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class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Relationship to religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Interpretations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paris_student_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paris_student_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Paris student group </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paris_student_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Path_to_power_and_reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Path_to_power_and_reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Path to power and reign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Path_to_power_and_reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-KPRP_Second_Congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#KPRP_Second_Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 KPRP Second Congress </div> </a> <ul id="toc-KPRP_Second_Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sihanouk_and_the_GRUNK" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sihanouk_and_the_GRUNK"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Sihanouk and the GRUNK </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sihanouk_and_the_GRUNK-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Foreign involvement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Before_1975" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_1975"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3.1 Before 1975 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_1975-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1975–1993" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1975–1993"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3.2 1975–1993 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1975–1993-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.4 Regime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.4.1 Leadership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_under_the_Khmer_Rouge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_under_the_Khmer_Rouge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.5 Life under the Khmer Rouge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_under_the_Khmer_Rouge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evacuation_of_the_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evacuation_of_the_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.6 Evacuation of the cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evacuation_of_the_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.6.1 Economic policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.6.2 Family relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.6.3 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.7 Language reforms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crimes_against_humanity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crimes_against_humanity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.8 Crimes against humanity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crimes_against_humanity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Number_of_deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.8.1 Number of deaths </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genocide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genocide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.8.2 Genocide </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genocide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_power_struggles_and_purges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_power_struggles_and_purges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Internal power struggles and purges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_power_struggles_and_purges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Fall </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_with_Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_with_Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 War with Vietnam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_with_Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Place_in_the_United_Nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Place_in_the_United_Nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 Place in the United Nations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Place_in_the_United_Nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insurgency_and_surrender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insurgency_and_surrender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.3 Insurgency and surrender </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insurgency_and_surrender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extraordinary_Chambers_in_the_Courts_of_Cambodia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extraordinary_Chambers_in_the_Courts_of_Cambodia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extraordinary_Chambers_in_the_Courts_of_Cambodia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Museums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Publications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialogues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialogues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Dialogues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialogues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_coverage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_coverage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Media coverage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_coverage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_online_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_online_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Other online sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_online_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genocide_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genocide_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Genocide </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genocide_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uncategorized" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uncategorized"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Uncategorized </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uncategorized-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Khmer Rouge</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" > 72 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Khmer Rouge" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1" title="الخمير الحمر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الخمير الحمر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmeres_Roxos" title="Khmeres Roxos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Khmeres Roxos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hem%C3%A9re_pyt%C3%A3ngu%C3%A9ra" title="Hemére pytãnguéra – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hemére pytãnguéra" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_khmerl%C9%99r" title="Qırmızı khmerlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qırmızı khmerlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C" title="খেমার রুজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খেমার রুজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82ng-sek_Khmer" title="Âng-sek Khmer – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Âng-sek Khmer" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D2%99%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ҡыҙыл кхмерҙар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡыҙыл кхмерҙар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Чырвоныя кхмеры – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чырвоныя кхмеры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Khmer Rouge" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Червени кхмери – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Червени кхмери" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crveni_Kmeri" title="Crveni Kmeri – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Crveni Kmeri" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmers_rojos" title="Khmers rojos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Khmers rojos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rud%C3%AD_Khmerov%C3%A9" title="Rudí Khmerové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rudí Khmerové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_R%C3%B8de_Khmerer" title="De Røde Khmerer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="De Røde Khmerer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rote_Khmer" title="Rote Khmer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rote Khmer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punased_khmeerid" title="Punased khmeerid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Punased khmeerid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%81%CF%85%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%AF_%CE%A7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Ερυθροί Χμερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ερυθροί Χμερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemeres_Rojos" title="Jemeres Rojos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jemeres Rojos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru%C4%9Daj_Kmeroj" title="Ruĝaj Kmeroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ruĝaj Kmeroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Gorriak" title="Khmer Gorriak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Khmer Gorriak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE" title="خمرهای سرخ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خمرهای سرخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmers_rouges" title="Khmers rouges – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Khmers rouges" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_vermellos" title="Khmer vermellos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Khmer vermellos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B9ng-set_Khmer" title="Fùng-set Khmer – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fùng-set Khmer" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A9%94%EB%A5%B4_%EB%A3%A8%EC%A3%BC" title="크메르 루주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크메르 루주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C" title="खमेर रूज – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खमेर रूज" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crveni_Kmeri" title="Crveni Kmeri – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Crveni Kmeri" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reda_Kmer" title="Reda Kmer – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Reda Kmer" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Merah" title="Khmer Merah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Khmer Merah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Rubie" title="Khmer Rubie – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Khmer Rubie" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rau%C3%B0u_kmerarnir" title="Rauðu kmerarnir – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rauðu kmerarnir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_rossi" title="Khmer rossi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Khmer rossi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%A8_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%27" title="קמר רוז' – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קמר רוז'" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="წითელი ქმერები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წითელი ქმერები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%82%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BB%9D%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%87" title="ຂະເໝນແດງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຂະເໝນແດງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkanie_khmeri" title="Sarkanie khmeri – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sarkanie khmeri" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raudonieji_khmerai" title="Raudonieji khmerai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Raudonieji khmerai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6r%C3%B6s_Khmer" title="Vörös Khmer – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vörös Khmer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Црвени Кмери – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Црвени Кмери" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D" title="ഖമർ റൂഷ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഖമർ റൂഷ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C" title="ख्मेर रूज – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ख्मेर रूज" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ჭითა ქმერეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჭითა ქმერეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Khmer Rouge" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Улаан кхмерууд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Улаан кхмерууд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rode_Khmer" title="Rode Khmer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rode Khmer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5" title="クメール・ルージュ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クメール・ルージュ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8de_Khmer" title="Røde Khmer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Røde Khmer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raude_Khmer" title="Raude Khmer – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Raude Khmer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9C" title="ਖਮੇਰ ਰੂਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖਮੇਰ ਰੂਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC" title="خمير روج – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="خمير روج" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%81%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%98" title="ខ្មែរក្រហម – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ខ្មែរក្រហម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czerwoni_Khmerzy" title="Czerwoni Khmerzy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czerwoni Khmerzy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Vermelho" title="Khmer Vermelho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Khmer Vermelho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmerii_Ro%C8%99ii" title="Khmerii Roșii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Khmerii Roșii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Красные кхмеры – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Красные кхмеры" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Khmer Rouge" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Khmer Rouge" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rde%C4%8Di_Kmeri" title="Rdeči Kmeri – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rdeči Kmeri" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Црвени Кмери – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Црвени Кмери" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crveni_Kmeri" title="Crveni Kmeri – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Crveni Kmeri" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punaiset_khmerit" title="Punaiset khmerit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Punaiset khmerit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6da_khmererna" title="Röda khmererna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Röda khmererna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D" title="கெமர் ரூச் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கெமர் ரூச்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%87" title="เขมรแดง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เขมรแดง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l_Kmerler" title="Kızıl Kmerler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kızıl Kmerler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Червоні кхмери – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Червоні кхмери" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_%C4%90%E1%BB%8F" title="Khmer Đỏ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khmer Đỏ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Khmer Rouge" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89" title="红色高棉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="红色高棉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89" title="紅色高棉 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="紅色高棉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Members of the Communist Party of Kampuchea</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the regime in general. For the political party of the Khmer Rouge regime, see <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea" title="Communist Party of Kampuchea">Communist Party of Kampuchea</a>. For nation of Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge Regime, see <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #DEDFDE;">Khmer Rouge</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">ខ្មែរក្រហម</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Democratic_Kampuchea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Democratic_Kampuchea.svg/200px-Flag_of_Democratic_Kampuchea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Democratic_Kampuchea.svg/300px-Flag_of_Democratic_Kampuchea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Democratic_Kampuchea.svg/400px-Flag_of_Democratic_Kampuchea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Flag of Democratic Kampuchea">flag of Democratic Kampuchea</a>, whose design was used by Khmer guerrillas since the 1950s with the building design varying</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates of operation</th><td class="infobox-data">June 1951 (June 1951) – March 1999 (March 1999) <ul><li>1951–1968 (<a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea" title="Communist Party of Kampuchea">political party</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">1968–1975</a> (insurgency)</li> <li>1975–1979 (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">government</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">1979</a>–<a href="/wiki/Ta_Mok#After_the_fall_of_the_Khmer_Rouge" title="Ta Mok">1999</a> (insurgency)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a>, Cambodia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a><a href="#cite_note-Kiernan_2004-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cook_2017-2">[2]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">Autarky</a><a href="#cite_note-Kiernan_2004-1">[1]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_nationalism" title="Khmer nationalism">Khmer nationalism</a><a href="#cite_note-Kiernan_2004-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cook_2017-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div><a href="/wiki/Marxism-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism-Leninism">Marxism-Leninism</a> <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allies</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Cambodian Civil War:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/GRUNK" title="GRUNK">GRUNK</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/FNL_Flag.svg/23px-FNL_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/FNL_Flag.svg/35px-FNL_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/FNL_Flag.svg/45px-FNL_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pathet_Lao" title="Pathet Lao">Pathet Lao</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Thailand.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="352" /> <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Thailand" title="Communist Party of Thailand">Communist Party of Thailand</a></li></ul></div></li><li>Cambodian–Vietnamese War:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/FUNCINPEC" title="FUNCINPEC">FUNCINPEC</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Khmer_People%27s_National_Liberation_Front" title="Khmer People's National Liberation Front">KPNLF</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Thailand.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="352" /> <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Thailand" title="Communist Party of Thailand">Communist Party of Thailand</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a><a href="#cite_note-Richardson-5">[5]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a><a href="#cite_note-Richardson-5">[5]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_United_States_support_for_the_Khmer_Rouge" title="Allegations of United States support for the Khmer Rouge">alleged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opponents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Cambodian Civil War:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cambodia_(1953%E2%80%931970)" title="Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)">Kingdom of Cambodia</a> (1968–1970)</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Republic" title="Khmer Republic">Khmer Republic</a> (1970–1975)</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Kingdom of Laos</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></li><li>Cambodian–Vietnamese War:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kampuchean_United_Front_for_National_Salvation" title="Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation">FUNSK</a> (1978–1979)</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea</a> (1979–1989)</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_the_State_of_Cambodia_%281989%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Cambodia_%281989%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_the_State_of_Cambodia_%281989%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Cambodia_%281989%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_the_State_of_Cambodia_%281989%E2%80%931992%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Cambodia_%281989%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Cambodia_(1989%E2%80%931993)" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Cambodia (1989–1993)">State of Cambodia</a> (1989–1992)</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Bulgaria_%281971%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria_%281971%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Bulgaria_%281971%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria_%281971%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Bulgaria_%281971%E2%80%931990%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria_%281971%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles and wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Communism" title="Category:Communism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg/50px-Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg/75px-Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg/100px-Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">Communist revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">"From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">Social revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_communism" title="World communism">World communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Economics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_(Marxism)" title="Socialization (Marxism)">Socialization (Marxism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_value" title="Use value">Use value</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_ideologies" title="List of communist ideologies">Variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Marxist_communism" title="Pre-Marxist communism">Pre-Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_communism" title="Primitive communism">Primitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League" title="Communist League">Communist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">First International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Third International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties" title="List of communist parties">Communist Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Council" title="World Peace Council">WPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">WFTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">WFDY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Students" title="International Union of Students">IUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_Democratic_Federation" title="Women's International Democratic Federation">WIDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Scientific_Workers" title="World Federation of Scientific Workers">WFSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organisation_of_Journalists" class="mw-redirect" title="International Organisation of Journalists">IOR</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Communists" title="Category:Communists">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Kollontai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Thälmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Togliatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">Padmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Freire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini" title="Pier Paolo Pasolini">Pasolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Raja" title="D. Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Berger" title="John Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Berlinguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Sison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holloway_(sociologist)" title="John Holloway (sociologist)">Holloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_Zizek" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavoj Zizek">Zizek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_S%C3%A1nchez_Gordillo" title="Juan Manuel Sánchez Gordillo">Gordillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lordon" title="Frédéric Lordon">Lordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Kelley" title="Robin Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Prashad" title="Vijay Prashad">Prashad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Zyuganov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Hatherley" title="Owen Hatherley">Hatherley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Moufawad-Paul" title="J. Moufawad-Paul">Moufawad-Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohei_Saito" title="Kohei Saito">Saito</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Far-left politics in the United Kingdom">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Colombia" title="Communism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_France" title="Communism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_India" title="Communism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Kerala" title="Communism in Kerala">Kerala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Korea" title="Communism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Nepal" title="Communism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Peru" title="Communism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_the_Philippines" title="Communism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Poland" title="Communism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of communism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Sumatra" title="Communism in Sumatra">Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Vietnam" title="Communism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Communist_symbolism" title="Communist symbolism">Symbols</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">Hammer and sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)">Red flag (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_star" title="Red star">Red star</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Workers_of_the_world,_unite!" title="Workers of the world, unite!">Workers of the world, unite!</a>"</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Criticism </div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_propaganda" title="Communist propaganda">Communist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communist party rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Marxism" title="Criticism of Marxism">Criticism of Marxism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_communist_theorists" title="21st-century communist theorists">21st-century communist theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti_anti-communism" title="Anti anti-communism">Anti anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Anti-communist mass killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_and_LGBTQ_rights" title="Communism and LGBTQ rights">LGBTQ rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">Marx's theory of alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">National communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_communism_in_Romania" title="National communism in Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">War communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #CC0000; border-bottom:1px solid #CC0000;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" 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.side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Aksar_Khmer.svg/40px-Aksar_Khmer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Aksar_Khmer.svg/60px-Aksar_Khmer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Aksar_Khmer.svg/80px-Aksar_Khmer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="225" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a> text. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Indic)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer script</a>.</div></div> </div> The Khmer Rouge<a href="#cite_note-16">[a]</a> is the name that was popularly given to members of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea" title="Communist Party of Kampuchea">Communist Party of Kampuchea</a> (CPK) and by extension to the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a> through which the CPK ruled Cambodia between 1975 and 1979. The name was coined in the 1960s by <a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a> to describe his country's heterogeneous, communist-led dissidents, with whom he allied after the <a href="/wiki/1970_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1970 Cambodian coup d'état">1970 Cambodian coup d'état</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kampuchea_Revolutionary_Army" title="Kampuchea Revolutionary Army">Kampuchea Revolutionary Army</a> was slowly built up in the forests of eastern Cambodia during the late 1960s, supported by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="People's Army of Vietnam">People's Army of Vietnam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pathet_Lao" title="Pathet Lao">Pathet Lao</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP).<a href="#cite_note-Chandler_2018-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Strangio_2020-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilson_Center_2018-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hood_1990-21">[20]</a> Although it originally fought against Sihanouk, the Khmer Rouge changed its position and supported Sihanouk following the CCP's advice after he was overthrown in a 1970 coup d'état by <a href="/wiki/Lon_Nol" title="Lon Nol">Lon Nol</a> who established the <a href="/wiki/Pro-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-American">pro-American</a> <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Republic" title="Khmer Republic">Khmer Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hood_1990-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-RFA_2019-11-26-22">[21]</a> Despite a massive American bombing campaign (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Freedom_Deal" title="Operation Freedom Deal">Operation Freedom Deal</a>) against them, the Khmer Rouge won the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a> when they <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Phnom_Penh" title="Fall of Phnom Penh">captured the Cambodian capital</a> and overthrew the Khmer Republic in 1975. Following their victory, the Khmer Rouge, who were led by <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuon_Chea" title="Nuon Chea">Nuon Chea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ieng_Sary" title="Ieng Sary">Ieng Sary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Son_Sen" title="Son Sen">Son Sen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khieu_Samphan" title="Khieu Samphan">Khieu Samphan</a>, immediately set about forcibly evacuating the country's major cities. In 1976, they renamed the country Democratic Kampuchea. The Khmer Rouge regime was highly <a href="/wiki/Autocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocratic">autocratic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">repressive</a>. Many deaths resulted from the regime's <a href="/wiki/Social_engineering_(political_science)" title="Social engineering (political science)">social engineering</a> policies and the "Moha Lout Plaoh", an imitation of China's <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a> which had caused the <a href="/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine" title="Great Chinese Famine">Great Chinese Famine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chandler_2018-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-McLellan_1999-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chandler_2007-24">[23]</a> The Khmer Rouge's attempts at agricultural reform through <a href="/wiki/Collectivisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivisation">collectivization</a> similarly led to widespread famine, while its insistence on absolute self-sufficiency, including the supply of medicine, led to the death of many thousands from treatable diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> The Khmer Rouge regime murdered hundreds of thousands of their perceived political opponents, and its racist emphasis on national purity resulted in the genocide of Cambodian minorities. <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">Summary executions</a> and torture were carried out by its cadres against perceived subversive elements, or during genocidal purges of its own ranks between 1975 and 1978.<a href="#cite_note-Ratner_2001-26">[25]</a> Ultimately, the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a> which took place under the Khmer Rouge regime led to the deaths of 1.5 to 2 million people, around 25% of Cambodia's population. In the 1970s, the Khmer Rouge was largely supported and funded by the Chinese Communist Party, receiving approval from <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>; it is estimated that at least 90% of the foreign aid which was provided to the Khmer Rouge came from China.<a href="#cite_note-30">[b]</a> The regime was removed from power in 1979 when <a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Vietnam invaded Cambodia</a> and quickly destroyed most of its forces. The Khmer Rouge then fled to Thailand, whose government saw them as a buffer force against the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a>. The Khmer Rouge continued to fight against the Vietnamese and the government of the new <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea</a> until the end of the war in 1989. The <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Government_of_Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea">Cambodian governments-in-exile</a> (including the Khmer Rouge) held onto Cambodia's <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> seat (with considerable international support) until 1993, when the monarchy was restored and the name of the Cambodian state was changed to the Kingdom of Cambodia. A year later, thousands of Khmer Rouge guerrillas surrendered themselves in a government amnesty.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> In 1996, a new political party called the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Union_Movement" title="Democratic National Union Movement">Democratic National Union Movement</a> was formed by Ieng Sary, who was granted amnesty for his role as the deputy leader of the Khmer Rouge.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> The organisation was largely dissolved by the mid-1990s and finally surrendered completely in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> In 2014, two Khmer Rouge leaders, Nuon Chea and Khieu Samphan, were jailed for life by a <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_Tribunal" title="Khmer Rouge Tribunal">United Nations-backed court</a> which found them guilty of <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> for their roles in the Khmer Rouge's genocidal campaign. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The term Khmers rouges, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> for <a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Red" title="Political colour">red</a> <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmers</a>, was coined by King <a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a> and it was later adopted by English speakers (in the form of the corrupted version Khmer Rouge).<a href="#cite_note-Becker_1998-34">[32]</a>: 100  It was used to refer to a succession of communist parties in Cambodia which evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea" title="Communist Party of Kampuchea">Communist Party of Kampuchea</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Party of Democratic Kampuchea">Party of Democratic Kampuchea</a>. Its military was known successively as the <a href="/wiki/Kampuchean_Revolutionary_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampuchean Revolutionary Army">Kampuchean Revolutionary Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Army_of_Democratic_Kampuchea" title="National Army of Democratic Kampuchea">National Army of Democratic Kampuchea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DeRouen_2007_p231-35">[33]</a> Since the deterioration in relations between the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Republic of Vietnam">Socialist Republic of Vietnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a>, the Vietnamese government no longer recognize the legitimacy of the Khmer Rouge, and as a result, they call the Khmer Rouge the Pol Pot-Ieng Sary clique (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: Tập đoàn Pol Pot-Ieng Sary<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a>) or the Pol Pot-Ieng Sary reactionary clique (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: Tập đoàn phản động Pol Pot-Ieng Sary<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology">Ideology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ideology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_of_Communist_thought">Influence of Communist thought</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Influence of Communist thought">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khmer_rouge_clothing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Khmer_rouge_clothing.jpg/220px-Khmer_rouge_clothing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Khmer_rouge_clothing.jpg/330px-Khmer_rouge_clothing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Khmer_rouge_clothing.jpg/440px-Khmer_rouge_clothing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1271" data-file-height="1627" /></a><figcaption>Khmer Rouge clothing, consisting of a red <a href="/wiki/Krama" title="Krama">krama</a>, black outfit and shoes made of <a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">tires</a>.</figcaption></figure> The movement's ideology was shaped by a power struggle during 1976 in which the so-called Party Centre led by <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a> defeated other regional elements of its leadership. The Party Centre's ideology combined elements of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a> with a strongly <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobic</a> form of <a href="/wiki/Khmer_nationalism" title="Khmer nationalism">Khmer nationalism</a>. Partly because of its secrecy and changes in how it presented itself, academic interpretations of its political position vary widely,<a href="#cite_note-Kiernan_2008-28">[27]</a>: 25  ranging from interpreting it as the "purest" <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a> movement to characterising it as an <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-Marxist</a> "peasant revolution".<a href="#cite_note-Kiernan_2008-28">[27]</a>: 26  The first interpretation has been criticized by historian <a href="/wiki/Ben_Kiernan" title="Ben Kiernan">Ben Kiernan</a>, who asserts that it comes from a "convenient anti-communist perspective".<a href="#cite_note-Kiernan_2008-28">[27]</a>: 26  Its leaders and theorists, most of whom had been exposed to the heavily <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a> outlook of the <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a> during the 1950s,<a href="#cite_note-Jackson_1992-38">[36]</a>: 249  developed a distinctive and eclectic "post-Leninist" ideology that drew on elements of Stalinism, <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> and the postcolonial theory of <a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson_1992-38">[36]</a>: 244  In the early 1970s, the Khmer Rouge looked to the model of <a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a>'s <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a> which they believed was the most advanced <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist state</a> then in existence.<a href="#cite_note-Kiernan_2008-28">[27]</a>: 25  Many of the regime's characteristics—such as its focus on the rural <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasantry</a> rather than the urban <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a> as the bulwark of revolution, its emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a>-type initiatives, its desire to abolish personal interest in human behaviour, its promotion of communal living and eating, and its focus on perceived common sense over technical knowledge—appear to have been heavily influenced by Maoist ideology;<a href="#cite_note-Jackson_1992-38">[36]</a>: 244  however, the Khmer Rouge displayed these characteristics in a more extreme form.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson_1992-38">[36]</a>: 244  Additionally, non-Khmers, who comprised a significant part of the supposedly favored segment of the peasantry, were singled out because of their race.<a href="#cite_note-Kiernan_2008-28">[27]</a>: 26  According to Ben Kiernan, this was "neither a communist proletarian revolution that privileged the working class, nor a peasant revolution that favored all farmers".<a href="#cite_note-Kiernan_2008-28">[27]</a>: 26  While the CPK described itself as the "number 1 Communist state" once it was in power,<a href="#cite_note-Kiernan_2008-28">[27]</a>: 25  some communist regimes, such as Vietnam, saw it as a Maoist deviation from <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">orthodox Marxism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kiernan_2008-28">[27]</a>: 26  According to author Rebecca Gidley, the Khmer Rouge "almost immediately erred by implementing a Maoist doctrine rather than following the Marxist–Leninist prescriptions."<a href="#cite_note-Gidley_2019_p48-39">[37]</a> The Maoist and Khmer Rouge belief that human willpower could overcome material and historical conditions was strongly at odds with mainstream Marxism, which emphasised <a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">historical materialism</a> and the idea of history as inevitable progression toward communism.<a href="#cite_note-Kiernan_2008-28">[27]</a>: 27  In 1981, following the Cambodian–Vietnamese War, in an attempt to get foreign support, the Khmer Rouge officially renounced communism.<a href="#cite_note-Cook_2017-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khmer_nationalism">Khmer nationalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Khmer nationalism">edit</a>]</div> One of the regime's main characteristics was its Khmer nationalism, which combined an idealisation of the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Angkor Empire</a> (802–1431) and the <a href="/wiki/Post-Angkor_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Angkor Period">Late Middle Period of Cambodia</a> (1431–1863) with an existential fear for the survival of the Cambodian state, which had historically been liquidated during periods of Vietnamese and Siamese intervention.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> The spillover of Vietnamese fighters from the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnamese–American War</a> further aggravated anti-Vietnamese sentiments: the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Republic" title="Khmer Republic">Khmer Republic</a> under <a href="/wiki/Lon_Nol" title="Lon Nol">Lon Nol</a>, overthrown by the Khmer Rouge, had promoted <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Mon-Khmer</a> nationalism and was responsible for several anti-Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> during the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-Jordens_1995-42">[40]</a> Some historians such as Ben Kiernan have stated that the importance the regime gave to race overshadowed its conceptions of class.<a href="#cite_note-Kiernan_2008-28">[27]</a>: 26  The Khmer Rouge targeted particular groups of people, among them <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Buddhist monks</a>, ethnic minorities, and educated elites.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> Once in power, the Khmer Rouge explicitly targeted the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cambodians" title="Chinese Cambodians">Chinese</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Cambodians" title="Vietnamese Cambodians">Vietnamese</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Cham</a> minority and even their partially Khmer offspring.<a href="#cite_note-Weitz_2005_p156–157,_162–164,_171–172-44">[42]</a> The same attitude extended to the party's own ranks, as senior CPK figures of non-Khmer ethnicity were removed from the leadership despite extensive revolutionary experience and were often killed.<a href="#cite_note-Kiernan_2008-28">[27]</a>: 26  A <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a> official called the Khmer Rouge leaders "Hitlerite-fascists", while the General Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Kampuchean_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party">Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pen_Sovan" title="Pen Sovan">Pen Sovan</a>, referred to the Khmer Rouge as a "draconian, dictatorial and fascist regime".<a href="#cite_note-Gidley_2019_p48-39">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autarky">Autarky</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Autarky">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bullet_holes_at_angkor_wat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bullet_holes_at_angkor_wat.jpg/220px-Bullet_holes_at_angkor_wat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bullet_holes_at_angkor_wat.jpg/330px-Bullet_holes_at_angkor_wat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bullet_holes_at_angkor_wat.jpg/440px-Bullet_holes_at_angkor_wat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Khmer Rouge bullet holes left at <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a> temple</figcaption></figure> The Khmer Rouge's economic policy, which was largely based on the plans of <a href="/wiki/Khieu_Samphan" title="Khieu Samphan">Khieu Samphan</a>, focused on the achievement of national self-reliance through an initial phase of <a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">agricultural collectivism</a>. This would then be used as a route to achieve rapid social transformation and industrial and technological development without assistance from foreign powers, a process which the party characterised as a "Super Great Leap Forward".<a href="#cite_note-Tyner_2012_p116-45">[43]</a> The party's General Secretary Pol Pot strongly influenced the propagation of the policy of <a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">autarky</a>. He was reportedly impressed with the self-sufficient manner in which the mountain tribes of Cambodia lived, which the party believed was a form of <a href="/wiki/Primitive_communism" title="Primitive communism">primitive communism</a>. Khmer Rouge theory developed the concept that the nation should take "agriculture as the basic factor and use the fruits of agriculture to build industry".<a href="#cite_note-Jackson_1992-38">[36]</a>: 110  In 1975, Khmer Rouge representatives to China said that Pol Pot's belief was that the collectivisation of agriculture was capable of "[creating] a complete communist society without wasting time on the intermediate steps".<a href="#cite_note-Fletcher_2009-46">[44]</a> Society was accordingly classified into peasant "base people" (ប្រជាជនមូលដ្ឋាន prâchéachôn mulôdthan), who would be the bulwark of the transformation; and urban "new people" (ប្រជាជនថ្មី prâchéachôn thmei), who were to be reeducated or liquidated. The focus of the Khmer Rouge leadership on the peasantry as the base of the revolution was according to <a href="/wiki/Michael_Vickery" title="Michael Vickery">Michael Vickery</a> a product of their status as "<a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">petty-bourgeois</a> radicals who had been overcome by peasantist <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romanticism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Vickery_1999-47">[45]</a>: 306  The opposition of the peasantry and the urban population in Khmer Rouge ideology was heightened by the structure of the Cambodian <a href="/wiki/Rural_economics" title="Rural economics">rural economy</a>, where small farmers and peasants had historically suffered from indebtedness to urban money-lenders rather than suffering from indebtedness to landlords.<a href="#cite_note-Vickery_1999-47">[45]</a>: 284  The policy of evacuating major towns, as well as providing a reserve of easily exploitable agricultural labour, was likely viewed positively by the Khmer Rouge's peasant supporters as removing the source of their debts.<a href="#cite_note-Vickery_1999-47">[45]</a>: 284  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_to_religion">Relationship to religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Relationship to religion">edit</a>]</div> Democratic Kampuchea was an <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">atheist state</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Wessinger_2000_p282-48">[46]</a> although its constitution stated that everyone had freedom of religion, or not to hold a religion. However, it specified that what it termed "reactionary religion" would not be permitted.<a href="#cite_note-Vickery_1999-47">[45]</a>: 191  While in practice religious activity was not tolerated, the relationship of the CPK to the majority Cambodian <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada Buddhism</a> was complex; several key figures in its history such as <a href="/wiki/Tou_Samouth" title="Tou Samouth">Tou Samouth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ta_Mok" title="Ta Mok">Ta Mok</a> were former monks, along with many lower level cadres, who often proved some of the strictest disciplinarians.<a href="#cite_note-Vickery_1999-47">[45]</a>: 191  While there was extreme harassment of Buddhist institutions, there was a tendency for the CPK regime to internalise and reconfigure the symbolism and language of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodian Buddhism</a> so that many revolutionary slogans mimicked the formulae learned by young monks during their training.<a href="#cite_note-Harris_2008-49">[47]</a>: 182  Some cadres who had previously been monks interpreted their change of vocation as a simple movement from a lower to a higher religion, mirroring attitudes around the growth of <a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Cao Dai</a> in the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-Vickery_1999-47">[45]</a>: 193  Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">laity</a> seem not to have been singled out for persecution, although traditional belief in the <a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deity" title="Tutelary deity">tutelary spirits</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Neak_ta" title="Neak ta">neak ta</a>, rapidly eroded as people were forcibly moved from their home areas.<a href="#cite_note-Harris_2008-49">[47]</a>: 176  The position with Buddhist monks was more complicated: as with <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, many religious leaders were killed whereas many ordinary monks were sent to remote monasteries where they were subjected to hard physical labour.<a href="#cite_note-Harris_2008-49">[47]</a>: 176  The same division between rural and urban populations was seen in the regime's treatment of monks. For instance, those from urban monasteries were classified as "new monks" and sent to rural areas to live alongside "base monks" of peasant background, who were classified as "proper and revolutionary".<a href="#cite_note-Harris_2008-49">[47]</a>: 176  Monks were not ordered to <a href="/wiki/Defrocking" title="Defrocking">defrock</a> until as late as 1977 in <a href="/wiki/Krati%C3%A9_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kratié Province">Kratié Province</a>, where many monks found that they reverted to the status of lay peasantry as the agricultural work they were allocated to involved regular breaches of <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monastic</a> rules.<a href="#cite_note-Vickery_1999-47">[45]</a>: 192  While there is evidence of widespread vandalism of Buddhist monasteries, many more than were initially thought survived the Khmer Rouge years in fair condition, as did most Khmer historical monuments, and it is possible that stories of their near-total destruction were propaganda issued by the successor People's Republic of Kampuchea.<a href="#cite_note-Harris_2008-49">[47]</a>: 181  Nevertheless, it has been estimated that nearly 25,000 Buddhist monks were killed by the regime.<a href="#cite_note-NYTi-50">[48]</a> The repression of Islam<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> (practised by the country's Cham minority) was extensive. Islamic religious leaders were executed, although some Cham Muslims appear to have been told they could continue devotions in private as long as it did not interfere with work quotas.<a href="#cite_note-Harris_2008-49">[47]</a>: 176  Mat Ly, a Cham who served as the deputy minister of agriculture under the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea</a>, stated that Khmer Rouge troops had perpetrated a number of massacres in Cham villages in the Central and Eastern zones where the residents had refused to give up Islamic customs.<a href="#cite_note-Vickery_1999-47">[45]</a>: 347  While <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Ponchaud" title="François Ponchaud">François Ponchaud</a> stated that Christians were invariably taken away and killed with the accusation of having links with the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>, at least some cadres appear to have regarded it as preferable to the "feudal" class-based Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vickery_1999-47">[45]</a>: 193  Nevertheless, it remained deeply suspect to the regime thanks to its close links to <a href="/wiki/French_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="French colonialism">French colonialism</a>; <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Cathedral_of_Phnom_Penh" title="Roman Catholic Cathedral of Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh cathedral</a> was razed along with other places of worship.<a href="#cite_note-Vickery_1999-47">[45]</a>: 193  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interpretations">Interpretations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Interpretations">edit</a>]</div> In analysing the Khmer Rouge regime, scholars place it within historical context. The Khmer Rouge came to power in 1975 through the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a>, where the United States had supported the opposing regime of Lon Nol and heavily bombed Cambodia,<a href="#cite_note-Karllson_&_Schoenhals_2008-53">[51]</a>: 89–99  primarily targeting communist Vietnamese troops who were allied to the Khmer Rouge, but it gave the Khmer Rouge's leadership a justification to eliminate the pro-Vietnamese faction within the group.<a href="#cite_note-Karllson_&_Schoenhals_2008-53">[51]</a>: 97  The Cambodian genocide was stopped with the Khmer Rouge's overthrow in 1979 by Communist Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-Karllson_&_Schoenhals_2008-53">[51]</a>: 88  There have been <a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_United_States_support_for_the_Khmer_Rouge" title="Allegations of United States support for the Khmer Rouge">allegations of United States support for the Khmer Rouge</a> following their overthrow and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> voted to continue recognising Pol Pot's Democratic Kampuchea.<a href="#cite_note-Karllson_&_Schoenhals_2008-53">[51]</a>: 93  Communism in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">South East Asia</a> was deeply divided, as China supported the Khmer Rouge, while the Soviet Union and Vietnam opposed it.<a href="#cite_note-Karllson_&_Schoenhals_2008-53">[51]</a>: 89  There are three interpretations of the Khmer Rouge: <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a>, revisionism, and postrevisionism. Historian Ben Kiernan describes their rule as <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> but places it within the context of "xenophobic <a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">European nationalism</a>", from which came their <a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">agrarianism</a> and the establishment of a Great Cambodia, rather than communism or <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Karllson_&_Schoenhals_2008-53">[51]</a>: 96  Pol Pot's biographers <a href="/wiki/David_P._Chandler" title="David P. Chandler">David P. Chandler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Short" title="Philip Short">Philip Short</a> place more emphasis on their ideological heritage of communism;<a href="#cite_note-Karllson_&_Schoenhals_2008-53">[51]</a>: 96  it was not easy to apply <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>'s ideas to Cambodia, and communism was chosen as a way to get rid of French colonialism and transform the <a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a> society.<a href="#cite_note-Karllson_&_Schoenhals_2008-53">[51]</a>: 97  Another interpretation, as proposed by historian Michael Vickery, is that of a bottom-up, left-wing peasant revolution with the Khmer Rouge as the revolutionaries.<a href="#cite_note-Karllson_&_Schoenhals_2008-53">[51]</a>: 97  The Khmer Rouge was an intellectual group with a middle-class background and a romanticised sympathy for rural poor people but with little to no awareness that their radical policies would lead to such violence;<a href="#cite_note-Karllson_&_Schoenhals_2008-53">[51]</a>: 97  according to this view, the applicability of <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> is rejected and the violence was an unintentional consequence that was beyond the Khmer Rouge's control.<a href="#cite_note-Karllson_&_Schoenhals_2008-53">[51]</a>: 97  For Vickery, communist ideology does not explain the violence any more than those closer to the peasants', such as agrarianism, <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Karllson_&_Schoenhals_2008-53">[51]</a>: 97  Vickery wrote of communisms, as different communist factions were opposed to each other and fought against each other, resulting in further escalation of violence.<a href="#cite_note-Karllson_&_Schoenhals_2008-53">[51]</a>: 98  A synthesis of both interpretations rejects the totalitarian theory in favor of a bottom-up perspective, which emphasises that the peasants did not have revolutionary ambitions.<a href="#cite_note-Karllson_&_Schoenhals_2008-53">[51]</a>: 98  According to this perspective, the Khmer Rouge was able to effectively manipulate the peasants to mobilise them towards collective goals that they did not understand, or where the revolutionaries had no desire to create a new society, which would require a certain level of support and understanding that the Khmer Rouge was not able to win over, but were mainly motivated to tear down the old one and violence became an end in itself.<a href="#cite_note-Karllson_&_Schoenhals_2008-53">[51]</a>: 98  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_history">Early history</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> The history of the communist movement in Cambodia can be divided into six phases, namely the emergence before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indochinese_Communist_Party" title="Indochinese Communist Party">Indochinese Communist Party</a> (ICP), whose members were almost exclusively Vietnamese; the 10-year struggle for independence from the French, when a separate Cambodian communist party, the Kampuchean (or Khmer) <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_People%27s_Party" title="Cambodian People's Party">People's Revolutionary Party</a> (KPRP), was established under Vietnamese auspices; the period following the Second Party Congress of the KPRP in 1960, when Saloth Sar gained control of its apparatus; the revolutionary struggle from the initiation of the Khmer Rouge insurgency in 1967–1968 to the fall of the Lon Nol government in April 1975; the Democratic Kampuchea regime from April 1975 to January 1979; and the period following the Third Party Congress of the KPRP in January 1979, when <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> effectively assumed control over Cambodia's government and communist party.<a href="#cite_note-Morris-54">[52]</a> In 1930, <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a> founded the Communist Party of Vietnam by unifying three smaller communist movements that had emerged in northern, central and southern Vietnam during the late 1920s. The party was renamed the Indochinese Communist Party, ostensibly so it could include revolutionaries from Cambodia and Laos. Almost without exception, all of the earliest party members were Vietnamese. By the end of World War II, a handful of Cambodians had joined its ranks, but their influence on the Indochinese communist movement as well as their influence on developments within Cambodia was negligible.<a href="#cite_note-Tyner-55">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a> units occasionally made forays into Cambodian bases during their war against the French and in conjunction with the leftist government that ruled Thailand until 1947. The Viet Minh encouraged the formation of armed, left-wing <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Issarak" title="Khmer Issarak">Khmer Issarak</a> bands. On 17 April 1950, the first nationwide congress of the Khmer Issarak groups convened, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Issarak_Front" title="United Issarak Front">United Issarak Front</a> was established. Its leader was <a href="/wiki/Son_Ngoc_Minh" title="Son Ngoc Minh">Son Ngoc Minh</a>, and a third of its leadership consisted of members of the ICP. According to the historian David P. Chandler, the leftist Issarak groups aided by the Viet Minh occupied a sixth of Cambodia's territory by 1952, and on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">Geneva Conference</a> in 1954, they controlled as much as one half of the country.<a href="#cite_note-Chandler_2007-24">[23]</a>: 180–1  In 1951, the ICP was reorganized into three national units, namely the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Workers%27_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnam Workers' Party">Vietnam Workers' Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lao_Issara" title="Lao Issara">Lao Issara</a>, and the Kampuchean or Khmer People's Revolutionary Party (KPRP). According to a document issued after the reorganization, the Vietnam Workers' Party would continue to "supervise" the smaller Laotian and Cambodian movements. Most KPRP leaders and rank-and-file seem to have been either <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Krom" title="Khmer Krom">Khmer Krom</a> or ethnic Vietnamese living in Cambodia. According to Democratic Kampuchea's perspective of party history, the Viet Minh's failure to negotiate a political role for the KPRP at the 1954 Geneva Conference represented a betrayal of the Cambodian movement, which still controlled large areas of the countryside, and which commanded at least 5,000 armed men. Following the conference, about 1,000 members of the KPRP, including Son Ngoc Minh, made a Long March into <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>, where they remained in exile.<a href="#cite_note-Tyner-55">[53]</a> In late 1954, those who stayed in Cambodia founded a legal political party, the Pracheachon Party, which participated in the 1955 and the 1958 National Assembly elections. In the September 1955 election, it won about 4% of the vote but did not secure a seat in the legislature.<a href="#cite_note-Doyle-56">[54]</a> Members of the <a href="/wiki/Pracheachon" title="Pracheachon">Pracheachon</a> were subject to harassment and arrests because the party remained outside Sihanouk's political organization, <a href="/wiki/Sangkum" title="Sangkum">Sangkum</a>. Government attacks prevented it from participating in the 1962 election and drove it underground. Sihanouk habitually labelled local leftists the Khmer Rouge, a term that later came to signify the party and the state headed by Pol Pot, Ieng Sary, Khieu Samphan and their associates.<a href="#cite_note-Morris-54">[52]</a> During the mid-1950s, KPRP factions, the "urban committee" (headed by Tou Samouth) and the "rural committee" (headed by Sieu Heng), emerged. In very general terms, these groups espoused divergent revolutionary lines. The prevalent "urban" line endorsed by North Vietnam recognized that Sihanouk by virtue of his success in winning independence from the French was a genuine national leader whose neutralism and deep distrust of the United States made him a valuable asset in Hanoi's struggle to "liberate" South Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> Advocates of this line hoped that the prince could be persuaded to distance himself from the right-wing and to adopt leftist policies. The other line, supported for the most part by rural cadres who were familiar with the harsh realities of the countryside, advocated an immediate struggle to overthrow the "<a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalist</a>" Sihanouk.<a href="#cite_note-Yimsut-58">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paris_student_group">Paris student group</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Paris student group">edit</a>]</div> During the 1950s, Khmer students in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> organized their own communist movement which had little, if any, connection to the hard-pressed party in their homeland. From their ranks came the men and women who returned home and took command of the party apparatus during the 1960s, led an effective insurgency against Lon Nol from 1968 until 1975 and established the regime of Democratic Kampuchea.<a href="#cite_note-Cambodiatribunal-59">[57]</a> Pol Pot, who rose to the leadership of the communist movement in the 1960s, attended a technical high school in the capital and then went to Paris in 1949 to study radio electronics (other sources say he attended a school for fax machines and also studied civil engineering). Described by one source as a "determined, rather plodding organizer", Pol Pot failed to obtain a degree, but according to <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> priest Father François Ponchaud he acquired a taste for the classics of <a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">French literature</a> as well as an interest in the writings of Karl Marx.<a href="#cite_note-Bartrop-60">[58]</a> Another member of the Paris student group was Ieng Sary, a Chinese-Khmer from South Vietnam. He attended the elite <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Sisowath" title="Lycée Sisowath">Lycée Sisowath</a> in <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a> before beginning courses in commerce and politics at the Paris Institute of Political Science (more widely known as <a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po</a>) in France. Khieu Samphan specialized in economics and politics during his time in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hou_Yuon" title="Hou Yuon">Hou Yuon</a> studied economics and law; Son Sen studied education and literature; and <a href="/wiki/Hu_Nim" title="Hu Nim">Hu Nim</a> studied law.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> Two members of the group, Khieu Samphan and Hou Yuon, earned doctorates from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> while Hu Nim obtained his degree from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_University_of_Phnom_Penh" title="Royal University of Phnom Penh">University of Phnom Penh</a> in 1965. Most came from landowner or civil servant families. Pol Pot and Hou Yuon may have been related to the royal family as an older sister of Pol Pot had been a concubine at the court of King <a href="/wiki/Sisowath_Monivong" title="Sisowath Monivong">Monivong</a>. Pol Pot and Ieng Sary married <a href="/wiki/Khieu_Ponnary" title="Khieu Ponnary">Khieu Ponnary</a> and Khieu Thirith, also known as <a href="/wiki/Ieng_Thirith" title="Ieng Thirith">Ieng Thirith</a>, purportedly relatives of Khieu Samphan. These two well-educated women also played a central role in the regime of Democratic Kampuchea.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> At some time between 1949 and 1951, Pol Pot and Ieng Sary joined the French Communist Party. In 1951, the two men went to <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a> to participate in a youth festival. This experience is considered to have been a turning point in their ideological development. Meeting with Khmers who were fighting with the Viet Minh (but subsequently judged them to be too subservient to the Vietnamese), they became convinced that only a tightly disciplined party organization and a readiness for armed struggle could achieve revolution. They transformed the Khmer Students Association (KSA), to which most of the 200 or so Khmer students in Paris belonged, into an organization for nationalist and leftist ideas.<a href="#cite_note-Frey-64">[62]</a> Inside the KSA and its successor organizations, there was a secret organization known as the Cercle Marxiste (Marxist circle). The organization was composed of cells of three to six members with most members knowing nothing about the overall structure of the organization. In 1952, Pol Pot, Hou Yuon, Ieng Sary and other leftists gained notoriety by sending an open letter to Sihanouk calling him the "strangler of infant democracy". A year later, the French authorities closed down the KSA, but Hou Yuon and Khieu Samphan helped to establish in 1956 a new group, the Khmer Students Union. Inside, the group was still run by the Cercle Marxiste.<a href="#cite_note-Frey-64">[62]</a> The doctoral dissertations which were written by Hou Yuon and Khieu Samphan express basic themes that would later become the cornerstones of the policy that was adopted by Democratic Kampuchea. The central role of the peasants in national development was espoused by Hou Yuon in his 1955 thesis, The Cambodian Peasants and Their Prospects for Modernization, which challenged the conventional view that <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialization</a> are necessary precursors of development.<a href="#cite_note-Becker_1998-34">[32]</a>: 63  The major argument in Khieu Samphan's 1959 thesis, Cambodia's Economy and Industrial Development, was that the country had to become self-reliant and end its economic dependency on the <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed world</a>. In its general contours, Samphan's work reflected the influence of a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Dependency_theory" title="Dependency theory">dependency theory</a> school which blamed lack of development in the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> on the economic domination of the industrialized nations.<a href="#cite_note-Becker_1998-34">[32]</a>: 63  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Path_to_power_and_reign">Path to power and reign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Path to power and reign">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="KPRP_Second_Congress">KPRP Second Congress</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: KPRP Second Congress">edit</a>]</div> After returning to Cambodia in 1953, Pol Pot threw himself into party work. At first, he went to join with forces allied to the Viet Minh operating in the rural areas of <a href="/wiki/Kampong_Cham_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampong Cham Province">Kampong Cham Province</a>. After the end of the war, he moved to Phnom Penh under Tou Samouth's "urban committee", where he became an important point of contact between above-ground parties of the left and the underground secret communist movement.<a href="#cite_note-Short-65">[63]</a> His comrades Ieng Sary and Hou Yuon became teachers at a new private high school, the Lycée Kambuboth, which Hou Yuon helped to establish. Khieu Samphan returned from Paris in 1959, taught as a member of the law faculty of the University of Phnom Penh, and started a left-wing French-language publication, L'Observateur. The paper soon acquired a reputation in Phnom Penh's small academic circle. The following year, the government closed the paper, and Sihanouk's police publicly humiliated Samphan by beating, undressing and photographing him in public; as Shawcross notes, "not the sort of humiliation that men forgive or forget".<a href="#cite_note-Shawcross_1979-66">[64]</a>: 92–100, 106–112  Yet the experience did not prevent Samphan from advocating cooperation with Sihanouk in order to promote a united front against United States activities in South Vietnam. Khieu Samphan, Hou Yuon and Hu Nim were forced to "work through the system" by joining the Sangkum and by accepting posts in the prince's government.<a href="#cite_note-Tyner-55">[53]</a> In late September 1960, twenty-one leaders of the KPRP held a secret congress in a vacant room of the Phnom Penh railroad station. This pivotal event remains shrouded in mystery because its outcome has become an object of contention and considerable historical rewriting between pro-Vietnamese and anti-Vietnamese Khmer communist factions.<a href="#cite_note-Tyner-55">[53]</a> The question of cooperation with, or resistance to, Sihanouk was thoroughly discussed. Tou Samouth, who advocated a policy of cooperation, was elected general secretary of the KPRP that was renamed the Workers' Party of Kampuchea (WPK). His ally <a href="/wiki/Nuon_Chea" title="Nuon Chea">Nuon Chea</a>, also known as Long Reth, became deputy general secretary, but Pol Pot and Ieng Sary were named to the Political Bureau to occupy the third and the fifth highest positions in the renamed party's hierarchy. The name change is significant. By calling itself a workers' party, the Cambodian movement claimed equal status with the Vietnam Workers' Party. The pro-Vietnamese regime of the People's Republic of Kampuchea implied in the 1980s that the September 1960 meeting was nothing more than the second congress of the KPRP.<a href="#cite_note-Tyner-55">[53]</a> On 20 July 1962, Tou Samouth was murdered by the Cambodian government. At the WPK's second congress in February 1963, Pol Pot was chosen to succeed Tou Samouth as the party's general secretary. Samouth's allies Nuon Chea and <a href="/wiki/Keo_Meas" title="Keo Meas">Keo Meas</a> were removed from the Central Committee and replaced by <a href="/wiki/Son_Sen" title="Son Sen">Son Sen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vorn_Vet" title="Vorn Vet">Vorn Vet</a>. From then on, Pol Pot and loyal comrades from his Paris student days controlled the party centre, edging out older veterans whom they considered excessively pro-Vietnamese.<a href="#cite_note-Kiernan_2004-1">[1]</a>: 241  In July 1963, Pol Pot and most of the central committee left Phnom Penh to establish an insurgent base in <a href="/wiki/Ratanakiri_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratanakiri Province">Ratanakiri Province</a> in the northeast. Pol Pot had shortly before been put on a list of 34 leftists who were summoned by Sihanouk to join the government and sign statements saying Sihanouk was the only possible leader for the country. Pol Pot and Chou Chet were the only people on the list who escaped. All the others agreed to cooperate with the government and were afterward under 24-hour watch by the police.<a href="#cite_note-Frey-64">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sihanouk_and_the_GRUNK">Sihanouk and the GRUNK</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sihanouk and the GRUNK">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></div> The region where Pol Pot and the others moved to was inhabited by tribal minorities, the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Loeu" title="Khmer Loeu">Khmer Loeu</a>, whose rough treatment (including resettlement and <a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">forced assimilation</a>) at the hands of the central government made them willing recruits for a guerrilla struggle. In 1965, Pol Pot made a visit of several months to North Vietnam and China.<a href="#cite_note-Frey-64">[62]</a> From the 1950s on, Pol Pot had made frequent visits to the People's Republic of China, receiving political and military training—especially on the theory of <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a>—from the personnel of the CCP.<a href="#cite_note-Chandler_2018-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilson_Center_2018-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-ifeng_shidian-67">[65]</a> From November 1965 to February 1966, Pol Pot received training from high-ranking CCP officials such as <a href="/wiki/Chen_Boda" title="Chen Boda">Chen Boda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunqiao" title="Zhang Chunqiao">Zhang Chunqiao</a>, on topics such as the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">communist revolution in China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class conflicts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a>.<a href="#cite_note-yhcqw-68">[66]</a> Pol Pot was particularly impressed by the lecture on political purge by <a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chandler_2018-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-yhcqw-68">[66]</a> This experience had enhanced his prestige when he returned to the WPK's "liberated areas". Despite friendly relations between Sihanouk and the Chinese, the latter kept Pol Pot's visit a secret from Sihanouk.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In September 1966, the WPK changed its name to the Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The change in the name of the party was a closely guarded secret. Lower ranking members of the party and even the Vietnamese were not told of it and neither was the membership until many years later. The party leadership endorsed armed struggle against the government, then led by Sihanouk. In 1968, the Khmer Rouge was officially formed, and its forces launched a national insurgency across Cambodia. Though North Vietnam had not been informed of the decision, its forces provided shelter and weapons to the Khmer Rouge after the insurgency started. Vietnamese support for the insurgency made it impossible for the Cambodian military to effectively counter it. For the next two years, the insurgency grew as Sihanouk did very little to stop it. As the insurgency grew stronger, the party finally openly declared itself to be the Communist Party of Kampuchea.<a href="#cite_note-Frey-64">[62]</a> The political appeal of the Khmer Rouge was increased as a result of the situation created by the <a href="/wiki/1970_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1970 Cambodian coup d'état">removal of Sihanouk as head of state in 1970</a>. Premier Lon Nol deposed Sihanouk with the support of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Cambodia">National Assembly</a>. Sihanouk, who was in exile in Beijing, made an alliance with the Khmer Rouge on the advice of CCP, and became the nominal head of a Khmer Rouge–dominated government-in-exile (known by its French acronym <a href="/wiki/GRUNK" title="GRUNK">GRUNK</a>) backed by China. In 1970 alone, the Chinese reportedly gave 400 tons of military aid to the United Front.<a href="#cite_note-Xiamen_Forum_2013-69">[67]</a> Although thoroughly aware of the weakness of Lon Nol's forces and loath to commit American military force to the new conflict in any form other than air power, the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon administration</a> supported the newly proclaimed Khmer Republic.<a href="#cite_note-Shawcross_1979-66">[64]</a>: 181–2, 194 <a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> On 29 March 1970, the North Vietnamese launched an offensive against the Cambodian army. Documents uncovered from the Soviet Union archives revealed that the invasion was launched at the explicit request of the Khmer Rouge following negotiations with Nuon Chea.<a href="#cite_note-Mosyakov-71">[69]</a> A force of North Vietnamese quickly overran large parts of eastern Cambodia reaching to within 15 miles (24 km) of Phnom Penh before being pushed back. By June, three months after the removal of Sihanouk, they had swept government forces from the entire northeastern third of the country. After defeating those forces, the North Vietnamese turned the newly won territories over to the local insurgents. The Khmer Rouge also established "liberated" areas in the south and the southwestern parts of the country, where they operated independently of the North Vietnamese.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> After Sihanouk showed his support for the Khmer Rouge by visiting them in the field, their ranks swelled from 6,000 to 50,000 fighters. Many of the new recruits for the Khmer Rouge were apolitical peasants who fought in support of the king, not for communism, of which they had little understanding.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> Sihanouk's popular support in rural Cambodia allowed the Khmer Rouge to extend its power and influence to the point that by 1973 it exercised de facto control over the majority of Cambodian territory, although only a minority of its population.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By 1975, with the Lon Nol government running out of ammunition, it was clear that it was only a matter of time before the government would collapse. On 17 April 1975, there was the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Phnom_Penh" title="Fall of Phnom Penh">Fall of Phnom Penh</a>, as the Khmer Rouge captured the capital.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> During the civil war, unparalleled atrocities were executed on both sides.<a href="#cite_note-Karllson_&_Schoenhals_2008-53">[51]</a>: 90  While the civil war was brutal, its estimated death toll has been revised downwards over time.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_involvement">Foreign involvement</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Foreign involvement">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Before_1975">Before 1975</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Before 1975">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_United_States_support_for_the_Khmer_Rouge" title="Allegations of United States support for the Khmer Rouge">Allegations of United States support for the Khmer Rouge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Menu" title="Operation Menu">Operation Menu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Freedom_Deal" title="Operation Freedom Deal">Operation Freedom Deal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bomb_craters_in_Cambodia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bomb_craters_in_Cambodia.jpg/220px-Bomb_craters_in_Cambodia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bomb_craters_in_Cambodia.jpg/330px-Bomb_craters_in_Cambodia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bomb_craters_in_Cambodia.jpg/440px-Bomb_craters_in_Cambodia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1336" /></a><figcaption>An aerial view of bomb craters in Cambodia</figcaption></figure> The relationship between the massive <a href="/wiki/Carpet_bombing" title="Carpet bombing">carpet bombing</a> of Cambodia by the United States and the growth of the Khmer Rouge, in terms of recruitment and popular support, has been a matter of interest to historians. Some scholars, including <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Michael Ignatieff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Jones_(Canadian_scholar)" title="Adam Jones (Canadian scholar)">Adam Jones</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greg_Grandin" title="Greg Grandin">Greg Grandin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> have cited the United States intervention and bombing campaign (spanning 1965–1973) as a significant factor which led to increased support for the Khmer Rouge among the Cambodian peasantry.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> According to Ben Kiernan, the Khmer Rouge "would not have won power without U.S. economic and military destabilization of Cambodia. ... It used the bombing's devastation and massacre of civilians as recruitment <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> and as an excuse for its brutal, radical policies and its purge of moderate communists and Sihanoukists."<a href="#cite_note-Kiernan_2008-28">[27]</a>: 16–19  Pol Pot biographer David P. Chandler writes that the bombing "had the effect the Americans wanted – it broke the Communist encirclement of Phnom Penh", but it also accelerated the collapse of rural society and increased social polarization.<a href="#cite_note-Chandler_2018-18">[17]</a>: 96–8 <a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Rodman" title="Peter Rodman">Peter Rodman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Michael Lind</a> claim that the United States intervention saved the Lon Nol regime from collapse in 1970 and 1973.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> Craig Etcheson acknowledged that U.S. intervention increased recruitment for the Khmer Rouge but disputed that it was a primary cause of the Khmer Rouge victory.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Shawcross" title="William Shawcross">William Shawcross</a> writes that the United States bombing and ground incursion plunged Cambodia into the chaos that Sihanouk had worked for years to avoid.<a href="#cite_note-Shawcross_1979-66">[64]</a>: 92–100, 106–112  By 1973, Vietnamese support of the Khmer Rouge had largely disappeared.<a href="#cite_note-Cook_2017-2">[2]</a> On the other hand, the CCP largely "armed and trained" the Khmer Rouge, including Pol Pot, both during the Cambodian Civil War and the years afterward.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> In 1970 alone, the Chinese reportedly gave 400 tons of military aid to the <a href="/wiki/National_United_Front_of_Kampuchea" title="National United Front of Kampuchea">National United Front of Kampuchea</a> formed by Sihanouk and the Khmer Rouge.<a href="#cite_note-Xiamen_Forum_2013-69">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="1975–1993">1975–1993</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1975–1993">edit</a>]</div> In April 1975, the Khmer Rouge seized power in Cambodia, and in January 1976, Democratic Kampuchea was established. During the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a>, the CCP was the main international patron of the Khmer Rouge, supplying "more than 15,000 military advisers" and most of its external aid.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> It is estimated that at least 90% of the foreign aid to Khmer Rouge came from China, with 1975 alone seeing <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>1 billion in interest-free economic and military aid and US$20 million gift, which was "the biggest aid ever given to any one country by China".<a href="#cite_note-NYT_2015-03-30-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kiernan_2008-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Southgate_2019-29">[28]</a> In June 1975, Pol Pot and other officials of Khmer Rouge met with Mao Zedong in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, receiving Mao's approval and advice; in addition, Mao also taught Pot his "Theory of Continuing Revolution under the Dictatorship of the Proletariat" (无产阶级专政下继续革命理论).<a href="#cite_note-Chandler_2018-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-RFA_2019-11-26-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-ifeng_shidian-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-yhcqw-68">[66]</a> High-ranking CCP officials such as Zhang Chunqiao later visited Cambodia to offer help.<a href="#cite_note-Chandler_2018-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilson_Center_2018-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-RFA_2019-11-26-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> Democratic Kampuchea was overthrown by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="People's Army of Vietnam">Vietnamese army</a> in January 1979, and the Khmer Rouge fled to <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. However, to counter the power of the Soviet Union and Vietnam, a group of countries including China, the United States, Thailand as well as some Western countries supported the Khmer Rouge-dominated <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Government_of_Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea">Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea</a> to continue holding Cambodia's seat in the United Nations, which was held until 1993, after the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> had ended.<a href="#cite_note-Tufts.edu-86">[84]</a> In 2009, China defended its past ties with previous Cambodian governments, including that of Democratic Kampuchea or Khmer Rouge, which at the time had a legal seat at the United Nations and foreign relations with more than 70 countries.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regime">Regime</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Regime">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Leadership">Leadership</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Leadership">edit</a>]</div> The governing structure of Democratic Kampuchea was split between the state presidium headed by Khieu Samphan, the cabinet headed by Pol Pot (who was also Democratic Kampuchea's prime minister) and the party's own Politburo and Central Committee. All were complicated by a number of political factions which existed in 1975. The leadership of the Party Centre, the faction which was headed by Pol Pot, remained largely unchanged from the early 1960s to the mid-1990s. Its leaders were mostly from middle-class families and had been educated at French universities.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> The second significant faction was made up of men who had been active in the pre-1960 party and had stronger links to Vietnam as a result; government documents show that there were several major shifts in power between factions during the period in which the regime was in control.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1975–1976, there were several powerful regional Khmer Rouge leaders who maintained their own armies and had different party backgrounds than the members of the Pol Pot clique, particularly <a href="/wiki/So_Phim" title="So Phim">So Phim</a> and Nhim Ros, both of whom were vice presidents of the state <a href="/wiki/Presidium" title="Presidium">presidium</a> and members of the Politburo and Central Committee respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Vickery_1999-47">[45]</a>: 158  A possible military coup attempt was made in May 1976, and its leader was a senior Eastern Zone cadre named Chan Chakrey, who had been appointed deputy secretary of the army's General Staff.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A reorganisation that occurred in September 1976, during which Pol Pot was demoted in the state presidium, was later presented as an attempted pro-Vietnamese coup by the Party Center.<a href="#cite_note-Vickery_1999-47">[45]</a>: 158  Over the next two years, So Phim, Nhim Ros, Vorn Vet and many other figures who had been associated with the pre-1960 party were arrested and executed.<a href="#cite_note-Vickery_1999-47">[45]</a>: 158  Phim's execution was followed by that of the majority of the cadres and much of the population of the Eastern Zone that he had controlled.<a href="#cite_note-Vickery_1999-47">[45]</a>: 159  The Party Centre, lacking much in the way of their own military resources, accomplished their seizure of power by forming an alliance with Southwestern Zone leader Ta Mok and Pok, head of the North Zone's troops. Both men were of a purely peasant background and were therefore natural allies of the strongly peasant ideology of the Pol Pot faction.<a href="#cite_note-Vickery_1999-47">[45]</a>: 159  The Standing Committee of the Khmer Rouge's Central Committee during its period of power consisted of the following: <ul><li>Pol Pot (Saloth Sar), "Brother number 1", General Secretary from 1963 until his death in 1998 and effectively the leader of the movement.</li> <li>Nuon Chea (Long Bunruot), "Brother number 2", Prime Minister. High status made him Pol Pot's "right hand man".</li> <li>Ieng Sary (Pol Pot's brother-in-law), "Brother number 3", Deputy Prime Minister.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khieu_Samphan" title="Khieu Samphan">Khieu Samphan</a>, "Brother number 4", President of Democratic Kampuchea.</li> <li>Ta Mok (Chhit Chhoeun), "Brother number 5", Southwest Regional Secretary.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_Sen" title="Son Sen">Son Sen</a>, "Brother number 89", Defence Minister, superior of <a href="/wiki/Kang_Kek_Iew" title="Kang Kek Iew">Kang Kek Iew</a> and executed on Pol Pot's orders for treason.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yun_Yat" title="Yun Yat">Yun Yat</a>, wife of Son Sen, former Information Minister, executed with Son Sen.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ke_Pauk" title="Ke Pauk">Ke Pauk</a>, "Brother number 13", former secretary of the Northern zone.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ieng_Thirith" title="Ieng Thirith">Ieng Thirith</a>, sister-in-law of Pol Pot and wife of Ieng Sary, former Social Affairs Minister.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Life_under_the_Khmer_Rouge">Life under the Khmer Rouge</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Life under the Khmer Rouge">edit</a>]</div> The Khmer Rouge carried out a radical program that included isolating the country from all foreign influences, closing schools, hospitals and some factories, abolishing banking, finance and currency, and collectivising agriculture. Khmer Rouge theorists, who developed the ideas of Hou Yuon and Khieu Samphan, believed that an initial period of self-imposed economic isolation and national self-sufficiency would stimulate the rebirth of the crafts as well as the rebirth of the country's latent industrial capability.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson_1992-38">[36]</a>: 47  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Evacuation_of_the_cities">Evacuation of the cities</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Evacuation of the cities">edit</a>]</div> In Phnom Penh and other cities, the Khmer Rouge told residents that they would be moved only about "two or three kilometers" away from the city and would return in "two or three days". Some witnesses said they were told that the evacuation was because of the "threat of American bombing" and they were also told that they did not have to lock their houses since the Khmer Rouge would "take care of everything" until they returned. If people refused to evacuate, they would immediately be killed and their homes would be burned to the ground. The evacuees were sent on long marches to the countryside, which killed thousands of children, elderly people and sick people.<a href="#cite_note-Kiernan_2004-1">[1]</a>: 251–310  These were not the first evacuations of civilian populations by the Khmer Rouge because similar evacuations of populations without possessions had been occurring on a smaller scale since the early 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-Kiernan_2004-1">[1]</a>: 251–310  On arrival at the villages to which they had been assigned, evacuees were required to write brief autobiographical essays. The essay's content, particularly with regard to the subject's activity during the Khmer Republic regime, was used to determine their fate.<a href="#cite_note-Bergin_p31-90">[88]</a> Military officers and those occupying elite professional roles were usually sent for reeducation, which in practice meant immediate execution or confinement in a labour camp.<a href="#cite_note-Bergin_p31-90">[88]</a> Those with specialist technical skills often found themselves sent back to cities to restart production in factories which had been interrupted by the takeover.<a href="#cite_note-Bergin_p31-90">[88]</a> The remaining displaced urban population ("<a href="/wiki/New_People_(Cambodia)" title="New People (Cambodia)">new people</a>"), as part of the regime's drive to increase food production, were placed into <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_commune" title="Agricultural commune">agricultural communes</a> alongside the peasant "base people" or "old people". The latter's holdings were collectivised. Cambodians were expected to produce three tons of rice per hectare, whereas before the Khmer Rouge era the average was one ton per hectare. The lack of agricultural knowledge on the part of the former city dwellers made <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> inevitable. The rural peasantry were often unsympathetic, or they were too frightened to assist them. Such acts as picking wild fruit or berries were seen as "private enterprise" and punished with death. Labourers were forced to work long shifts without adequate rest or food, resulting in many deaths through exhaustion, illness and starvation. Workers were executed for attempting to escape from the communes, for breaching minor rules, or after being denounced by colleagues. If caught, offenders were taken off to a distant forest or field after sunset and killed.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> Unwilling to import Western medicines, the regime turned to traditional medicine instead and placed medical care in the hands of cadres who were only given rudimentary training. The famine, forced labour and lack of access to appropriate services led to a high number of deaths.<a href="#cite_note-Kiernan_2004-1">[1]</a>: 251–310  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Economic_policies">Economic policies</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Economic policies">edit</a>]</div> Khmer Rouge economic policies took a similarly extreme course. Officially, trade was restricted to bartering between communes, a policy which the regime developed in order to enforce self-reliance.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson_1992-38">[36]</a>: 62  Banks were raided, and all currency and records were destroyed by fire, thus eliminating any claim to funds.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> After 1976, the regime reinstated discussion of export in the period after the disastrous effects of its planning began to become apparent.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson_1992-38">[36]</a>: 58  <a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a> was banned in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Family_relations">Family relations</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Family relations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photos_of_victims_in_Tuol_Sleng_prison.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Photos_of_victims_in_Tuol_Sleng_prison.JPG/220px-Photos_of_victims_in_Tuol_Sleng_prison.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Photos_of_victims_in_Tuol_Sleng_prison.JPG/330px-Photos_of_victims_in_Tuol_Sleng_prison.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Photos_of_victims_in_Tuol_Sleng_prison.JPG/440px-Photos_of_victims_in_Tuol_Sleng_prison.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3841" data-file-height="2960" /></a><figcaption>Rooms of the <a href="/wiki/Tuol_Sleng_Genocide_Museum" title="Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum">Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum</a> contain thousands of photos taken by the Khmer Rouge of their victims.</figcaption></figure> The regulations made by the Angkar (អង្គការ, The Organisation, which was the ruling body) also had effects on the traditional Cambodian family unit. The regime was primarily interested in increasing the young population and one of the strictest regulations prohibited <a href="/wiki/Extramarital_sex" title="Extramarital sex">sex outside marriage</a> which was punishable by execution.<a href="#cite_note-Vickery_1999-47">[45]</a>: 186–7  The Khmer Rouge followed a morality based on an idealised conception of the attitudes of prewar rural Cambodia.<a href="#cite_note-Vickery_1999-47">[45]</a>: 186  Marriage required permission from the authorities, and the Khmer Rouge were strict, giving permission to marry only to people of the same class and level of education. Such rules were applied even more strictly to party cadres.<a href="#cite_note-Vickery_1999-47">[45]</a>: 186  While some refugees spoke of families being deliberately broken up, this appears to have referred mainly to the traditional Cambodian extended family unit, which the regime actively sought to destroy in favour of small <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">nuclear</a> units of parents and children.<a href="#cite_note-Vickery_1999-47">[45]</a>: 188  The regime promoted <a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">arranged marriages</a>, particularly between party cadres. While some academics such as Michael Vickery have noted that arranged marriages were also a feature of rural Cambodia prior to 1975, those conducted by the Khmer Rouge regime often involved people unfamiliar to each other.<a href="#cite_note-Mam_1998_p18-94">[92]</a> As well as reflecting the Khmer Rouge obsession with production and reproduction, such marriages were designed to increase people's dependency on the regime by undermining existing family and other loyalties.<a href="#cite_note-Mam_1998_p18-94">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Education">Education</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism#Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism § Democratic Kampuchea</a></div> It is often concluded that the Khmer Rouge regime promoted <a href="/wiki/Functional_illiteracy" title="Functional illiteracy">functional illiteracy</a>. This statement is not completely incorrect, but it is quite inaccurate. The Khmer Rouge wanted to "eliminate all traces of Cambodia's imperialist past", and its previous culture was one of them. The Khmer Rouge did not want the Cambodian people to be completely ignorant, and <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary education</a> was provided to them. Nevertheless, the Khmer Rouge's policies dramatically reduced the Cambodian population's cultural inflow as well as its knowledge and creativity. The Khmer Rouge's goal was to gain full control of all of the information that the Cambodian people received and spread revolutionary culture among the masses.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> Education came to a "virtual standstill" in Democratic Kampuchea.<a href="#cite_note-Vickery_1999-47">[45]</a>: 185  Irrespective of central policies, most local cadres considered higher education useless and as a result, they were suspicious of those who had received it.<a href="#cite_note-Vickery_1999-47">[45]</a>: 185  The regime abolished all literary schooling above primary grades, ostensibly focusing on basic literacy instead.<a href="#cite_note-Vickery_1999-47">[45]</a>: 183  In practice, primary schools were not set up in many areas because of the extreme disruptions which had been caused by the regime's takeover, and most ordinary people, especially "new people", felt that their children were taught nothing worthwhile in those schools which still existed. The exception was the Eastern Zone, which until 1976 was run by cadres who were closely connected with Vietnam rather than the Party Centre, where a more organised system seems to have existed under which children were given extra rations, taught by teachers who were drawn from the "base people" and given a limited number of official textbooks.<a href="#cite_note-Vickery_1999-47">[45]</a>: 184  Beyond primary education, technical courses were taught in factories to students who were drawn from the favoured "base people".<a href="#cite_note-Vickery_1999-47">[45]</a>: 184  There was a general reluctance to increase people's education in Democratic Kampuchea, and in some districts, cadres were known to kill people who boasted about their educational accomplishments, and it was considered bad form for people to allude to any special technical training.<a href="#cite_note-Vickery_1999-47">[45]</a>: 185  Based on a speech which Pol Pot made in 1978, it appears that he may have ultimately envisaged that illiterate students with approved poor peasant backgrounds could become trained engineers within ten years by doing a lot of targeted studying along with a lot of practical work.<a href="#cite_note-Vickery_1999-47">[45]</a>: 185  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Language_reforms">Language reforms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Language reforms">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer language</a> has a complex system of usages to define speakers' rank and social status. During the rule of the Khmer Rouge, these usages were abolished. People were encouraged to call each other "friend" (មិត្ត; mitt) and to avoid traditional signs of deference such as bowing or folding the hands in salutation, known as <a href="/wiki/Sampeah" title="Sampeah">sampeah</a>. Language was also transformed in other ways. The Khmer Rouge invented new terms. In keeping with the regime's theories on Khmer identity, the majority of new words were coined with reference to <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> terms,<a href="#cite_note-smyth-96">[94]</a> while Chinese and Vietnamese-language borrowings were discouraged. People were told to "forge" (លត់ដំ; lot dam) a new revolutionary character, that they were the "instruments" (ឧបករណ៍; opokar) of the ruling body known as Angkar (អង្គការ, The Organisation) and that nostalgia for pre-revolutionary times (ឈឺសតិអារម្មណ៍; chheu satek arom, or "memory sickness") could result in execution.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crimes_against_humanity">Crimes against humanity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Crimes against humanity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Choeungek2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Choeungek2.JPG/220px-Choeungek2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Choeungek2.JPG/330px-Choeungek2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Choeungek2.JPG/440px-Choeungek2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Skulls of Khmer Rouge victims</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khmer_Rouge_Victims.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Khmer_Rouge_Victims.JPG/220px-Khmer_Rouge_Victims.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Khmer_Rouge_Victims.JPG/330px-Khmer_Rouge_Victims.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Khmer_Rouge_Victims.JPG/440px-Khmer_Rouge_Victims.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Remains of victims of the Khmer Rouge in the Kampong Trach Cave, Kiry Seila Hills, Rung Tik (Water Cave), or Rung Khmao (Dead Cave)</figcaption></figure> Acting through the <a href="/wiki/Santebal" title="Santebal">Santebal</a>, the Khmer Rouge arrested, tortured and eventually executed anyone who was suspected of belonging to several categories of supposed enemies:<a href="#cite_note-Frey-64">[62]</a> <ul><li>People with connections to former Cambodian governments, either those of the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Republic" title="Khmer Republic">Khmer Republic</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Sangkum" title="Sangkum">Sangkum</a>, to the Khmer Republic military, or to foreign governments.</li> <li>Professionals and intellectuals, including almost everyone with an education and people who understood a foreign language. Many artists, including musicians, writers, and filmmakers were executed including <a href="/wiki/Ros_Serey_Sothea" title="Ros Serey Sothea">Ros Serey Sothea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pen_Ran" title="Pen Ran">Pan Ron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinn_Sisamouth" title="Sinn Sisamouth">Sinn Sisamouth</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Ethnic Vietnamese</a>, ethnic Chinese, ethnic Thai and other minorities in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Highlands" title="Eastern Highlands">Eastern Highlands</a>, Cambodian Christians (most of whom were Catholic), <a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Muslims</a> and senior Buddhist monks. The Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Cathedral_of_Phnom_Penh" title="Roman Catholic Cathedral of Phnom Penh">cathedral of Phnom Penh</a> was razed. The Khmer Rouge forced Muslims to eat pork, which they regard as forbidden (<a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4ar%C4%81m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḥarām">ḥarām</a>). Many of those who refused were killed. Christian clergy and Muslim imams were executed.</li> <li>"Economic saboteurs" as many former urban dwellers were deemed guilty of sabotage because of their lack of agricultural ability.</li> <li>Party cadres who had fallen under political suspicion: the regime tortured and executed thousands of party members during its purges.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson_1992-38">[36]</a>: 3 </li></ul> The Santebal established over 150 prisons for political opponents; <a href="/wiki/Tuol_Sleng_Genocide_Museum" title="Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum">Tuol Sleng</a> is a former high school that was turned into the Santebal headquarters and interrogation center for the highest value <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoners</a>. Tuol Sleng was operated by the Santebal commander <a href="/wiki/Kang_Kek_Iew" title="Kang Kek Iew">Khang Khek Ieu</a>, more commonly known as Comrade Duch, together with his subordinates <a href="/wiki/Mam_Nai" title="Mam Nai">Mam Nai</a> and Tang Sin Hean.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson_1992-38">[36]</a>: 3 <a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> According to Ben Kiernan, "all but seven of the twenty thousand Tuol Sleng prisoners" were executed.<a href="#cite_note-Kiernan_2008-28">[27]</a>: 464  The buildings of Tuol Sleng have been preserved as they were left when the Khmer Rouge were driven out in 1979. Several of the rooms are now lined with thousands of black-and-white photographs of prisoners that were taken by the Khmer Rouge.<a href="#cite_note-DDCam_History-98">[96]</a>: 74  On 7 August 2014, when sentencing two former Khmer Rouge leaders to life imprisonment, Cambodian judge Nil Nonn said there was evidence of "a widespread and systematic attack against the civilian population of Cambodia". He said the leaders, Nuon Chea, the regime's chief ideologue and former deputy to late leader Pol Pot and Khieu Samphan, the former head of state, together in a "<a href="/wiki/Joint_criminal_enterprise" title="Joint criminal enterprise">joint criminal enterprise</a>" were involved in murder, extermination, political persecution and other inhumane acts related to the mass eviction of city-dwellers, and executions of enemy soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-CheaAppeal-99">[97]</a> In November 2018, the trial convicted Nuon Chea and Khieu Samphan of crimes against humanity and genocide against the Vietnamese, while Nuon Chea was also found guilty of genocide relating to the Chams.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Number_of_deaths">Number of deaths</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Number of deaths">edit</a>]</div> According to a 2001 academic source, the most widely accepted estimates of excess deaths under the Khmer Rouge range from 1.5 million to 2 million, although figures as low as 1 million and as high as 3 million have been cited; conventionally accepted estimates of executions range from 500,000 to 1 million, "a third to one half of excess mortality during the period".<a href="#cite_note-Heuveline_2001-101">[99]</a>: 105  A 2013 academic source (citing research from 2009) indicates that execution may have accounted for as much as 60% of the total, with 23,745 mass graves containing approximately 1.3 million suspected victims of execution.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> Historian Ben Kiernan estimates that 1.671 million to 1.871 million Cambodians died as a result of Khmer Rouge policy, or between 21% and 24% of Cambodia's 1975 population.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> A study by French demographer Marek Sliwinski calculated nearly 2 million unnatural deaths under the Khmer Rouge out of a 1975 Cambodian population of 7.8 million; 33.5% of Cambodian men died under the Khmer Rouge compared to 15.7% of Cambodian women.<a href="#cite_note-Locard-104">[102]</a> Researcher Craig Etcheson of the <a href="/wiki/Documentation_Center_of_Cambodia" title="Documentation Center of Cambodia">Documentation Center of Cambodia</a> (DC-Cam) suggests that the death toll was between 2 million and 2.5 million, with a "most likely" figure of 2.2 million. After five years of researching mass grave sites, he estimated that they contained 1.38 million suspected victims of execution.<a href="#cite_note-Mekong.net_deaths-105">[103]</a> Although considerably higher than earlier and more widely accepted estimates of Khmer Rouge executions, Etcheson argues that these numbers are plausible, given the nature of the mass grave and DC-Cam's methods, which are more likely to produce an under-count of bodies rather than an over-estimate.<a href="#cite_note-Tufts.edu-86">[84]</a> Demographer Patrick Heuveline estimated that between 1.17 million and 3.42 million Cambodians died unnatural deaths between 1970 and 1979, with between 150,000 and 300,000 of those deaths occurring during the civil war. Heuveline's central estimate is 2.52 million excess deaths, of which 1.4 million were the direct result of violence.<a href="#cite_note-Tufts.edu-86">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heuveline_2001-101">[99]</a>: 102–4  Despite being based on a house-to-house survey of Cambodians, the estimate of 3.3 million deaths promulgated by the Khmer Rouge's successor regime, the People's Republic of Kampuchea (PRK), is generally considered to be an exaggeration; among other methodological errors, the PRK authorities added the estimated number of victims that had been found in the partially-exhumed mass graves to the raw survey results, meaning that some victims would have been double-counted.<a href="#cite_note-Tufts.edu-86">[84]</a> An additional 300,000 Cambodians starved to death between 1979 and 1980, largely as a result of the after-effects of Khmer Rouge policy.<a href="#cite_note-Heuveline_2001-101">[99]</a>: 124  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Genocide">Genocide</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Genocide">edit</a>]</div> While the period from 1975 to 1979 is commonly associated with the phrase "the Cambodian genocide", scholars debate whether the legal definition of the crime can be applied generally.<a href="#cite_note-Chandler_2007-24">[23]</a>: 260  While two former leaders were convicted of genocide, this was for treatment of ethnic and religious minorities, the Vietnamese and Cham. The death toll of these two groups, approximately 100,000 people, is roughly 5% of the generally accepted total of two million. The treatment of these groups can be seen to fall under the legal definition of genocide, as they were targeted on the basis of their religion or ethnicity. The vast majority of deaths were of the Khmer ethnic group, which was not a target of the Khmer Rouge. The deaths occurring as a result of targeting these Khmer, whether it was the "new people" or enemies of the regime, was based on political distinctions rather than ethnic or religious. In an interview conducted in 2018, historian David P. Chandler states that crimes against humanity was the term that best fit the atrocities of the regime and that some attempts to characterise the majority of the killings as genocide was flawed and at times politicised.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_power_struggles_and_purges">Internal power struggles and purges</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Internal power struggles and purges">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Hou_Yuon" title="Hou Yuon">Hou Yuon</a> was one of the first senior leaders to be purged. The Khmer Rouge originally reported that he had been killed in the final battles for Phnom Penh, but he was apparently executed in late 1975 or early 1976.<a href="#cite_note-Becker_1998-34">[32]</a>: 202  In late 1975, numerous Cambodian intellectuals, professionals and students returned from overseas to support the revolution. These returnees were treated with suspicion and made to undergo reeducation, while some were sent straight to <a href="/wiki/Tuol_Sleng" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuol Sleng">Tuol Sleng</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Becker_1998-34">[32]</a>: 272  In 1976, the center announced the start of the socialist revolution and ordered the elimination of class enemies. This resulted in the expulsion and execution of numerous people within the party and army who were deemed to be of the wrong class.<a href="#cite_note-Becker_1998-34">[32]</a>: 265  In mid-1976, Ieng Thirith, minister of social affairs, inspected the northwestern zone. On her return to Phnom Penh, she reported that the zone's cadres were deliberately disobeying orders from the center, blaming enemy agents who were trying to undermine the revolution.<a href="#cite_note-Becker_1998-34">[32]</a>: 236  During 1976, troops formerly from the eastern zone demanded the right to marry without the party's approval. They were arrested and under interrogation implicated their commander who then implicated eastern zone cadres who were arrested and executed.<a href="#cite_note-Becker_1998-34">[32]</a>: 264  In September 1976, Keo Meas, who had been tasked with writing a history of the party, was arrested as a result of disputes over the foundation date of the party and its reliance on Vietnamese support. Under torture at Tuol Sleng, he confessed that the date chosen was part of a plot to undermine the party's legitimacy and was then executed.<a href="#cite_note-Becker_1998-34">[32]</a>: 268–9  In late 1976, with the Kampuchean economy underperforming, Pol Pot ordered a purge of the ministry of commerce, and <a href="/wiki/Khoy_Thoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoy Thoun">Khoy Thoun</a> and his subordinates who he had brought from the northern zone were arrested and tortured before being executed at Tuol Sleng.<a href="#cite_note-Becker_1998-34">[32]</a>: 221  Khoy Thoun confessed to having been recruited by the CIA in 1958.<a href="#cite_note-Becker_1998-34">[32]</a>: 282  The center also ordered troops from the eastern and central zones to purge the northern zone killing or arresting numerous cadres.<a href="#cite_note-Becker_1998-34">[32]</a>: 264–5  At the end of 1976, following disappointing rice harvests in the northwestern zone, the party center ordered a purge of the zone. Troops from the western and southwestern zones were ordered into the northwestern zone. Over the next year, troops killed at least 40 senior cadre and numerous lower ranking leaders.<a href="#cite_note-Becker_1998-34">[32]</a>: 238–40  The chaos caused by this purge allowed many Khmers to escape the zone and try to seek refuge in Thailand, but was met with gunfire by the <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thai</a> army, who then raped the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a> women and children while they were hiding near the border with their families. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Border_Relief_Operation" title="United Nations Border Relief Operation">United Nations Border Relief Operation</a> (UNBRO) on January 1, 1982, intervened to coordinate humanitarian assistance to Cambodian displaced persons along the <a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93Thailand_border" title="Cambodia–Thailand border">Thai-Cambodian border</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Becker_1998-34">[32]</a>: 308  In 1977, the center began purging the returnees, sending 148 to Tuol Sleng and continuing a purge of the ministry of foreign affairs where many returnees and intellectuals were suspected of spying for foreign powers.<a href="#cite_note-Becker_1998-34">[32]</a>: 274–5  In January, the center ordered eastern and southeastern zone troops to conduct cross-border raids into <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. In March 1977, the center ordered <a href="/wiki/So_Phim" title="So Phim">So Phim</a>, the eastern zone commander, to send his troops to the border; however, with class warfare purges underway in the eastern zone, many units staged a mutiny and fled into Vietnam. Among the troops defecting in this period was <a href="/wiki/Hun_Sen" title="Hun Sen">Hun Sen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Becker_1998-34">[32]</a>: 304–5  On 10 April 1977 <a href="/wiki/Hu_Nim" title="Hu Nim">Hu Nim</a> and his wife were arrested. After three months of interrogation at Tuol Sleng, he confessed to working with the CIA to undermine the revolution following which he and his wife were executed.<a href="#cite_note-Becker_1998-34">[32]</a>: 275–6  In July 1977, Pol Pot and Duch sent So Phim a list of "traitors" in the eastern zone, many of whom were So Phim's trusted subordinates. So Phim disputed the list and refused to execute those listed, for the center this implicated So Phim as a traitor.<a href="#cite_note-Becker_1998-34">[32]</a>: 306  In October 1977, in order to secure the Thai border while focusing on confrontation with Vietnam, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nhim_Ros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nhim Ros (page does not exist)">Nhim Ros</a>, the northwestern zone leader, was blamed for clashes on the Thai border, acting on behalf of both the Vietnamese and the CIA.<a href="#cite_note-Becker_1998-34">[32]</a>: 305  In December 1977, the Vietnamese launched a punitive attack into eastern Cambodia, quickly routing the eastern zone troops including <a href="/wiki/Heng_Samrin" title="Heng Samrin">Heng Samrin</a>'s Division 4 and further convincing Pol Pot of So Phim's treachery. <a href="/wiki/Son_Sen" title="Son Sen">Son Sen</a> was sent to the eastern zone with center zone troops to aid the defense. In January 1978, following the Vietnamese withdrawal, a purge of the eastern zone began. In March, So Phim called a secret meeting of his closest subordinates advising them that those who had been purged were not traitors and warning them to be wary. During the next month more than 400 eastern zone cadres were sent to Tuol Sleng while two eastern zone division commanders were replaced. During May eastern zone military leaders were called to meetings where they were arrested or killed. So Phim was called to a meeting by Son Sen but refused to attend, instead sending four messengers who failed to return. On 25 May, Son Sen sent two brigades of troops to attack the eastern zone and capture So Phim. Unable to believe he was being purged, So Phim went into hiding and attempted to contact Pol Pot by radio. A meeting was arranged, but instead of Pol Pot, a group of center soldiers arrived, and So Phim committed suicide and the soldiers then killed his family.<a href="#cite_note-Becker_1998-34">[32]</a>: 311–2  Many of the surviving eastern zone leaders fled into the forests where they hid from and fought center zone troops. In October 1978, <a href="/wiki/Chea_Sim" title="Chea Sim">Chea Sim</a> led a group of 300 people across the border into Vietnam, and the Vietnamese then launched a raid into the eastern zone that allowed Heng Samrin and his group of 2,000 to 3,000 soldiers and followers to seek refuge in Vietnam. Meanwhile, the center decided that the entire eastern zone was full of traitors and embarked on a large scale purge of the area, with over 10,000 killed by July 1978, while thousands were evacuated to other zones to prevent them from defecting to the Vietnamese. The center also stepped up purges nationwide, killing cadres and their families, "old people" and eastern zone evacuees who were regarded as having dubious loyalty.<a href="#cite_note-Becker_1998-34">[32]</a>: 312–4  In September 1978, a purge of the ministry of industry was begun, and in November Pol Pot ordered the arrest of <a href="/wiki/Vorn_Vet" title="Vorn Vet">Vorn Vet</a>, the deputy premier for the economy, followed by his supporters. Vorn Vet had previously served as the secretary of the zone around Phnom Penh, had established the Santebal and been Duch's immediate superior. Under torture, Vorn Vet admitted to being an agent of the CIA and the Vietnamese. Unable to reach the borders, ministry of industry personnel who could escape the purge went into hiding in Phnom Penh.<a href="#cite_note-Becker_1998-34">[32]</a>: 324–5  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall">Fall</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Fall">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_with_Vietnam">War with Vietnam</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: War with Vietnam">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Th%E1%BA%A3m_s%C3%A1t.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Th%E1%BA%A3m_s%C3%A1t.jpg/220px-Th%E1%BA%A3m_s%C3%A1t.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Th%E1%BA%A3m_s%C3%A1t.jpg/330px-Th%E1%BA%A3m_s%C3%A1t.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Th%E1%BA%A3m_s%C3%A1t.jpg/440px-Th%E1%BA%A3m_s%C3%A1t.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3296" data-file-height="2472" /></a><figcaption>Photo images of the <a href="/wiki/Ba_Ch%C3%BAc_massacre" title="Ba Chúc massacre">Ba Chúc massacre</a> at a Vietnamese museum, as the massacre was one of the events that prompted the 1978 Vietnamese invasion of Kampuchea</figcaption></figure> Fearing that Vietnam would attack Cambodia, Pol Pot ordered a pre-emptive invasion of Vietnam on 18 April 1978. His Khmer Rouge forces crossed the border and looted nearby villages, mostly in the border town of <a href="/wiki/Ba_Ch%C3%BAc" title="Ba Chúc">Ba Chúc</a>. Of the 3,157 civilians who had lived in Ba Chúc,<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ba_Ch%C3%BAc_massacre" title="Ba Chúc massacre">only two survived the massacre</a>. These Khmer Rouge forces were repelled by the Vietnamese.<a href="#cite_note-Morris2-108">[106]</a> After several years of border conflict and after a flood of refugees fled from Kampuchea, relations between Kampuchea and Vietnam collapsed by December 1978. On 25 December 1978, the Vietnamese armed forces along with the <a href="/wiki/Kampuchean_United_Front_for_National_Salvation" title="Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation">Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation</a>, an organization founded by Heng Samrin that included many dissatisfied former Khmer Rouge members,<a href="#cite_note-Vickery_1999-47">[45]</a> invaded Cambodia and captured Phnom Penh on 7 January 1979. Despite a traditional Cambodian fear of Vietnamese domination, defecting Khmer Rouge activists assisted the Vietnamese and with Vietnam's approval, they became the core of the new People's Republic of Kampuchea. The new government was quickly dismissed as a "<a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet government</a>" by the Khmer Rouge and China.<a href="#cite_note-Morris2-108">[106]</a> At the same time, the Khmer Rouge retreated west and it continued to control certain areas near the Thai border for the next decade.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> These included <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Malai" title="Phnom Malai">Phnom Malai</a>, the mountainous areas near <a href="/wiki/Pailin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pailin">Pailin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cardamom_Mountains" title="Cardamom Mountains">Cardamom Mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anlong_Veng" class="mw-redirect" title="Anlong Veng">Anlong Veng</a> in the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A2ngr%C3%AAk_Mountains" title="Dângrêk Mountains">Dângrêk Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cook_2017-2">[2]</a> These Khmer Rouge bases were not self-sufficient and were funded by diamond and timber smuggling, military assistance from China channeled by means of the Thai military, and food smuggled from markets across the border in Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Place_in_the_United_Nations">Place in the United Nations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Place in the United Nations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_United_States_support_for_the_Khmer_Rouge" title="Allegations of United States support for the Khmer Rouge">Allegations of United States support for the Khmer Rouge</a></div> Despite its deposal, the Khmer Rouge retained its United Nations seat, which was occupied by <a href="/wiki/Thiounn_Prasith" title="Thiounn Prasith">Thiounn Prasith</a>, an old companion of Pol Pot and <a href="/wiki/Ieng_Sary" title="Ieng Sary">Ieng Sary</a> from their student days in Paris and one of the 21 attendees at the 1960 KPRP Second Congress. The seat was retained under the name Democratic Kampuchea until 1982 and then it was retained under the name Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea. Western governments voted in favor of the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea retaining Cambodia's seat in the organization over the newly installed Vietnamese-backed People's Republic of Kampuchea, even though it included the Khmer Rouge. In 1988, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> stated: "So, you'll find that the more reasonable ones of the Khmer Rouge will have to play some part in the future government, but only a minority part. I share your utter horror that these terrible things went on in Kampuchea".<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> On the contrary, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> changed its vote in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and it withdrew its support for the Khmer Rouge after many Swedish citizens wrote letters to their elected representatives in which they demanded a policy change towards Pol Pot's regime.<a href="#cite_note-Pilger_2004-112">[110]</a> The origin of the international <a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy war</a> between the US and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> dates back to the origin of the Cambodian Civil War. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Cambodia">Kingdom of Cambodia</a> was supported by the United States, the Khmer Republic (that eventually took over after the removal of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Sihanouk" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Sihanouk">Prince Sihanouk</a>) and South Vietnam. The other side, the National United Front of Kampuchea, was supported by the Khmer Rouge, North-Vietnam, China and the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> Cambodia became an instrument for the superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. The measures that the US employed in Cambodia were seen as preventative acts which were supposed to stop the communists. These preventative acts included the deployment of military troops and the establishment of other institutions like the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Authority_in_Cambodia" title="United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia">UNTAC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Insurgency_and_surrender">Insurgency and surrender</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Insurgency and surrender">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khmers_rouges_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Khmers_rouges_map.png/220px-Khmers_rouges_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Khmers_rouges_map.png/330px-Khmers_rouges_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Khmers_rouges_map.png/440px-Khmers_rouges_map.png 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Khmer Rouge's activities in 1989–1990</figcaption></figure> Vietnam's victory was supported by the Soviet Union and had significant ramifications for the region. The People's Republic of China launched a <a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">punitive invasion</a> of northern Vietnam but then retreated, with both sides claiming victory. China, the United States and the <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> countries sponsored the creation and the military operations of a Cambodian <a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Government in exile">government in exile</a>, known as the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea, which included the Khmer Rouge, the republican <a href="/wiki/Khmer_People%27s_National_Liberation_Front" title="Khmer People's National Liberation Front">Khmer People's National Liberation Front</a> and the royalist <a href="/wiki/FUNCINPEC" title="FUNCINPEC">Funcinpec Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cook_2017-2">[2]</a>: 201–21  Eastern and central Cambodia were firmly under the control of Vietnam and its Cambodian allies by 1980, while the western part of the country continued to be a battlefield throughout the 1980s, and millions of <a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">land mines</a> were sown across the countryside. The Khmer Rouge, still led by Pol Pot, was the strongest of the three rebel groups in the Coalition Government, which received extensive military aid from China, Britain and the United States and intelligence from the Thai military. Great Britain and the United States in particular gave aid to the two non-Khmer Rouge members of the coalition.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> In an attempt to broaden its support base, the Khmer Rouge formed the <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_and_Democratic_Front_of_the_Great_National_Union_of_Kampuchea" title="Patriotic and Democratic Front of the Great National Union of Kampuchea">Patriotic and Democratic Front of the Great National Union of Kampuchea</a> in 1979. In 1981, the Khmer Rouge went so far as to officially renounce communism<a href="#cite_note-Cook_2017-2">[2]</a> and somewhat moved their ideological emphasis to <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">anti-Vietnamese</a> rhetoric instead. Some analysts argue that this change meant little in practice because according to historian Kelvin Rowley, the "CPK propaganda had always relied on nationalist rather than revolutionary appeals".<a href="#cite_note-Cook_2017-2">[2]</a> Pol Pot relinquished the Khmer Rouge leadership to Khieu Samphan in 1985; however, he continued to be the driving force behind the Khmer Rouge insurgency, giving speeches to his followers. Journalist <a href="/wiki/Nate_Thayer" title="Nate Thayer">Nate Thayer</a>, who spent some time with the Khmer Rouge during that period, commented that despite the international community's near-universal condemnation of the Khmer Rouge's brutal rule a considerable number of Cambodians in Khmer Rouge-controlled areas seemed genuinely to support Pol Pot.<a href="#cite_note-pbs-116">[114]</a> While Vietnam proposed to withdraw from Cambodia in return for a political settlement that would exclude the Khmer Rouge from power, the rebel coalition government as well as ASEAN, China and the United States, insisted that such a condition was unacceptable.<a href="#cite_note-Cook_2017-2">[2]</a> Nevertheless, Vietnam declared in 1985 that it would complete the withdrawal of its forces from Cambodia by 1990 and it did so in 1989, having allowed the Cambodian People's Party government that it had installed there to consolidate its rule and gain sufficient military strength.<a href="#cite_note-Pilger_2004-112">[110]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TuolSlang3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/TuolSlang3.jpg/220px-TuolSlang3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/TuolSlang3.jpg/330px-TuolSlang3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/TuolSlang3.jpg/440px-TuolSlang3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Photos of the victims of the Khmer Rouge</figcaption></figure> After a decade of inconclusive conflict, the pro-Vietnamese Cambodian government and the rebel coalition signed a treaty in 1991 calling for elections and disarmament. However, the Khmer Rouge resumed fighting in 1992, boycotted the election and in the following year rejected its results. It began fighting the Cambodian coalition government which included the former Vietnamese-backed communists (headed by Hun Sen) as well as the Khmer Rouge's former non-communist and monarchist allies (notably Prince <a href="/wiki/Norodom_Ranariddh" title="Norodom Ranariddh">Rannaridh</a>). Ieng Sary led a mass defection from the Khmer Rouge in 1996, with half of its remaining soldiers (about 4,000) switching to the government side and Ieng Sary becoming leader of <a href="/wiki/Pailin_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Pailin Province">Pailin Province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Becker_1998-34">[32]</a>: 515  A conflict between the two main participants in the ruling coalition caused in 1997 Prince Rannaridh to seek support from some of the Khmer Rouge leaders while refusing to have any dealings with Pol Pot.<a href="#cite_note-Pilger_2004-112">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-pbs-116">[114]</a> This resulted in bloody factional fighting among the Khmer Rouge leaders, ultimately leading to Pol Pot's trial and imprisonment by the Khmer Rouge. Pol Pot died in April 1998.<a href="#cite_note-Chandler_2018-18">[17]</a>: 186  Khieu Samphan and Nuon Chea surrendered in December 1998.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> On 29 December 1998, leaders of the Khmer Rouge apologised for the 1970s genocide.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> By 1999, most members had surrendered or been captured. In December 1999, Ta Mok and the remaining leaders surrendered, and the Khmer Rouge effectively ceased to exist. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> Cambodia has been described as the black sheep of South East Asia because <a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">extremism</a> is condoned in a country which is characterized by very weak economic growth and extensive poverty.<a href="#cite_note-Karllson_&_Schoenhals_2008-53">[51]</a>: 99  Both demographically and economically, Cambodia has gradually recovered from the rule of the Khmer Rouge regime, but the psychological scars affect many Cambodian families and they also affect many <a href="/wiki/%C3%89migr%C3%A9" title="Émigré">émigré</a> Cambodian communities. It is noteworthy that Cambodia has a very young population, and by 2003, three-quarters of Cambodians were too young to remember the Khmer Rouge era. Nonetheless, their generation is affected by the traumas of the past.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> Members of this younger generation may only know about the Khmer Rouge through word of mouth from their parents and elders. In part, young Cambodians lack knowledge about the Khmer Rouge because the Cambodian government does not require educators to teach Cambodian children about the Khmer Rouge's atrocities in Cambodian schools;<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> however, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Cambodia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education (Cambodia)">Cambodia's Education Ministry</a> started to teach Khmer Rouge history in high schools beginning in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extraordinary_Chambers_in_the_Courts_of_Cambodia">Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kang_Kek_Iew_(Kaing_Guek_Eav_or_Duch)_before_the_Extraordinary_Chambers_in_the_Courts_of_Cambodia_-_20090720.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kang_Kek_Iew_%28Kaing_Guek_Eav_or_Duch%29_before_the_Extraordinary_Chambers_in_the_Courts_of_Cambodia_-_20090720.jpg/220px-Kang_Kek_Iew_%28Kaing_Guek_Eav_or_Duch%29_before_the_Extraordinary_Chambers_in_the_Courts_of_Cambodia_-_20090720.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kang_Kek_Iew_%28Kaing_Guek_Eav_or_Duch%29_before_the_Extraordinary_Chambers_in_the_Courts_of_Cambodia_-_20090720.jpg/330px-Kang_Kek_Iew_%28Kaing_Guek_Eav_or_Duch%29_before_the_Extraordinary_Chambers_in_the_Courts_of_Cambodia_-_20090720.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kang_Kek_Iew_%28Kaing_Guek_Eav_or_Duch%29_before_the_Extraordinary_Chambers_in_the_Courts_of_Cambodia_-_20090720.jpg/440px-Kang_Kek_Iew_%28Kaing_Guek_Eav_or_Duch%29_before_the_Extraordinary_Chambers_in_the_Courts_of_Cambodia_-_20090720.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2412" data-file-height="1676" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kang_Kek_Iew" title="Kang Kek Iew">Kang Kek Iew</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Genocide_Tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian Genocide Tribunal">Cambodian Genocide Tribunal</a> on 20 July 2009</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_Tribunal" title="Khmer Rouge Tribunal">Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia</a> (ECCC) was established as a Cambodian court with international participation and assistance to bring to trial senior leaders and those most responsible for crimes committed during the Khmer Rouge regime.<a href="#cite_note-Cambodia_2012-123">[121]</a> As of 2020, there are three open cases.<a href="#cite_note-Cambodia_2012-123">[121]</a> ECCC's efforts for outreach toward both national and international audience include public trial hearings, study tours, video screenings, school lectures and video archives on the web site.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> After claiming to feel great remorse for his part in Khmer Rouge atrocities, Duch, head of Tuol Sleng where 16,000 men, women and children were sent to their deaths, surprised the court in his trial on 27 November 2009 with a plea for his freedom. His Cambodian lawyer, Kar Savuth, stunned the tribunal further by issuing the trial's first call for an acquittal of his client even after his French lawyer denied seeking such a verdict.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> On 26 July 2010, he was convicted and sentenced to thirty years imprisonment. <a href="/wiki/Theary_Seng" title="Theary Seng">Theary Seng</a> responded: "We hoped this tribunal would strike hard at impunity, but if you can kill 14,000 people and serve only 19 years – 11 hours per life taken – what is that? It's a joke", voicing concerns about political interference.<a href="#cite_note-Petty-126">[124]</a> In February 2012, Duch's sentence was increased to life imprisonment following appeals by both the prosecution and defence. In dismissing the defence's appeal, Judge <a href="/wiki/Kong_Srim" title="Kong Srim">Kong Srim</a> stated that "Duch's crimes were "undoubtedly among the worst in recorded human history" and deserved "the highest penalty available".<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> Public trial hearings in Phnom Penh are open to the people of Cambodia over the age of 18 including foreigners.<a href="#cite_note-eccc.gov.kh-128">[126]</a> In order to assist people's will to participate in the public hearings, the court provides free bus transportation for groups of Cambodians who want to visit the court.<a href="#cite_note-eccc.gov.kh-128">[126]</a> Since the commencement of Case 001 trial in 2009 through the end of 2011, 53,287 people participated in the public hearings.<a href="#cite_note-Cambodia_2012-123">[121]</a> ECCC also has hosted Study Tour Program to help villagers in rural areas understand the history of the Khmer Rouge regime. The court provides free transport for them to come to visit the court and meet with court officials to learn about its work, in addition to visits to the genocide museum and the killing fields.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> ECCC also has visited villages to provide video screenings and school lectures to promote their understanding of the trial proceedings.<a href="#cite_note-Cambodia_2012-123">[121]</a> Furthermore, trials and transcripts are partially available with English translation on the ECCC's website.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Museums">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skulls_from_the_killing_fields.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Skulls_from_the_killing_fields.jpg/220px-Skulls_from_the_killing_fields.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Skulls_from_the_killing_fields.jpg/330px-Skulls_from_the_killing_fields.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Skulls_from_the_killing_fields.jpg/440px-Skulls_from_the_killing_fields.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption>Skulls displayed in the memorial tower</figcaption></figure> The Tuol Sleng Museum of Genocide is a former high school building, which was transformed into a torture, interrogation and execution center between 1976 and 1979.<a href="#cite_note-killingfieldsmuseum.com-131">[129]</a> The Khmer Rouge called the center S-21.<a href="#cite_note-killingfieldsmuseum.com-131">[129]</a> Of the estimated 15,000 to 30,000 prisoners,<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> only seven prisoners survived.<a href="#cite_note-killingfieldsmuseum.com-131">[129]</a> The Khmer Rouge photographed the vast majority of the inmates and left a photographic archive, which enables visitors to see almost 6,000 S-21 portraits on the walls.<a href="#cite_note-killingfieldsmuseum.com-131">[129]</a> Visitors can also learn how the inmates were tortured from the equipment and facilities exhibited in the buildings. The <a href="/wiki/Choeung_Ek" title="Choeung Ek">Choeung Ek</a> <a href="/wiki/Killing_Fields" title="Killing Fields">Killing Fields</a> are located about 15 kilometers outside of <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-memoryandjustice.org-133">[131]</a> Most of the prisoners who were held captive at <a href="/wiki/Security_Prison_21" class="mw-redirect" title="Security Prison 21">S-21</a> were taken to the fields to be executed and deposited in one of the approximately 129 <a href="/wiki/Mass_grave" title="Mass grave">mass graves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-memoryandjustice.org-133">[131]</a> It is estimated that the graves contain the remains of over 20,000 victims.<a href="#cite_note-memoryandjustice.org-133">[131]</a> After the discovery of the site in 1979, the Vietnamese transformed the site into a memorial and stored skulls and bones in an open-walled wooden memorial pavilion.<a href="#cite_note-memoryandjustice.org-133">[131]</a> Eventually, these remains were showcased in the memorial's centerpiece <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> shrine.<a href="#cite_note-memoryandjustice.org-133">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publications">Publications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Publications">edit</a>]</div> The Documentation Center of Cambodia (DC-Cam), an independent research institute, published <a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Democratic_Kampuchea_(1975%E2%80%931979)" title="A History of Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1979)">A History of Democratic Kampuchea 1975–1979</a>,<a href="#cite_note-DDCam_History-98">[96]</a> the nation's first textbook on the history of the Khmer Rouge.<a href="#cite_note-dccam.org-134">[132]</a> The 74-page textbook was approved by the government as a supplementary text in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-mediakh.net-135">[133]</a> The textbook is aiming at standardising and improving the information students receive about the Khmer Rouge years because the government-issued social studies textbook devotes eight or nine pages to the period.<a href="#cite_note-mediakh.net-135">[133]</a> The publication was a part of their <a href="/wiki/Genocide_education" title="Genocide education">genocide education</a> project that includes leading the design of a national genocide studies curriculum with the Ministry of Education, training thousands of teachers and 1,700 high schools on how to teach about genocide and working with universities across Cambodia.<a href="#cite_note-dccam.org-134">[132]</a> Youth for Peace,<a href="#cite_note-yfp-136">[134]</a> a Cambodian <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organization</a> (NGO) that offers education in peace, leadership, conflict resolution and reconciliation to Cambodia's youth, published a book titled Behind the Darkness:Taking Responsibility or Acting Under Orders? in 2011. The book is unique in that instead of focusing on the victims as most books do, it collects the stories of former Khmer Rouge, giving insights into the functioning of the regime and approaching the question of how such a regime could take place.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialogues">Dialogues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Dialogues">edit</a>]</div> While the tribunal contributes to the <a href="/wiki/Memorialization" title="Memorialization">memorialization</a> process at national level, some civil society groups promote memorialization at community level. The International Center for Conciliation (ICfC)<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> began working in Cambodia in 2004 as a branch of the ICfC in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>. ICfC launched the Justice and History Outreach project in 2007 and has worked in villages in rural Cambodia with the goal of creating mutual understanding and empathy between victims and former members of the Khmer Rouge.<a href="#cite_note-ic4c.files.wordpress.com-139">[137]</a> Following the dialogues, villagers identify their own ways of memorialization such as collecting stories to be transmitted to the younger generations or building a memorial.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> Through the process, some villagers are beginning to accept the possibility of an alternative viewpoint to the traditional notions of evil associated with anyone who worked for the Khmer Rouge regime.<a href="#cite_note-ic4c.files.wordpress.com-139">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_coverage">Media coverage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Media coverage">edit</a>]</div> Radio National Kampuchea<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> as well as private radio stations broadcast programmes on the Khmer Rouge and trials.<a href="#cite_note-Khmer_Rouge_Trials_p._25-142">[140]</a> ECCC has its own weekly radio program on RNK which provides an opportunity for the public to interact with court officials and deepen their understanding of cases.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> Youth for Peace,<a href="#cite_note-yfp-136">[134]</a> a Cambodian NGO that offers education in peace, leadership, conflict resolution and reconciliation to Cambodian's youth, has broadcast the weekly radio program, You Also Have a Chance since 2009.<a href="#cite_note-Peace_Activism_p._18-144">[142]</a> Aiming at preventing the passing on of hatred and violence to future generations, the program allows former Khmer Rouge to talk anonymously about their past experience.<a href="#cite_note-Peace_Activism_p._18-144">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cambodia" title="Portal:Cambodia">Cambodia portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/28px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/42px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/56px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alive_in_the_Killing_Fields" title="Alive in the Killing Fields">Alive in the Killing Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Book_of_Communism" title="The Black Book of Communism">The Black Book of Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Ch%C3%BAc_massacre" title="Ba Chúc massacre">Ba Chúc massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide_denial" title="Cambodian genocide denial">Cambodian genocide denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia_Tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodia Tribunal">Cambodia Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choeung_Ek" title="Choeung Ek">Choeung Ek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_responsibility" title="Command responsibility">Command responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_terrorism" title="Communist terrorism">Communist terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity_under_communist_regimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimes against humanity under communist regimes">Crimes against humanity under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communist party rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dap_Prampi_Mesa_Chokchey" class="mw-redirect" title="Dap Prampi Mesa Chokchey">Dap Prampi Mesa Chokchey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemies_of_the_People_(film)" title="Enemies of the People (film)">Enemies of the People</a>, a documentary film depicting co-director Thet Sambath's quest to find truth and closure in the Killing Fields of Cambodia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">Genocides in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cambodia" title="History of Cambodia">History of Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History of communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_Fields" title="Killing Fields">Killing Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Killing_Fields_(film)" title="The Killing Fields (film)">The Killing Fields (film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_terrorism" title="Left-wing terrorism">Left-wing terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Missing_Picture_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Missing Picture (film)">The Missing Picture</a>, a documentary film illustrating the cruelty inflicted upon Cambodians when Pol Pot came to power through news footage and clay figurines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Menu" title="Operation Menu">Operation Menu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-21:_The_Khmer_Rouge_Killing_Machine" title="S-21: The Khmer Rouge Killing Machine">S-21: The Khmer Rouge Killing Machine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/kəˌmɛər ˈruːʒ/</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>French: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[kmɛʁ ʁuʒ]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>: ខ្មែរក្រហម, Khmêr Krâhâm <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Khmer" title="Help:IPA/Khmer">[kʰmae krɑːhɑːm]</a>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Red Khmer' </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> See:<a href="#cite_note-Chandler_2018-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Strangio_2020-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-RFA_2019-11-26-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT_2015-03-30-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kiernan_2008-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Southgate_2019-29">[28]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kiernan_2004-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kiernan_2004_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kiernan_2004_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kiernan_2004_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kiernan_2004_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kiernan_2004_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kiernan_2004_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kiernan_2004_1-6">g</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKiernan2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Kiernan" title="Ben Kiernan">Kiernan, Ben</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howpolpotcametop00kier_0">How Pol Pot Came to Power: Colonialism, Nationalism, and Communism in Cambodia, 1930–1975</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300102628" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300102628"><bdi>978-0300102628</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Pol+Pot+Came+to+Power%3A+Colonialism%2C+Nationalism%2C+and+Communism+in+Cambodia%2C+1930%E2%80%931975&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0300102628&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowpolpotcametop00kier_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cook_2017-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cook_2017_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cook_2017_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cook_2017_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cook_2017_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cook_2017_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cook_2017_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cook_2017_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cook_2017_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cook_2017_2-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookRowley2017" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Susan; Rowley, Kelvin (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/46657/GS24.pdf">Genocide in Cambodia and Rwanda: New Perspectives</a> (PDF). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351517775" title="Special:BookSources/9781351517775"><bdi>9781351517775</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220811160842/https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/46657/GS24.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+in+Cambodia+and+Rwanda%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781351517775&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Rowley%2C+Kelvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.files.ethz.ch%2Fisn%2F46657%2FGS24.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2008" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Gus (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-GiXqccL1IC">Essentials of Terrorism: Concepts and Controversies</a>. SAGE Publications, Inc. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412953139" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412953139"><bdi>978-1412953139</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Terrorism%3A+Concepts+and+Controversies&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1412953139&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Gus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7-GiXqccL1IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartman1985" class="citation book cs1">Hartman, Tom (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CwSn83AgqEYC">A World Atlas of Military History, 1945–1984</a>. Hippocrene Books. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870520008" title="Special:BookSources/0870520008"><bdi>0870520008</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+Atlas+of+Military+History%2C+1945%E2%80%931984&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0870520008&rft.aulast=Hartman&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCwSn83AgqEYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richardson-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2000" class="citation news cs1">Richardson, Michael (29 September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/29/news/singaporean-tells-of-khmer-rouge-aid.html">"Singaporean Tells of Khmer Rouge Aid"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune" title="International Herald Tribune">International Herald Tribune</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612192044/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/29/news/singaporean-tells-of-khmer-rouge-aid.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Singaporean+Tells+of+Khmer+Rouge+Aid&rft.date=2000-09-29&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F09%2F29%2Fnews%2Fsingaporean-tells-of-khmer-rouge-aid.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafir1985" class="citation book cs1">Shafir, Michael (20 December 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ExpAAAAMAAJ&q=khmer+rouge">Michael Shafir, Pinter, 1985, Romania: Politics, Economics and Society : Political Stagnation and Simulated Change, p. 187</a>. Pinter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780861874385" title="Special:BookSources/9780861874385"><bdi>9780861874385</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230814121332/https://books.google.com/books?id=8ExpAAAAMAAJ&q=khmer+rouge">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michael+Shafir%2C+Pinter%2C+1985%2C+Romania%3A+Politics%2C+Economics+and+Society+%3A+Political+Stagnation+and+Simulated+Change%2C+p.+187&rft.pub=Pinter&rft.date=1985-12-20&rft.isbn=9780861874385&rft.aulast=Shafir&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ExpAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dkhmer%2Brouge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrost1991" class="citation book cs1">Frost, Gerald (23 September 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6WDfAAAAMAAJ&q=khmer+rouge">Gerald Frost, Praeger, 1991, Europe in Turmoil: The Struggle for Pluralism, p. 306</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275941291" title="Special:BookSources/9780275941291"><bdi>9780275941291</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230814121353/https://books.google.com/books?id=6WDfAAAAMAAJ&q=khmer+rouge">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gerald+Frost%2C+Praeger%2C+1991%2C+Europe+in+Turmoil%3A+The+Struggle+for+Pluralism%2C+p.+306&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1991-09-23&rft.isbn=9780275941291&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6WDfAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dkhmer%2Brouge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/politics/2014/04/how-thatcher-gave-pol-pot-hand">"How Thatcher gave Pol Pot a hand"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140622/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/politics/2014/04/how-thatcher-gave-pol-pot-hand">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=How+Thatcher+gave+Pol+Pot+a+hand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fpolitics%2Fpolitics%2F2014%2F04%2Fhow-thatcher-gave-pol-pot-hand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/jan/09/cambodia">"Butcher of Cambodia set to expose Thatcher's role"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 9 January 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612144544/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/jan/09/cambodia">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018. 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Oxford University Press. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829871-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829871-7"><bdi>978-0-19-829871-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accountability+for+Human+Rights+Atrocities+in+International+Law%3A+Beyond+the+Nuremberg+Legacy&rft.pages=272&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-829871-7&rft.aulast=Ratner&rft.aufirst=Steven+R.&rft.au=Abrams%2C+Jason+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4oEix673qakC%26q%3DThe%2BKhmer%2BRouge%26pg%3DPA268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_2015-03-30-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_2015-03-30_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_2015-03-30_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin2015" class="citation web cs1">Levin, Dan (30 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/03/30/cambodian-historians-call-for-china-to-confront-its-own-past/">"China Is Urged to Confront Its Own History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220520075847/https://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/03/30/cambodian-historians-call-for-china-to-confront-its-own-past/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2022. 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Cambodia, 1975–1978: Rendezvous with Death. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691025414" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691025414"><bdi>978-0691025414</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambodia%2C+1975%E2%80%931978%3A+Rendezvous+with+Death&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0691025414&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Karl+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gidley_2019_p48-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gidley_2019_p48_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gidley_2019_p48_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGidley2019" class="citation book cs1">Gidley, Rebecca (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cbSIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48">Illiberal Transitional Justice and the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia</a>. Springer. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04783-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04783-2"><bdi>978-3-030-04783-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231013183146/https://books.google.com/books?id=cbSIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illiberal+Transitional+Justice+and+the+Extraordinary+Chambers+in+the+Courts+of+Cambodia&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-030-04783-2&rft.aulast=Gidley&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcbSIDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2014" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, Adam (7 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2014/08/07/why-the-world-should-not-forget-khmer-rouge-and-the-killing-fields-of-cambodia/">"Why the world should not forget Khmer Rouge and the killing fields of Cambodia"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190425181241/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2014/08/07/why-the-world-should-not-forget-khmer-rouge-and-the-killing-fields-of-cambodia/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Why+the+world+should+not+forget+Khmer+Rouge+and+the+killing+fields+of+Cambodia&rft.date=2014-08-07&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2014%2F08%2F07%2Fwhy-the-world-should-not-forget-khmer-rouge-and-the-killing-fields-of-cambodia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnman1996" class="citation book cs1">Johnman, Albert J. (1996). "The Case of Cambodia". Contemporary Genocides: Causes, Cases, Consequences. Programma Interdisciplinair Onderzoek naar Oorzaken van Mensenrechtenschendingen. p. 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Case+of+Cambodia&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Genocides%3A+Causes%2C+Cases%2C+Consequences&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Programma+Interdisciplinair+Onderzoek+naar+Oorzaken+van+Mensenrechtenschendingen&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Johnman&rft.aufirst=Albert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jordens_1995-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Jordens_1995_42-0">^</a> Jordens in Heder and Ledgerwood (eds) (1995) Propaganda, Politics and Violence in Cambodia, M. E. Sharpe, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gsp.yale.edu/literacy-and-education-under-khmer-rouge">"Literacy and Education under the Khmer Rouge"</a>. gsp.yale.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230725104126/https://gsp.yale.edu/literacy-and-education-under-khmer-rouge">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gsp.yale.edu&rft.atitle=Literacy+and+Education+under+the+Khmer+Rouge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgsp.yale.edu%2Fliteracy-and-education-under-khmer-rouge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weitz_2005_p156–157,_162–164,_171–172-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Weitz_2005_p156–157,_162–164,_171–172_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeitz2005" class="citation book cs1">Weitz, Eric D. (2005). "Racial Communism: Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge". A Century of Genocide: Utopias of Race and Nation. Princeton University Press. pp. 156–157, 162–164, 171–172. <q>Someth May was a young Cambodian ... [who] recalls ... when a party cadre addressed a crowd [amidst deportation]: "As you all know, during the Lon Nol regime the Chinese were parasites on our nation. They cheated the government They made money out of Cambodian farmers. ... Now the High Revolutionary Committee wants to separate Chinese infiltrators from Cambodians, to watch the kind of tricks they get up to. The population of each village will be divided into a Chinese, a Vietnamese and a Cambodian section. So, is you are not Cambodian, stand up and leave the group. Remember that Chinese and Vietnamese look completely different from Cambodians." Under the new regime, the Khmer Rouge declared that "there are to be no Chams or Chinese or Vietnamese. Everybody is to join the same, single, Khmer nationality. ... [There is] only one religion – Khmer religion. Similarly, a survivor recalls a cadre saying: 'Now we are making revolution. Everyone becomes a Khmer.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Racial+Communism%3A+Cambodia+under+the+Khmer+Rouge&rft.btitle=A+Century+of+Genocide%3A+Utopias+of+Race+and+Nation&rft.pages=156-157%2C+162-164%2C+171-172&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Weitz&rft.aufirst=Eric+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tyner_2012_p116-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Tyner_2012_p116_45-0">^</a> Tyner, James (2012) Genocide and the Geographical Imagination, Rowman and Littlefield, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fletcher_2009-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Fletcher_2009_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher2009" class="citation news cs1">Fletcher, Dan (17 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090221002409/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1879785,00.html">"The Khmer Rouge"</a>. Time. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1879785,00.html">the original</a> on 21 February 2009. Retrieved 30 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Khmer+Rouge&rft.date=2009-02-17&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1879785%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vickery_1999-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vickery_1999_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickery_1999_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickery_1999_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickery_1999_47-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickery_1999_47-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickery_1999_47-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickery_1999_47-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickery_1999_47-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickery_1999_47-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickery_1999_47-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickery_1999_47-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickery_1999_47-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickery_1999_47-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickery_1999_47-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickery_1999_47-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickery_1999_47-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickery_1999_47-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickery_1999_47-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickery_1999_47-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickery_1999_47-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickery_1999_47-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickery_1999_47-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickery_1999_47-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickery_1999_47-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickery_1999_47-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickery_1999_47-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickery_1999_47-26">aa</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVickery1999" class="citation book cs1">Vickery, Michael (1999). Cambodia 1975–82 2nd edition. Silkworm Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9747100815" title="Special:BookSources/978-9747100815"><bdi>978-9747100815</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambodia+1975%E2%80%9382+2nd+edition&rft.pub=Silkworm+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-9747100815&rft.aulast=Vickery&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wessinger_2000_p282-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Wessinger_2000_p282_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWessinger2000" class="citation book cs1">Wessinger, Catherine (2000). Millennialism, Persecution, and Violence: Historical Cases. Syracuse University Press. p. 282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815628095" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815628095"><bdi>978-0815628095</bdi></a>. <q>Democratic Kampuchea was officially an atheist state, and the persecution of religion by the Khmer Rouge was matched in severity only by the persecution of religion in the communist states of Albania and North Korea, so there were no direct historical continuities with Buddhism into the Democratic Kampuchean era.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Millennialism%2C+Persecution%2C+and+Violence%3A+Historical+Cases&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0815628095&rft.aulast=Wessinger&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris_2008-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_2008_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_2008_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_2008_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_2008_49-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_2008_49-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_2008_49-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2008" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Ian (2008). Cambodian Buddhism: History and Practice. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824832988" title="Special:BookSources/978-0824832988"><bdi>978-0824832988</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambodian+Buddhism%3A+History+and+Practice&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0824832988&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTi-50"><a href="#cite_ref-NYTi_50-0">^</a> Shenon, Philp (2 January 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE5DE163CF931A35752C0A964958260">"Phnom Penh Journal; Lord Buddha Returns, With Artists His Soldiers"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080223082943/https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE5DE163CF931A35752C0A964958260">Archived</a> 23 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 30 July 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuergensmeyer2003" class="citation book cs1">Juergensmeyer, Mark (2003). The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions. Oxford University Press. p. 495.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Global+Religions&rft.pages=495&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Juergensmeyer&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn-JudgeWestad2006" class="citation book cs1">Quinn-Judge, Sophie; Westad, Odd Arne, eds. (2006). The Third Indochina War: Conflict Between China, Vietnam and Cambodia, 1972–79. Routledge. p. 189.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Indochina+War%3A+Conflict+Between+China%2C+Vietnam+and+Cambodia%2C+1972%E2%80%9379&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karllson_&_Schoenhals_2008-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karllson_&_Schoenhals_2008_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karllson_&_Schoenhals_2008_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karllson_&_Schoenhals_2008_53-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karllson_&_Schoenhals_2008_53-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karllson_&_Schoenhals_2008_53-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karllson_&_Schoenhals_2008_53-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karllson_&_Schoenhals_2008_53-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karllson_&_Schoenhals_2008_53-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karllson_&_Schoenhals_2008_53-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karllson_&_Schoenhals_2008_53-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karllson_&_Schoenhals_2008_53-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karllson_&_Schoenhals_2008_53-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karllson_&_Schoenhals_2008_53-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karllson_&_Schoenhals_2008_53-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karllson_&_Schoenhals_2008_53-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karllson_&_Schoenhals_2008_53-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karllson_&_Schoenhals_2008_53-16">q</a> Karlsson, Klas-Göran (2008). "Cambodia". In Karlsson, Klas-Göran; Schoenhals, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.levandehistoria.se/sites/default/files/material_file/research-review-crimes-against-humanity.pdf">Crimes Against Humanity Under Communist Regimes – Research Review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211124001629/https://www.levandehistoria.se/sites/default/files/material_file/research-review-crimes-against-humanity.pdf">Archived</a> 24 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Stockholm: Forum for Living History. pp. 88–102. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789197748728" title="Special:BookSources/9789197748728">9789197748728</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morris_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2007" class="citation news cs1">Morris, Stephen J. (20 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://editorials.cambodia.org/2007/04/vietnam-and-cambodian-communism.html">"Vietnam and Cambodian Communism"</a>. Cambodian Information Center, Source: The Cambodian Human Rights and Development Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190808180119/http://editorials.cambodia.org/2007/04/vietnam-and-cambodian-communism.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vietnam+and+Cambodian+Communism&rft.date=2007-04-20&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feditorials.cambodia.org%2F2007%2F04%2Fvietnam-and-cambodian-communism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tyner-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tyner_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tyner_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tyner_55-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tyner_55-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tyner_55-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyner2008" class="citation book cs1">Tyner, James A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gfac3N6GOYAC">The Killing of Cambodia: Geography, Genocide and the Unmaking of Space</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 44, 51, 54–55, 60–62, 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0754670964" title="Special:BookSources/978-0754670964"><bdi>978-0754670964</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231013183134/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gfac3N6GOYAC">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Killing+of+Cambodia%3A+Geography%2C+Genocide+and+the+Unmaking+of+Space&rft.pages=44%2C+51%2C+54-55%2C+60-62%2C+68&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0754670964&rft.aulast=Tyner&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGfac3N6GOYAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doyle-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Doyle_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyleJohnstonOrr1997" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, Michael W.; Johnston, Ian; Orr, Robert C. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GNC-XxHxIdYC&q=cambodia+September+1955+election+Pracheachon+Party&pg=PA31">"Politics in Cambodia"</a>. Keeping the Peace: Multidimensional UN Operations in Cambodia and El Salvador. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521588379" title="Special:BookSources/9780521588379"><bdi>9780521588379</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231013183136/https://books.google.com/books?id=GNC-XxHxIdYC&q=cambodia+September+1955+election+Pracheachon+Party&pg=PA31#v=snippet&q=cambodia%20September%201955%20election%20Pracheachon%20Party&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Politics+in+Cambodia&rft.btitle=Keeping+the+Peace%3A+Multidimensional+UN+Operations+in+Cambodia+and+El+Salvador&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780521588379&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Michael+W.&rft.au=Johnston%2C+Ian&rft.au=Orr%2C+Robert+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGNC-XxHxIdYC%26q%3Dcambodia%2BSeptember%2B1955%2Belection%2BPracheachon%2BParty%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/politics-obituaries/9610196/Norodom-Sihanouk.html">"Norodom Sihanouk Obituary"</a>. The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group Limited. 15 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/politics-obituaries/9610196/Norodom-Sihanouk.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Norodom+Sihanouk+Obituary&rft.date=2012-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Fpolitics-obituaries%2F9610196%2FNorodom-Sihanouk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yimsut-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Yimsut_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYimsut2011" class="citation book cs1">Yimsut, Ronnie (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jSdYz91-sJYC&q=khmer+rouge+struggle+to+overthrow+feudalist+Sihanouk&pg=PR11">"Forward"</a>. Facing the Khmer Rouge: A Cambodian Journey. Rutgers University Press. p. forward xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813552309" title="Special:BookSources/9780813552309"><bdi>9780813552309</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231013183137/https://books.google.com/books?id=jSdYz91-sJYC&q=khmer+rouge+struggle+to+overthrow+feudalist+Sihanouk&pg=PR11#v=snippet&q=khmer%20rouge%20struggle%20to%20overthrow%20feudalist%20Sihanouk&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Forward&rft.btitle=Facing+the+Khmer+Rouge%3A+A+Cambodian+Journey&rft.pages=forward+xi&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780813552309&rft.aulast=Yimsut&rft.aufirst=Ronnie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjSdYz91-sJYC%26q%3Dkhmer%2Brouge%2Bstruggle%2Bto%2Boverthrow%2Bfeudalist%2BSihanouk%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambodiatribunal-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Cambodiatribunal_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDy2013" class="citation web cs1">Dy, Khamboly (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambodiatribunal.org/history/cambodian-history/khmer-rouge-history/">"Khmer Rouge History"</a>. Cambodia Tribunal Monitor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160321195205/http://www.cambodiatribunal.org/history/cambodian-history/khmer-rouge-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Khmer+Rouge+History&rft.pub=Cambodia+Tribunal+Monitor&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Dy&rft.aufirst=Khamboly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambodiatribunal.org%2Fhistory%2Fcambodian-history%2Fkhmer-rouge-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartrop-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Bartrop_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartrop2012" class="citation book cs1">Bartrop, Paul R. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=55NPpA6EvyMC&q=Pol+Pot+%C3%89cole+FRan%C3%A7aise+d%27%C3%89lectronique+et+d%27Informatique&pg=PT256">"on Pol Pot"</a>. A Biographical Encyclopedia of Contemporary Genocide: Portraits of Evil and Good. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313386794" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313386794"><bdi>978-0313386794</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231013183138/https://books.google.com/books?id=55NPpA6EvyMC&q=Pol+Pot+%C3%89cole+FRan%C3%A7aise+d%27%C3%89lectronique+et+d%27Informatique&pg=PT256">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=on+Pol+Pot&rft.btitle=A+Biographical+Encyclopedia+of+Contemporary+Genocide%3A+Portraits+of+Evil+and+Good&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0313386794&rft.aulast=Bartrop&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D55NPpA6EvyMC%26q%3DPol%2BPot%2B%25C3%2589cole%2BFRan%25C3%25A7aise%2Bd%2527%25C3%2589lectronique%2Bet%2Bd%2527Informatique%26pg%3DPT256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartrop2012" class="citation book cs1">Bartrop, Paul R. (2012). A biographical encyclopedia of contemporary genocide portraits of evil and good. Abc-Clio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78539-448-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78539-448-5"><bdi>978-1-78539-448-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/915350384">915350384</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+biographical+encyclopedia+of+contemporary+genocide+portraits+of+evil+and+good&rft.pub=Abc-Clio&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F915350384&rft.isbn=978-1-78539-448-5&rft.aulast=Bartrop&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d.dccam.org/Archives/Documents/Confessions/Confessions_Hu_Nim.htm">"Confession of Hu Nim"</a>. The Confession of Hu Nim, aka Phoas (Arrested: April 10, 1977; Executed: July 6, 1977). Translated by Eng Kok Thay. Documentation Center of Cambodia. 18 April 1975. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203014412/http://www.d.dccam.org/Archives/Documents/Confessions/Confessions_Hu_Nim.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Confession+of+Hu+Nim%2C+aka+Phoas+%28Arrested%3A+April+10%2C+1977%3B+Executed%3A+July+6%2C+1977%29&rft.atitle=Confession+of+Hu+Nim&rft.date=1975-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fd.dccam.org%2FArchives%2FDocuments%2FConfessions%2FConfessions_Hu_Nim.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker2003" class="citation web cs1">Becker, Elizabeth (3 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/03/world/khieu-ponnary-83-first-wife-of-pol-pot-cambodian-despot.html">"Khieu Ponnary, 83, First Wife Of Pol Pot, Cambodian Despot"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191206145612/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/03/world/khieu-ponnary-83-first-wife-of-pol-pot-cambodian-despot.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Khieu+Ponnary%2C+83%2C+First+Wife+Of+Pol+Pot%2C+Cambodian+Despot&rft.date=2003-07-03&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F07%2F03%2Fworld%2Fkhieu-ponnary-83-first-wife-of-pol-pot-cambodian-despot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frey-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frey_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frey_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frey_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frey_64-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frey_64-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frey_64-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrey2009" class="citation book cs1">Frey, Rebecca Joyce (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m569AfPJkB4C&q=Cercle+Marxiste+Khmer+Students+Association&pg=PA267">Genocide and International Justice</a>. Infobase Publishing. pp. 266–267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816073108" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816073108"><bdi>978-0816073108</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231013183140/https://books.google.com/books?id=m569AfPJkB4C&q=Cercle+Marxiste+Khmer+Students+Association&pg=PA267#v=snippet&q=Cercle%20Marxiste%20Khmer%20Students%20Association&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+and+International+Justice&rft.pages=266-267&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0816073108&rft.aulast=Frey&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+Joyce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm569AfPJkB4C%26q%3DCercle%2BMarxiste%2BKhmer%2BStudents%2BAssociation%26pg%3DPA267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Short-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Short_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShort2007" class="citation book cs1">Short, Philip (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XW24koscGMkC&q=pol+pot+viet+minh&pg=PR11">"Initiation to the Maquis"</a>. Pol Pot: Anatomy of a Nightmare. Macmillan. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781429900935" title="Special:BookSources/9781429900935"><bdi>9781429900935</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231013183141/https://books.google.com/books?id=XW24koscGMkC&q=pol+pot+viet+minh&pg=PR11#v=snippet&q=pol%20pot%20viet%20minh&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Initiation+to+the+Maquis&rft.btitle=Pol+Pot%3A+Anatomy+of+a+Nightmare&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781429900935&rft.aulast=Short&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXW24koscGMkC%26q%3Dpol%2Bpot%2Bviet%2Bminh%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shawcross_1979-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shawcross_1979_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shawcross_1979_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shawcross_1979_66-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawcross1979" class="citation book cs1">Shawcross, William (1979). Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon and The Destruction of Cambodia. Cooper Square Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815412243" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815412243"><bdi>978-0815412243</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sideshow%3A+Kissinger%2C+Nixon+and+The+Destruction+of+Cambodia&rft.pub=Cooper+Square+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0815412243&rft.aulast=Shawcross&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ifeng_shidian-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ifeng_shidian_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ifeng_shidian_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.ifeng.com/history/2/shidian/200804/0410_2666_485387.shtml"><bdi lang="zh">西哈努克、波尔布特与中国</bdi></a>. ifeng.com (in Chinese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030081609/http://news.ifeng.com/history/2/shidian/200804/0410_2666_485387.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ifeng.com&rft.atitle=%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%88%E5%8A%AA%E5%85%8B%E3%80%81%E6%B3%A2%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%83%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%8E%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.ifeng.com%2Fhistory%2F2%2Fshidian%2F200804%2F0410_2666_485387.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yhcqw-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yhcqw_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yhcqw_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yhcqw_68-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200627212910/http://www.yhcqw.com/13/2114.html"><bdi lang="zh">波尔布特：并不遥远的教训</bdi></a> (in Chinese). 炎黄春秋. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yhcqw.com/13/2114.html">the original</a> on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%B3%A2%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%83%E7%89%B9%EF%BC%9A%E5%B9%B6%E4%B8%8D%E9%81%A5%E8%BF%9C%E7%9A%84%E6%95%99%E8%AE%AD&rft.pub=%E7%82%8E%E9%BB%84%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yhcqw.com%2F13%2F2114.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xiamen_Forum_2013-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Xiamen_Forum_2013_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xiamen_Forum_2013_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF宋梁禾2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">宋梁禾 (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/41448796.pdf"><bdi lang="zh">中国对柬埔寨的援助：评价及建议</bdi></a> (PDF). Xiamen University Forum on International Development (in Chinese) (6). 吴仪君: 54–58. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190414161319/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/41448796.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 April 2019. 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Boston Publishing Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pawnsofwarcambod00isaa/page/98">98</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-939526246" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-939526246"><bdi>978-0-939526246</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vietnam+Experience%3A+Pawns+of+War%3A+Cambodia+and+Laos&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Boston+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-939526246&rft.aulast=Isaacs&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft.au=Hardy%2C+Gordon&rft.au=Brown%2C+MacAlister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpawnsofwarcambod00isaa%2Fpage%2F98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mosyakov-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Mosyakov_71-0">^</a> Mosyakov, Dmitry. "The Khmer Rouge and the Vietnamese Communists: A History of Their Relations as Told in the Soviet Archives". In Cook, Susan E., ed. (2004). "Genocide in Cambodia and Rwanda". Yale Genocide Studies Program Monograph Series. 1: 54. "In April–May 1970, many North Vietnamese forces entered Cambodia in response to the call for help addressed to Vietnam not by Pol Pot, but by his deputy Nuon Chea. Nguyen Co Thach recalls: "Nuon Chea has asked for help and we have "liberated" five provinces of Cambodia in ten days." </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Sutsakhan, Lt. Gen. Sak, The Khmer Republic at War and the Final Collapse. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History, 1987. p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070328161501/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/IC15Ae01.html">"Dining with the Dear Leader"</a>. Asia Time. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/IC15Ae01.html">the original</a> on 28 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia+Time&rft.atitle=Dining+with+the+Dear+Leader&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atimes.com%2Fatimes%2FSoutheast_Asia%2FIC15Ae01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/the-khmer-rouge">"Khmer Rouge"</a>. HISTORY. 21 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221117085947/https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/the-khmer-rouge">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=Khmer+Rouge&rft.date=2018-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fcold-war%2Fthe-khmer-rouge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality Crises: The Case of Cambodia, 1970–1979". Forced Migration and Mortality. National Academies Press. pp. 103–104. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780309073349" title="Special:BookSources/9780309073349">9780309073349</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2006" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Adam (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805203324/https://www.mcvts.net/cms/lib07/NJ01911694/Centricity/Domain/155/Textbook.pdf">Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction</a> (PDF). Routledge. pp. 189–90. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mcvts.net/cms/lib07/NJ01911694/Centricity/Domain/155/Textbook.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+A+Comprehensive+Introduction&rft.pages=189-90&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcvts.net%2Fcms%2Flib07%2FNJ01911694%2FCentricity%2FDomain%2F155%2FTextbook.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrandin2015" class="citation book cs1">Grandin, Greg (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QGGzBgAAQBAJ&q=%22grandin,%22+khmer+rouge">Kissinger's Shadow: The Long Reach of America's Most Controversial Statesman</a>. Henry Holt and Company. pp. 179–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1627794503" title="Special:BookSources/978-1627794503"><bdi>978-1627794503</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kissinger%27s+Shadow%3A+The+Long+Reach+of+America%27s+Most+Controversial+Statesman&rft.pages=179-80&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1627794503&rft.aulast=Grandin&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQGGzBgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522grandin%2C%2522%2Bkhmer%2Brouge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Kiernan, Ben (Winter 1989). "The American Bombardment of Kampuchea 1969–1973". Vietnam Generation. 1 (1): 4–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Chandler, David (2005). Cambodia 1884–1975, in The Emergence of Modern Southeast Asia, edited by Norman Owen. University of Hawaii Press, p. 369. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Rodman, Peter (23 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2007/0823iraq_rodman.aspx">"Returning to Cambodia"</a>. Brookings Institution. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111110165813/http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2007/0823iraq_rodman.aspx">Archived</a> 10 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Lind, Michael, Vietnam: The Necessary War: A Reinterpretation of America's Most Disastrous Military Conflict, Free Press, 1999. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Etcheson, Craig, The Rise and Demise of Democratic Kampuchea, Westview Press, 1984, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Bezlova, Antoaneta (21 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090223174332/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/KB21Ad01.html">"China haunted by Khmer Rouge links"</a>. Asia Times. Retrieved 21 February 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoettRuz2008" class="citation book cs1">Roett, Riordan; Ruz, Guadalupe (2008). China's Expansion into the Western Hemisphere: Implications for Latin America and the United States. Brookings Institution Press. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815775546" title="Special:BookSources/9780815775546"><bdi>9780815775546</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Expansion+into+the+Western+Hemisphere%3A+Implications+for+Latin+America+and+the+United+States&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780815775546&rft.aulast=Roett&rft.aufirst=Riordan&rft.au=Ruz%2C+Guadalupe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wang, Youqin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ywang.uchicago.edu/history/docs/2016_12_30.pdf"><bdi lang="zh">2016:张春桥幽灵</bdi></a> (PDF) (in Chinese). The University of Chicago. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200625142035/http://ywang.uchicago.edu/history/docs/2016_12_30.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2016%3A%E5%BC%A0%E6%98%A5%E6%A1%A5%E5%B9%BD%E7%81%B5&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Youqin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fywang.uchicago.edu%2Fhistory%2Fdocs%2F2016_12_30.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tufts.edu-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tufts.edu_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tufts.edu_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tufts.edu_86-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tufts.edu_86-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.tufts.edu/atrocityendings/2015/08/07/cambodia-u-s-bombing-civil-war-khmer-rouge/">"Cambodia: U.S. bombing, civil war, & Khmer Rouge"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Foundation" title="World Peace Foundation">World Peace Foundation</a>. 7 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190714181839/https://sites.tufts.edu/atrocityendings/2015/08/07/cambodia-u-s-bombing-civil-war-khmer-rouge/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2019. <q>Demographer Patrick Heuveline has produced evidence suggesting a range of 150,000 to 300,000 violent deaths from 1970 to 1975. ... One of the more thorough demographic studies, conducted by Patrick Heuveline, also attempts to separate out violent civilian deaths from a general increase in mortality caused by famine, disease, working conditions, or other indirect causes. He does so by grouping deaths within different age and sex brackets and analyzing treatment of these age and sex groups by the Khmer Rouge and violent regimes in general. His conclusion is that an average of 2.52 million people (range of 1.17–3.42 million) died as a result of regime actions between 1970 and 1979, with an average estimate of 1.4 million (range of 1.09–2.16 million) directly violent deaths.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cambodia%3A+U.S.+bombing%2C+civil+war%2C+%26+Khmer+Rouge&rft.pub=World+Peace+Foundation&rft.date=2015-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.tufts.edu%2Fatrocityendings%2F2015%2F08%2F07%2Fcambodia-u-s-bombing-civil-war-khmer-rouge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanchard2009" class="citation news cs1">Blanchard, Ben (17 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE51G33W20090217">"China defends its Khmer Rouge ties as trial opens"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407222155/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE51G33W20090217">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China+defends+its+Khmer+Rouge+ties+as+trial+opens&rft.date=2009-02-17&rft.aulast=Blanchard&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUSTRE51G33W20090217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Khmer-Rouge">"Khmer Rouge — Facts, Leadership, & Death Toll"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107033002/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Khmer-Rouge">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Khmer+Rouge+%E2%80%94+Facts%2C+Leadership%2C+%26+Death+Toll&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FKhmer-Rouge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.berkeley.edu/files/IHRLC/Leaders_of_the_Khmer_Rouge.pdf">"Leaders of the Khmer Rouge"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805203332/https://www.law.berkeley.edu/files/IHRLC/Leaders_of_the_Khmer_Rouge.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leaders+of+the+Khmer+Rouge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.berkeley.edu%2Ffiles%2FIHRLC%2FLeaders_of_the_Khmer_Rouge.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bergin_p31-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bergin_p31_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bergin_p31_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bergin_p31_90-2">c</a> Bergin, S. The Khmer Rouge and the Cambodian Genocide, Rosen, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Seng Kok Ung, I survived the killing fields, pp. 22–26 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Cambodia Tribunal, "Life in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge Regime". </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolson2013" class="citation web cs1">Tolson, Michelle (17 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/12/let-fish-dammed/">"Dam the Fish"</a>. Inter Press Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190301235803/http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/12/let-fish-dammed/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2019. 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Retrieved 23 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140327221143/http://mediakh.net/khmer-news/trials-tribulations-and-textbooks-govt-dc-cam-review-kr-teaching/">Archived</a> 27 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-yfp-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yfp_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yfp_136-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.yfpcambodia.org/">http://www.yfpcambodia.org/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120629083447/http://www.yfpcambodia.org/">Archived</a> 29 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Youth for Peace </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhet2011" class="citation book cs1">Khet, Long (2011). "Preface". In Youth for Peace (ed.). Behind the Darkness: Taking Responsibility or Acting Under Orders?. Youth for Peace. p. i.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.btitle=Behind+the+Darkness%3A+Taking+Responsibility+or+Acting+Under+Orders%3F&rft.pages=i&rft.pub=Youth+for+Peace&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Khet&rft.aufirst=Long&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://centerforconciliation.org/">"The International Center for Conciliation"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120225192846/http://centerforconciliation.org/">Archived</a> 25 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-ic4c.files.wordpress.com-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ic4c.files.wordpress.com_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ic4c.files.wordpress.com_139-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ic4c.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/2-11-eccc-report.pdf">"ICfC Fosters Open Dialogue between Victims and Cadres"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140327204215/http://ic4c.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/2-11-eccc-report.pdf">Archived</a> 27 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PDF). The Court Report. February 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Desai, Anuradha (March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ic4c.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/3-10-ed-cambodia-report.pdf">"Through Dialogue, Healing Pain in Eastern Cambodia"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140327220839/http://ic4c.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/3-10-ed-cambodia-report.pdf">Archived</a> 27 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. International Center for Conciliation. Field Report. Retrieved 23 April 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120813234716/http://www.rnk.gov.kh/index.php">"Welcome to Radio National of Kampuchea"</a>. Radio National of Kampuchea. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnk.gov.kh/index.php">the original</a> on 13 August 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Radio+National+of+Kampuchea&rft.pub=Radio+National+of+Kampuchea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnk.gov.kh%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khmer_Rouge_Trials_p._25-142"><a href="#cite_ref-Khmer_Rouge_Trials_p._25_142-0">^</a> An Introduction to the Khmer Rouge Trials, p. 25. Secretariat of the Royal Government Task Force, Office of the Council of Ministers. Revised by Public Affairs Section of the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia, Phnom Penh. 4th edition. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eccc.gov.kh/en/media-center/weekly-radio">"Weekly Radio Programme"</a>. Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120409032339/http://www.eccc.gov.kh/en/media-center/weekly-radio">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Extraordinary+Chambers+in+the+Courts+of+Cambodia&rft.atitle=Weekly+Radio+Programme&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eccc.gov.kh%2Fen%2Fmedia-center%2Fweekly-radio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peace_Activism_p._18-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peace_Activism_p._18_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peace_Activism_p._18_144-1">b</a> 10 Years of Peace Activism, p. 18. Youth for Peace, Phnom Penh, April 2011. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAffonço2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denise_Affon%C3%A7o" title="Denise Affonço">Affonço, Denise</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/toendofhellonewo00deni">To the End of Hell: One Woman's Struggle to Survive Cambodia's Khmer Rouge</a>. Translated by Burn, Margaret; Hogben, Katie. London: <a href="/wiki/Reportage_Press" title="Reportage Press">Reportage Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9555729-5-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9555729-5-1"><bdi>978-0-9555729-5-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+the+End+of+Hell%3A+One+Woman%27s+Struggle+to+Survive+Cambodia%27s+Khmer+Rouge&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Reportage+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9555729-5-1&rft.aulast=Affon%C3%A7o&rft.aufirst=Denise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftoendofhellonewo00deni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBizot2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bizot" title="François Bizot">Bizot, François</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KtmbfZCPPQMC">The gate</a>. A Borzoi book. Translated by Cameron, Euan. New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41293-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41293-6"><bdi>978-0-375-41293-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+gate&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=A+Borzoi+book&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-375-41293-6&rft.aulast=Bizot&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKtmbfZCPPQMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBultmann2012" class="citation journal cs1">Bultmann, Daniel (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.hu-berlin.de/transcience/Vol3_Issue1_2012_40_52.pdf">"Irrigating a Socialist Utopia: Disciplinary Space and Population Control under the Khmer Rouge, 1975-1979"</a> (PDF). Transcience. 3 (1): 40–52. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513085950/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/transcience/Vol3_Issue1_2012_40_52.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transcience&rft.atitle=Irrigating+a+Socialist+Utopia%3A+Disciplinary+Space+and+Population+Control+under+the+Khmer+Rouge%2C+1975-1979&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=40-52&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Bultmann&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.hu-berlin.de%2Ftranscience%2FVol3_Issue1_2012_40_52.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanda1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nayan_Chanda" title="Nayan Chanda">Chanda, Nayan</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brotherenemywara0000chan_h4n2">Brother Enemy: The War After the War</a>. San Diego: <a href="/wiki/Harcourt_Brace_Jovanovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Harcourt Brace Jovanovich">Harcourt Brace Jovanovich</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-114420-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-114420-4"><bdi>978-0-15-114420-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brother+Enemy%3A+The+War+After+the+War&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-15-114420-4&rft.aulast=Chanda&rft.aufirst=Nayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrotherenemywara0000chan_h4n2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCriddleMam1989" class="citation book cs1">Criddle, Joan D.; Mam, Teeda B. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/todestroyyouisno00cridrich">To Destroy You is No Loss: The Odyssey of a Cambodian Family</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-26628-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-26628-4"><bdi>978-0-385-26628-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Destroy+You+is+No+Loss%3A+The+Odyssey+of+a+Cambodian+Family&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-385-26628-4&rft.aulast=Criddle&rft.aufirst=Joan+D.&rft.au=Mam%2C+Teeda+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftodestroyyouisno00cridrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHim2001" class="citation book cs1">Him, Chanrithy (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MH85IIeQf3sC">When Broken Glass Floats: Growing Up Under the Khmer Rouge</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32210-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32210-1"><bdi>978-0-393-32210-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Broken+Glass+Floats%3A+Growing+Up+Under+the+Khmer+Rouge&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32210-1&rft.aulast=Him&rft.aufirst=Chanrithy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMH85IIeQf3sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNgorWarner1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Haing_S._Ngor" title="Haing S. Ngor">Ngor, Haing S.</a>; Warner, Rogert (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambodianodyssey00ngor">A Cambodian Odyssey</a>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Inc." title="Macmillan Inc.">Macmillan Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-589330-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-589330-6"><bdi>978-0-02-589330-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Cambodian+Odyssey&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Macmillan+Inc.&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-02-589330-6&rft.aulast=Ngor&rft.aufirst=Haing+S.&rft.au=Warner%2C+Rogert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambodianodyssey00ngor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNhem2013" class="citation book cs1">Nhem, Boraden (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VFDEEAAAQBAJ">The Khmer Rouge: Ideology, Militarism, and the Revolution That Consumed a Generation</a>. PSI guides to terrorists, insurgents, and armed groups. Santa Barbara, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/Praeger_Paperback" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeger Paperback">Praeger</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39337-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39337-2"><bdi>978-0-313-39337-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Khmer+Rouge%3A+Ideology%2C+Militarism%2C+and+the+Revolution+That+Consumed+a+Generation&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.series=PSI+guides+to+terrorists%2C+insurgents%2C+and+armed+groups&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-313-39337-2&rft.aulast=Nhem&rft.aufirst=Boraden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVFDEEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPranDePaul1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dith_Pran" title="Dith Pran">Pran, Dith</a>; DePaul, Kim, eds. (1997). Children of Cambodia's Killing Fields: Memoirs by Survivors. Yale Southeast Asia studies monograph series. New Haven, Conn: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06839-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06839-9"><bdi>978-0-300-06839-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Children+of+Cambodia%27s+Killing+Fields%3A+Memoirs+by+Survivors&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Conn&rft.series=Yale+Southeast+Asia+studies+monograph+series&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-300-06839-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanhBataille2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rithy_Panh" title="Rithy Panh">Panh, Rithy</a>; Bataille, Christophe (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eliminationsurvi0000rith_q3l6">The Elimination: A Survivor of the Khmer Rouge Confronts His Past and the Commandant of the Killing Fields</a>. Translated by Cullen, John. London: The Clerkenwell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84668-929-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84668-929-1"><bdi>978-1-84668-929-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elimination%3A+A+Survivor+of+the+Khmer+Rouge+Confronts+His+Past+and+the+Commandant+of+the+Killing+Fields&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Clerkenwell+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84668-929-1&rft.aulast=Panh&rft.aufirst=Rithy&rft.au=Bataille%2C+Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feliminationsurvi0000rith_q3l6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"> A dispassionate interview and analysis of "Duch", who was head of security for the Khmer regime. Written by a surviving victim.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwain1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Swain" title="Jon Swain">Swain, Jon</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riveroftime00swai">River of Time</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16989-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16989-3"><bdi>978-0-312-16989-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=River+of+Time&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-312-16989-3&rft.aulast=Swain&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friveroftime00swai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUng2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Loung_Ung" title="Loung Ung">Ung, Loung</a> (2000). <a href="/wiki/First_They_Killed_My_Father" title="First They Killed My Father">First They Killed My Father: A Daughter of Cambodia Remembers</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-019332-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-019332-4"><bdi>978-0-06-019332-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+They+Killed+My+Father%3A+A+Daughter+of+Cambodia+Remembers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-06-019332-4&rft.aulast=Ung&rft.aufirst=Loung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Weber" title="Olivier Weber">Weber, Olivier</a> (2013). Les impunis: Cambodge: un voyage dans la banalité du mal (in French). Paris: <a href="/wiki/R._Laffont" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Laffont">R. Laffont</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-221-11663-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-221-11663-0"><bdi>978-2-221-11663-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/831306752">831306752</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+impunis%3A+Cambodge%3A+un+voyage+dans+la+banalit%C3%A9+du+mal&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=R.+Laffont&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F831306752&rft.isbn=978-2-221-11663-0&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPescali2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pescali, Piergiorgio (2015). S-21. Nella prigione di Pol Pot (in Italian). Milan: La Ponga Edizioni. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-89-782330-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-89-782330-8"><bdi>978-8-89-782330-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S-21.+Nella+prigione+di+Pol+Pot&rft.place=Milan&rft.pub=La+Ponga+Edizioni&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-8-89-782330-8&rft.aulast=Pescali&rft.aufirst=Piergiorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Khmer_Rouge" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050403182720/http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/krt/english/">The Khmer Rouge Trial Task Force</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eccc.gov.kh/">Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cambodia.ohchr.org/">The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in Cambodia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eccc.gov.kh/sites/default/files/documents/courtdoc/%5Bdate-in-tz%5D/E457_6_3_EN.pdf">Nuon Chea's 570-page closing brief; his version of Khmer Rouge history.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cambodiatribunal.org/">Cambodia Tribunal Monitor</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_online_sources">Other online sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Other online sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambodiatribunal.org/">Cambodia Tribunal Monitor</a>, a consortium of academic, philanthropic and non-profit organizations which provides free access to videos of the proceedings, relevant news and statements as well as an overview of each case</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/cgp/">Cambodian Genocide Program (CGP) at Yale University</a> offers a comprehensive set of resources on the Khmer Rouge and the tribunal including news updates, photographs, databases, literature, maps, overview of US involvement in the Cambodian war and genocide and links to other organizations</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151118102714/http://www.genocidewatch.org/cambodiaproject.html">Cambodian Genocide Project by Genocide Watch</a> updates the development of the tribunal on the website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160403055102/http://www.khmerbird.com/best-of/cambodian-movies.html">Best Movies About Cambodia</a> available online via Amazon Instant Video</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genocide_2">Genocide</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Genocide">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121028015223/http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552628">Khmer Rouge and the Cambodian Genocide</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160115205405/https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494">Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gsp.yale.edu/case-studies/cambodian-genocide-program">Yale University: Cambodian Genocide Program</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cybercambodia.com/dachs/">Digital Archive of Cambodian Holocaust Survivors</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/cambodia/index.html">PBS Frontline/World: Pol Pot's Shadow</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727195102/http://www.docsonline.tv/Archives/description.php?doc=185">Survivor of the killing fields describes her experience</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Deacon_of_Death" title="Deacon of Death">Deacon of Death</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070621175821/http://www.btinternet.com/~andy.brouwer/vannnath.htm">Cambodia Tales: Khmer Rouge torture and killing paintings</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070618100356/http://www.genocidewatch.org/news/CAMBODIA.htm">Khmer Rouge Tribunal Updates</a> from <a href="/wiki/Genocide_Watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide Watch">Genocide Watch</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=solomon_bashi">Prosecuting starvation at the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141118230711/http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=solomon_bashi">Archived</a> 18 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/a-search-for-justice-by-the-women-forced-to-marry-strangers-2303228.html">A Search For Justice by the Women Forced to Marry Strangers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/cambodia/locard.pdf">State Violence in Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1979) and Retribution (1979–2004)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030013853/http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/cambodia/locard.pdf">Archived</a> 30 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uncategorized">Uncategorized</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Rouge&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Uncategorized">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dccam.org/">Documentation Center of Cambodia</a>. Retrieved 6 February 2005.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChigas2000" class="citation journal cs1">Chigas, George (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928055637/http://www.asiaquarterly.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=61&Itemid=5">"Building a Case Against the Khmer Rouge: Evidence from the Tuol Sleng and Santebal Archives"</a>. Harvard Asia Quarterly. 4 (1): 44–49. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiaquarterly.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=61&Itemid=5">the original</a> on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 10 February 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Asia+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Building+a+Case+Against+the+Khmer+Rouge%3A+Evidence+from+the+Tuol+Sleng+and+Santebal+Archives&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=44-49&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Chigas&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiaquarterly.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D61%26Itemid%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Rouge" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Post-Angkor_period" title="Post-Angkor period">Post-Angkor period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Cambodia" title="French protectorate of Cambodia">French protectorate of Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Cambodia" title="Japanese occupation of Cambodia">Japanese occupation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kampuchea_(1945)" title="Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)">Puppet state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cambodia_(1953%E2%80%931970)" title="Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)">Sihanouk era (1953–70)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Republic" title="Khmer Republic">Khmer Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea#Transition" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">State of Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Authority_in_Cambodia" title="United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia">UNTAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Cambodia" title="Modern Cambodia">Modern Cambodia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Royal_arms_of_Cambodia" title="Royal arms of Cambodia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Royal_arms_of_Cambodia.svg/110px-Royal_arms_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Royal_arms_of_Cambodia.svg/165px-Royal_arms_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Royal_arms_of_Cambodia.svg/220px-Royal_arms_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="591" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cambodia" title="Geography of Cambodia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Cambodia" title="Administrative divisions of Cambodia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Cambodia" title="Template:Borders of Cambodia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Cambodia" title="List of cities and towns in Cambodia">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Cambodia" title="Climate change in Cambodia">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Cambodia" title="Deforestation in Cambodia">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Cambodia" title="List of ecoregions in Cambodia">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Cambodia" title="List of islands of Cambodia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Cambodia" title="List of lakes of Cambodia">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tonl%C3%A9_Sap" title="Tonlé Sap">Tonlé Sap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Cambodia" title="List of protected areas of Cambodia">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Cambodia" title="List of rivers of Cambodia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Cambodia" title="Wildlife of Cambodia">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Cambodia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Cambodia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cambodia" title="Politics of Cambodia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Cambodia" title="Cabinet of Cambodia">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Cambodia" title="Elections in Cambodia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Cambodia" title="Foreign relations of Cambodia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Cambodia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cambodia" title="Human rights in Cambodia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Cambodia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Cambodia" title="Judiciary of Cambodia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Cambodia" title="Law of Cambodia">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Cambodia" title="Law enforcement in Cambodia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Cambodian_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Cambodian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation,_Religion,_King" title="Nation, Religion, King">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Cambodia" title="Parliament of Cambodia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Cambodia" title="List of political parties in Cambodia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia" title="Prime Minister of Cambodia">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cambodia" title="Economy of Cambodia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Cambodia" title="Agriculture in Cambodia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Cambodia" title="List of banks in Cambodia">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Cambodia" title="Child labour in Cambodia">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Cambodia" title="Energy in Cambodia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Cambodia" title="Economic history of Cambodia">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Cambodia" title="Mineral industry of Cambodia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_Cambodia" title="Natural resources of Cambodia">Natural resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_riel" title="Cambodian riel">Riel (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Cambodia" title="Science and technology in Cambodia">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Economic_Zones_of_Cambodia" title="Special Economic Zones of Cambodia">Special Economic Zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cambodia" title="Telecommunications in Cambodia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Cambodia" title="Tourism in Cambodia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Cambodia" title="Transport in Cambodia">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Cambodia" title="Category:Society of Cambodia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Cambodia" title="Crime in Cambodia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cambodia" title="Demographics of Cambodia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cambodia" title="Education in Cambodia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Cambodia" title="Ethnic groups in Cambodia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Cambodia" title="Gambling in Cambodia">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Cambodia" title="Health in Cambodia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Cambodia" title="HIV/AIDS in Cambodia">HIV/AIDS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Cambodia" title="Hunting in Cambodia">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Cambodia" title="Human trafficking in Cambodia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Cambodia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Cambodia" title="Prostitution in Cambodia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cambodia" title="Women in Cambodia">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Cambodia" title="Sex trafficking in Cambodia">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Cambodia" title="Social class in Cambodia">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization_in_Cambodia" title="Social organization in Cambodia">Social organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Cambodia" title="Squatting in Cambodia">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Cambodia" title="Youth in Cambodia">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cambodia" title="Culture of Cambodia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_architecture" title="Khmer architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_art" title="Cambodian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cambodia" title="Cinema of Cambodia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtship,_marriage,_and_divorce_in_Cambodia" title="Courtship, marriage, and divorce in Cambodia">Courtship, marriage, and divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_cuisine" title="Cambodian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cambodian_royal_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian royal cuisine">royal cuisine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Cambodia" title="Dance in Cambodia">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_inscriptions" title="Khmer inscriptions">Epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_jewellery" title="Khmer jewellery">Jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_keyboard" title="Khmer keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_literature" title="Cambodian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81str%C4%81_sleuk_rith" title="Sāstrā sleuk rith">Manuscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_mat" title="Cambodian mat">Mat weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Cambodia" title="Mass media in Cambodia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cambodia" title="Music of Cambodia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kbach" title="Kbach">Ornamentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Cambodia" title="Public holidays in Cambodia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Cambodia" title="Sport in Cambodia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Cambodia" title="Theatre of Cambodia">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Cambodia" title="Outline of Cambodia">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Cambodia-related_articles" title="Index of Cambodia-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cambodia" title="Category:Cambodia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cambodia" title="Portal:Cambodia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea_(Khmer_Rouge)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #DB0A13; color:#FFF502"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Khmer_Rouge" title="Template:Khmer Rouge"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#FFF502">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Khmer_Rouge" title="Template talk:Khmer Rouge"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#FFF502">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Khmer_Rouge" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Khmer Rouge"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FFF502">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea_(Khmer_Rouge)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea" title="Communist Party of Kampuchea">Communist Party of Kampuchea</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">(Khmer Rouge)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DB0A13; color:#FFF502;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuon_Chea" title="Nuon Chea">Nuon Chea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ieng_Sary" title="Ieng Sary">Ieng Sary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta_Mok" title="Ta Mok">Ta Mok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khieu_Samphan" title="Khieu Samphan">Khieu Samphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_Sen" title="Son Sen">Son Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Nim" title="Hu Nim">Hu Nim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hou_Yuon" title="Hou Yuon">Hou Yuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Kek_Iew" title="Kang Kek Iew">Khang Khek Ieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ieng_Thirith" title="Ieng Thirith">Ieng Thirith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ke_Pauk" title="Ke Pauk">Ke Pauk</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Democratic_Kampuchea.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Democratic Kampuchea Flag"><img alt="Democratic Kampuchea Flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Democratic_Kampuchea.svg/70px-Flag_of_Democratic_Kampuchea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Democratic_Kampuchea.svg/105px-Flag_of_Democratic_Kampuchea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Democratic_Kampuchea.svg/140px-Flag_of_Democratic_Kampuchea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> • <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="CPK Flag"><img alt="CPK Flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea.svg/70px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea.svg/105px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea.svg/140px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DB0A13; color:#FFF502;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indochinese_Communist_Party" title="Indochinese Communist Party">Indochinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochina_Wars" title="Indochina Wars">Indochina Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Issarak" title="Khmer Issarak">Khmer Issarak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Issarak_Front" title="United Issarak Front">United Issarak Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_National_Liberation_Committee" title="Khmer National Liberation Committee">Khmer National Liberation Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Phnom_Penh" title="Fall of Phnom Penh">Fall of Phnom Penh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayaguez_incident" title="Mayaguez incident">Mayaguez incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_invasions_of_Cambodia" title="Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia">Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pailin" title="Battle of Pailin">Battle of Pailin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Government_of_Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea">GCDK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_unrecognized_government_(1994%E2%80%931998)" title="Khmer Rouge unrecognized government (1994–1998)">PGNUNSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_Tribunal" title="Khmer Rouge Tribunal">Khmer Rouge Tribunal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DB0A13; color:#FFF502;width:1%">Party offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Youth_League_of_Kampuchea" title="Communist Youth League of Kampuchea">Communist Youth League of Kampuchea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santebal" title="Santebal">Santebal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DB0A13; color:#FFF502;width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tung_Padevat" title="Tung Padevat">Tung Padevat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tong_Kraham" title="Tong Kraham">Tong Kraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somlenh_Polokor" title="Somlenh Polokor">Somlenh Polokor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DB0A13; color:#FFF502;width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot#Political_ideology" title="Pol Pot">Pol Potism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">National communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_nationalism" title="Khmer nationalism">Khmer nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">Agrarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DB0A13; color:#FFF502;width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">Autarky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea#Angkar" title="Communist Party of Kampuchea">Angkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_Zero_(political_notion)" title="Year Zero (political notion)">Year Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People_(Cambodia)" title="New People (Cambodia)">New People</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DB0A13; color:#FFF502;width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Party of Democratic Kampuchea">Party of Democratic Kampuchea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_National_Unity_Party" title="Cambodian National Unity Party">Cambodian National Unity Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_National_Solidarity_Party" title="Khmer National Solidarity Party">Khmer National Solidarity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Union_Movement" title="Democratic National Union Movement">Democratic National Union Movement</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DB0A13; color:#FFF502;width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MONATIO" title="MONATIO">MONATIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_Fields" title="Killing Fields">Killing Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dap_Prampi_Mesa_Moha_Chokchey" title="Dap Prampi Mesa Moha Chokchey">Victorious Seventeenth of April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiday_in_Cambodia" title="Holiday in Cambodia">Holiday in Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_terrorism" title="Communist terrorism">Communist terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #DB0A13; color:#FFF502"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191764#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191764#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191764#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" 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