fstory?id=12813788\"\u003Egambler and gay sex addict\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and was responsible for risky behaviours that had led to him being raped.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThen in 2015, a man who targeted young girls on the internet used the argument that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theage.com.au\u002Fnational\u002Fvictoria\u002Fcourt-told-antiobesity-drug-played-part-in-mans-offences-against-young-girls-20150728-gim5j2.html\"\u003Ethe anti-obesity drug Duromine\u003C\u002Fa\u003E made him do it – he said that it reduced his ability to control his impulses. Every now and again, murderers try to blame \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.heraldsun.com.au\u002Fnews\u002Flaw-order\u002Ftrue-crime-scene\u002Fsleeping-pill-killer-brian-browning-found-guilty-of-murdering-wife\u002Fnews-story\u002F386c0d1916f429555985f36da7d3dc01\"\u003Esedatives\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or antidepressants for \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fjaapl.org\u002Fcontent\u002F43\u002F3\u002F321\"\u003Etheir offences\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf these claims are true, the implications are profound. The list of potential culprits includes some of the most widely consumed drugs on the planet, meaning that even if the effects are small at an individual level, they could be shaping the personalities of millions of people. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EResearch into these effects couldn’t come at a better time. The world is in the midst of a crisis of over-medication, with the US alone buying up \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.marketwatch.com\u002Fpress-release\u002Fnew-report-on-paracetamol-market-2019-global-industry-size-share-forecasts-analysis-company-profiles-competitive-landscape-and-key-regions-2024-available-at-360-research-report-2019-10-10\"\u003E49,000 tonnes of paracetamol\u003C\u002Fa\u003E every year – equivalent to about 298 paracetamol tablets per person – and the average American consuming \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bloomberg.com\u002Fquicktake\u002Fdrug-prices\"\u003E$1,200 worth of prescription medications\u003C\u002Fa\u003E over the same period. And as the global population ages, our drug-lust is set to spiral even further out of control; in the UK, one in 10 people over the age of 65 already takes \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ageuk.org.uk\u002Fglobalassets\u002Fage-uk\u002Fdocuments\u002Freports-and-publications\u002Freports-and-briefings\u002Fhealth--wellbeing\u002Fmedication\u002F190819_more_harm_than_good.pdf\"\u003Eeight medications every week\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200108-the-medications-that-change-who-we-are-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07yjr9m"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200108-the-medications-that-change-who-we-are-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHow are all these medications affecting our brains? And should there be warnings on packets?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGolomb first suspected a connection between statins and personality changes nearly two decades ago, after a series of mysterious discoveries, such as that people with lower cholesterol levels are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F9499332\"\u003Emore likely to die violent death\u003C\u002Fa\u003Es. Then one day, she was chatting to a cholesterol expert about the potential link in the hallway at her work, when he brushed it off as obviously nonsense. “And I said ‘how do we know that?’,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFilled with fresh determination, Golomb scoured the scientific and medical literature for clues. “There was shockingly more evidence than I had imagined,” she says. For one thing, she uncovered findings that if you put primates on a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F7532867\"\u003Elow-cholesterol diet\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, they become more aggressive.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200108-the-medications-that-change-who-we-are-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Golomb remains convinced that lower cholesterol can cause behavioural changes in both men and women","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200108-the-medications-that-change-who-we-are-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThere was even a potential mechanism: lowering the animals’ cholesterol seemed to affect their levels of serotonin, an important brain chemical thought to be involved in regulating mood and social behaviour in animals. Even \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fng2029\"\u003Efruit flies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E start fighting if you mess up their serotonin levels, but it also has some unpleasant effects in people – studies have linked it to violence, impulsivity, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Feuropepmc.org\u002Farticle\u002Fmed\u002F1721619\"\u003Esuicide\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1177\u002F009318530303100302\"\u003Emurder\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf statins were affecting people’s brains, this was likely to be a direct consequence of their ability to lower cholesterol. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESince then, more direct evidence has emerged. Several studies have supported a potential link between irritability and statins, including a randomised controlled trial – the gold-standard of scientific research – that Golomb led, involving more than 1,000 people. It found that the drug \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.plos.org\u002Fplosone\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0124451\"\u003Eincreased aggression in post-menopausal women\u003C\u002Fa\u003E though, oddly, not in men.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2018, a study uncovered \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbio.biologists.org\u002Fcontent\u002F7\u002F12\u002Fbio030981\"\u003Ethe same effect in fish\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Giving statins to Nile tilapia made them more confrontational and – crucially – altered the levels of serotonin in their brains. This suggests that the mechanism that links cholesterol and violence may have been around for millions of years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGolomb remains convinced that lower cholesterol, and, by extension, statins, can cause behavioural changes in both men and women, though the strength of the effect varies drastically from person to person. “There are lines of evidence converging,” she says, citing a study she conducted in Sweden, which involved comparing a database of the cholesterol levels of 250,000 people with local crime records. “Even adjusting for confounding factors, it was still the case that people with lower cholesterol at baseline were significantly more likely to be arrested for violent crimes.”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200108-the-medications-that-change-who-we-are-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07yjsmv"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200108-the-medications-that-change-who-we-are-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut Golomb’s most unsettling discovery isn’t so much the impact that ordinary drugs can have on who we are – it’s the lack of interest in uncovering it. “There’s much more of an emphasis on things that doctors can easily measure,” she says, explaining that, for a long time, research into the side-effects of statins was all focused on the muscles and liver, because any problems in these organs can be detected using standard blood tests.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis is something that Dominik Mischkowski, a pain researcher from Ohio University, has also noticed. “There is a remarkable gap in the research actually, when it comes to the effects of medication on personality and behaviour,” he says. “We know a lot about the physiological effects of these drugs – whether they have physical side effects or not, you know. But we don't understand how they influence human behaviour.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMischkowski’s own research has uncovered a sinister side-effect of paracetamol. For a long time, scientists have known that the drug blunts physical pain by reducing activity in certain brain areas, such as the insular cortex, which plays an important role in our emotions. These areas are involved in our experience of social pain, too – and intriguingly, paracetamol can make us feel better \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F20548058\"\u003Eafter a rejection\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200108-the-medications-that-change-who-we-are-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Mischkowski wondered whether painkillers might be making it harder to experience empathy","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200108-the-medications-that-change-who-we-are-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnd recent research has revealed that this patch of cerebral real-estate is more crowded than anyone previously thought, because it turns out the brain’s pain centres also share their home with empathy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor example, fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) scans have shown that the same areas of our brain become active when we’re experiencing “positive empathy” –pleasure on other people’s behalf – as when we’re experiencing pain.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGiven these facts, Mischkowski wondered whether painkillers might be making it harder to experience empathy. Earlier this year, together with colleagues from Ohio University and Ohio State University, he recruited some students and spilt them into two groups. One received a standard 1,000mg dose of paracetamol, while the other was given a placebo. Then he asked them to read scenarios about uplifting experiences that had happened to other people, such as the good fortune of “Alex”, who finally plucked up the courage to ask a girl on a date (she said yes).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200108-the-medications-that-change-who-we-are-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07yjn4q"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200108-the-medications-that-change-who-we-are-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe results revealed that paracetamol significantly reduces our ability to feel positive empathy – a result with implications for how the drug is shaping the social relationships of millions of people every day. Though the experiment didn’t look at negative empathy – where we experience and relate to other people’s pain – Mischkowski suspects that this would also be more difficult to summon after taking the drug.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I'm not entirely junior anymore as a researcher, and to be honest, this line of research is really the most worrisome that I've ever conducted,” he says. “Especially because I’m well aware of the numbers [of people] involved. When you give somebody a drug, you don’t just give it to a person – you give it to a social system. And we really don’t understand the effects of these medications in the broader context.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEmpathy doesn’t just determine if you’re a “nice” person, or if you cry while you’re watching sad movies. The emotion comes with many practical benefits, including more stable \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstor.org\u002Fstable\u002F585632?seq=1\"\u003Eromantic relationships\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1002\u002Ficd.740\"\u003Ebetter-adjusted children\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and more \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.emerald.com\u002Finsight\u002Fcontent\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1108\u002F13620430410544337\u002Ffull\u002Fhtml\"\u003Esuccessful careers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – some scientists have even suggested that it’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgreatergood.berkeley.edu\u002Farticle\u002Fitem\u002Fthe_evolution_of_empathy\"\u003Eresponsible for the triumph of our species\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In fact, a quick glance at its many benefits reveals that casually lowering a person’s ability to empathise is no trivial matter. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200108-the-medications-that-change-who-we-are-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Scientists have known for a while that the medications used to treat asthma are sometimes associated with behavioural changes, such as an increase in hyperactivity","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200108-the-medications-that-change-who-we-are-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETechnically, paracetamol isn’t changing our personalities, because the effects only last a few hours and few of us take it continuously. But Mischkowski stresses that we do need to be informed about the ways it affects us, so that we can use our common sense. “Just like we should be aware that you shouldn't get in front of the wheel if you're under the influence of alcohol, you don't want to take paracetamol and then put yourself into a situation that requires you to be emotionally responsive – like having a serious conversation with a partner or co-worker.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne reason medications can have such psychological clout is that the body isn’t just a bag of separate organs, awash with chemicals with well-defined roles – instead, it’s a network, in which many different processes are linked.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor example, scientists have known for a while that the medications used to treat asthma are sometimes associated with behavioural changes, such as an increase in hyperactivity and the development of ADHD symptoms. Then, more recently, research uncovered a mysterious connection between the two disorders themselves; having one increases the risk of having the other by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fuk.reuters.com\u002Farticle\u002Fus-health-adhd-asthma\u002Flinks-seen-between-asthma-and-adhd-idUKKBN1L12FZ\"\u003E45-53%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. No one knows why, but one idea is that asthma medications bring on ADHD symptoms by altering levels or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdedge.com\u002Fpsychiatry\u002Farticle\u002F139050\u002Fadhd\u002Fwhat-role-does-asthma-medication-have-adhd-or-depression\"\u003Eserotonin or inflammatory chemicals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which are thought to be involved in the development of both conditions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200108-the-medications-that-change-who-we-are-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07yjkf0"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200108-the-medications-that-change-who-we-are-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESometimes these links are more obvious. Back in 2009, a team of psychologists from Northwestern University, Illinois, decided to check if antidepressants might be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F19996037\"\u003Eaffecting our personalities\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In particular, the team were interested in neuroticism. This “Big Five” personality trait is epitomised by anxious feelings, such as fear, jealousy, envy and guilt.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor the study, the team recruited adults who had moderate to severe depression. They gave one third of the study’s participants the antidepressant paroxetine (a kind of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)), one third a placebo, and one third talking therapy. They then checked to see how their mood and personalities changed from the beginning to the end of a 16-week treatment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We found that massive changes in neuroticism were brought about by the medicine and not very much at all by the placebo [or the therapy],” says Robert DeRubeis, who was involved in the study. “It was quite striking.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200108-the-medications-that-change-who-we-are-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The idea that antidepressants are affecting neuroticism directly is intriguing","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200108-the-medications-that-change-who-we-are-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe big surprise was that, though the antidepressants did make the participants feel less depressed, the reduction in neuroticism was much more powerful – and their influence on neuroticism was independent of their impact on depression. The patients on antidepressants also started to score more highly for extroversion.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s important to note that it was a relatively small study, and no one has tried to repeat the results yet, so they may not be totally reliable. But the idea that antidepressants are affecting neuroticism directly is intriguing. One idea is that the trait is linked to level of serotonin in the brain, which is altered by the SSRIs. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile becoming less neurotic might sound like an appealing side-effect, it’s not necessarily all good news. That’s because this aspect of our personalities is something of a double-edged sword; yes, it’s been associated with all kinds of unpleasant outcomes, such as an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F17991814\"\u003Eearlier death\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but it’s also thought that anxious over-thinking might be helpful. For example, neurotic individuals tend to be more \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS1053811903002519\"\u003Erisk-averse\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and in certain situations worrying \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0191886904000789\"\u003Ecan improve a person’s performance\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200108-the-medications-that-change-who-we-are-20"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07zsx5d"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200108-the-medications-that-change-who-we-are-21"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“What [the American psychiatrist] Peter Kramer warned us about was that when some people are on antidepressants, what can happen is that they begin not to care about things that people care about,” says DeRubeis. If the results do hold up, should patients be warned about how their treatment might change them?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“If I were advising a friend, I would certainly want them to be on the lookout for those kinds of undesirable effects, just like they would naturally be looking out for other side-effects, like whether they're gaining weight, and so on,” says DeRubeis.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt this point it’s worth pointing out that no one is arguing that people should stop taking their medication. Despite their subtle effects on the brain, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F16687992\"\u003Eantidepressants\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have been shown to help prevent suicides, cholesterol-lowering drugs save \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedaily.com\u002Freleases\u002F2018\u002F04\u002F180417130103.htm\"\u003Etens of thousands of lives\u003C\u002Fa\u003E every year, and paracetamol is on the World Health Organisation’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fselection_medicines\u002Flist\u002Fen\u002F\"\u003Elist of essential drugs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E because of its ability to relieve pain. But it is important that people are informed about any potential psychological side-effects.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200108-the-medications-that-change-who-we-are-22"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The association with impulsive behaviours makes sense, because L-dopa is essentially providing the brain with a dose of extra dopamine","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200108-the-medications-that-change-who-we-are-23"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe matter takes on a whole new urgency, when you consider that some personality changes can be dramatic. There’s solid evidence that the drug L-dopa, which is used to treat Parkinson’s disease, increases the risk of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fn.neurology.org\u002Fcontent\u002F67\u002F7\u002F1258.short\"\u003EImpulse Control Disorders (ICDs)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – a group of problems that make it more difficult to resist temptations and urges.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EConsequently, the drug can have life-ruining consequences, as some patients suddenly start taking more risks, becoming pathological gamblers, excessive shoppers, and sex pests. In 2009, a drug with similar properties hit the headlines, after a man with Parkinson’s committed a £45,000 ($60,000) \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.telegraph.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fhealth\u002Fnews\u002F6446763\u002FParkinsons-drug-made-former-councillor-carry-out-45000-eBay-ticket-fraud.html\"\u003Eticket scam\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. He blamed it on his medication, claiming that it had completely changed his personality.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe association with impulsive behaviours makes sense, because L-dopa is essentially providing the brain with a dose of extra dopamine – in Parkinson’s disease the part of the brain that produces it is progressively destroyed – and the hormone is involved in providing us with feelings of pleasure and reward.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EExperts agree that L-dopa is the most \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F15936832\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eeffective treatment\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for many of the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, and it’s prescribed to thousands of people in the US every year. This is despite a long \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fdrugs\u002F2\u002Fdrug-3394-41\u002Fcarbidopa-levodopa-oral\u002Fcarbidopa-levodopa-oral\u002Fdetails\"\u003Elist of possible side effects\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that accompanies the medication, which explicitly mentions the risk of unusually strong urges, such as for gambling or sex.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn fact, DeRubeis, Golomb and Mischkowski are all of the opinion that the drugs they’re studying will continue to be used, regardless of their potential psychological side-effects. \"We are human beings, you know,\" says Mischkowski. \"We take a lot of stuff that is not necessarily always good in every circumstance. I always use the example of alcohol, because it's also a painkiller, like paracetamol. We take it because we feel that it has a benefit for us, and it's OK as long as you take it in the right circumstances and you don't consume too much.\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut in order to minimise any undesirable effects and get the most out of the staggering quantities of medications that we all take each day, Mischkowski reiterates that we need to know more. Because at the moment, he says, how they are affecting the behaviour of individuals – and even entire societies – is largely a mystery. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDisclaimer\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAll content within this column is provided for general information only, and should not be treated as a substitute for the medical advice of your own doctor or any other health care professional. The BBC is not responsible or liable for any diagnosis made by a user based on the content of this site. The BBC is not liable for the contents of any external internet sites listed, nor does it endorse any commercial product or service mentioned or advised on any of the sites. Always consult your own GP if you're in any way concerned about your health.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200108-the-medications-that-change-who-we-are-24"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-01-08T10:17:40Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The medications that change who we are","headlineShort":"The pills that can change who you are","image":["p07zsw16"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5fe1d081fc4895687d99ba62"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"They’ve been linked to road rage, pathological gambling, and complicated acts of fraud. It turns out many ordinary medications don’t just affect our bodies – they affect our brains.","summaryShort":"The list includes one of the most widely-prescribed drugs on the planet","tag":["tag\u002Fpsychology"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-01-08T10:59:22.331649Z","entity":"article","guid":"1546c1fe-cd1b-4b04-957c-e235e3cf2bd3","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200108-the-medications-that-change-who-we-are","modifiedDateTime":"2020-12-21T10:36:12.817932Z","project":"future","slug":"20200108-the-medications-that-change-who-we-are","cacheLastUpdated":1609818565313},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-renewable-power-the-worlds-largest-battery":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-renewable-power-the-worlds-largest-battery","_id":"5fe1cfdafc4895687d93f186","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fcheryl-katz"],"bodyIntro":"The advent of \"big battery\" technology addresses a key challenge for green energy – the intermittency of wind and solar.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe twin smokestacks of the Moss Landing Power Plant tower over Monterey Bay. Visible for miles along this picturesque stretch of the north Californian coast, the 500-foot-tall (150m) pillars crown what was once California's largest electric power station – a behemoth natural gas-fired generator. Today, as California steadily moves to decarbonise its economy, those stacks are idle and the plant is largely mothballed. Instead, the site is about to begin a new life as the world's largest battery, storing excess energy when solar panels and wind farms are producing electricity and feeding it back into the grid when they're not.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInside a cavernous turbine building, a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Finvestor.vistracorp.com\u002Finvestor-relations\u002Fnews\u002Fpress-release-details\u002F2020\u002FVistra-Announces-Next-Phase-of-Battery-Energy-Storage-Systems-at-its-Moss-Landing-Facility\u002Fdefault.aspx\"\u003E300-megawatt lithium-ion battery\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is currently being readied for operation, with another \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pge.com\u002Fen\u002Fabout\u002Fnewsroom\u002Fnewsdetails\u002Findex.page?title=20200519_pge_poised_to_expand_battery_energy_storage_capacity_by_more_than_420_megawatts\"\u003E100-megawatt battery\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to come online in 2021.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese aren't the only super-sized batteries that will soon be operating at the Moss Landing plant. An additional \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pge.com\u002Fen\u002Fabout\u002Fnewsroom\u002Fnewsdetails\u002Findex.page?title=20200729_pge_tesla_break_ground_on_landmark_battery_energy_storage_system\"\u003E182.5 megawatts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E produced by 256 Tesla megapack batteries are scheduled to begin feeding into California's electric grid in mid-2021, with plans to eventually add enough capacity at the site to power every home in nearby San Francisco for six hours, according to the Bay Area utility, Pacific Gas and Electric, which will own and operate the system. Elsewhere in California, a 250-megawatt storage project went online this year in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.lspower.com\u002Fls-power-energizes-largest-battery-storage-project-in-the-world-the-250-mw-gateway-project-in-california-2\u002F\"\u003ESan Diego\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, construction has begun on a 150-megawatt system near \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pge.com\u002Fen\u002Fabout\u002Fnewsroom\u002Fnewsdetails\u002Findex.page?title=20200519_pge_poised_to_expand_battery_energy_storage_capacity_by_more_than_420_megawatts\"\u003ESan Francisco\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a 100-megawatt battery project is nearing completion in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.fluenceenergy.com\u002Fenergy-storage-aes-alamitos-california\"\u003ELong Beach\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and a number of others are in various stages of development around the state.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECalifornia is currently the global leader in the effort to balance the intermittency of renewable energy in electric grids with utility-scale batteries, but the rest of the world is rapidly following suit. Recently announced plans range from a 409-megawatt system in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.prnewswire.com\u002Fnews-releases\u002Ffpl-announces-plan-to-build-the-worlds-largest-solar-powered-battery-and-drive-accelerated-retirement-of-fossil-fuel-generation-300820312.html\"\u003ESouth Florida\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, to a 320-megawatt plant near \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.energy-storage.news\u002Fnews\u002Fuks-largest-battery-storage-project-at-320mw-gets-go-ahead-from-government\"\u003ELondon in the UK\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, to a 200-megawatt facility in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.power-technology.com\u002Fnews\u002Flithuania-plans-build-world-largest-battery-storage-systems\u002F\"\u003ELithuania\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and a 112-megawatt unit in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.energy-storage.news\u002Fnews\u002Faes-begins-work-on-560mwh-largest-battery-system-in-latin-america-for-solar\"\u003EChile\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-renewable-power-the-worlds-largest-battery-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p091qwgp"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-renewable-power-the-worlds-largest-battery-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDriven by steeply falling prices and technological progress that allows batteries to store ever-larger amounts of energy, grid-scale systems are seeing record growth. Many of the gains are spillovers from the auto industry's race to build smaller, cheaper, and more powerful lithium-ion batteries for electric cars. In the US, state clean-energy mandates, along with tax incentives for storage systems that are paired with solar installations, are also playing an important role.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe mass deployment of storage could overcome one of the biggest obstacles to renewable energy – its cycling between oversupply when the sun shines or the wind blows, and shortage when the Sun sets or the wind drops. By smoothing imbalances between supply and demand, proponents say, batteries can replace fossil fuel \"peaker\" plants that kick in for a few hours a day when energy demands soar. As such, widespread energy storage could be key to expanding the reach of renewables and speeding the transition to a carbon-free power grid.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Energy storage is actually the true bridge to a clean-energy future,\" says Bernadette Del Chiaro, executive director of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcalssa.org\u002F\"\u003ECalifornia Solar and Storage Association\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201124-how-geothermal-lithium-could-revolutionise-green-energy\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe new 'gold rush' for green lithium\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200219-the-solar-farms-fighting-climate-change-in-alaska\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe world's most unlikely solar farms\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe electric plane leading a revolution\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHow quickly that future arrives depends in large part on how rapidly costs continue to fall. Already the price tag for utility-scale battery storage in the US has plummeted, dropping nearly 70% between 2015 and 2018, according to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.eia.gov\u002Ftodayinenergy\u002Fdetail.php?id=45596&src=email\"\u003EUS Energy Information Administration\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This sharp price drop has followed advances in lithium-ion battery chemistry to significantly improve performance. Battery capacity has expanded too, with facilities able to store and discharge energy over ever-longer periods of time. Market competition and rising battery production also play a major role; a projection by the US \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nrel.gov\u002Fdocs\u002Ffy19osti\u002F73222.pdf\"\u003ENational Renewable Energy Laboratory\u003C\u002Fa\u003E sees mid-range costs for lithium-ion batteries falling an additional 45% between 2018 and 2030.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We're almost entirely piggybacking on the growth of lithium-ion battery technology, which is driven mostly by electric vehicles and consumer electronics,\" says Ray Hohenstein, market applications director for Fluence, an energy storage technology provider with projects totalling nearly 1 gigawatt (1,000 megawatts) set to come online in California within a year. The money put into research for those applications is driving down costs across the board, says Hohenstein. \"It's just like what we saw with solar panels.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn California, falling battery prices, coupled with the state's aggressive push toward a carbon-free electrical grid by 2045, have led to a packed pipeline of storage projects. A 2013 bill set a target of 1.325 gigawatts of storage to be commissioned for the state's grid by 2020. With 1.5 gigawatts of projects now approved – including more than 500 megawatts installed so far – that goal has already been surpassed, according to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cpuc.ca.gov\u002FGeneral.aspx?id=3462\"\u003ECalifornia Public Utilities Commission\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-renewable-power-the-worlds-largest-battery-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p091qvqx"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-renewable-power-the-worlds-largest-battery-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen the gigantic Moss Landing project becomes fully operational in mid-2021, it will more than double the amount of energy storage in California. Several other states are also now embarking on major energy storage projects. Among them: New York's 316-megawatt \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdocuments.dps.ny.gov\u002Fpublic\u002FCommon\u002FViewDoc.aspx?DocRefId=%7B4B80E981-860F-4AF2-9B02-0996D8E18536%7D\"\u003ERavenswood\u003C\u002Fa\u003E project will be able to power more than 250,000 homes for up to eight hours, replacing two natural gas peaker plants in the New York City borough of Queens. And the 409-megawatt \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.prnewswire.com\u002Fnews-releases\u002Ffpl-announces-plan-to-build-the-worlds-largest-solar-powered-battery-and-drive-accelerated-retirement-of-fossil-fuel-generation-300820312.html\"\u003EManatee\u003C\u002Fa\u003E system planned for South Florida will be charged by an adjacent solar plant. The facility, which utility Florida Power and Light says will be the world's largest solar-powered battery system, replaces two aging natural-gas-fired units.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs a whole, the US's utility-scale battery power is set to grow from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fenergystorage.org\u002Fus-energy-storage-market-shatters-records-in-q3-2020\u002F\"\u003E1.2 gigawatts in 2020 to nearly 7.5 gigawatts in 2025\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, according to Wood MacKenzie, a natural resources research and consulting firm. Kelly Speakes-Backman, chief executive of the US Energy Storage Association, says that battery storage additions doubled in 2020, and would likely have tripled had it not been for construction slowdowns caused by the Covid-19 pandemic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEurope has been slower to get on board with storage. \"In general, Europe is a bit more conservative\" when it comes to such developments, says Daniele Gatti, analyst for IDTechEx, a UK-based market research firm specialising in emerging technology. Energy storage development in Europe has been hindered by a restrictive electricity market dominated by government auctions that tend to undervalue storage, she says. Still, some big-battery projects are now taking shape, including the 320-megawatt \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.energy-storage.news\u002Fnews\u002Fuks-largest-battery-storage-project-at-320mw-gets-go-ahead-from-government\"\u003EGateway\u003C\u002Fa\u003E system to be built at a new port facility near London.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-renewable-power-the-worlds-largest-battery-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p091qvjr"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-renewable-power-the-worlds-largest-battery-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EGlobally, Gatti projects rapid growth in energy storage, reaching 1.2 terawatts (1,200 gigawatts) in the next decade. Key players include Australia, which in 2017 became the first nation to install major battery storage on its grid with the 100-megawatt \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhornsdalepowerreserve.com.au\u002F\"\u003EHornsdale Power Reserve\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and is now planning to add another 300 megawatts near \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.greentechmedia.com\u002Farticles\u002Fread\u002Faustralia-picks-massive-tesla-battery-to-ease-transmission-constraint\"\u003EVictoria\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The new system will dispatch electricity between states \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.irena.org\u002F-\u002Fmedia\u002FFiles\u002FIRENA\u002FAgency\u002FPublication\u002F2020\u002FJul\u002FIRENA_Virtual_power_lines_2020.pdf?la=en&hash=C58043124D596D1CF75395066817C38B55AC1983#:~:text=Virtual%20power%20lines%20(VPLs)%20allow,for%20large%20grid%20infrastructure%20investments.&text=%E2%9E%9C%20Global%20needs%20for%20network,reach%2014.3%20GW%20by%202026\"\u003Eon an as-needed basis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, maximising the efficiency of existing transmission infrastructure and reducing the need for building new power lines that would sit idle most of the time. A similar projects are gearing up in Baden-Württemberg, south-west \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tscnet.eu\u002Ftransnetbws-grid-booster-confirmed\u002F\"\u003EGermany\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd while the US's Moss Landing is set to be the world's largest battery, it may be so for long. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.renewableenergymagazine.com\u002Fstorage\u002Fworlda-s-largest-battery-storage-facility-will-20201118\"\u003ESaudi Arabia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E has just announced a bid for that title, with a massive solar-plus-storage system on the country's west coast. The facility will provide 100% renewable energy around the clock to a resort complex of 50 hotels and 1,300 homes being built along the Red Sea.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith a recent \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F370\u002F6521\u002F1171.full?ijkey=U7SbGvpzhvvB2&keytype=ref&siteid=sci\"\u003Ereport\u003C\u002Fa\u003E concluding that most fossil fuel power plants in the US will reach the end of their working life by 2035, experts say that the time for rapid growth in industrial-scale energy storage is at hand. Yiyi Zhou, a renewable power systems specialist at Bloomberg NEF, says that renewables combined with battery storage are already an economically viable alternative to building new gas peaker plants. Pairing electricity generation with storage works especially well with solar energy, which generally follows a predictable daily pattern. And, says Zhou, as more solar energy enters the grid, the cost of operating gas plants actually goes up.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"That's mainly because [gas plants] are forced to cycle on and off much more now because of solar penetration,\" Zhou says. \"This adds wear-and-tear, and shortens their lifetime.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-renewable-power-the-worlds-largest-battery-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p091qw3n"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-renewable-power-the-worlds-largest-battery-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBatteries are even beginning to reach a size – around 200 megawatts – that enables renewables to replace small- to medium-sized natural gas generators, says Fluence's Hohenstein. \"Now we're able to truly build these hybrid resources – solar, storage, wind – and do the job that was traditionally done by fossil fuel power plants,\" says Hohenstein, whose company is seeing a surge of interest in large projects.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAdding storage also makes renewable energy more profitable, says Wesley Cole, an energy analyst with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. \"One of the challenges of renewable energy is the more you put on the grid, the more the value declines,\" Cole says. Storage helps deal with that by soaking up excess energy that would have been lost in the middle of the day, when electricity demand is lower, and moving it to a time when it is more valuable.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile energy storage is thriving in high-value markets, such as California, battery prices still need to come down more to reach large-scale global deployment. Yet analysts are optimistic that battery prices will eventually drop low enough for widespread energy storage use.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We see storage being a large player across effectively every future we look at,\" says Cole. \"And not just one or two gigawatts… but tens to hundreds of gigawatts.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis article was originally published by \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fe360.yale.edu\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYale e360\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, and is republished with permission – read the original story \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fe360.yale.edu\u002Ffeatures\u002Fin-boost-for-renewables-grid-scale-battery-storage-is-on-the-rise\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Ehere\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E. This is also why this story does not have an estimate for its carbon emissions, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eas Future Planet stories usually do\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-renewable-power-the-worlds-largest-battery-8"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffuture-planet"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-12-18T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The batteries that could make fossil fuels obsolete","headlineShort":"Why batteries are the new power plants","image":["p091qvjr"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5fe1d081fc4895687d99ba62"}],"partner":["future\u002Fpartner\u002Fyale-360"],"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"The advent of \"big battery\" technology addresses a key challenge for green energy – the intermittency of wind and solar.","summaryShort":"These vast batteries can solve one of renewable energy's most difficult problems","tag":["tag\u002Frenewableenergy","tag\u002Ffuture-planet"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-12-18T00:05:21.382322Z","entity":"article","guid":"c7264ec4-a368-4144-9127-6e508b8dfded","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-renewable-power-the-worlds-largest-battery","modifiedDateTime":"2020-12-18T14:57:49.816303Z","project":"future","slug":"20201217-renewable-power-the-worlds-largest-battery","cacheLastUpdated":1609818565314},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201211-is-eating-fish-healthy":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20201211-is-eating-fish-healthy","_id":"5fe1cfdafc4895687d93f022","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fjessica-brown"],"bodyIntro":"We know of fish as a healthy food, but pregnant women are told to limit consumption. Do the health benefits of eating fish outweigh the risks, particularly as stocks grow more depleted?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFish has a reputation for being one of the healthiest foods we can eat.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the rising availability of plant-based alternatives, and increasing concerns about seafood’s sustainability and carbon footprint, have led some to question whether we need it in our diets. Since 1974, the UN's Food and Agricultural Organization reports, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002F3\u002Fca9229en\u002FCA9229EN.pdf\"\u003Efish stocks within biologically sustainable levels\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have declined from 90% to just under 66% today.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMeanwhile, concerns over mercury and other pollutants mean women who are pregnant or breastfeeding, for example, are told to limit their consumption of some species.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDoes eating fish provide more health benefits – or health risks?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHeavy metal\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn recent decades, one of the biggest concerns about fish has been its potentially harmful levels of pollutants and metals.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200427-frozen-fresh-or-canned-food-whats-more-nutritious\"\u003EWhy frozen food can be more nutritious than fresh\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190916-are-eggs-good-for-you\"\u003EThe truth about eating eggs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200903-which-cooking-oil-is-the-healthiest\"\u003EWhich cooking oil is the healthiest?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne concern is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Ftopics\u002Fpharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science\u002Fpolychlorinated-biphenyl\"\u003Epolychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Although they were banned by the 1980s, these industrial chemicals were used worldwide in huge quantities and still linger in our soil and our water. \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciepub.com\u002FJEPHH\u002Fabstract\u002F10976\"\u003EThey’ve been associated with a range of negative health effects\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on everything from the immune system to the brain. While PCBs are present in everything from dairy products to drinking water, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mayoclinic.org\u002Fhealthy-lifestyle\u002Fnutrition-and-healthy-eating\u002Fexpert-answers\u002Ffish-and-pbcs\u002Ffaq-20348595\"\u003Ethe highest levels tend to be found in fish\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201211-is-eating-fish-healthy-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0915898"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201211-is-eating-fish-healthy-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe solution for limiting your intake of PCBs from fish may be counterintuitive, says Johnathan Napier, science director at Rothamsted Research in Hertfordshire, England. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The possible problem of the accumulation of toxic compounds is likely to be more of concern for wild species that are caught for direct human consumption,” he says. Because the marine-derived ingredients that farmed fish are fed are cleaned or scrubbed to remove toxins, farmed fish is often safer than wild.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0045653507004663\"\u003EThat isn't always the case\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, however, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0278691519301553\"\u003EPCB content also fluctuates seasonally\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile they are generally viewed as better for our health and the environment, large-scale aquaculture \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Fchapter\u002F10.1007\u002F978-1-4020-6810-2_2\"\u003Ehas its own problems\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, such as polluting the oceans with waste and becoming breeding grounds for diseases that can spill over into the wild.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nhs.uk\u002Fcommon-health-questions\u002Fpregnancy\u002Fshould-pregnant-and-breastfeeding-women-avoid-some-types-of-fish\u002F\"\u003EThe NHS recommends that pregnant and breastfeeding women limit their intake of fish species more likely to contain PCBs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, as well as other pollutants like dioxins, to two portions per week. These fish include oily fish like salmon and sardines, as well as non-oily fish including crab and sea bass. A portion is around 140g.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201211-is-eating-fish-healthy-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09158g9"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201211-is-eating-fish-healthy-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnother worry is mercury, a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC2581505\u002F\"\u003Eneurotoxin that could pass through the placenta and affect child development.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E There are numerous links between mercury ingestion and cancer, diabetes and heart disease. While mercury can be found in other foods, such as vegetables, one study found that 78% of participants' \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC5036710\u002F\"\u003Emercury intake came from fish and seafood\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn fish, mercury levels are high enough for the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to recommend that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fda.gov\u002Ffood\u002Fconsumers\u002Fadvice-about-eating-fish\"\u003Epregnant people limit their intake of some popular fish\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, including halibut and tuna, to one serving a week.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut concerns around the accumulation of heavy metals in fish has been overexaggerated, says Napier. He says it’s only a problem when it comes to species that live a particularly long time – like swordfish, which can live for 15 to 20 years. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fda.gov\u002Ffood\u002Fmetals-and-your-food\u002Fmercury-levels-commercial-fish-and-shellfish-1990-2012\"\u003ESwordfish has a mercury concentration\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of 0.995 PPM, while salmon, which lives on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.usgs.gov\u002Ffaqs\u002Fhow-long-do-salmon-usually-live?qt-news_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products\"\u003Eaverage for four to five years,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E has around 0.014. While research is still ongoing, the US's Environmental Protection Agency currently states that for pregnant women, the highest allowable average mercury concentration per serving, if eating one serving a week, is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.epa.gov\u002Ffish-tech\u002Fepa-fda-fish-advice-technical-information\"\u003E0.46 PPM\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the issue is set to worsen, as there’s evidence to suggest that levels of mercury found in the ocean may rise as the planet warms. Research has found that as Arctic permafrost melts, it \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedaily.com\u002Freleases\u002F2019\u002F10\u002F191016124557.htm\"\u003Ereleases mercury that was trapped in frozen ground\u003C\u002Fa\u003E into waterways. \u003Cem\u003E(Read more about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190612-the-poisons-released-by-melting-arctic-ice\"\u003Ethe poisons being released by melting Arctic ice.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile mercury poses a small risk, Napier says there stands to be much more to gain from fish – particularly marine omega 3.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFatty acids\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC3712371\u002F\"\u003EConsumption of oily fish, including salmon, tuna, sardines and mackerel, has been linked to a lower risk of cardiovascular disease,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E thanks to its marine omega 3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome plant-based sources of omega 3, such as flax seeds and walnuts, are rich in a third type – ALA. A 2014 study concludes that the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC4224228\u002F\"\u003Eheart health benefits of plant-based omega 3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E may be comparable to EPA and DHA, but there isn't research to back it up yet. However, you can find both EPA and DHA in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC5793051\u002F\"\u003Ealgae supplements\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007%2Fs10811-018-1530-2\"\u003Eedible seaweed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201211-is-eating-fish-healthy-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Both EPA and DHA play a plethora of important roles in human metabolism, but we can’t make them very effectively in our bodies, so it’s really important to have them as part of our diet – Johnathan Napier","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201211-is-eating-fish-healthy-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Both EPA and DHA play a plethora of important roles in human metabolism, but we can’t make them very effectively in our bodies, so it’s really important to have them as part of our diet,” Napier says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDHA is abundant in our brains, retinas and other specialised tissues. Along with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC3257651\u002F\"\u003EEPA, it helps to fight off inflammation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the body, which is linked to higher risk of heart disease, cancer and diabetes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Population data looking at the effects of marine omega 3 on health is consistent and strong, and shows that people with a higher intake of EPA and DHA have a lower risk of developing common diseases, particularly heart disease, and dying from them,” says Philip Calder, head of human development and health at England’s University of Southampton.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne way to avoid potential damage from mercury exposure while still getting omega 3 is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F14632570\u002F\"\u003Eto take fish oil supplements\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. However, research recently carried out on behalf of the World Health Organization (WHO) looking at \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cochranelibrary.com\u002Fcdsr\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1002\u002F14651858.CD003177.pub3\u002Ffull\"\u003Eomega-3 supplements across range of health outcomes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found they don’t have the same effect as eating oily fish.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201211-is-eating-fish-healthy-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09158mn"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201211-is-eating-fish-healthy-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Our bodies are adapted to metabolising whole foods, rather than a single slug of a particular nutrient or ingredient,” Napier says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Our findings suggest a very small beneficial effect [in terms of lowering the risk] of dying of coronary heart disease,” adds Lee Hooper, a reader at the University East Anglia and one of the WHO study’s researchers. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAround 334 people would have to take omega-3 supplements for four or five years for one person not to die from coronary heart disease, she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut there’s an issue with population studies like Hooper’s. While some oily fish, such as sardines, aren’t relatively expensive, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F49774823_Diet_cost_diet_quality_and_socio-economic_position_How_are_they_related_and_what_contributes_to_differences_in_diet_costs\"\u003Efish is generally associated with a more expensive diet\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It’s widely accepted that socioeconomic status affects health outcomes – so it’s possible that families who eat more fish also have higher incomes and healthier lifestyles in general.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENormally, researchers will take into account such confounding factors, Calder says, but they might not think of everything that could skew a study’s results. The WHO report was a review of 79 studies, which each will have differed in how they controlled for participants' socioeconomic status.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201211-is-eating-fish-healthy-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09158s6"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201211-is-eating-fish-healthy-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut intervention trials, where people are randomly assigned to a group and an intervention such as taking omega-3 supplements is measured, have problems, too. Analysing potential health impacts of EPA and DHA deficiency, for example, is difficult, Calder says, because people start trials with varying levels of omega-3 in their systems.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn addition, research shows that fish might impact everyone’s health to varying degrees, depending on how well they can convert precursor forms of EPA and DHA. This difference could come down to a person’s overall diet and lifestyle, Calder says, but genetic differences could also play a role.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnother reason the health benefits of fish may vary is because of how fish are raised.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMarine ecosystems are full of omega-3: little fish eat marine plankton, and get eaten by bigger fish, and the whole food chain passes on omega-3 to humans. But the system is different for farmed fish, which is what most of us eat. “In a fish farm, it’s just thousands of fish in a cage. They eat what they’re given by the fish farmer,” Napier says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs they would in the wild, farmed fish normally are fed smaller fish species. In the wild, however, fish would eat a variety of smaller fish. In farms, fish are often fed fish meal made from Peruvian anchovies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut these anchovies are already being fished at the maximum level at which the industry can be sustained, Napier says – even as global aquaculture is \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002Fstate-of-fisheries-aquaculture#:~:text=Aquaculture%20production%20is%20projected%20to,26%20million%20tonnes)%20over%202018.\"\u003Eexpected to keep growing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. According to the UN’s Food and Agricultural Organization, growing demand for fish oil supplements means that the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002Fin-action\u002Fglobefish\u002Ffishery-information\u002Fresource-detail\u002Fen\u002Fc\u002F338773\u002F\"\u003Efish oil contained in the fish meal\u003C\u002Fa\u003E fed to farmed fish is diminishing. That means the amount of omega-3 in the fish we consume is declining, too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201211-is-eating-fish-healthy-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09158wr"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201211-is-eating-fish-healthy-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“There are finite levels of omega fish oils that come out of the ocean each year – that’s all we’ve got,” he says. “If aquaculture is expanding but the most important input you need to put into people’s diets, the fish oil, is completely static, you’re diluting how much is fed to the fish.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EResearch from 2016 found that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-37321656\"\u003Elevels of EPA and DHA\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in farmed salmon decreased by half over a decade. Even so farmed salmon still has more omega-3 than wild salmon, Napier says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Wild salmon swims back forth across the Atlantic; it’s a lean animal. It’s not laying down fat because it’s burning everything it consumes,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBrain food\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAside from omega-3, fish has other beneficial nutrients, including \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.hsph.harvard.edu\u002Fnutritionsource\u002Fselenium\u002F\"\u003Eselenium, which protects cells\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from damage and infection; iodine, which \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC6145226\u002F\"\u003Esupports a healthy metabolism\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; and protein.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ajpmonline.org\u002Farticle\u002FS0749-3797(14)00257-8\u002Fabstract\"\u003EFish has long been hailed as “brain food\u003C\u002Fa\u003E”. A recent study suggests this isn’t just thanks to its omega-3 content – although studies have also found a link between omega-3 and slower \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F21551197.2012.752335#.U-PA14BdXgI\"\u003Ecognitive decline\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EResearchers compared brain volumes in people who consumed fish with those who didn’t, and found that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F25084680\u002F\"\u003Ebaked or broiled fish is associated with larger grey matter volumes,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E independent of omega-3 levels.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201211-is-eating-fish-healthy-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Researchers found that eating baked or broiled fish is associated with larger brain volumes","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201211-is-eating-fish-healthy-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Our brain volumes change with improved health and disease. The more neurons you have, more brain volume you have,” says Cyrus Raji, assistant professor of radiology and neurology at Washington University School of Medicine.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EResearchers compared the fish-eating habits and MRI scans of 163 participants who were in their late 70s, on average. They found that, compared to participants who didn’t eat any fish, those who ate fish on a weekly basis had larger brain volumes – mostly in their frontal lobe, which is important for focus, and in their temporal lobes, crucial for memory, learning and cognition.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe relationship between fish and the brain could be down to fish having an anti-inflammatory effect, Raji says, because when the brain responds to reduce inflammation, it can affect brain cells in the process.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“This means you can improve brain health and prevent Alzheimer’s with something as simple as the dietary consumption of fish,” says Raji. To make the brain as resilient as possible to dementia, Raji advises starting to eat fish at least once a week when you’re in your twenties or thirties.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnother reason fish can be healthy is because it replaces less healthy foods in our diets. “If we eat more fish, we tend to eat less of other things,” says Hooper.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201211-is-eating-fish-healthy-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p091593d"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201211-is-eating-fish-healthy-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EStill, because there isn’t robust research suggesting major health inadequacies for people who don’t eat fish, Calder says it’s difficult to definitively say that fish is essential to overall human health. However, he adds, it is clear that omega-3 promotes health and reduces the risk of disease.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut getting to the bottom of how healthy fish really is may be a moot point after long. “Since fish isn’t a sustainable food source, research now will probably focus on solutions to that – such as how to grow algae and harvest omega-3 oil, instead of more studies into fish,” Calder says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIndividuals can help by choosing the most sustainable fish species available. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mcsuk.org\u002Fgoodfishguide\u002Fsearch\"\u003EGuides like the one by the Marine Conservation Society show which fish are the best\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with 50 of the 133 species listed coming up as mostly sustainable, “good” choices – including, fortunately, popular favourites like farmed salmon, prawns, cod, mackerel, mussels, oysters and farmed halibut.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201211-is-eating-fish-healthy-16"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Ffood-fictions"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-12-13T01:01:01Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Is eating fish healthy?","headlineShort":"How eating fish affects your health","image":["p091595d"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5fe1d081fc4895687d99ba62"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p0915898"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"We know fish as a healthy food, but pregnant women are told to limit consumption. Do the health benefits of eating fish outweigh the risks, particularly as stocks grow more depleted?","summaryShort":"Does its omega-3 outweigh the risks of mercury and pollutants?","tag":["tag\u002Fnutrition"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-12-14T01:30:21.405782Z","entity":"article","guid":"3c0946ec-0dc4-4cf1-93d6-5ac37b4d2032","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201211-is-eating-fish-healthy","modifiedDateTime":"2020-12-14T15:16:04.444424Z","project":"future","slug":"20201211-is-eating-fish-healthy","cacheLastUpdated":1609818565314},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201216-how-mail-order-frogs-could-save-colombias-amphibians":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20201216-how-mail-order-frogs-could-save-colombias-amphibians","_id":"5fe1cfdafc4895687d93f14e","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fpeter-yeung"],"bodyIntro":"Large numbers of brightly coloured poison dart frogs are smuggled around the world, but can a project that is hand-rearing the endangered amphibians help to save them?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt looked like an ordinary piece of luggage filled with clothes. Then police inspectors at Bogóta’s El Dorado International Airport noticed something strange at the bottom of the bag – security X-rays revealed a curious dark cluster amid the clothes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe mysterious clump turned out to be hundreds of black photographic film canisters. But when officials opened the canisters, they were found not to contain any film.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPacked inside were 424 critically-endangered frogs, each with a black market value of up to $2,000 (£1,479). Some had electric yellow and black stripes, others were milky green with splodges of neon orange, a few lay lifeless; all were highly poisonous. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAccording to police, the species had been poached from the Chocó and Valle del Cauca regions of the Colombian Pacific and were on their way to Germany.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut this incident on 13 April 2019 was merely part of an ongoing problem with wildlife smuggling in Colombia, which has around \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.batrachia.com\u002F\"\u003E850 species of amphibians\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and the world’s second highest diversity of frogs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201216-how-mail-order-frogs-could-save-colombias-amphibians-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p091mnxz"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201216-how-mail-order-frogs-could-save-colombias-amphibians-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190730-the-animals-that-will-survive-climate-change\"\u003EThe animals that will survive climate change\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190213-the-dramatic-hunt-for-the-fish-pirates-exploiting-our-seas\"\u003EThe hunt for the fish pirates who exploit the sea\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201124-the-tiny-parasitic-wasp-that-saved-the-cassava-industry\"\u003EHow a tiny wasp saved an industry\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECollectors in Europe and the United States are particularly drawn to poison dart frogs, one of the most toxic animals on the planet. Each can produce \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fearth\u002Fstory\u002F20150422-the-worlds-most-poisonous-animal\"\u003Eenough poison to kill 10 people\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but their lurid, technicolour skin that is supposed to warn off predators also makes them highly prized. Nearly \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.batrachia.com\u002Fanfibios-amenazados-en-colombia\u002F\"\u003E200 amphibian species in Colombia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the vast majority of which are frogs, are classified as endangered or critically endangered in 2020, according \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.batrachia.com\u002Fanfibios-amenazados-en-colombia\u002F\"\u003Eresearchers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at the Humboldt Institute in Germany.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut one pioneering project is attempting to help Colombia’s endangered wild frogs with an unusual approach – legal breeding. Initially founded in 2005, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tesorosdecolombia.com\u002F\"\u003ETesoros de Colombia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is the country’s first and only commercial breeding operation, offering legitimate, captive-bred specimens at lower prices than those snatched by traffickers from Colombia’s jungles.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“To save a species you have to apply practical solutions to the threats,” says founder Iván Lozano, a self-funded frog enthusiast who studied at the UK’s Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust and later worked at the Bogotá Wildlife Rescue Centre. “I learned that over time.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDue to lengthy bureaucratic procedures, it wasn’t until November 2011 that Tesoros was granted a permit to legally export one native species, the yellow-striped poison frog (\u003Cem\u003EDendrobates truncatus\u003C\u002Fem\u003E). By 2015, it gained permits for several others such as the green and black poison frog (\u003Cem\u003ED. auratus\u003C\u002Fem\u003E), the Kokoe poison frog (\u003Cem\u003EPhyllobates aurotaenia\u003C\u002Fem\u003E), and the famed golden poison frog (\u003Cem\u003EP. terribilis\u003C\u002Fem\u003E). Now, Lozano breeds seven species of poisonous frogs, delivering them mostly to the United States and Europe but also Asia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe most sought-after is Colombia’s Oophaga frog, a so-called “obligate egg-feeder”, whose tadpoles must be fed individual unfertilised eggs by hand, replicating the behaviour of mother frogs in the wild. “It is extremely labour-intensive, but these are also the most threatened and desired species,” explains Lozano.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201216-how-mail-order-frogs-could-save-colombias-amphibians-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The demand for those species that are difficult to breed in captivity is very high – Sandra Flechas","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201216-how-mail-order-frogs-could-save-colombias-amphibians-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHis efforts to replace illegally captured frogs have made him famous among American collectors, who – in part thanks to Lozano – are increasingly seeking legally-traded, eco-friendly animals. Production of these Oophaga specimens by Tesoros has risen from 30 to 150 a year, but supply is still unable to meet demand.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERobert Zahradnik, a 37-year-old collector based in Colorado, believes legal breeding has forced many collectors to change their mindsets. “There is now peer pressure to buy sustainable frogs,” he says. “Any posting of questionable frogs on social media is met with resistance [by the community] in the form of comments calling out the origins. Meanwhile, sustainable frogs from Tesoros are considered something to be proud of.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EParts of the conservation community, however, have been hesitant to fully endorse projects that seek to protect endangered animals through captive breeding. In the murky case of tiger farms across Asia, instead lowering prices and reducing demand for illegally collected animals, they \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Feia-international.org\u002Freport\u002Fcultivating-demand-growing-threat-tiger-farms\u002F\"\u003Espurred demand\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for both captive-bred and wild-caught animals. But in the case of Tesoros, the data appears to confirm Zahradnik’s claims. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA significant proportion – and in some cases 100% – of important frog species imported to the US between \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F339489690_Mediating_ethical_considerations_in_the_conservation_and_sustainable_biocommerce_of_the_jewels_of_the_rainforest\"\u003E2014 and 2017 were legally-bred\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, according to a recent study. While those figures are limited, due to uncertainty over smuggling figures, the author believes it is a strong case for legally-bred wildlife. “This isn’t the #MeToo of plants and animals, but there are serious issues that need to be discussed,” says Justin Yeager, who wrote the report. “Biocommerce isn’t perfect. You need regular buyers to stay financially sustainable, and that demands a ‘collector’ mentality. However, it’s an opportunity to change the culture of consumption.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201216-how-mail-order-frogs-could-save-colombias-amphibians-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p091mq03"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201216-how-mail-order-frogs-could-save-colombias-amphibians-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut Sandra Flechas, who works for the International Union for the Conservation of Nature’s \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.amphibians.org\u002Fchallenges\u002Fin-captivity\u002F\"\u003EAmphibian Specialist Group\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Colombia, says that although legal breeding has proved to be an “efficient mechanism” for reducing the illegal traffic, the output isn’t yet enough. “The demand for those species that are difficult to breed in captivity is very high and there are not enough centres that reach those levels of production,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAccording to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10592-020-01262-w\"\u003Ea study published in\u003Cspan\u003E 2019\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, 80,000 Lehmann’s poison frogs have been poached in the past four decades. The IUCN \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iucnredlist.org\u002Fspecies\u002F55190\u002F85891808\"\u003Elists the species as “critically endangered”\u003C\u002Fa\u003E with the population decreasing. “The problem is still very, very serious,” says Pablo Palacios Rodriguez, one of the authors of the report and a herpetologist at the University of the Andes, Colombia. “The socio-economic problems of the region mean traffickers can pay locals to help them. We need to offer communities alternatives through ecotourism and conservation programs.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet the main challenge faced by Tesoros is financial viability. The operation faces fees for laboratory space, permits, lawyers, inspections, and government lobbying. Lozano says he racked up $500,000 (£381,236) debt in the process of being granted permits, and only began paying himself a salary in 2018. But Tesoros expects to break even in 2022.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201216-how-mail-order-frogs-could-save-colombias-amphibians-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We believe that we can save some of these species from extinction – Iván Lozano","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201216-how-mail-order-frogs-could-save-colombias-amphibians-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBy proving that it is possible to make a profit from legal trade, Lozano hopes to deal the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwedocs.unep.org\u002Fbitstream\u002Fhandle\u002F20.500.11822\u002F7662\u002F-The_rise_of_environmental_crime_A_growing_threat_to_natural_resources_peace%2c_development_and_security-2016environmental_crimes.pdf.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y\"\u003E$7-23bn illegal global wildlife trade\u003C\u002Fa\u003E a bodyblow. For now, based in a modest farmhouse in the state of Cudinamarca surrounded by 5.5 hectares of misty rainforest, the team of eight at Tesoros continue to carefully breed frogs in their bid to end the trafficking of Colombian wildlife. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs Lozano is talking, a thick styrofoam package is being prepared for a 72-hour trip to Japan by assistants wearing blue gloves. Dozens of luminous frogs, each accompanied by a serial number, are placed into plastic pots with damp moss, fresh plant clippings as well as smoothed air holes and a heating pad to reduce sudden changes in temperature during the journey.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We believe that we can save some of these species from extinction,” says Lozano. “One frog at a time.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201216-how-mail-order-frogs-could-save-colombias-amphibians-8"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-12-17T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How mail-order frogs could save Colombia's amphibians","headlineShort":"The poisonous frogs sent in the post","image":["p091mpm2"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5fe1d081fc4895687d99ba62"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Large numbers of brightly coloured poison dart frogs are smuggled around the world, but can a project that is hand-rearing the endangered amphibians help to save them?","summaryShort":"A bold breeding project is aiming to end the illegal amphibian trade","tag":["tag\u002Fwildlife","tag\u002Fcrime","tag\u002Fenvironment"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-12-17T01:00:17.513356Z","entity":"article","guid":"2cf52520-d5e9-44f4-91f6-0238c9a09807","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201216-how-mail-order-frogs-could-save-colombias-amphibians","modifiedDateTime":"2020-12-17T01:00:17.513356Z","project":"future","slug":"20201216-how-mail-order-frogs-could-save-colombias-amphibians","cacheLastUpdated":1609818565314},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201214-the-uks-quest-for-affordable-fusion-by-2040":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20201214-the-uks-quest-for-affordable-fusion-by-2040","_id":"5fe1cfdafc4895687d93f07a","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002F20141212-peter-ray-allison"],"bodyIntro":"For decades, fusion has been the alchemy of our technological age. So, how feasible is the UK’s plan to build a commercially viable fusion power plant by 2040?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe science of nuclear fusion was proven in the early 1930s, after fusion of hydrogen isotopes was achieved in a laboratory. And we see fusion in action every day. The stars, including our Sun, are giant self-sustaining fusion reactors.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFusion in a star operates by intense gravitational forces compressing matter together, forcing atoms to fuse and become heavier, releasing energy as they do so. Replicating this process in a fusion reactor here on Earth, however, is complex and presents significant engineering challenges.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn many ways, fusion shares characteristics with alchemy. Just as alchemists spent decades of their lives trying to turn other metals into gold, fusion is the process that allows lightweight atomic nuclei to combine to form a heavier nucleus, creating a different chemical element. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhat kept the alchemists going was the knowledge that since gold clearly did exist, it had to have been created somehow. What they did not realise at the time was that heavy elements, such as gold, were actually created by fusion – albeit fusion in dying stars that exploded, scattering material into space. Fusion and alchemy, therefore, are more closely linked than people realise. Sadly for any modern-day alchemists, due to the vast amounts of energy needed to kickstart fusion reactions between atoms, attempts to harness fusion on Earth need lightweight elements to work, so gold will not be a byproduct.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFusion reactors operate by superheating hydrogen isotopes to over 15 million degrees Centigrade\u003Cstrong\u003E,\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E which is as hot as the Sun. This creates plasma, which is a fourth state of matter. The plasma is compressed, using magnets for example, to fuse the hydrogen isotopes together, producing helium and high-speed neutrons that shoot outwards. These release 17.6MeV (megaelectron volts) of energy per reaction, approximately 10 million times greater than those found in typical chemical combustions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20130726-will-we-ever-have-nuclear-fusion\"\u003EWill we ever… have reliable nuclear fusion?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20170418-the-made-in-chelsea-star-building-a-fusion-reactor\"\u003EThe British reality TV star building a nuclear reactor\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200309-are-small-nuclear-power-plants-safe-and-efficient\"\u003EThe countries building miniature nuclear reactors\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUnlike nuclear fission, which breaks heavy atoms apart, nuclear fusion compresses light atoms together. This means there is far less harmful waste created by fusion. Neutron bombardment causes a fusion plant to become slightly radioactive, however these radioactive products are short-lived. Fusion therefore offers the tantalising potential for near-limitless, climate-friendly energy production that doesn’t come with a shadow of radioactive waste.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETest reactors, such as the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.ccfe.ac.uk\u002FJET.aspx\"\u003EJoint European Torus\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (Jet) at Culham in England, have proved fusion is possible, albeit for short periods of time. The challenge is turning these experimental reactors into an ongoing process that is commercially viable. For this, it would need to generate more power than is needed to keep the fusion reaction going.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201214-the-uks-quest-for-affordable-fusion-by-2040-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p091f89s"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201214-the-uks-quest-for-affordable-fusion-by-2040-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor decades, we have been promised that commercial fusion power plants will exist within 30 years. As far back as 1955, the physicist Homi J Bhabha claimed we would have fusion power within two decades. This claim, and many others since, have repeatedly failed to be achieved. The promise is eternal, but fusion always seems that same distance away.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe understand how fusion operates in ideal conditions. Unfortunately, reality is rarely ideal. Fusion is an engineering challenge, rather than a scientific one. “The biggest challenge isn’t about the science, but the fact that scientists have to now deliver something in a practical sense,” says Andrew Storer, chief executive of the UK's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnamrc.co.uk\u002F\"\u003ENuclear Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, things could be about to change. Last year, the UK government \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.uk\u002Fgovernment\u002Fnews\u002Fuk-to-take-a-big-step-to-fusion-electricity\"\u003Eannounced\u003C\u002Fa\u003E their plans for a fully working fusion reactor by 2040. The first stage of this has been developing a masterplan for the Spherical Tokamak for Energy Production (Step) fusion reactor, a design unique to the UK’s fusion research. The hunt is now on for a suitable UK site for the Step reactor.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201214-the-uks-quest-for-affordable-fusion-by-2040-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Meanwhile, the Iter fusion reactor in France is currently 70% constructed and is expected to achieve first plasma in 2025","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201214-the-uks-quest-for-affordable-fusion-by-2040-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHowever, building a fully working, commercially-viable, fusion reactor in 20 years is a colossal undertaking. For comparison, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.edfenergy.com\u002Fenergy\u002Fnuclear-new-build-projects\u002Fhinkley-point-c\"\u003EHinkley Point C\u003C\u002Fa\u003E nuclear fission reactor is expected to be completed by 2025. It will have taken 15 years, from proposal to completion, and will use existing nuclear fission technology that has been around since the 1950s.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMeanwhile, the Iter fusion reactor in France is currently 70% constructed and is expected to achieve first plasma in 2025. This is will be a fully-working demonstration fusion reactor, providing 500 megawatts of fusion power – enough, if converted to electricity, to power a city the size of Liverpool.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“There are so many things about Iter that almost seem like science fiction,” says Ian Chapman, chief executive of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.uk\u002Fgovernment\u002Forganisations\u002Fuk-atomic-energy-authority\"\u003EUK Atomic Energy Authority\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “There is a magnet that goes down the middle of Iter, the biggest magnet that can be made. The magnetic impulse produced could lift an aircraft right out of the ocean.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, Iter is vastly different to the design for the UK’s Step reactor. Iter uses a doughnut-shaped reactor design, but Step will use a spherical tokamak design, which is more compact. This reduction in size will mean that the magnets can be much smaller, potentially saving millions of pounds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201214-the-uks-quest-for-affordable-fusion-by-2040-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p091fbng"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201214-the-uks-quest-for-affordable-fusion-by-2040-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPart of the plan to support the building of the Step reactor is the new fusion research facility to be constructed alongside the Nuclear AMRC in Rotherham. This will take the concept design for the reactor and transform it into buildable components that are ready for use in industry.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne of the main advances in fusion research that makes Step viable is the Super-X \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.fusion.qst.go.jp\u002Fenglish\u002Fkougaku-e\u002Fpfc\u002Fpage2.html\"\u003Edivertor\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. As fusion involves temperatures as hot as the Sun, this heat has to go somewhere. If the vessel’s walls experience this thermal load, they would instantly melt, causing the fusion to fail. Instead, this plasma exhaust, is directed towards the divertor.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Plasma exhaust is one of the key technical challenges facing fusion. Byproducts and excess heat from the plasma will need to be removed, without damaging the surrounding surfaces. We do this with an exhaust system known as a divertor,” says Chapman. “The new system we’re trialling at the Mast Upgrade should reduce the heat to manageable levels, such as that found in a car engine.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201214-the-uks-quest-for-affordable-fusion-by-2040-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"One way to make the 2040 date more achievable could be to use part of an existing power plant","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201214-the-uks-quest-for-affordable-fusion-by-2040-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe divertor allows the waste material created during the fusion process to be removed as the reactor is working. As the high-energy plasma particles strike the targets, their kinetic energy is transformed into heat, which is removed by various cooling methods.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.ccfe.ac.uk\u002Fmast_upgrade_project.aspx\"\u003EMast Upgrade\u003C\u002Fa\u003E achieved \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-54741375\"\u003Efirst plasma\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at Culham in October 2020.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne way to make the 2040 date more achievable could be to use part of an existing power plant, with the old power-generation system replaced with the new Step reactor. The benefit of this is that the energy conversion process, for creating electricity, remains the same.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“If the decision is made to build the Tokamak, but to utilise an existing site with an existing turbine building, then it becomes a lot more feasible to me,” says Storer. “All that time and cost has already been sunk.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe main hurdle will be the interface between the new fusion reactor and existing power plant. Sadly, there is no such thing as a USB port for power plants. However, the time and cost of having to build an entirely new power plant is significant. The comparatively small size of the Step reactor is also advantageous.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe promise of \"the Sun in a bottle\" has meant incalculable time, energy and resources invested this vision of a clean, never-ending fuel source. It could have been argued in the 1930s that fusion was folly. But now, we could genuinely have fusion within a few decades’ time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201214-the-uks-quest-for-affordable-fusion-by-2040-8"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-12-15T16:13:09Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The UK’s quest for affordable fusion by 2040","headlineShort":"Has nuclear fusion turned a corner?","image":["p091ff0r"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5fe1d081fc4895687d99ba62"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"For decades, fusion has been the alchemy of our technological age. So, how feasible is the UK’s plan to build a commercially viable fusion power plant by 2040?","summaryShort":"Will the latest project finally deliver affordable clean power?","tag":["tag\u002Fnuclear"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-12-15T01:30:21.238456Z","entity":"article","guid":"26d4ec50-7407-4214-9fe0-19f4ce4c5a4c","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201214-the-uks-quest-for-affordable-fusion-by-2040","modifiedDateTime":"2020-12-15T10:22:16.882302Z","project":"future","slug":"20201214-the-uks-quest-for-affordable-fusion-by-2040","cacheLastUpdated":1609818565315},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201210-lockheed-u-2-spyplane":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20201210-lockheed-u-2-spyplane","_id":"5fe1cfdafc4895687d93eff2","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fmark-piesing"],"bodyIntro":"Satellites – and drones – were intended to replace it. But the 65-year-old Lockheed U-2 is still at the top of its game, flying missions in an environment no other aircraft can operate in.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ENearly twice as wide as it is long, the Lockheed U-2 spy plane is one of the most distinctive aircraft in the United States Air Force – and the hardest aircraft to fly, earning itself the nickname “The Dragon Lady”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe U-2’s 63ft-long (19m) thin fuselage, two high-aspect, un-swept glider-like wings, and powerful engine are designed to rocket the plane higher than 70,000ft (21km) – and, crucially, keep it there.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe U-2 operates at such height and at such a wafer-thin margin between its maximum speed and its stall speed that pilots call its cruising altitude “coffin corner”. The missions there last hours at a time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe aircraft’s slender design is sometimes difficult to see. Often, it is covered in pods, spiky antennae, mysterious bulges and nosecones hiding the sensors, radar, cameras and communications equipment it needs to complete its missions. These different sensors can be plugged into the plane almost as if someone was building a model kit. There is an urban myth that one such bulge or pod contains a cloaking device – an electronic signal that renders it invisible to radar.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt 70,000ft and above, the “Dragon Lady” still has the stratosphere largely to itself, just as it did 65 years ago on its first flight. At these altitudes, the pilot is more astronaut than aviator. In the cocoon-like, pressurised cockpit of the U-2, wrapped in a bulky pressure suit with a large spherical helmet, the pilot breathes 100% oxygen. Some of the features of this kit can still be found on spacesuits in use today.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn air this thin the margins between living and dying are narrow. Indeed, the pilot faces the constant danger of hypoxia (lack of oxygen) and altitude-induced decompression sickness. Like any plane, the U-2 has to fly fast enough that the plane doesn’t stall and not so fast that the plane breaks up – the challenge for the U-2 pilot is that at 70,000ft there may be only a few miles an hour difference. An accidental nudge on the controls could spell disaster.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20130701-tales-from-the-blackbird-cockpit\"\u003EThe Blackbird: The Cold War’s ultimate spyplane\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20150225-the-worlds-noisiest-spyplane\"\u003EThe noisiest spy in the sky\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20160905-the-pilot-who-stole-a-secret-soviet-fighter-jet\"\u003EThe pilot who stole a secret Soviet jet\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EClose to the ground the plane’s mechanical controls, easy to manipulate at high altitude, now take muscle power. The U-2’s lightweight design makes the plane liable to float over runways, bounce back into the air if the landing is too hard and very sensitive to cross winds. The weight-saving bicycle-style landing gear makes it difficult – and hard work – to keep the plane in a straight line and its wings level as it slows down. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe visibility from the cockpit is so limited that when landing the pilot has to rely on instructions from another U-2 pilot driving a car that races on to the runway when the plane is coming into land. These \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=14nTR2QbS-g\"\u003Echase cars\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have reached speeds close to 140mph (224km\u002Fh).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201210-lockheed-u-2-spyplane-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0910hvz"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201210-lockheed-u-2-spyplane-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“The U-2 really attracts the kind of pilots who want to say ‘I fly the most difficult aeroplane in the inventory’,” says Greg Birdsall, Lockheed Martin’s U-2 deputy programme manager. “They take a pilot candidate and put him in a trainer aircraft with a seasoned instructor pilot in the backseat to see how they take to the peculiar handling characteristics of the aeroplane.” Only around 10–15% of pilots who apply to join the programme are accepted.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the age of automation and algorithms it is easy to imagine that these spy planes and their pilots with the “right stuff” are a relic from the Cold War – but that would be wrong. For the 31 years since the fall of the Berlin Wall, the U-2 has been intercepting speech or text, acquiring electronic signals, taking photographs and using a special form of radar to capture digital imagery.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe U-2 has also acquired new roles, like that of a data relay. Its ability to fly high in the sky meant that it was in the perfect position to relay information from the battlefield to headquarters. In the process it has outlasted rival planes and seen off the surveillance satellites that were supposed to make it redundant. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201210-lockheed-u-2-spyplane-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Although no relic, the U-2 is certainly synonymous with the Cold War","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201210-lockheed-u-2-spyplane-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ENow the 31 operational U-2s in the USAF fleet are about to undergo a $50m (£37.8m) update and acquire a new mission which could see them fly on for another 30 more years. It may also see them go head-to-head with a drone so secret that its existence has yet to be officially acknowledged.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We are not going away as a programme and we are investing heavily to bring the U-2 into its new mission environment,” says Lockheed Martin U-2 programme director Irene Helley. “In this new era there is no sunset date planned.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough no relic, the U-2 is certainly synonymous with the Cold War. In the 1950s, President Dwight D Eisenhower’s administration received several shocks over the Soviet Union’s nuclear capabilities. This was due to its intelligence gap. The Soviet Union was a closed society that was difficult for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to penetrate. The lack of spies in the right places meant that the president needed a high-altitude spy plane to tell him exactly what the Soviet Union was up to. And he needed it quickly.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201210-lockheed-u-2-spyplane-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0910gs0"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201210-lockheed-u-2-spyplane-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn engineering genius Kelly Johnson and his team at the secretive “Skunk Works”, Lockheed had exactly the people to create it for him. The mythology of the “Skunk Works” was born when Johnson and his engineers designed and built the airframe of USAF’s first jet in just 143 days back in 1943. In late 1954, they set to work on this secretive spyplane.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe plane had to sustain flight above 70,000ft, have a 3,000-mile (4,800km) range and carry 700lb (212kg) of equipment. The U-2 flew for the first time only eight months later, on 1 August 1955, in a remote location in Nevada now known as Area 51. It was clear that Johnson and his team had come up with something special.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The U-2 marks the start of a shift towards technical intelligence that is solving these intelligence problems not by John le Carré-style spies on the ground, but through advanced technology,” says Peter J Westwick, director of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdornsife.usc.edu\u002Ficw\u002Fahp\"\u003EAerospace History Project\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at the Huntington-USC Institute on California and the West. He also wrote Stealth: The Secret Contest to Invent Invisible Aircraft and says, “the U-2 is really kind of the first big technological jump into technical intelligence”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201210-lockheed-u-2-spyplane-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The U-2s in operation today can carry nearly three times as much twice as far and fly for three times as long as the original aircraft","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201210-lockheed-u-2-spyplane-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe U-2’s story could have been very different. In 1966 its future looked bleak; only 15 of the original 55 U-2s built were still in operation. Crucially, the decision was made to restart production in the 1980s, a tricky business when many of the original engineers had retired. The planes that flew off the rebuilt production lines certainly looked similar to the original, but they were nearly 40% bigger and had a new modular design in order to carry more – and heavier – equipment, and switch it more easily for different kinds of missions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe U-2s in operation today can carry nearly three times as much twice as far and fly for three times as long as the original aircraft. In the 1990s they were substantially updated again; that upgrading process continues to this day.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe U-2 has so far seen off at least five possible replacements. The first, in the 1970s, was from the first-generation UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles). The whale-like Northrup Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk, a high-altitude remotely piloted surveillance aircraft, is one of the most recent. When it first appeared in 1998 the U-2 was more than 40 years old. To pay for the U-2’s update, 24 \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.defensenews.com\u002Fsmr\u002Ffederal-budget\u002F2020\u002F02\u002F10\u002Fair-force-makes-reductions-to-b-1s-a-10s-global-hawk-drones-and-more-in-fy21-budget-request\u002F\"\u003EGlobal Hawks are going to have to be scrapped\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith the Global Hawk sidelined, the evolution of the U-2 can take its next step. The changes to the plane will include better avionics, a touchscreen cockpit (that you can use with a pressure suit) and a new mission computer that will allow the plane to run the new Open Mission System (OMS). A bit like a spyplane equivalent of the Android system you might find on your mobile phone, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.airuniversity.af.edu\u002FPortals\u002F10\u002FASPJ\u002Fjournals\u002FVolume-33_Issue-4\u002FV-Brown_et_al.pdf\"\u003EOMS\u003C\u002Fa\u003E will enable aircraft like the U-2 to talk easily to the computer systems of tanks, ships, aircraft, satellites and even cyberweapons.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201210-lockheed-u-2-spyplane-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0910j0v"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201210-lockheed-u-2-spyplane-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“That the U-2 can serve for another 30 years is really down to the genius of the folks who designed the plane,” says Helley. “When we started rolling off new versions of the plane it was built to have an excess amount of power and space – and the modular way it was redesigned… allows us to continually upgrade it or equip it to serve different types of missions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We can take something from concept to a demonstration flight and then testing in the field within weeks or months.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe U-2’s experience has been a benefit. “It has a proven high-altitude performance,” Helley says. “There is also the recognition that its airframes are still basically teenagers. They have about 80% of their design service life left.” Manned platforms are also much better at dealing with surprises than computers. “If you look at space and some of the other types of surveillance capabilities, they depend on a great deal of pre-planning to provide the information required. In contrast, the U-2 is always available and can be ready at a moment’s notice.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201210-lockheed-u-2-spyplane-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","image":["p0910j0v"],"pullQuote":"The U-2 does have one problem: It’s not particularly stealthy","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201210-lockheed-u-2-spyplane-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“What I am often asked is, why can’t satellites do what the U-2 does?” says Chris Pocock, a former aviation journalist and the author of books about the U-2. “Well, they have fantastic capabilities now, but a predictable orbital path. This means that low-orbit spy satellites aren’t over any one area for very long, whereas the U-2 can loiter for a long time over one specific spot.” Satellites are also increasingly vulnerable to countermeasures such as lasers that can blind spy satellites, jamming or even missiles that can damage or destroy a vital satellite.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe U-2 helped to pioneer the use of a data link to relay intelligence to ground stations which might be thousands of miles away, bouncing the signal first to a satellite above it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENow this role will become more important with the USAF’s ambition for all its computers, irrespective of which company made them, to be able to talk to each other. New sensors or cameras are to be added and removed from the plane quicker and cheaply than ever before and compared to it its rivals.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe U-2 does have one problem: it’s not particularly stealthy. And that means it cannot fly over the airspace of other countries without their knowledge. A U-2 was recently spotted by Chinese military flying over their military exercises in South China Sea. It now appears that US defence contractor Northrup Grumman has now built a small fleet of top-secret drones that look like its B-2 bomber to do precisely this. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdragonladytoday.com\u002F2019\u002F12\u002F23\u002Fu-2-global-hawk-penetrating-isr-rq-180\u002F\"\u003ESome believe it could replace the U-2.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201210-lockheed-u-2-spyplane-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0910jjm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201210-lockheed-u-2-spyplane-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThese yet-to-be de-classified high-altitude, long-endurance reconnaissance drones popularly called the RQ-180 must have cloaking devices as only the odd “possible” photograph has ever surfaced, an astonishing feat in the digital age. While a cloaking device is a fictional piece of stealth technology that allows planes or spacecraft to become invisible, the top-secret drone is known for its unusual light colour that makes it hard to spot. This has earned it the nickname “Great White Bat”, or more whimsically “Shikaka”, a fictional sacred white bat from the film Ace Venture 2.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Whatever I say must be considered provisional,” says Pocock. “It must be very stealthy if it’s going to go into denied territory and do what the U-2 does over friendly territory, but I don’t think it will replace the U-2 because it’s apparently fantastically expensive, they are not making many [as few as seven] and there may be not many occasions when they can get permission to fly.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201210-lockheed-u-2-spyplane-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"What else serves in the environment that the U-2 does – Irene Helley","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201210-lockheed-u-2-spyplane-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMicro-satellites pose a greater threat to the future of the U-2. Weighing between 10 to 100kg (22 to 220lb) they are small enough to be launched from spaceplanes such as the \u003Ca href=\"more%20whimsically%20\"\u003EBoeing X-37\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “These micro satellites can be launched from a single rocket launch in such large numbers that they begin to overcome the vulnerabilities of spy satellites in low Earth orbit,” says Pocock. “If you have got 10 or more satellites going around the Earth in chains then you’re are revisiting the same place on Earth in hours not days.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet Helley is confident that the U-2 will see off the threats from future rivals as well as it did the earlier ones. “What else serves in the environment that the U-2 does?” she says. “We see the U-2 as a North Star in a very large constellation of real-time information gathering and dissemination.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It is a hard, hard environment to operate in,” adds Birdsall. “Trying to develop something to take its place, or even to complement it at that altitude, wouldn’t be quick, wouldn’t be easy, and would be very costly. When you’ve already got the capability that we’ve got, why do it?”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201210-lockheed-u-2-spyplane-16"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-12-11T13:35:57Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The veteran spy plane too valuable to replace","headlineShort":"The spy plane still flying 65 years on","image":["p0910j7g"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5fe1d081fc4895687d99ba62"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Satellites – and drones – were intended to replace it. But the 65-year-old Lockheed U-2 is still at the top of its game, flying missions miles above our everyday world.","summaryShort":"Designed in the 1950s, it’s still too valuable to replace","tag":["tag\u002Faircraft"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-12-11T01:30:47.026984Z","entity":"article","guid":"bdf2506a-c72c-4a22-9bd3-5e6f9bde0b32","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201210-lockheed-u-2-spyplane","modifiedDateTime":"2020-12-16T12:14:34.420455Z","project":"future","slug":"20201210-lockheed-u-2-spyplane","cacheLastUpdated":1609818565315},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200923-could-geoengineering-save-the-arctic-sea-ice":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200923-could-geoengineering-save-the-arctic-sea-ice","_id":"5fe29dddfc4895687de236fe","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"The fear that action to combat climate change has been too slow has led some scientists to test unconventional methods to stem the loss of Arctic sea ice.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETo mark the end of a turbulent year, we are bringing back some of our finest stories for BBC Future’s “Best of 2020” collection. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca title=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fcolumns\u002Fbest-of-bbc-future\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fcolumns\u002Fbest-of-bbc-future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EDiscover more of our picks here\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne of the most important, yet underappreciated, features of the Arctic sea ice is the ability of its blindingly white surfaces to reflect sunlight. For at least as long as our species has existed, the frozen seas at the top of our world have acted as a massive parasol that helps keep the planet cool and its climate stable.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet now, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-54211760\"\u003Emuch of that ice is rapidly vanishing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Rising temperatures have locked the Arctic in a self-destructive feedback loop: the warmer it gets, the reflective white ice dissolves into darker, blue water, which absorbs more of the Sun’s warmth rather than reflecting it back into space. Warmer water accelerates melting, which means yet more absorption of heat, which drives further melting – and so on in a vicious cycle that is part of the reason why the Arctic is warming around twice as fast as the rest of the planet. \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fnsidc.org\u002Farcticseaicenews\u002F2020\u002F07\u002F\"\u003EThis July, ice cover was as low as it had ever been at that time of the year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs planet-warming \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unenvironment.org\u002Fresources\u002Femissions-gap-report-2018\"\u003Egreenhouse gas emissions continue to rise\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, some have been driven to explore desperate measures. One proposal put forward by the California-based non-profit \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Farcticiceproject.org\u002F\"\u003EArctic Ice Project\u003C\u002Fa\u003E appears as daring as it is bizarre: to scatter a thin layer of reflective glass powder over parts of the Arctic, in an effort to protect it from the Sun’s rays and help ice grow back. “We’re trying to break [that] feedback loop and start rebuilding,” says engineer Leslie Field, an adjunct lecturer at Stanford University and chief technical officer of the organisation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200923-could-geoengineering-save-the-arctic-sea-ice-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"This is the backup plan I hoped we’d never need – Leslie Field","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200923-could-geoengineering-save-the-arctic-sea-ice-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe melting of the sea ice has impacts far beyond the Arctic and its inhabitants. The melting of sea ice indirectly contributes to rising sea levels by lowering the sea surface's albedo. Some say \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002F117\u002F6\u002F2824\"\u003Eit’s already disrupting weather patterns around the globe\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. If we lose our protective white shield entirely – which \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Fnews\u002Farctic-2-0-what-happens-after-all-the-ice-goes-1.21431\"\u003Esome reckon could happen just decades from now\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – it \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1029\u002F2019GL082914\"\u003Ecould have the same warming effect\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as another 25 years of fossil fuel emissions at current rates, which would mean more intense droughts, flooding and heat waves. By rebuilding sea ice, Field hopes her approach will also restore its ancient function as a planetary air-conditioner and help counteract the effects of global warming. \u003Cem\u003E(Read more about\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20191129-what-will-an-ice-free-arctic-look-like\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E how ice loss in the Arctic affects the rest of the world\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200923-could-geoengineering-save-the-arctic-sea-ice-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200923-could-geoengineering-save-the-arctic-sea-ice-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMany scientists frown upon such technological interventions in Earth’s planetary system, known broadly as “geoengineering”, arguing that fiddling with nature might cause further damage. However, “the utter lack of progress on climate mitigation is really opening up a space for all of these [geoengineering] things to be discussed,” says Emily Cox, who studies climate policy and public attitudes towards geoengineering at the University of Cardiff. That said, the urgency does not erase the uncertainty. “What do you do if something goes wrong… especially in the Arctic, which is already a fairly fragile ecosystem?”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like: \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200901-the-radioactive-risk-of-sunken-nuclear-soviet-submarines\"\u003ERussia’s grand plans to clean up the Arctic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200818-the-canadian-sea-otter-rescue-plan-that-worked-too-well\"\u003EThe coast overwhelmed with otters\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200622-climate-change-overcoming-extreme-hail-in-kenya\"\u003EThe deadly hail the size of boulders\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EField launched the Arctic Ice Project — formerly known as ICE911 — in 2008, soon after watching the climate change documentary An Inconvenient Truth\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ewhich convinced her of the urgency of doing something about the melting sea ice. In particular, it’s the fate of old, thick sea ice that worries her the most – the kind that lasts multiple years. This mature ice, dazzlingly white, has a high albedo, meaning it’s extremely good at reflecting sunlight – much more so than the thinner and darker young ice that forms each polar winter only to melt again during the summer. Yet \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.arctic.noaa.gov\u002FReport-Card\u002FReport-Card-2018\u002FArtMID\u002F7878\u002FArticleID\u002F772\u002FExecutive-Summary\"\u003Eover the past 33 years, that ice has dwindled by a staggering 95%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200923-could-geoengineering-save-the-arctic-sea-ice-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"When ice in an uncovered area had completely vanished, there was still nearly a foot in the section treated with the glass beads","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200923-could-geoengineering-save-the-arctic-sea-ice-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhat if, Field asked, she could layer a reflective material on top of the young ice to protect it during the summer months? If it had that extra protection, could it rebuild into sturdy multi-year ice, and kick-start a local process of ice regrowth? She settled on silica – or silicon dioxide – which occurs naturally in most sand and is often used to make glass, as the material of choice. She found a manufacturer that turns it into tiny, brightly reflective beads, each one 65 micrometers in diameter – thinner than a human hair, but too large for them to be inhaled and cause lung problems, Field says. The beads are also hollow inside, so they’ll float on water and continue to reflect away sunlight even if the ice begins to melt.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOver the past decade, she and her team have scattered the silica spheres over several lakes and ponds in Canada and the United States, so far with encouraging results. For instance, in a pond in Minnesota, just a few layers of glass powder made young ice 20% more reflective – enough to delay the melting of the ice. By spring, when the ice in an uncovered area of the pond had completely vanished, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1029\u002F2018EF000820\"\u003Ethere was still nearly a foot of ice in the section treated with the glass beads\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200923-could-geoengineering-save-the-arctic-sea-ice-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200923-could-geoengineering-save-the-arctic-sea-ice-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EField doesn’t want to carpet the Arctic in glass. Instead, she plans on distributing it strategically to protect some particularly fast-melting, vulnerable areas, like the Fram Strait, a thin passage between Greenland and Svalbard. According to results of a climate model she presented last December at the annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union, treating the Fram Strait \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fagu.confex.com\u002Fagu\u002Ffm19\u002Fmeetingapp.cgi\u002FPaper\u002F599432\"\u003Ecould lead to large-scale ice regrowth across parts of the Arctic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EScientists agree that the beads are well-intentioned, but worry about their potential effects on the Arctic ecosystem. If they float around there indefinitely, “it’s just going to clog up the ocean and mess with the ecosystem,” says Cecilia Bitz, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Washington who specialises in Arctic sea ice.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EField argues that the balls are safe because silica is so abundant in nature – indeed, it routinely washes from weathered rocks via rivers into the sea. And according to some safety testing as part of her 2018 study, the beads, when ingested, cause no ill effects in at least two species – sheepshead minnow fish and northern bobwhite birds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, some biologists are concerned about the potential effects on the creatures at the base of the Arctic food chain. Depending on how much light the silica beads reflect, they could block sunlight from photosynthesising plankton, such as diatoms, algae that live under the sea ice and around it. Any change in plankton abundance could cascade up the food web and have unpredictable effects on organisms from fish to seals and polar bears, notes Karina Giesbrecht, an ocean chemist and ecologist at Canada’s University of Victoria \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fhdl.handle.net\u002F1828\u002F10697\"\u003Ewho has studied the role of silica in Arctic ecosystems\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200923-could-geoengineering-save-the-arctic-sea-ice-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Some view such approaches as stop-gap solutions to climate change, in that they only treat single symptoms","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200923-could-geoengineering-save-the-arctic-sea-ice-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOn top of that, the silica balls are similar in size to diatoms, which are eaten by zooplankton known as copepods, Giesbrecht notes. If the beads sank into the water column, copepods might consume them thinking they are diatoms, without gaining any nutrition. In the worst case, the copepods could starve, with knock-on effects for other members of the Arctic ecosystem.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo far, Field has been using beads that mostly stay afloat (though some inevitably sink each season), and she is planning to test their impact on plankton ecosystems. If there are any harmful effects, she’ll explore ways of tailoring the beads to make them ecologically safer, she says. One option she is considering is whether to tweak their composition such that they dissolve after a period of time. There are many other questions that her team, which is about to undertake further testing in seawater-filled pools in Alaska, will have to answer to convince the world that the approach is safe and effective.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200923-could-geoengineering-save-the-arctic-sea-ice-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200923-could-geoengineering-save-the-arctic-sea-ice-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor one, Mark Serreze, a climate scientist who directs the US National Snow and Ice Data Center at the University of Colorado, Boulder, wonders whether they’ll work as intended. “If you put down the silica beads in an area of fast-moving ocean currents, notably the Fram Strait, they will be quickly dispersed,” rendering them ineffective, he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe proposal also raises financial questions, like who would foot the approximately $1-5bn (£800m to £4bn) annual bill for making, shipping, testing and distributing the necessary silica beads in the Fram Strait. It may be an eye-watering figure, but it starts to look small next to the estimated $460bn (£360bn) that the United States incurred in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncdc.noaa.gov\u002Fbillions\u002F\"\u003Eextreme weather and climate disasters between 2017 and 2019 alone\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, Field notes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EResearchers are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007%2Fs10584-010-9965-8\"\u003Eexploring the feasibility of other geoengineering approaches to save the melting\u003C\u002Fa\u003E Arctic, but none come without problems. One, for instance, would entail building millions of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1002\u002F2016EF000410\"\u003Ewind-powered devices to pump water from the deep to the ice surface\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in order to build up thicker layers of ice – which is energy-intensive and might not be very effective, Bitz says. She and Serreze view such approaches as stop-gap solutions to climate change, in that they only treat single symptoms – in the case of silica dust, temperatures – while doing nothing about the root cause of it. If Field’s strategy works as intended, “that’s wonderful,” Bitz says, “but I \u003Cem\u003Eknow\u003C\u002Fem\u003E that not emitting CO2 in the first place will work.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EField agrees that geoengineering is in no way a replacement for reducing carbon emissions. Rather, she sees it as a chance to buy the time needed for world economies to decarbonise and stave off the worst impacts of climate change. The silica beads, she says, are “the backup plan I hoped we’d never need”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200923-could-geoengineering-save-the-arctic-sea-ice-12"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-09-24T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The daring plan to save the Arctic ice with glass","headlineShort":"The plan to scatter glass in the Arctic","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"The fear that action to combat climate change has been too slow has led some scientists to test unconventional methods to stem the loss of Arctic sea ice.","summaryShort":"'This is the backup plan I hoped we’d never need'","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-09-23T23:05:45.434189Z","entity":"article","guid":"66972902-bad9-4943-a3cb-7ba261516392","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200923-could-geoengineering-save-the-arctic-sea-ice","modifiedDateTime":"2020-12-23T01:30:48.438028Z","project":"future","slug":"20200923-could-geoengineering-save-the-arctic-sea-ice","cacheLastUpdated":1609818565315},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200811-the-eco-friendly-alternatives-to-ocean-concrete":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200811-the-eco-friendly-alternatives-to-ocean-concrete","_id":"5fe1cfd9fc4895687d93eabe","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"The world’s coastlines are turning to concrete, at a huge cost to wildlife and the climate. But new technologies may offer a way to shore up coasts while benefiting biodiversity.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt’s one of the most impressive feats in modern engineering, and crossing the world’s longest sea bridge – the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-asia-china-45937924\"\u003E55km (34 miles) Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau bridge, which opened in October 2018 at a cost of $20bn (£15.9bn)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – certainly has its benefits. But impressive as it appears, this mammoth construction project, like so many others, has come at a cost.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENo less than \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.chinahighlights.com\u002Fhong-kong\u002Fhong-kong-zhuhai-macau-bridge.htm#:~:text=Facts%20about%20the%20Hong%20Kong%2DZhuhai%2DMacau%20Sea%20Bridge%20and%20Tunnel&text=Materials%3A%20420%2C000%20tons%20of%20steel,about%2040%20or%2050%20minutes.\"\u003Eone million tonnes of concrete\u003C\u002Fa\u003E were used in the eight years it took to build the bridge. It was this concrete that invaded the habitat of the critically endangered pink dolphin, and is thought to be the reason that dead dolphins washed up on nearby shores while the population near the bridge \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.scmp.com\u002Fnews\u002Fhong-kong\u002Fhealth-environment\u002Farticle\u002F1990312\u002Fexperts-blame-hong-kong-zhuhai-macau-bridge\"\u003Eplummeted by 60%.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E Of course, dolphins weren’t the only victims – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.epd.gov.hk\u002Feia\u002Fregister\u002Fprofile\u002Flatest\u002Fesb110.pdf\"\u003Ehabitats are destroyed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.epd.gov.hk\u002Feia\u002Fregister\u002Freport\u002Feiareport\u002Feia_1732009\u002Fpdf\u002FSection%2010%20(Ecology)\u002FAppendix%2010B.pdf\"\u003Ecountless other marine species are affected\u003C\u002Fa\u003E when large amounts of concrete are poured into the ocean.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDestruction of this kind is often the cost of using concrete – the most widely used manmade material on Earth. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS1350630714000387#:~:text=Today%2C%20second%20only%20to%20water,all%20other%20building%20materials%20combined.\"\u003EWith three tonnes per year used for every person in the world\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, there are few parts of the planet that concrete hasn’t reached. The production of concrete is also a huge emitter of CO2. At least \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Freader.chathamhouse.org\u002Fmaking-concrete-change-innovation-low-carbon-cement-and-concrete\"\u003E8% of humanity’s carbon footprint\u003C\u002Fa\u003E comes from the concrete industry, mostly from the production of cement – one of concrete’s principal components. The cement industry generates around \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.carbonbrief.org\u002Fqa-why-cement-emissions-matter-for-climate-change\"\u003E2.8 billion tonnes of CO2 per year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – more than any country other than China or the US.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200713-the-most-powerful-renewable-energy\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe most powerful renewable energy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe plane leading an electric revolution\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200706-the-law-that-could-make-climate-change-illegal\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe strongest law on climate yet\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the oceans, concrete is the main construction material, accounting for more than \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Feconcretetech.com\u002Feconcrete-reducing-the-carbon-footprint-of-concrete-based-coastal-and-marine-infrastructure\u002F\"\u003E70% of coastal and marine infrastructure\u003C\u002Fa\u003E such as ports, coastal defence structures and waterfronts. In China, for example, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F346\u002F6212\u002F912\"\u003Earound 60% of its coast is effectively concrete\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Similarly, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencemag.org\u002Fnews\u002F2015\u002F08\u002Ffourteen-percent-us-coastline-covered-concrete\"\u003Emore than 14,000 miles of the US’s coastline\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is covered in concrete.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200811-the-eco-friendly-alternatives-to-ocean-concrete-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuote":"In China, around 60% of its coast is effectively concrete. Similarly, more than 14,000 miles of the US’s coastline is covered in concrete","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200811-the-eco-friendly-alternatives-to-ocean-concrete-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Concrete is damaging in the ocean because, to put it in place, natural ecosystems are destroyed,” says Alex Rogers, director of science at REV Ocean, a not-for-profit company studying ocean health and raising awareness of global impacts on the marine environment. “Concrete is a conventional material, everyone understands it, and it is low cost. But really, in this day and age, when we’re looking at much more sustainable ways of carrying out development – whether it’s coastal reclamation or other forms of building – we should be looking at alternative materials that have a lower impact on the environment.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200811-the-eco-friendly-alternatives-to-ocean-concrete-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200811-the-eco-friendly-alternatives-to-ocean-concrete-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThose alternatives might already be here. Among them is a substance called ECOncrete, developed as an eco-friendly concrete. Co-founded by marine ecologist Shimrit Perkol-Finkel, ECOncrete produces \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Feconcretetech.com\u002Fcoastal-construction-products\u002F\"\u003Ebio-enhancing concrete products\u003C\u002Fa\u003E intended to protect and rejuvenate coastlines and marine resources. This is achieved by using a mixture made almost entirely of by-products and recycled materials, and is thus nearly carbon neutral. This mixture is combined with up to 70% slag cement (a by-product of the steel industry which has a low carbon footprint) and is beneficial for marine concrete thanks to its high chloride resistance. The overall result is a low-carbon concrete.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200811-the-eco-friendly-alternatives-to-ocean-concrete-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"By retrofitting concrete surfaces with eco-tiles and panels that are designed with greater surface complexity, it gives room for marine life to colonise","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200811-the-eco-friendly-alternatives-to-ocean-concrete-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut it is the nature of the concrete-water interface that makes the most immediate difference for local wildlife. Typically, the smooth concrete surfaces of artificial seawalls are not inhabitable for marine organisms. However, by retrofitting them with eco-tiles and panels that are designed with greater surface complexity – grooves, ridges and crevices – it gives room for marine life to colonise and hide from predators and harsh conditions, ultimately improving the biodiversity of the seawalls.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAn example of where this appears to have worked is Hong Kong, where shortage of space has meant reclaiming land from the sea has been common for many years. In areas of reclaimed land in the city’s New Territories region, work is ongoing to retrofit four existing artificial concrete seawalls with different types of eco-engineered fixtures: seawall eco-tiles, eco-panels and “armour” units designed to protect tidal pools.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA preliminary test of eco-tiles in the western waters of Hong Kong found that the number of marine species had doubled to 12, compared with the number of species found on artificial seawalls without such fixtures. “The results were very positive, showing that the eco-tiles with enhanced complexity could significantly increase marine biodiversity,” says Kenneth Mei-Yee Leung, a professor of aquatic ecology and toxicology at Hong Kong University.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200811-the-eco-friendly-alternatives-to-ocean-concrete-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The bio-blocks are designed to mimic the intertidal zone – the area where the sea meets the land at high and low tides – in a bid to provide a more suitable habitat for marine species","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200811-the-eco-friendly-alternatives-to-ocean-concrete-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWork is now underway to introduce Hong Kong’s first eco-shoreline. Part of a 130-hectare reclamation project in the city’s Tung Chung area to provide additional land for housing, the new eco-shoreline will use concrete bio-blocks designed to serve as shelter for marine animals such as crabs and molluscs, to recreate natural habitats lost to land reclamation. “As a marine ecologist, I hope the project will be a great success in promoting marine biodiversity,” says Leung, “while also providing a nice and multifunctional shoreline for people to enjoy and appreciate local marine life.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200811-the-eco-friendly-alternatives-to-ocean-concrete-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200811-the-eco-friendly-alternatives-to-ocean-concrete-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA 15-metre (49ft) installation has already been set up as a test site for the eco-shoreline that will eventually stretch 3.8km (2.4 miles), and is expected to be completed by 2023. The bio-blocks are designed to mimic the intertidal zone – the area where the sea meets the land at high and low tides – in a bid to provide a more suitable habitat for marine species.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFurthermore, unlike traditional concrete, which is highly alkaline, the specially designed concrete that is used for fabricating bio-blocks has a pH value (a measure of the acidity of substances) near to that of sea water, which helps to promote the growth of intertidal marine species such as crabs, molluscs, clams, mussels and oysters. The relatively neutral pH value of the bio-blocks is attained by replacing some of the ordinary Portland cement used in conventional concrete with alternative cementitious materials, such as slag cement, which \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS095965262031502X\"\u003Ehas a secondary benefit of producing lower CO2 emissions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The seawater pH level is around 8, which is suitable to most marine organisms,” says Leung. “However, normal concrete has a pH of 12-13 which is not favourable to the colonisation of marine life. Therefore, concrete-based eco-engineered bio-blocks are commonly made with lower surface pH (pH 9 to 10) that are more suitable for marine organisms.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EECOncrete’s products are already in use across eight countries and six different seas, from seawalls in Hong Kong to the Port of Rotterdam. “Our vision is that in the future, all man-made structures in coastal and marine environments will be designed and built with environmentally sensitive technologies,” says Perkol-Finkel.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200811-the-eco-friendly-alternatives-to-ocean-concrete-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200811-the-eco-friendly-alternatives-to-ocean-concrete-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut not everyone is convinced that eco-friendly concrete bio-blocks are the solution.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBeth Strain, a lecturer in marine biology and a project leader for Australia’s National Centre for Coasts and Climate, says the evidence for eco-friendly concrete as a better surface for marine organisms is very mixed. “In some cases, authors have reported that these materials benefit corals or biofilms, whereas in other studies there have been no benefits for marine organisms.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStrain says at the moment there is not enough proof of concept to really see where these eco-friendly concretes do and don’t work. “It can be location specific. We did an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F318172920_Eco-engineering_urban_infrastructure_for_marine_and_coastal_biodiversity_Which_interventions_have_the_greatest_ecological_benefit\"\u003Eexperiment in 15 harbours around there world\u003C\u002Fa\u003E with the same type of concrete surface complexity.” Largely, the results were positive, but there were some locations where it didn’t actually work. In Penang, Malaysia, for example, using concrete with a complex, creviced surface that would theoretically retain moisture and be better for organisms to latch onto made no difference. Strain thinks this is because of the area’s typhoons, which make the area very wet already, so the crevices of the concrete aren’t a big help. “There is a degree of difference and each location will have its own environmental challenges,” says Strain.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200811-the-eco-friendly-alternatives-to-ocean-concrete-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Nature-based solutions provide you with a solution that essentially self-repairs and keeps up with that sea level rise – Alex Rogers","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200811-the-eco-friendly-alternatives-to-ocean-concrete-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELouise Firth, a lecturer in marine ecology at University of Plymouth, agrees that the results are mixed. “Those producing eco-concrete purport that lower pH in concrete is better for marine life,” she says. But in her recent research, currently under review, her team found that in Singapore and the UK, a lower pH didn’t make a difference to the colonisation of marine organisms.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut while eco-friendly concrete may require more testing, there are other potential solutions, such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2071-1050\u002F10\u002F11\u002F4079\u002Fhtm\"\u003Ebio-cement\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which can be particularly useful for coastal hardening. Bio-cement is formed by taking sand, or other forms of aggregate, and then adding bacteria and urea, a component of urine. The urea triggers the bacteria to secrete calcite – a form of calcium carbonate – binding the mixture together into a solid material similar to limestone.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Bio-cement is certainly a more interesting technology in terms of improving the sustainability of coastal defences and coastal hardening,” says Alex Rogers, the REV Ocean’s science director. “It has something like one-third of the CO2 production of normal concrete, and of course you can mould it to make it more biologically friendly.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENot to be confused with bio-cement, is another alternative: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F292208328_Bioconcrete_next_generation_of_self-healing_concrete\"\u003Ebio-concrete\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This is where bacteria called \u003Cem\u003EBacillus pasteurii\u003C\u002Fem\u003E is actually encapsulated and added to the concrete, along with a form of starch that serves as its food. The bacteria stay dormant in the concrete until a crack forms and air gets in. This change wakes the bacteria up, and they begin to eat, grow and reproduce. In doing so, they excrete calcite, which bonds to the concrete, fills the crack and seals it up. So in essence, this type of concrete structure is capable of self-repair.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200811-the-eco-friendly-alternatives-to-ocean-concrete-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200811-the-eco-friendly-alternatives-to-ocean-concrete-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThen there are nature-based solutions for coastal defence as well – like seagrass meadows, coral reefs, mangrove forests, salt marshes and other forms of wetland. These types of habitat tend to increase in height naturally and they can also retreat further inland as sea level rises to provide constant protection. Going forward, nature-based coastal defences might be the best solution as hard concrete structures in the ocean are likely to encounter increasing problems as a result of climate change. Scientists say we’re going to see \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.newscientist.com\u002Farticle\u002F2203700-sea-level-rise-could-hit-2-metres-by-2100-much-worse-than-feared\u002F\"\u003Emore than one metre of sea level rise within the next 80 years\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, causing traditional coastal defences to fail.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Building hard concrete structures that don’t naturally adapt to increasing sea level could create an additional problem that periodically those defences will have to be built up or even replaced,” says Rogers. “Whereas nature-based solutions provide you with a solution that essentially self-repairs and keeps up with that sea level rise.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the UK, in extensive areas along the east coast, it’s now recognised that it’s not economically viable to continue defending the land using \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk\u002Fgovernment\u002Fuploads\u002Fsystem\u002Fuploads\u002Fattachment_data\u002Ffile\u002F411178\u002FCost_estimation_for_coastal_protection.pdf\"\u003Ehard concrete structures\u003C\u002Fa\u003E because they only get broken up, undermined and destroyed as result of changes in the climate. Instead, there is a move towards favouring nature-based solutions, using some concrete where it’s essential.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne benefit of nature-based solutions is the huge biodiversity associated with them – in the UK these natural defences can be home to mussels, marine molluscs, fish, shellfish, salt-tolerant plants like glassworts, and seaweeds such as kelp. These areas are all also massive CO2 sinks, says Rogers. “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC3704532\u002F\"\u003ESalt marshes have something like 40 times the CO2 absorption potential of tropical rainforests\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on a per area basis.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFrom multiple perspectives, it appears that nature-based solutions are definitely the way forward. “Coastal engineers are going to have to change,” says Rogers. “They can’t economically afford to keep replacing concrete defences that are being undermined and destroyed by rising sea levels and increasingly extreme weather.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERogers believes that these engineers really need to take onboard the fact that nature can be used as a viable and long-term strategy for coastal defence and possibly even coastal reclamation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUltimately, of course, in an ideal world the best solution might be no reclamation. But until there’s a cost-effective alternative to concrete, or more widespread use of nature-based solutions, this material looks firmly set to stay. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200811-the-eco-friendly-alternatives-to-ocean-concrete-16"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-08-12T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The world's growing concrete coasts","headlineShort":"The world’s growing concrete coasts","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"The world’s coastlines are turning to concrete, at a huge cost to wildlife and the climate. But new technologies may offer a way to shore up coasts while benefiting biodiversity.","summaryShort":"More than half of China's coastline is concrete","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-08-11T23:10:12.532467Z","entity":"article","guid":"54de941e-2e5c-4129-ad64-8e63acd55fbb","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200811-the-eco-friendly-alternatives-to-ocean-concrete","modifiedDateTime":"2020-08-17T07:32:43.703696Z","project":"future","slug":"20200811-the-eco-friendly-alternatives-to-ocean-concrete","cacheLastUpdated":1609818565316},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201110-the-largest-dam-removal-project-in-american-history":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20201110-the-largest-dam-removal-project-in-american-history","_id":"5feb6de8fc4895687d016966","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"For over a century, one of the most important salmon runs in the United States has had to contend with historic dams – and now four of them are set to be taken down.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETo mark the end of a turbulent year, we are bringing back some of our finest stories for BBC Future’s “Best of 2020” collection. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fcolumns\u002Fbest-of-bbc-future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EDiscover more of our picks\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E here\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E. \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“My great uncle and my grandma and my great grandparents and, I'm sure, their great grandparents: they were all fishermen. That's just what they did – they fished and it was out of necessity to support their families. And it's because that's what we've always done and we've never known another life,” says Amy Cordalis, the general counsel of the Yurok, and a member of California’s largest indigenous tribe.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s hard to overstate how important this livelihood has been to the Yurok people who have lived for millennia in rural Northern California. And yet this livelihood has been diminishing for decades after the Klamath River – which flows through the tribe’s territory – was dammed for hydroelectricity. But now, after years of painstaking negotiations, the fortunes of the Yurok could be set to change, with the largest dam removal project in US history given the green light.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough she grew up in Ashland, Oregon, Cordalis would often visit Requa, a tiny village near the mouth of the Klamath River in northern California, to see family, attend tribal ceremonies – and to fish. Her father – “the ultimate Yurok fisherman” – had four daughters and a son, and he taught all of them to fish.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201110-the-largest-dam-removal-project-in-american-history-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It's like the crumbling of the way that we live. It's the crumbling of how we interact with that natural environment, because there's no fish – Amy Cordalis","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201110-the-largest-dam-removal-project-in-american-history-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“When I was growing up, there were still decent salmon runs,” she recalls. “On good nights, you could catch 100, 200 fish. We loved it. That's when you felt like you were like being your best Yurok self: you were doing what the creator made you for. You were going to be able to fill up your smokehouse and your freezer and not only just yours, but your grandma’s, your aunties’, your cousins’ – all the people you cared about, you could give them fish so that they had food.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201110-the-largest-dam-removal-project-in-american-history-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201110-the-largest-dam-removal-project-in-american-history-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe money from selling the fish they didn’t need would provide money for the children’s school clothes, a fridge or a second-hand car, Cordalis says. In short, fishing was a valuable income on a reservation where the median income is only $11,000 (£8,400) a year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EToday the fishing experience is very different, she says. Drawing upon all the techniques and skills passed down over generations is of little use, because when she goes down to the river with her own three boys, “there are no fish to be caught”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It's like the crumbling of the way that we live. It's the crumbling of the way that we teach our kids,” says Cordalis. “It's the crumbling of how we interact with that natural environment, because there's no fish.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201110-the-largest-dam-removal-project-in-american-history-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Anytime you put a dam on a river, it always has profound effects: it chops the river into two pieces – Michael Belchik","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201110-the-largest-dam-removal-project-in-american-history-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EResearch bears this out. The Klamath River, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fws.gov\u002Fcno\u002Fnewsroom\u002FFeatured\u002F2020\u002FNatural_Portfolio\u002F\"\u003Eonce home to the third-largest salmon runs (the migration of adult salmon upstream to spawn) in the continental United States\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, now has runs at a fraction of their original numbers. One of five Pacific salmon species, the spring-run Chinook salmon, which \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002Fpnas\u002F116\u002F1\u002F177.full.pdf\"\u003Ehistorically numbered in the hundreds of thousands\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, has almost entirely been wiped out: the run consisted of fewer than 700 fish last year. Another species, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fisheries.noaa.gov\u002Fspecies\u002Fcoho-salmon\"\u003ECoho salmon, which grows typically to between 60cm and 76cm (24 to 30 inches) and can weigh over 5kg (11lb) in adulthood\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, has been designated “threatened” under the US’s Endangered Species Act.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200713-the-most-powerful-renewable-energy\"\u003EThe most powerful renewable energy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20191128-the-rivers-that-are-losing-their-salmon\"\u003EHow fish transform a landscape\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201105-what-is-ecocide\"\u003EShould ecocide be a crime?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe dams built on the Klamath River \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fisheries.noaa.gov\u002Fwest-coast\u002Fhabitat-conservation\u002Fklamath-river-basin\"\u003Ehave been identified as one cause of the drop in salmon numbers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Eight dams were built on the river between the early 1900s and 1962 to produce hydroelectric power. The \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002F116\u002F1\u002F177\"\u003Epresence of dams has been linked to marked changes in salmon populations\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nap.edu\u002Fread\u002F10838\u002Fchapter\u002F1\"\u003Ethe Klamath and elsewhere\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Anytime you put a dam on a river, it always has profound effects: it chops the river into two pieces,” explains the Yurok tribe’s senior fisheries biologist, Michael Belchik, a tribal member who has decades of experience in fish restoration. “Rivers carry a lot more than just water. The water goes down river, fish move upriver, but not only that: there's nutrients, sediment and other organisms.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201110-the-largest-dam-removal-project-in-american-history-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201110-the-largest-dam-removal-project-in-american-history-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWithout flowing sediment, the river below the dams then becomes starved of it, leaving only larger rocks on the river bottom. These rocks are ideal for bristle worms, also known as polychaete worms, to cling onto. “Normally, the mobile bed of the river prevents colonies of these filter-feeding worms from taking over every square inch of the bottom of the river,” says Belchik. But now, “these worms have taken over everything”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201110-the-largest-dam-removal-project-in-american-history-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Anytime you have fish that have limited genetic diversity and limited geographic area, you invite catastrophe to take out your fish, whether it's a fish disease or a flood – Michael Belchik","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201110-the-largest-dam-removal-project-in-american-history-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAlthough not harmful in and of themselves, the worms are the secondary host for \u003Cem\u003EC. Shasta\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, a parasite to which juvenile chinook salmon have proven particularly vulnerable. Belchik says that the Klamath’s lowest dam, Iron Gate, has created overcrowded conditions that are ripe for the spread of \u003Cem\u003EC. Shasta\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. The salmon that don’t go into the hatchery – a man-made spawning facility – spawn just below the dam. The many juvenile salmon that then gather closely here are prone to picking up the parasite.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“[These] are all the ingredients necessary to put together a runaway out of control disease problem that is now wiping out of 80 or 90% of our fish,” says Belchik. “Anytime you have fish that have limited genetic diversity and limited geographic area, you invite catastrophe to take out your fish, whether it's a fish disease or a flood.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe reservoirs behind the dams are also responsible for a significant build-up of toxic algae – which thrives in warm, nutrient-rich stagnant water. In sufficient quantities it becomes harmful to human health. In the autumn, water containing toxic algae is released and sent downstream towards the Klamath’s mouth where the Yurok reservation is.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We have just received our almost yearly announcement that the toxic levels of microcystin in the river and blue-green algae are now at unhealthy levels,” says Frankie Myers, vice-chairman of the Yurok tribe. This doesn’t just make fishing hazardous. “There are pieces of our culture and our spiritual practices that we cannot do now without risking the health and safety of our people,” he explains. “The place we go to pray, the place we go to heal, the place we go to do our medicine will make you sick. That has a psychological impact on our communities.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETowards renewal \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe solution that Yurok and a coalition of other tribes and environmental organisations have long advocated for is the removal of the lower four of the eight dams on the Klamath. After painstaking negotiations, this led to the signing of an agreement between PacifiCorp (which operates these dams) and 40 other signatories, including tribes and state governments in 2010.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe simultaneous removal of the four dams, with a combined height of 411ft (125m), makes it the largest dam removal project in America’s history, according to the Klamath River Renewal Corporation, the nonprofit tasked with overseeing the dam removals. It is also set to be the most expensive, at a cost of almost $450m (£340m).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201110-the-largest-dam-removal-project-in-american-history-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201110-the-largest-dam-removal-project-in-american-history-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe result will be \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.klamathrenewal.org\u002Fbenefits\u002F#ENV_\"\u003E400 stream-miles of restored habitat\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for salmon and other migratory species like steelhead trout and Pacific lamprey. Opening up previously inaccessible spawning grounds will allow for greater genetic diversity and less crowding, says Belchik, which reduces the risk of disease transmission.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I've spent my career helping design fish restoration projects of varying types,” says Belchik. In terms of impact, “restoration of passage [projects] are always the most successful and most immediate”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBy reconnecting springs and cold-water tributaries to the main Klamath River, Belchik says the water temperatures of the river as a whole would drop. This not only improves water quality (lower temperatures reduce the risk of algae blooms, which in turn increases dissolved oxygen and improves pH levels); it would also benefit the salmon whose spawning and migratory behaviour benefit from cooler water – and who are more vulnerable to disease when it’s warmer. The return of cooler water, fed by snowmelt, will help make the fish more resilient in the face of climate change. And the return of naturally flowing sediment and a newly mobile riverbed would drastically reduce the habitat of the polychaete worms which release the salmon-killing \u003Cem\u003EC. Shasta\u003C\u002Fem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ffigshare.com\u002Farticles\u002FAmerican_Rivers_Dam_Removal_Database\u002F5234068\"\u003EWith over 1,700 dams removed in the US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – including 90 last year, according to American Rivers’ database – there is a growing list of examples illustrating the benefits to ecosystems, especially for imperilled fish populations. The removal of two smaller dams and fish passage improvements on the Penobscot River in Maine, which were completed in 2016, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nrcm.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2013\u002F09\u002FPenobscot-River-4-pager-FINAL.pdf\"\u003Ehave restored 2,000 miles of habitat for Atlantic salmon and other species\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, compensating for lost power by improving output from other dams. The project \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fisheries.noaa.gov\u002Ffeature-story\u002Fpenobscot-river-salmon-run-surges-second-straight-year\"\u003Eled to a rebound in numbers returning to spawn\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: this year 1,426 salmon returned, compared to only 248 in 2014. Other migratory fish have benefitted too: alewife and blueback herring returns have surged to 1.9 million compared to just 2,000 in 2011.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201110-the-largest-dam-removal-project-in-american-history-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It’s really a model of how you might approach sustainable river restoration across the world – Amy Cordalis","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201110-the-largest-dam-removal-project-in-american-history-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn the Olympic National Park in Washington State, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstor.org\u002Fstable\u002F26354001?seq=1\"\u003Eremovals of two large dams on the Elwha River were completed in 2014\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, restoring 75% of previously inaccessible spawning habitat. Just over 1,600 chinook salmon redds (spawning nests) were spotted upriver of where the second dam used to be in 2018 – encouraging signs that the chinook are recolonising this habitat. In the same area, coho salmon smolts (young fish) have increased from 9,000 in 2014 to 17,000 in 2017. But it is perhaps the steelhead running in summer whose revival has been most dramatic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201110-the-largest-dam-removal-project-in-american-history-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201110-the-largest-dam-removal-project-in-american-history-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Prior to dam removal snorkel surveys of the lower Elwha (2009-11) never revealed more than one or two summer steelhead,” \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F336890835_The_Elwha_River_What_Have_We_Learned_Since_Dam_Removal\"\u003Ewrites NOAA fish biologist Sarah Morley and colleagues in a May 2019 paper\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “Sonar [research] estimated the 2018 summer run population to be at least 300 fish. Like the phoenix, summer runs have arisen from the ashes.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorld precedent\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo remove dams as large as those on the Klamath River will be a complex operation. In the Klamath River Renewal Corporation’s \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.klamathrenewal.org\u002Fdefinite-plan\u002F\"\u003Eplan for the removals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, it will start with drawing down the water levels behind each dam wall. Demolition comes next – largely through drilling and blasting, with trucks removing the rubble. The newly exposed reservoir bed is then covered in mulch and indigenous seeds. Not only does this help restore this habitat to its natural state: both will be critical to reduce the amount of sediment washed down to the sea. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F250304256_Predicting_Secondary_Reservoir_Sediment_Erosion_and_Stabilization_Following_Dam_Removal\"\u003EIn experiments conducted by Ellen Mussman and others ahead of the Elwha dam removals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, plants reduced erosion by 33%, while mulch reduced it by 99%. Together, these could be a highly effective means to stop erosion, the researchers conclude.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd while it might seem counterintuitive that a power company would be in favour of dam removals, it actually makes good business sense for PacifiCorp. This is because to renew the operating licence for these dams, its ratepayers would have to foot an approximately $400m (£308m) bill for upgrades to ensure compliance with legislation (including the installation of costly \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fisheries.noaa.gov\u002Fwest-coast\u002Fhabitat-conservation\u002Fhydroelectric-management-and-dam-removal-activities\"\u003Efish ladders\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at each dam that would enable migration).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERemoving the dams is a cheaper option: under the Klamath Hydroelectric Settlement Agreement (KHSA), customers will only have to pay $200m (£154m), with an additional $250m (£193m) coming from the State of California. The removals have been endorsed by the Public Utility Commissions of both Oregon and California as being in the interests of ratepayers. Bob Gravely, regional business manager of Pacific Power (the PacifiCorp subsidiary which runs the dams) says that the dam removals “became a better outcome for customers”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOverall, little will be lost in terms of renewable energy generation: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pacificorp.com\u002Fenergy\u002Fhydro\u002Fklamath-river.html\"\u003Ethe dams represent less than 8%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of PacfiCorp’s 2,208 MW current renewable generation capacity, and as of July 2020 a further 1,190 MW of renewable capacity was under construction. The utility anticipates \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pacificorp.com\u002Fabout\u002Fnewsroom\u002Fnews-releases\u002Fpacificorp-issues-largest-request-for-new-energy-projects.html\"\u003Ean additional 3,743MW of renewables coming on stream by the end of 2023\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I think one of the coolest parts about this whole project is we’re setting a precedent for the world to follow,” says Cordalis. “I think the approach of working together with the company, with states, with tribes, with environmentalists, to reach an agreement that allows these dams to be removed for the tribes and for American citizens to benefit from the restoration of this river in a way that costs less money than it would be to relicense [the dams] – that's really a model of how you might approach sustainable river restoration across the world.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe dam removals were slated for 2022, though with negotiations still \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fapnews.com\u002Farticle\u002F123f20f9e4b8948cf7d948482a8eec1d\"\u003Eongoing between the company, the tribes and other stakeholders\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, that date is still unconfirmed. But Cordalis says she still remains hopeful. “We’re getting very close,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I think we all understand that there is an indigenous tribe [and] a culture at stake,” says Myers. “I think it has held fast in these negotiations that these dam removal efforts are as much to remove the dams for the ecology and benefits of salmon restoration as they are to the wrongs that took place in this country for the last 150, 200 years against Native Americans.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor the Yurok, Myers says the dams are seen as “monuments to colonialism” and compares them to statues of Confederate generals. “These dams are statues of the war that we fought here on the Klamath River. And these statues destroy our river, the landscape, our culture. We have to deal with them every single day.” In response to this, Pacific Power’s Gravely says: “We are very pleased to be part of a settlement agreement that allows the desire of Klamath Basin Tribes and others for dam removal to move forward” while also ensuring protections for electricity customers in six states.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMyer says the treaty negotiated between Yurok and the federal government in the 1850s limited the tribe to their reservation in return for a good standard of living in perpetuity. Although, he says, the federal government failed to live up to its end of the bargain, dam removals would bring that goal closer.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnticipating the return of healthy fish runs, the tribe has already built a salmon harvesting plant – both for commercial and subsistence fishing – done sustainably, just as Yurok have done for millennia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We have been surviving off the river’s resources and living symbiotically with it since time immemorial,” says Cordalis. “Our creation story talks about how the creator made the river, the land, the animals, the plants, and then made the people and said to the people, ‘This will all be here for you and you won't want for anything as long as you live in a sustainable way with the natural environment, and as long as you don't take more than you need to support your family.’ That initial religious principle informs how we interact with the river, how we interact with all of its resources and the natural world.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile the dams have increasingly threatened this symbiosis, their removal will once more enable the ancient connection between the Yurok people and the Klamath River to flourish. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EUpdate\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EOn 17 November 2020, a new agreement was signed between PacifiCorp, the Yurok and other stakeholders to facilitate the dams' removals. Should federal regulators approve, the project will begin in 2022, with the demolitions slated for 2023.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201110-the-largest-dam-removal-project-in-american-history-16"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-11-10T16:42:13.262Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The largest dam-removal in US history","headlineShort":"The largest dam-removal in US history","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"For over a century, one of the most important salmon runs in the United States has had to contend with historic dams – and now four of them are set to be taken down.","summaryShort":"Some of the most epic salmon runs in the US are set to be revived","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-11-11T00:05:37.167996Z","entity":"article","guid":"d0199e43-18d7-42aa-b80f-917464cd399e","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201110-the-largest-dam-removal-project-in-american-history","modifiedDateTime":"2020-12-29T17:56:38.879198Z","project":"future","slug":"20201110-the-largest-dam-removal-project-in-american-history","cacheLastUpdated":1609818565316},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution","_id":"5fe1cfdafc4895687d93eeee","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Aviation is one of the fastest rising sources of carbon emissions from transport, but can a small Canadian airline show the industry a way of flying that is better for the planet?","businessUnit":"public service","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs air journeys go, it was just a short hop into the early morning sky before the de Havilland seaplane splashed back down on the Fraser River in Richmond, British Columbia. Four minutes earlier it had taken off from the same patch of water. But despite its brief duration, the flight may have marked the start of an aviation revolution.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThose keen of hearing at the riverside on that cold December morning might have been able to pick up something different amid the rumble of the propellers and whoosh of water as the six-passenger de Havilland DHC-2 Beaver took off and landed. What was missing was the throaty growl of the aircraft’s nine-cylinder radial engine.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20180814-norways-plan-for-a-fleet-of-electric-planes\"\u003ENorway’s plan for a fleet of electric planes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E • \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20160818-the-quest-to-make-a-crystal-harder-than-diamonds\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe quest to make a material harder than diamonds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E • \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EHow does Future Planet count carbon? \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn its place was an all-electric propulsion engine built by the technology firm magniX that had been installed in the aircraft over the course of several months. The four-minute test flight (the plane was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.harbourair.com\u002Fseaplane-to-eplane-flight-test-confirmed\u002F\"\u003Erestricted to flying in clear skies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, so with fog and rain closing in the team opted for a short trip) was the first time an all-electric commercial passenger aircraft had taken to the skies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“It was the first shot of the electric aviation revolution,” says Roei Ganzarski, chief executive of magniX, which worked with Canadian airline Harbour Air Seaplanes to convert one of the aircraft in their fleet of seaplanes so it could run on battery power rather than fossil fuels.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor Greg McDougall, founder of Harbour Air and pilot during the test flight, it marked the culmination of years of trying to put the environment at the forefront of its operations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It was the first shot of the electric aviation revolution – Roei Ganzarski","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHarbour Air, which has a fleet of some 40 commuter floatplanes serving the coastal regions around Vancouver, Victoria and Seattle, was the first airline in North America to become carbon-neutral through offsets in 2007. A one-acre green roof on their new Victoria airline terminal followed. Then in 2017, 50 solar panels and four beehives housing 10,000 honeybees were added, but for McDougall, a Tesla owner with an interest in disruptive technology, the big goal was to electrify the fleet.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMcDougall searched for alternative motor options for a couple of years and had put the plan on the backburner when Ganzarski first approached him in February 2019. “He said, ‘We’ve got a motor we want to get certified and we want to fly it before the end of the year,’” McDougall recalls.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe two companies found their environmental values and teams were a good match and quickly formed a partnership. Eleven months later, the modest Canadian airline got what McDougall refers to as their “e-plane” off the ground, pulling ahead of other electric flight projects, including those by big-name companies Airbus, Boeing and Rolls-Royce.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe project came together in record time considering how risk-adverse the aviation industry is, says McDougall. “Someone had to take the lead,” he says. “The reason I live in British Columbia is because of the outdoors: protecting it is in our DNA. When it came to getting the benefits from electric flight it made sense for us to step in and pioneer the next step.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"As the threat posed by the climate crisis deepens, there has been renewed interest in developing electric passenger aircraft as a way of reducing emissions","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EElectric flight has been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.airspacemag.com\u002Fflight-today\u002Fthe-electric-airplane-34986164\u002F\"\u003Earound since the 1970s\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but it’s remained limited to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20180814-norways-plan-for-a-fleet-of-electric-planes\"\u003Elight-weight experimental planes flying short distances\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-36890563\"\u003Esolar-powered aircraft with enormous wingspans\u003C\u002Fa\u003E yet incapable of carrying passengers. But as the threat posed by the climate crisis deepens, there has been renewed interest in developing electric passenger aircraft as a way of reducing emissions and airline operating costs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECurrently there are about 170 electric aircraft projects underway internationally –\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.rolandberger.com\u002Fen\u002FPoint-of-View\u002FElectric-propulsion-is-finally-on-the-map.html\"\u003Eup by 50% since April 2018\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, according to the consulting firm Roland Berger. Many of the projects are futuristic designs aimed at developing urban air taxis, private planes or aircraft for package delivery. But major firms such as Airbus have also announced plans to electrify their own aircraft. It plans to send its\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.airbus.com\u002Finnovation\u002Ffuture-technology\u002Felectric-flight\u002Fe-fan-x.html\"\u003E E-Fan X hybrid prototype of a commercial passenger jet\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on its maiden flight by 2021. But only one of the aircraft’s four jet engines will be replaced with a 2MW electric motor, powered by a combination of an onboard battery and generator attached to a turboshaft engine, which still uses fossil fuels, inside the fuselage.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis makes Harbour Air something of an outlier. As a coastal commuter airline, it operates smaller floatplanes that tend to make short trips up and down the coastline of British Columbia and Washington State, which means its aircraft can regularly recharge their batteries. The company sees itself in a position to retrofit its entire fleet of floatplanes and make air travel in the region as green as possible.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis could bring some advantages. The efficiency of a typical combustion engine for a plane like this is fairly low – a large proportion of the energy from the fuel is lost as waste heat as it turns the propeller that drives the aircraft forward. Electrical motors have fewer moving parts, meaning there’s less maintenance and less maintenance cost.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Electrical motors have fewer moving parts, meaning there’s less maintenance and less maintenance cost","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EErika Holtz, Harbour Air’s engineering and quality manager, sees the move to electric as the next major aviation advancement, but warns that one stumbling block has been the perception of safety. “Mechanical systems are much better known and trusted,” she says. In contrast people see electrical systems as a bit unknown – think of your home computer. “Turning it off and on again isn’t an option in aviation,” she adds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut it’s the possibility of spurring lasting change in aviation that’s made working on the Harbour Air\u002FmagniX project so exciting for Holtz. Aviation technology has stagnated over the past decades, she says. “Although there have been incremental improvements in certain technologies, there hasn't been a major development change in aviation in 50 years.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne area that requires further development is battery capacity. Many experts doubt that large fully electric passenger airliners will be available any time soon – current \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Felectric-planes-are-here-but-they-wont-solve-flyings-co-problem-125900\"\u003Ebattery technology simply does not offer as many miles per kilo\u003C\u002Fa\u003E compared to aviation fuel. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe power density in aviation fuel is high, in the neighbourhood of 12,000 watt hours per kilogram. A lithium ion battery is only in the region of 200 watt hours per kilogram. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHarbour Air’s short-distance flights on small, single and twin engine planes have lower power demands which mean they don’t need heavy batteries. “Most of our routes are within the range of technology that exists today,” McDougall says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Harbour Air hopes to get paying passengers in its eplanes in under two years","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis ability to use existing technology, including the 62-year-old Beaver airframe and the Nasa-certified lithium ion batteries, means the certification process to meet the Federal Aviation Agency and Transport Canada requirements is expected to be easier than it would be with a plane built from the ground up.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHarbour Air hopes to get paying passengers in its eplanes in under two years. “Canada isn't always known as an innovation centre,” says Holtz. “It's very regulated and aviation itself is very regulated. But Transport Canada has been trying to help us get through hurdles instead of putting them up.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut Harbour Air’s efforts to electrify their fleet are unlikely to have a major impact on aviation emissions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Two to 12 passenger aircraft are only a tiny fraction of global aviation emissions,” says Lynnette Dray, senior research associate at University College London’s Energy Institute. “Even looking at all scheduled flights under 500 miles (which are performed by many sizes of aircraft, most of which are much bigger than two to 12 seats), less than 10% of global scheduled passenger fuel use and CO2 emissions can be substituted.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"There’s a lot of value in getting prototype models to market so that the technology has a chance to become familiar and trusted – Lynette Dray","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhere Dray sees the Canadian airline having a bigger impact is with public perception. “There’s a lot of value in getting prototype models to market so that the technology has a chance to become familiar and trusted,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBlazing a trail for other electrical aircraft projects has been a major goal for Harbour Air and magniX. According to the The International Council on Clean Transportation, aviation contributes an estimated \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheicct.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fco2-emissions-commercial-aviation-2018\"\u003E2.4% of global carbon emissions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E with 24% of global passenger transport-related CO2 being attributed to flights originating in the US. This should be a strong motivator for change, says Ganzarski.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I think the idea of electric aviation – getting rid of emissions and lowering operating costs – is something that the worldwide community should embrace,” he says. “The more companies get into it, the better. But we’ll be there right in front, leading the way.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 4kg CO2, travelling by bus, train and car. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-20"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-02-12T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Is this the start of an aviation revolution?","headlineShort":"The electric plane leading a revolution","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Aviation is one of the fastest rising sources of carbon emissions from transport, but can a small Canadian airline show the industry a way of flying that is better for the planet?","summaryShort":"A small Canadian airline is hoping to prove that electric planes are the future","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2020-02-12T01:00:44.350665Z","entity":"article","guid":"bcbfe32f-5a0e-451c-ad02-bcbba111d9bb","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution","modifiedDateTime":"2020-02-17T12:11:08.112237Z","project":"future","slug":"20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution","cacheLastUpdated":1609818565316},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon","_id":"5fe1cfd9fc4895687d93ea4b","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"On all Future Planet stories, you'll see an estimate of the carbon it took to report and publish that article. How do we get that figure and why do we calculate it?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELike almost every human activity in the world, journalism releases carbon dioxide. Reporters often need to travel to reach a story, whether across a city or further afield. They need to switch on the lights, power up laptops and make phone calls. As in other industries, journalism’s carbon impact will lessen over time as (and if) more of the world’s power grids and transit systems are powered by sustainable energy. But for now, this is the reality we face.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBecause \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffutureplanet\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFuture Planet\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is our new section devoted to covering the climate crisis, pollution and the environment, we felt it was important for it, as much as possible, to be part of the solution. As a result, we wanted to minimise our carbon footprint.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe do this, first, by keeping journalists’ travel to a minimum and prioritising local voices.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut that doesn’t eliminate our carbon emissions from transport entirely. Sometimes local or regional travel is essential when there is no lower-carbon way to tell the story. And, in what may come as a surprise to some, digital publishing releases carbon emissions too: as a whole, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sustainablewebmanifesto.com\u002F\"\u003Ethe internet would be the sixth greatest emitter of greenhouse gases if it were a country\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet\"\u003EWhat is Future Planet?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190117-how-bbc-future-is-tackling-gender-imbalance\"\u003EHow we’re tackling our gender imbalance\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20181115-why-climate-change-photography-needs-a-new-look\"\u003EWhy climate change photography needs a new look\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt Future Planet, we want to be accountable for the impact we have – and be transparent with our readers. That’s why each Future Planet story carries a figure estimating the carbon emissions associated with creating it. To our knowledge, we are the first major environment publication to take this step.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHow do we get these figures?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe start by breaking each story’s carbon footprint down into two parts: carbon emissions from reporters’ transport for the story, and the emissions from the digital infrastructure needed to publish it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETransport emissions\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen deciding whether to even assign a story, how much travel is required is a key factor for us. If a reporter needs to take a flight to reach their story, we are highly unlikely to commission it, and so far Future Planet has remained a flight-free publication. We would encourage them to look for stories closer to home or discuss whether it’s possible to do the story justice with reporting by phone and video calls. Cutting out flights is a major way we’ve reduced the carbon footprint of Future Planet – a single flight from London to, say, Cape Town, for example, emits 1.6 tonnes of carbon – the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.epa.gov\u002Fenergy\u002Fgreenhouse-gas-equivalencies-calculator\"\u003Eequivalent of running an average home’s electricity for nearly 100 days\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOur focus on working with local reporters around the world also keeps long-distance travel to a minimum. If a longer-distance story is commissioned, we might ask the reporter to look around for other strong stories in the area, to make the most of our transport emissions. And once a story has been commissioned, our reporters keep note of what travel they do to report the story, including how far they go and the method of transport they use, and use an independently audited carbon calculator for travel to estimate emissions. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDigital footprint\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis part of the calculation involves estimating the energy used to transfer data over the internet and the carbon intensity of electricity (the amount of CO2 emitted per unit of electricity consumed). We worked with the agency Wholegrain Digital to get a bespoke carbon estimate for Future Planet stories. (The BBC does not endorse particular products or services; rather, it was the only agency we could find offering a service to calculate carbon for a website’s emissions.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor a digital story, one of the big things we need to think about is the number of people who read it. As we can’t predict exactly how many readers will click on the story before we publish it, we use a per-pageview emissions estimate, which is the same for all stories. We got this figure using a test story, calculating emissions as above and then dividing that by the pageviews that the test story actually had over six months. That gives us a better estimate than just plugging in the URL from a story to the agency’s standard carbon calculator, because for a story where the number of pageviews is a weighty factor in the equation, using data on actual pageviews makes it more accurate. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe story we used as a test to get this figure was a BBC Future story, and we used the actual number of pageviews it had over a six-month period. Factors such as how many images a page has and the length of the story can make a big difference in the energy required to load the page, and how long the reader spends on the page. Our stories vary in length and number of images, so it’s important to stress that this figure is an estimate, not a precise measurement.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHere are some other inherent unknowns we had to contend with:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThe device that a reader accesses the story on can make a big difference to the energy used. A phone uses much less energy than a laptop, for example. We don’t have this data in real-time, so our calculation has to make an assumption based on typical reader behaviour. The calculation \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2078-1547\u002F6\u002F1\u002F117#abstract\"\u003Eassumes an average spread of devices based on how web users access pages\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and also takes an average for other equipment used such as broadband routers.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EOur readers are based all around the world. The carbon intensity of the energy grid varies between countries. The calculation assumed the average intensity as reported by the International Energy Agency (475g CO2-equivalent per kWh). But in reality, this will vary based on where readers are in the world.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EFuture Planet does not reside on any single server, and the BBC has servers in multiple datacentres. The BBC also uses Content Delivery Networks, third-party networks of servers that reduce the load on our own. The calculation doesn’t take account of this, which slightly inflates the estimate as CDNs are more efficient.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe cumulative uncertainty from these factors is the reason we show the digital component of emissions as a range, rather than a single figure. It is a first-order approximation that, in time, we hope to make more precise.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELimitations\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBecause of the complexity of both travel and the internet, we can’t directly measure the exact carbon emissions from any specific story. Everyday trains and buses aren’t fitted with emissions measuring devices, for example, so we can’t be sure \u003Cem\u003Eexactly \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ehow much our journalist-passenger emitted on his or her journey. Similarly, we can’t yet measure for a given click exactly how much carbon is released from the transfer of that exact data over the internet, the energy to run those specific servers at any instant, or which type of device a reader is using when they make that click.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are other factors that some might argue should be counted in a story’s carbon emissions, too. What about the BBC staff who work on Future Planet, some full-time but many sporadically among other obligations – do we count, for example, the energy used to heat and power the office? If we do, should we count the carbon emissions from the large number of energy-hungry servers housed in the building, or is that irrelevant as they don’t host Future Planet? Or you could take it even further: if a journalist ate a sandwich while on location reporting for us, do we count the carbon footprint of the food – or not, since they’d likely have to eat regardless of whether they were on assignment? What about the energy used to power their laptop as they did their research and wrote?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELooking ahead\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s easy to get lost in the weeds remarkably quickly. But we don’t see these complexities as an excuse not to make most accurate estimate we can, based on the most recent and relevant research – and to be open with you about not only these figures, but their limitations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe currently use the best tools available to monitor our emissions from transport and digital publishing. As new ways to estimate carbon emissions in the complex connected digital and analogue worlds improve, we will refine our carbon-counting strategy to match. You’ll be able to read updates on that here.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe calculations involved are complex, the assumptions made are many and varied, but at the heart of Future Planet is a simple ethos: we want to be open about our carbon footprint and we want to make it smaller, using whatever tools currently available. These tools may not yet be perfect. Our efforts may not be, either. But we believe that heading in the right direction is better than taking no steps at all.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per pageview.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EMartha Henriques is editor of \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffutureplanet\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture Planet\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E. You can get in touch with her on Twitter: \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FMartha_Rosamund\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E@Martha_Rosamund\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. 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