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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirguizes_d%27o_Yenisei" title="Kirguizes d'o Yenisei – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Kirguizes d'o Yenisei" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenisey_q%C4%B1r%C4%9F%C4%B1zlar%C4%B1" title="Yenisey qırğızları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yenisey qırğızları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Енісейскія кіргізы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Енісейскія кіргізы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Енисейски киргизи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Енисейски киргизи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenisej%C5%A1t%C3%AD_Kyrgyzov%C3%A9" title="Jenisejští Kyrgyzové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jenisejští Kyrgyzové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ienisse%C3%AF_kirghize" title="Ienisseï kirghize – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ienisseï kirghize" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%88%EB%8B%88%EC%84%B8%EC%9D%B4_%ED%82%A4%EB%A5%B4%EA%B8%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="예니세이 키르기스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="예니세이 키르기스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirgiz_Yenisei" title="Kirgiz Yenisei – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kirgiz Yenisei" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%80%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Енисей қырғыздары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Енисей қырғыздары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Энесай кыргыздары – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Энесай кыргыздары" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenisiejaus_kirgizai" title="Jenisiejaus kirgizai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jenisiejaus kirgizai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenyiszeji_kirgizek" title="Jenyiszeji kirgizek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jenyiszeji kirgizek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%89_%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="ينيسى قيرجيز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ينيسى قيرجيز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Енисейн киргиз – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Енисейн киргиз" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenisejkirgiserne" title="Jenisejkirgiserne – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jenisejkirgiserne" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Енисейские кыргызы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Енисейские кыргызы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Енисей кыргыстара – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Енисей кыргыстара" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenisejsk%C3%AD_Kirgizi" title="Jenisejskí Kirgizi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jenisejskí Kirgizi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenisey_K%C4%B1rg%C4%B1zlar%C4%B1" title="Yenisey Kırgızları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yenisey Kırgızları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%81" title="Кыргыс – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Кыргыс" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Єнісейські киргизи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Єнісейські киргизи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E5%B0%BC%E5%A1%9E%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="叶尼塞吉尔吉斯人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="叶尼塞吉尔吉斯人" data-language-autonym="中文" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="cdx-message cdx-message--block cdx-message--warning mw-revision"><span class="cdx-message__icon"></span><div class="cdx-message__content"><div id="mw-revision-info-current"><p><b>This is the <a href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">current revision</a> of this page, as edited by <span id="mw-revision-name"><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Trappist_the_monk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-userlink" title="User:Trappist the monk (page does not exist)" data-mw-revid="1254443870"><bdi>Trappist the monk</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Trappist_the_monk" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Trappist the monk">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Trappist_the_monk" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" 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The present address (URL) is a <a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a> to this version.</b></p><div id="revision-info-current-plain" style="display: none;">Revision as of 00:51, 31 October 2024 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Trappist_the_monk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-userlink" title="User:Trappist the monk (page does not exist)" data-mw-revid="1254443870"><bdi>Trappist the monk</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Trappist_the_monk" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Trappist the monk">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Trappist_the_monk" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Trappist the monk">contribs</a>)</span> <span class="comment">(replace {lang-??} templates with {langx|??} <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_September_27#Replace_and_delete_lang-??_templates" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 September 27">‹See Tfd›</a> (Replaced 1);)</span></div></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yenisei_Kyrgyz&diff=prev&oldid=1254443870" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz">diff</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yenisei_Kyrgyz&direction=prev&oldid=1254443870" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz">← Previous revision</a> | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Former state and ethnic population</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Yenisei Kyrgyz</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div>𐰶𐰃𐰺𐰴𐰕<br />Qyrqyz</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0-_Annenkoan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0-_Annenkoan.jpg/220px-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0-_Annenkoan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0-_Annenkoan.jpg/330px-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0-_Annenkoan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0-_Annenkoan.jpg/440px-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0-_Annenkoan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2768" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Modern <a href="/wiki/Khakas" title="Khakas">Khakas</a> people regard themselves as the descendants of the Yenisei Kyrgyz who remained in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> despite the dispersal by the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongols</a> in the 13th century, and now form the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Khakassia" title="Khakassia">Khakassia</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic" title="Old Turkic">Old Turkic</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khakas" title="Khakas">Khakas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_people" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz people">Fuyu Kyrgyz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatars" title="Siberian Tatars">Siberian Tatars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altaians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakh</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Category:History of Kyrgyzstan">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of Kyrgyzstan">History of <span class="fn org label">Kyrgyzstan</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kyrgyzstan_flag_tunduk.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Kyrgyzstan"><img alt="Emblem of Kyrgyzstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Kyrgyzstan_flag_tunduk.svg/50px-Kyrgyzstan_flag_tunduk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Kyrgyzstan_flag_tunduk.svg/75px-Kyrgyzstan_flag_tunduk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Kyrgyzstan_flag_tunduk.svg/100px-Kyrgyzstan_flag_tunduk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="380" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> Timeline</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kyrgyzstan#Early_history" title="History of Kyrgyzstan">Early history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 542–330 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 329–312 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 312–189 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 250–152 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 204–53 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han China</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 101 BC–185 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 30–375</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Former_Liang" title="Former Liang">Former Liang</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 301–376</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran Khaganate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 330–555</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 383–386</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Later Liang</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 386–403</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 440–560</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kyrgyzstan#Islamic_Empires_(710–1218)" title="History of Kyrgyzstan">Medieval history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz Khaganate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 539–1207</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">Göktürk Khaganate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 557–603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 559–628</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 603–657</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang China</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 657–751</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 706–750</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 750–875</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 791–840</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 794–842</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 840–1089</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1089–1141</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1141–1212</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1212–1221</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kyrgyzstan#The_Mongols_and_their_successors_(1218–1740)" title="History of Kyrgyzstan">Early modern history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1218–1266</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1266–1347</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1347–1514</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1368–1446</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1370–1505</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Khanate" title="Uzbek Khanate">Uzbek Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1437–1471</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate" title="Kazakh Khanate">Kazakh Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1465–1757</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1501–1709</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yarkent_Khanate" title="Yarkent Khanate">Yarkent Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1514–1705</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1680–1758</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kokand" title="Khanate of Kokand">Khanate of Kokand</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1709–1876</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing China</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1757–1841</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Emirate of Bukhara</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1841–1876</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kyrgyzstan#Russian_Empire:_1876–1917" title="History of Kyrgyzstan">Russian Vassalage</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1876–1917</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Urkun" class="mw-redirect" title="Urkun">Urkun</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1916–1917</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Turkestan_Autonomy" title="Turkestan Autonomy">Turkestan Autonomy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1917–1918</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kyrgyzstan#The_Soviet_Era:_1917–1991" title="History of Kyrgyzstan">Soviet rule</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Turkestan_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkestan ASSR</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1918–1924</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kara-Kirghiz_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast">Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1924–1926</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic_(1926%E2%80%931936)" title="Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1926–1936)">Kyrgyz ASSR</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1926–1936</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kyrgyz SSR</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1936–1991</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kyrgyzstan#Independent_Kyrgyzstan:_1991–present" title="History of Kyrgyzstan">Independent Kyrgyzstan</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tulip_Revolution" title="Tulip Revolution">1st Kyrgyz Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2005</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2010_Kyrgyz_Revolution" title="2010 Kyrgyz Revolution">2nd Kyrgyz Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2010</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2020_Kyrgyz_Revolution" title="2020 Kyrgyz Revolution">3rd Kyrgyz Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2020</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Template:History of Kyrgyzstan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Template talk:History of Kyrgyzstan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Kyrgyzstan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Yenisei Kyrgyz</b> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Turkic language">Old Turkic</a>: <span lang="otk" dir="rtl">𐰶𐰃𐰺𐰴𐰕:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Old Turkic-language romanization"><i lang="otk-Latn">Qyrqyz bodun</i></span>), were an ancient <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic-speaking</a> people who dwelled along the upper <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei River">Yenisei River</a> in the southern portion of the <a href="/wiki/Minusinsk_Depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Minusinsk Depression">Minusinsk Depression</a> from the 3rd century BCE to the 13th century CE. The heart of their homeland was the forested <a href="/wiki/Tannu-Ola_mountains" title="Tannu-Ola mountains">Tannu-Ola mountain range</a> (known in ancient times as the Lao or Kogmen mountains), in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a>, just north of Mongolia. The <a href="/wiki/Sayan_Mountains" title="Sayan Mountains">Sayan Mountains</a> were also included in their territory at different times. The <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz_Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate">Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate</a> existed from 538 to 1219 CE; in 840, it took over the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Turkic Khaganate</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghurs</a>, expanding the state from the Yenisei territories into Central Asia and the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yenisei_Kyrgyz&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Yenisei Kyrgyz correlated with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%8Caatas_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Čaatas culture (page does not exist)">Čaatas culture</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81" class="extiw" title="ru:Чаатас">ru</a>]</span> and may perhaps be correlated to the <a href="/wiki/Tashtyk_culture" title="Tashtyk culture">Tashtyk culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their endonym was variously transcribed in Chinese historical texts as <i>Jiegu</i> (結骨), <i>Hegu</i> (紇骨), <i>Hegusi</i> (紇扢斯), <i>Hejiasi</i> (紇戛斯), <i>Hugu</i> (護骨), <i>Qigu</i> (契骨), <i>Juwu</i> (居勿), and <i>Xiajiasi</i> (黠戛斯),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but first appeared as <b>Gekun</b> (or <i>Ko-kun</i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">鬲昆</span>) or <b>Jiankun</b> (or <i>Chien-kun</i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">堅昆</span>) in <a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Pulleyblank1990a_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pulleyblank1990a-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Benjamin_Golden" title="Peter Benjamin Golden">Peter Golden</a> reconstructs underlying *<i>Qïrğïz</i> < *<i>Qïrqïz</i>< *<i>Qïrqïŕ</i> and suggests a derivation from <a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic" title="Old Turkic">Old Turkic</a> <i>qïr</i> 'gray' (horse color) plus suffix <i>-q(X)ŕ/ğ(X)ŕ</i> ~ <i>k(X)z/g(X)z</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Golden2017_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golden2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Golden2018_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golden2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 202 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> <a href="/wiki/Chanyu" title="Chanyu">chanyu</a> <a href="/wiki/Modu_Chanyu" title="Modu Chanyu">Modun</a> conquered the Kyrgyz –then known to Chinese as Gekun (鬲昆), along with the Hunyu (渾庾), Qushe (屈射), <a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a> (丁零), and Xinli (薪犁).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Duan_Chengshi" title="Duan Chengshi">Duan Chengshi</a> wrote in <a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_Morsels_from_Youyang" title="Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang">Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang</a> that the mythological ancestors of Kyrgyz tribe (<i>Jiānkūn bùluò</i> 堅昆部落) were "a god and a cow" (神與牸牛), (unlike <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a>, whose mythological ancestress was a she-wolf; or <a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Gaoche</a>, whose mythological ancestors were a he-wolf and a daughter of a Xiongnu <a href="/wiki/Chanyu" title="Chanyu">chanyu</a>), and that Kyrgyz's point of origin was a cave north of the <i>Quman</i> mountains (曲漫山),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was identified with either the <a href="/wiki/Sayan_Mountains" title="Sayan Mountains">Sayan</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Tannu-Ola_mountains" title="Tannu-Ola mountains">Tannu-Ola</a>; additionally, <a href="/wiki/Xin_Tangshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Xin Tangshu">Xin Tangshu</a> mentioned that Kyrgyz army was stationed next to <i>Qīngshān</i> 青山 "Blue Mountains", calqued from Turkic <i>Kögmän</i> (> Ch. <i>Quman</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Kem_(river)" title="Kem (river)">river Kem</a> (> 劍 <i>Jiàn</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time the <a href="/wiki/Gokturk_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Gokturk Empire">Gokturk Empire</a> fell in the eighth century CE, the Yenisei Kyrgyz had established their own thriving state based on the <a href="/wiki/Gokturk" class="mw-redirect" title="Gokturk">Gokturk</a> model. They had adopted the <a href="/wiki/Orkhon_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Orkhon script">Orkhon script</a> of the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a> and established trading ties with China and the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> in Central Asia and the Middle East. </p><p>The Kyrgyz <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">khagans</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz_Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate">Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate</a> claimed descent from the Chinese general <a href="/wiki/Li_Ling" title="Li Ling">Li Ling</a>, grandson of the famous <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> general <a href="/wiki/Li_Guang" title="Li Guang">Li Guang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kyzlasov_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kyzlasov-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Li Ling was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> and defected in the first century BCE and since the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Li" title="House of Li">imperial Li family</a> also claimed descent from Li Guang, the Kyrgyz khagan was therefore recognized as a member of the Tang imperial family.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Drompp_1999_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drompp_1999-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 394–395">: 394–395 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zhongzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Zhongzong of Tang">Emperor Zhongzong of Tang</a> had said to them that "Your nation and Ours are of the same ancestral clan (Zong). You are not like other foreigners."<sup id="cite_ref-Drompp_2005_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drompp_2005-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 126">: 126 </span></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_history" title="Turkic history">History of the Turkic peoples</a> <small>pre–14th century</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE."><img alt="Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg/250px-Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg/375px-Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg/500px-Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2375" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption>Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE.</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Onogurs" title="Onogurs">Onogurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Saragurs" title="Saragurs">Saragurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Utigurs" title="Utigurs">Utigurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sabir_people" title="Sabir people">Sabir</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kutrigurs" title="Kutrigurs">Kutrigurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yemek" title="Yemek">Kimek</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Black_Klobuks" title="Black Klobuks">Cherniye Klobuki</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dolgans" title="Dolgans">Dolgans</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qasgqai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Sakha</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic Mythology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Belief system: <a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Chief gods and goddesses: <a href="/wiki/Kayra" title="Kayra">Kayra</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Clgen" title="Ülgen">Ülgen</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Epics and heroes: <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Ergenekon" title="Epic of Ergenekon">Ergenekon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asena" title="Asena">Asena</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Major concepts: <a href="/wiki/Sheka_(mythology)" title="Sheka (mythology)">Sheka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grey_wolf_(mythology)" title="Grey wolf (mythology)">Grey wolf</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_history" title="Turkic history">Pre-14th century</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yenisei Kyrgyz People</a></b> <small>202 BCE–13th CE</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a></b> <small>71 BC–?? AD</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tiele (Gaoche) </a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>552–581</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>581–657</small></li></ul> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a>) </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>581–650</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>682–744</small></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Sabir_people" title="Sabir people">Sabiri People</a></b></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazar Khaganate</a></b> <small>618–1048</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></b> <small>628–646</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Kangar_union" title="Kangar union">Kangar Union</a></b> <small>659–750</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Turk Shahi">Turk Shahi</a></b> <small>665-850</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh Khaganate</a></b> <small>699–766</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Kimek%E2%80%93Kipchak_confederation" title="Kimek–Kipchak confederation">Kimek–Kipchak Confederation</a></b> <small>743–1035</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></b> <small>744–840</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz Yabgu State</a></b> <small>750–1055</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Karluk_Yabgu_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Karluk Yabgu State">Karluk Yabgu State</a></b> <small>756–940</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a></b> <small>840–1212</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate#Kara-Khanid_dynasty" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Western Kara-Khanid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate#Kara-Khanid_dynasty" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Eastern Kara-Khanid</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Ganzhou_Uyghur_Kingdom" title="Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom">Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom</a></b> <small>848–1036</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho">Qocho</a></b> <small>856–1335</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pecheneg Khanates</a></b> <small>860–1091</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid Empire</a></b> <small>963–1186</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a></b> <small>1037–1194</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Cumania" title="Cumania">Cuman–Kipchak Confederation</a></b> <small>1067–1239</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a></b> <small>1077–1231</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Kerait Khanate</a></b> <small>11th century–13th century</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Atabegs of Azerbaijan</a></b> <small>1136–1225</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></b> <small>1206–1526</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk dynasty</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji dynasty</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq dynasty</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Qarlughids" title="Qarlughids">Qarlughid Kingdom</a></b> <small>1224–1266</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></b> <small>1242–1502</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)</a></b> <small>1250–1517</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bahri_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahri dynasty">Bahri dynasty</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman State">Ottoman State</a></b> <small>1299–1922</small></th></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Turkic_peoples_pre-14th_century" title="Template:History of the Turkic peoples pre-14th century"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Turkic_peoples_pre-14th_century" title="Template talk:History of the Turkic peoples pre-14th century"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Turkic_peoples_pre-14th_century" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Turkic peoples pre-14th century"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 758, the Uyghurs killed the Kyrgyz Khan and the Kyrgyz came under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a>. However, the Yenisei Kyrgyz spent much of their time in a state of rebellion. In 840 they succeeded in sacking the Uyghur capital, <a href="/wiki/Ordu-Baliq" title="Ordu-Baliq">Ordu-Baliq</a> in Mongolia's <a href="/wiki/Orkhon_Valley" title="Orkhon Valley">Orkhon Valley</a> and driving the Uyghurs out of Mongolia entirely.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NyíriBreidenbach2005_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NyíriBreidenbach2005-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 13, 843 at "Kill the Foreigners" Mountain, the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang Chinese</a> inflicted a devastating defeat on the Uyghur Qaghan's forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Drompp_2005_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drompp_2005-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 114–">: 114– </span></sup> But rather than replace the Uyghurs as the lords of Mongolia, the Yenisei Kyrgyz continued to live in their traditional homeland and exist as they had for centuries. The defeat and collapse of the Uyghur Khaganate triggered a massive migration of Uyghurs from Mongolia into <a href="/wiki/Turfan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turfan">Turfan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, where they founded the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Qocho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Qocho">Kingdom of Qocho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gansu_Uyghur_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gansu Uyghur Kingdom">Gansu Uyghur Kingdom</a>. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> came to power in the early 13th century, the Yenisei Kyrgyz submitted peacefully to him and were absorbed into his <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>, putting an end to their independent state. During the time of the Mongol Empire, the territory of the Yenisei Kyrgyz in northern Mongolia was turned into an agricultural colony called Kem-Kemchik. <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>, who founded the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>, also sent <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> officials (along with colonists) to serve as <a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">judges</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a> regions. </p><p>Some of the Yenisei Kyrgyz were relocated into the <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Dzungars" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzungars">Dzungars</a>. In 1761, after the Dzungars were defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, some Öelet, a tribe of <a href="/wiki/Oirat_language" title="Oirat language">Oirat</a>-speaking Dzungars, were deported to the <a href="/wiki/Nen_River" title="Nen River">Nonni</a> basin in northeastern China (<a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>) and a group of Yenisei Kyrgyz were also deported along with the Öelet.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kyrgyz who moved to northeastern China became known as the <a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_people" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz people">Fuyu Kyrgyz</a>, but they have now mostly merged with the Mongol and Chinese population.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StaryPozzi2006_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StaryPozzi2006-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The descendants of the Yenisei Kyrgyz today are the <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khakas_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Khakas people">Khakas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_people" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz people">Fuyu Kyrgyz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altai peoples</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnicity_and_language">Ethnicity and language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yenisei_Kyrgyz&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ethnicity and language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%A0scares_funer%C3%A0ries_de_la_cultura_Tashtik,_rep%C3%BAblica_de_Khak%C3%A0ssia,_segles_V-VI_dC,_argila.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/M%C3%A0scares_funer%C3%A0ries_de_la_cultura_Tashtik%2C_rep%C3%BAblica_de_Khak%C3%A0ssia%2C_segles_V-VI_dC%2C_argila.JPG/220px-M%C3%A0scares_funer%C3%A0ries_de_la_cultura_Tashtik%2C_rep%C3%BAblica_de_Khak%C3%A0ssia%2C_segles_V-VI_dC%2C_argila.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/M%C3%A0scares_funer%C3%A0ries_de_la_cultura_Tashtik%2C_rep%C3%BAblica_de_Khak%C3%A0ssia%2C_segles_V-VI_dC%2C_argila.JPG/330px-M%C3%A0scares_funer%C3%A0ries_de_la_cultura_Tashtik%2C_rep%C3%BAblica_de_Khak%C3%A0ssia%2C_segles_V-VI_dC%2C_argila.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/M%C3%A0scares_funer%C3%A0ries_de_la_cultura_Tashtik%2C_rep%C3%BAblica_de_Khak%C3%A0ssia%2C_segles_V-VI_dC%2C_argila.JPG/440px-M%C3%A0scares_funer%C3%A0ries_de_la_cultura_Tashtik%2C_rep%C3%BAblica_de_Khak%C3%A0ssia%2C_segles_V-VI_dC%2C_argila.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3664" data-file-height="2748" /></a><figcaption>Funerary mask, towards the end of the <a href="/wiki/Tashtyk_culture" title="Tashtyk culture">Tashtyk culture</a>, at the time when the Yenisei Kyrgyz were taking over the region. 5th-6th century CE.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yenisei_Kyrgyz_artefacts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Yenisei_Kyrgyz_artefacts.jpg/220px-Yenisei_Kyrgyz_artefacts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Yenisei_Kyrgyz_artefacts.jpg/330px-Yenisei_Kyrgyz_artefacts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Yenisei_Kyrgyz_artefacts.jpg/440px-Yenisei_Kyrgyz_artefacts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Yenisei Kyrgyz artefacts</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tableware_Yenisei_Kyrgyz_GIM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tableware_Yenisei_Kyrgyz_GIM.jpg/220px-Tableware_Yenisei_Kyrgyz_GIM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tableware_Yenisei_Kyrgyz_GIM.jpg/330px-Tableware_Yenisei_Kyrgyz_GIM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tableware_Yenisei_Kyrgyz_GIM.jpg/440px-Tableware_Yenisei_Kyrgyz_GIM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1845" data-file-height="2729" /></a><figcaption>Yenisei Kyrgyz tableware and altar</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agricultural_tools_Yenisei_Kyrgyz_GIM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Agricultural_tools_Yenisei_Kyrgyz_GIM.jpg/220px-Agricultural_tools_Yenisei_Kyrgyz_GIM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Agricultural_tools_Yenisei_Kyrgyz_GIM.jpg/330px-Agricultural_tools_Yenisei_Kyrgyz_GIM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Agricultural_tools_Yenisei_Kyrgyz_GIM.jpg/440px-Agricultural_tools_Yenisei_Kyrgyz_GIM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2647" data-file-height="1709" /></a><figcaption>Yenisei Kyrgyz agricultural tools</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elegest_I.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Elegest_I.png/220px-Elegest_I.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Elegest_I.png/330px-Elegest_I.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Elegest_I.png/440px-Elegest_I.png 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="1652" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elegest_inscription" title="Elegest inscription">Elegest inscription</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Culturally and linguistically, the Yenisei Kyrgyz were Turkic. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Tang_Huiyao" title="Tang Huiyao">Tang Huiyao</a></i> (961 CE), citing the <a href="/wiki/Anxi_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Anxi Protectorate">Protector General of Anxi</a> Ge Jiayun, states that the Kyrgyz, known to the Chinese as the Jiankun, all had red hair and green eyes. The ones with dark eyes and black hair were believed to be descended from <a href="/wiki/Li_Ling" title="Li Ling">Li Ling</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> general whom the Kyrgyz claimed to have married a Kyrgyz woman and was sent to aid in their governance after he surrendered to the Xiongnu. It is possible that this was an invented tradition used to claim a blood relationship with the Tang imperial house who claimed descent from Li Ling's grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Li_Guang" title="Li Guang">Li Guang</a>. The name Jiankun was later changed to <i>Xiajiasi</i>; according to a translation clerk, <i>Xiajiasi</i> meant "yellow head and red face" and this was what the Uyghurs called them; Pulleyblank (1990) proposes that "yellow head and red face" was a <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> <i>qizqil</i> ~ <i>qïzïl</i> "red".<sup id="cite_ref-Pulleyblank1990_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pulleyblank1990-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lung_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lung-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From <i>Xiajiasi</i> 黠戛斯, <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">Soviet</a> scientists reconstructed the exonym <i>Khakass</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Pulleyblank" title="Edwin G. Pulleyblank">Edwin G. Pulleyblank</a> surmises that "red face and yellow head" meaning was possibly a <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a> provided by an interpreter who explained the ethnonym based on <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> <i>qïzïl</i> ~ <i>qizqil</i>, meaning 'red'.<sup id="cite_ref-Pulleyblank1990_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pulleyblank1990-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The description of the Kyrgyz as "large, with red hair, white faces, and green or blue eyes" in Tang Chinese sources and also Tibetan and Islamic sources have tempted a number of researchers to assume that the Kyrgyz may have originally been non-Turkic or at least an ethnically mixed people with a large non-Turkic element. Many scholars supported this idea after identifying what they believed to be non-Turkic words (particularly <a href="/wiki/Paleosiberian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleosiberian languages">Palaeo-Siberian</a>) among the Kyrgyz preserved in Chinese records.<sup id="cite_ref-drompp_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drompp-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ligeti cited the opinions of various scholars who had proposed to see them as assimilated <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slav</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ket_people" title="Ket people">Ket</a>, while he himself, following Castrén and Schott, favoured an assimilated <a href="/wiki/Samoyedic_peoples" title="Samoyedic peoples">Samoyed</a> origin on the basis of an etymology for a supposed Kyrgyz word <i>qaša</i> or <i>qaš</i> for "iron". However Pulleyblank argued:<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As far as I can see the only basis for the assumption that the Kirghiz were not originally Turkic in language is the fact that they are described as blonds, hardly an acceptable argument in the light of present day ideas about the independence of language and race. As Ligeti himself admitted, other evidence about the Kirghiz language in <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> sources shows clearly that at that time they were Turkic speaking and there is no earlier evidence at all about their language. Even the word qaša or qaš may, I think, be Turkic. The <a href="/wiki/Tongdian" title="Tongdian">Tongdian</a> says: "Whenever the sky rains iron, they gather it and use it. They call it jiasha (LMC kiaa-şaa). They make knives and swords with it that are very sharp." The Tang Huiyao is the same except that it leaves out the foreign word jiasha. "Raining iron" must surely refer to <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a>. The editor who copied the passage into the <a href="/wiki/Xin_Tangshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Xin Tangshu">Xin Tangshu</a> unfortunately misunderstood it and changed it to, "Whenever it rains, their custom is always to get iron," which is rather nonsensical. Ligeti unfortunately used only the Xin Tangshu passage without referring to the Tongdian. His restoration of qaša or qaš seems quite acceptable but I doubt that word simply meant "iron". It seems rather to refer specifically to "meteorite" or "<a href="/wiki/Meteoric_iron" title="Meteoric iron">meteoric iron</a>".</p></blockquote> <p>American Turkologist Michael Drompp notes that the connection between language and race is highly inconclusive and the physical appearance of the Kyrgyz is no more credible an indicator of non-Turkic origin than a few possibly non-Turkic words in their lexicon, whose presence can be explained through linguistic borrowing. Yenisei Kyrgyz inscriptions in the eighth century and later are written completely in the Turkic language and Tang Chinese sources clearly state that the Kyrgyz wrote and spoke a language identical to the Uyghurs. Drompp states that there is no reason to assume the Kyrgyz were non-Turkic in origin, although such a possibility cannot be discounted.<sup id="cite_ref-drompp_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drompp-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Lee & Kuang, who cite Chinese historical descriptions as well as genetic data, the turcophone "Qirghiz" may have been of non-Turkic origin, and were later Turkified through inter-tribal marriage. The Kyrgyz were described in the <i>You yang za zu</i> by Duan Chengshi in the 9th century AD as people with yellow hair, green eyes, and red beards. According to Duan, the Kyrgyz were not of wolf descent, unlike the Turks, and were born in a cave north of Quman Mountain as the offspring of a god and a cow. The <i><a href="/wiki/New_Book_of_Tang" title="New Book of Tang">New Book of Tang</a></i> (11th century) did not consider the Kyrgyz to be the same as the Tiele tribes but states that they had the same language and script as the Uyghurs. The <i>New Book</i> states that the Kyrgyz were "all tall and big and have red hair, white faces, and green eyes." They looked similar to the neighboring "Boma tribe" (<a href="/wiki/Basmyl" title="Basmyl">Basmyl</a>), who did not share the same language, implying that the Kyrgyz may have originally been a non-Turkic people. Lee & Kuang consider the Kyrgyz to have been physically distinct from the "Kök Türks" because no similar description of their appearance exists while <a href="/wiki/Ashina_Simo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashina Simo">Ashina Simo</a>'s ancestry was called into question for his "Hu" Sogdian appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gardizi" title="Gardizi">Gardizi</a> believed the red hair and white skin of the Kyrgyz was explained by mixing with the "Saqlabs" (Slavs) while the <i>New Book</i> states that the Kyrgyz intermixed with the <a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeKuang2017204-205_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeKuang2017204-205-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lifestyle">Lifestyle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yenisei_Kyrgyz&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lifestyle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Yenisei Kyrgyz had a mixed economy based on traditional nomadic animal breeding (mostly horses and cattle) and agriculture. According to Chinese records, they grew Himalayan <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Drompp_1999_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drompp_1999-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 400–401">: 400–401 </span></sup> They were also skilled iron workers, jewelry makers, potters, and weavers. Their homes were traditional nomadic tents and, in the agricultural areas, wood and bark huts. Their farming settlements were protected by log palisades. The resources of their forested homeland (mainly fur) allowed the Yenisei Kyrgyz to become prosperous merchants as well. They maintained trading ties with <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> of the Middle east, and many local tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-Drompp_1999_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drompp_1999-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 402">: 402 </span></sup> Kyrgyz horses were also renowned for their large size and speed. The tenth-century Persian text <i><a href="/wiki/Hudud_al-%27alam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudud al-'alam">Hudud al-'alam</a></i> described the Kirgiz as people who "venerate the Fire and burn the dead", and that they were nomads who hunted.<sup id="cite_ref-anthology_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anthology-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_names">Etymology and names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yenisei_Kyrgyz&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Etymology and names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Yenisei_Kyrgyz" title="Special:EditPage/Yenisei Kyrgyz">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The trisyllabic forms with Chinese -sz for <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> final -z appear only from the end of 8th century onward. Before that time we have a series of Chinese transcriptions referring to the same people and stretching back to the 2nd century BCE, which end either in -n or -t: </p> <ul><li>Gekun (EMC kέrjk kwən), 2nd century BCE. <i><a href="/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji">Shiji</a></i> 110, <i><a href="/wiki/Hanshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanshu">Hanshu</a></i> 94a.</li> <li>Jiankun (EMC khέn kwən), 1st century BCE onward. <i>Hanshu</i> 70.</li> <li>Qigu (EMC kέt kwət), 6th century. <i><a href="/wiki/Zhoushu" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhoushu">Zhoushu</a></i> 50.</li> <li>Hegu (EMC γət kwət), 6th century. <i><a href="/wiki/Suishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Suishu">Suishu</a></i> 84.</li> <li>Jiegu (EMC kέt kwət), 6th–8th century. <i><a href="/wiki/Tongdian" title="Tongdian">Tongdian</a></i> 200, <i><a href="/wiki/Old_Book_of_Tang" title="Old Book of Tang">Old Book of Tang</a></i> 194b, and <i>Tang Huiyao</i> 100.</li></ul> <p>Neither -n nor -t provides a good equivalent for -z. The most serious attempt to explain these forms seems still to be that of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Pelliot" title="Paul Pelliot">Paul Pelliot</a> in 1920. Pelliot suggested that <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> -t stands for Turkic -z, which would be quite unusual and would need supporting evidence, but then his references to <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> plurals in -t suggest that he thinks that the name of the Kirghiz, like that of the Turks, first became known to the Chinese through Mongol speaking intermediaries. There is still less plausibility in the suggestion that the Kirghiz, who first became known as a people conquered by that <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> and then re-emerged associated with other Turkic peoples in the 6th century, should have had Mongol style suffixes attached to all the various forms of their name that were transcribed into Chinese up to the 9th century. </p><p>The change of <i>r</i> to <i>z</i> in Turkic which is implied by the Chinese forms of the name Kirghiz should not give any comfort to those who want to explain <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a> cognates with <i>r</i> as Turkic <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>. The peoples mentioned in sources of the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> period that can be identified as Turkic were the <a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tiele</a>, from whom the <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> emerged), the Jiankun (later Kirghiz), the Xinli (later Sir/<a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo#Xue" title="Xueyantuo">Xue</a>), and possibly also the Hujie or Wujie, were all, at that period, north and west of the Xiongnu in general area where we find the Kirghiz at the beginning of Tang. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mongolia" title="History of Mongolia">History of Mongolia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg/75px-Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg/113px-Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg/150px-Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mongolian_history" title="Timeline of Mongolian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_states" title="List of Mongol states">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_rulers" title="List of Mongol rulers">Rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nobility" title="Mongolian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mongolia" title="Culture of Mongolia">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mongolia" title="Politics of Mongolia">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mongolia" title="Geography of Mongolia">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Religion</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Mongolia" title="Prehistoric Mongolia">Prehistoric</a> period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 3300–2500 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chemurchek_culture" title="Chemurchek culture">Chemurchek culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2750–1900 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Munkhkhairkhan_culture" title="Munkhkhairkhan culture">Munkhkhairkhan culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1800–1600 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sagsai_culture" title="Sagsai culture">Sagsai culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1500–1000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ulaanzuukh_culture" title="Ulaanzuukh culture">Ulaanzuukh culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1450–1150 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Deer_stones_culture" title="Deer stones culture">Deer stones culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1400–700 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Slab-grave_culture" title="Slab-grave culture">Slab-grave culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1100–300 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chandman_culture" title="Chandman culture">Chandman culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 700–300 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 600–300 BC</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 209 BC–93 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Xianbei_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Xianbei state">Xianbei state</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 93–234</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran Khaganate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 330–555</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganates</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 555–630<br />682–744</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 628–646</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_North" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the North">Tang protectorate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 647–682</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 744–840</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 907–1125</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_Mongol_tribes_and_clans" title="List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans">Mongol khanates</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 9th–12th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Khamag_Mongol" title="Khamag Mongol">Khamag Mongol</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1130–1206</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1206–1368</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1271–1368</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1368–1635</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat Confederation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1399–1634</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1634–1757</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Qing dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1691–1911</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1911" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1911">National Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1911</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd Khaganate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1911–1919</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Mongolia" title="Occupation of Mongolia">Chinese occupation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1919–1921</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1921">People's Revolution</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_intervention_in_Mongolia" title="Soviet intervention in Mongolia">Soviet intervention in Bogd Khanate</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1921<br />1921–1924</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">People's Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1924–1992</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Democratic Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Mongolia" title="History of modern Mongolia">Modern Mongolia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1990–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Mongolia" title="Template:History of Mongolia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Mongolia" title="Template talk:History of Mongolia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Mongolia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Mongolia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yenisei_Kyrgyz&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chavannes, Edouard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/chavannes_edouard/toukiue/chav_toukiue.doc">"Documents sur les Tou-kiue (Turcs) occidentaux" ("Documents on the Western Tujue")</a> (1904)</li> <li>Mambetaliev Askar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2080325/History_of_Nestorianism_among_Kyrgyz_tribes">"Nestorianism among ancient Kirghiz tribes"</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yenisei_Kyrgyz&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasianhistory.com/data/articles/j01/1580.html">"Xipoliya Yanke Suo Jian Xiajiesi Monijiao" ("Siberian Rock Arts and Xiajiesi's Manicheism") 1998 Gansu Mingzu Yanjiu</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. J. Haywood, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YKPaLi1d1O4C">Siberia: A Cultural History</a>, Oxford University Press, 2010, p.203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christoph Baumer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yglkwD7pKV8C">The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors</a>, I.B.Tauris, 2012, p.171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theobald, Ulrich (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/kirgizes.html">"Xiajiasi 黠戛斯, Qirqiz"</a> for <i>ChinaKnowledge.de - An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pulleyblank1990a-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pulleyblank1990a_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pulleyblank, Edwin G. "The Name of the Kirghiz" in <i>Central Asiatic Journal</i>, Vol. 34, No. 1/2 (1990). Harrassowitz Verlag. page 98-99 of 98-108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Golden2017-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Golden2017_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGolden2017" class="citation journal cs1">Golden, Peter B. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turkologiya.org/saylar/turkologiya-2017-4.pdf">"The Turkic World in Mahmûd al-Kâshgarî"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Türkologiya 4</i>: 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=T%C3%BCrkologiya+4&rft.atitle=The+Turkic+World+in+Mahm%C3%BBd+al-K%C3%A2shgar%C3%AE&rft.pages=16&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkologiya.org%2Fsaylar%2Fturkologiya-2017-4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYenisei+Kyrgyz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Golden2018-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Golden2018_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Golden, Peter B. (August 2018). "The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks". <i>The Medieval History Journal</i>, 21(2): 302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i> <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98/%E5%8D%B7110">Vol. 110</a> "後北服渾庾、屈射、丁零、鬲昆、薪犁之國。…… 是時漢初定中國，……。" translation: "Later in the North [Modun] subdued the Hunyu, Qushe, Dingling, Gekun, and Xinli nations. It was when the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a> had just stabilized the <a href="/wiki/Names_of_China#Zhongguo" title="Names of China">Central Region</a>, [...]. [i.e. 202 BCE]"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Youzang Zazu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=223410">vol. 4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee & Kuang (2017) "A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples", Inner Asia 19. p. 204-205 of 197-239</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Golden, Peter B. (August 2018). "The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks". <i>The Medieval History Journal</i>, 21(2): 297-304</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenzheakhmet, Nurlan (2014). "Ethnonyms and Toponyms" of the Old Turkic Inscriptions in Chinese sources". <i>Studia et Documenta Turcologica</i>. <b>II</b>. p. 299 of 287–316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeronika_Veit2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Veronika Veit, ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OBEIq8kTQBcC&pg=PA61"><i>The role of women in the Altaic world: Permanent International Altaistic Conference, 44th meeting, Walberberg, 26-31 August 2001</i></a>. Vol. 152 of Asiatische Forschungen (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447055376" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447055376"><bdi>978-3447055376</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+role+of+women+in+the+Altaic+world%3A+Permanent+International+Altaistic+Conference%2C+44th+meeting%2C+Walberberg%2C+26-31+August+2001&rft.pages=61&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3447055376&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOBEIq8kTQBcC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYenisei+Kyrgyz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Robert_Drompp2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Michael Robert Drompp (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NB6DEdAxLOsC&pg=PA126"><i>Tang China and the collapse of the Uighur Empire: a documentary history</i></a>. Vol. 13 of Brill's Inner Asian library (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004141294" title="Special:BookSources/9004141294"><bdi>9004141294</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tang+China+and+the+collapse+of+the+Uighur+Empire%3A+a+documentary+history&rft.pages=126&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9004141294&rft.au=Michael+Robert+Drompp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNB6DEdAxLOsC%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYenisei+Kyrgyz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kyzlasov-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kyzlasov_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKyzlasov2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kyzlasov, Leonid R. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbdrx.ru/pdf/bx00000168.pdf"><i>The Urban Civilization of Northern and Innermost Asia Historical and Archaeological Research</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Curatores seriei VICTOR SPINEI et IONEL CANDEÂ VII. Vol. The Urban Civilization of Northern and Innermost Asia Historical and Archaeological Research. ROMANIAN ACADEMY INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY OF IAȘI Editura Academiei Romane - Editura Istros. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-27-1962-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-27-1962-6"><bdi>978-973-27-1962-6</bdi></a>. Florilegium magistrorum historiae archaeologiaeque Antiqutatis et Medii Aevi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Urban+Civilization+of+Northern+and+Innermost+Asia+Historical+and+Archaeological+Research&rft.series=Curatores+seriei+VICTOR+SPINEI+et+IONEL+CANDE%C3%82+VII&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=ROMANIAN+ACADEMY+INSTITUTE+OF+ARCHAEOLOGY+OF+IA%C8%98I+Editura+Academiei+Romane+-+Editura+Istros&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-973-27-1962-6&rft.aulast=Kyzlasov&rft.aufirst=Leonid+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnbdrx.ru%2Fpdf%2Fbx00000168.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYenisei+Kyrgyz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeronika_Veit2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Veronika Veit, ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OBEIq8kTQBcC&pg=PA61"><i>The role of women in the Altaic world: Permanent International Altaistic Conference, 44th meeting, Walberberg, 26-31 August 2001</i></a>. Vol. 152 of Asiatische Forschungen (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447055376" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447055376"><bdi>978-3447055376</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+role+of+women+in+the+Altaic+world%3A+Permanent+International+Altaistic+Conference%2C+44th+meeting%2C+Walberberg%2C+26-31+August+2001&rft.pages=61&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3447055376&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOBEIq8kTQBcC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYenisei+Kyrgyz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drompp_1999-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drompp_1999_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drompp_1999_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drompp_1999_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_R._Drompp1999" class="citation journal cs1">Michael R. Drompp (1999). "Breaking the Orkhon tradition: Kirghiz adherence to the Yenisei region after A. D. 840". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Oriental_Society" title="Journal of the American Oriental Society">Journal of the American Oriental Society</a></i>. <b>119</b> (3): 390–403. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F605932">10.2307/605932</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/605932">605932</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Breaking+the+Orkhon+tradition%3A+Kirghiz+adherence+to+the+Yenisei+region+after+A.+D.+840&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=390-403&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F605932&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F605932%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Michael+R.+Drompp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYenisei+Kyrgyz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drompp_2005-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drompp_2005_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drompp_2005_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Robert_Drompp2005" class="citation book cs1">Michael Robert Drompp (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NB6DEdAxLOsC&pg=PA126"><i>Tang China and the collapse of the Uighur Empire: a documentary history</i></a>. Brill's Inner Asian library. Vol. 13. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004141294" title="Special:BookSources/9004141294"><bdi>9004141294</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tang+China+and+the+collapse+of+the+Uighur+Empire%3A+a+documentary+history&rft.series=Brill%27s+Inner+Asian+library&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9004141294&rft.au=Michael+Robert+Drompp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNB6DEdAxLOsC%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYenisei+Kyrgyz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA610"><i>Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World</i></a>. Elsevier. April 6, 2010. pp. 610–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087775-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087775-4"><bdi>978-0-08-087775-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Languages+of+the+World&rft.pages=610-&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2010-04-06&rft.isbn=978-0-08-087775-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF2SRqDzB50wC%26pg%3DPA610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYenisei+Kyrgyz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NyíriBreidenbach2005-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NyíriBreidenbach2005_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPál_NyíriJoana_Breidenbach2005" class="citation book cs1">Pál Nyíri; Joana Breidenbach (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=icZJJN0wYPcC&pg=PA275"><i>China Inside Out: Contemporary Chinese Nationalism and Transnationalism</i></a>. Central European University Press. pp. 275–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-7326-14-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-7326-14-1"><bdi>978-963-7326-14-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Inside+Out%3A+Contemporary+Chinese+Nationalism+and+Transnationalism&rft.pages=275-&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-963-7326-14-1&rft.au=P%C3%A1l+Ny%C3%ADri&rft.au=Joana+Breidenbach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DicZJJN0wYPcC%26pg%3DPA275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYenisei+Kyrgyz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuha_Janhunen1996" class="citation book cs1">Juha Janhunen (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vfJiAAAAMAAJ&q=Oelet"><i>Manchuria: An Ethnic History</i></a>. Finno-Ugrian Society. pp. 111–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-9403-84-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-9403-84-7"><bdi>978-951-9403-84-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchuria%3A+An+Ethnic+History&rft.pages=111-112&rft.pub=Finno-Ugrian+Society&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-951-9403-84-7&rft.au=Juha+Janhunen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvfJiAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DOelet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYenisei+Kyrgyz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_A._WurmPeter_MühlhäuslerDarrell_T._Tryon2011" class="citation book cs1">Stephen A. Wurm; Peter Mühlhäusler; Darrell T. Tryon, eds. (February 11, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lFW1BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA831"><i>Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas</i></a>. de Gruyter. p. 831. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110819724" title="Special:BookSources/9783110819724"><bdi>9783110819724</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Languages+of+Intercultural+Communication+in+the+Pacific%2C+Asia%2C+and+the+Americas&rft.pages=831&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011-02-11&rft.isbn=9783110819724&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlFW1BwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYenisei+Kyrgyz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AzG5llo3YCMC&pg=PA110">Tchoroev (Chorotegin) 2003</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbmP_1KIQ_8C&pg=PA113">Pozzi & Janhunen & Weiers 2006, p. 113.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StaryPozzi2006-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StaryPozzi2006_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiovanni_StaryAlessandra_PozziJuha_Antero_JanhunenMichael_Weiers2006" class="citation book cs1">Giovanni Stary; Alessandra Pozzi; Juha Antero Janhunen; Michael Weiers (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbmP_1KIQ_8C&pg=PA112"><i>Tumen Jalafun Jecen Aku: Manchu Studies in Honour of Giovanni Stary</i></a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 112–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05378-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05378-5"><bdi>978-3-447-05378-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tumen+Jalafun+Jecen+Aku%3A+Manchu+Studies+in+Honour+of+Giovanni+Stary&rft.pages=112-&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-447-05378-5&rft.au=Giovanni+Stary&rft.au=Alessandra+Pozzi&rft.au=Juha+Antero+Janhunen&rft.au=Michael+Weiers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLbmP_1KIQ_8C%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYenisei+Kyrgyz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pulleyblank1990-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pulleyblank1990_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pulleyblank1990_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pulleyblank, Edwin G. "The Name of the Kirghiz" in <i>Central Asiatic Journal</i>, Vol. 34, No. 1/2 (1990). Harrassowitz Verlag. page 105 of 98-108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lung-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lung_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLung2011" class="citation book cs1">Lung, Rachel (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qsNoHtgkGPkC&pg=PA108"><i>Interpreters in Early Imperial China</i></a>. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9027224446" title="Special:BookSources/978-9027224446"><bdi>978-9027224446</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpreters+in+Early+Imperial+China&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9027224446&rft.aulast=Lung&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqsNoHtgkGPkC%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYenisei+Kyrgyz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeronika_Veit2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Veronika Veit, ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OBEIq8kTQBcC&pg=PA61"><i>The role of women in the Altaic world: Permanent International Altaistic Conference, 44th meeting, Walberberg, 26-31 August 2001</i></a>. Vol. 152 of Asiatische Forschungen (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447055376" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447055376"><bdi>978-3447055376</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+role+of+women+in+the+Altaic+world%3A+Permanent+International+Altaistic+Conference%2C+44th+meeting%2C+Walberberg%2C+26-31+August+2001&rft.pages=61&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3447055376&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOBEIq8kTQBcC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYenisei+Kyrgyz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Robert_Drompp2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Michael Robert Drompp (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NB6DEdAxLOsC&pg=PA126"><i>Tang China and the collapse of the Uighur Empire: a documentary history</i></a>. Vol. 13 of Brill's Inner Asian library (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004141294" title="Special:BookSources/9004141294"><bdi>9004141294</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tang+China+and+the+collapse+of+the+Uighur+Empire%3A+a+documentary+history&rft.pages=126&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9004141294&rft.au=Michael+Robert+Drompp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNB6DEdAxLOsC%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYenisei+Kyrgyz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee & Kuang (2017) "A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples", <i>Inner Asia</i> 19. p. 216 of 197-239</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKara2018" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Somfai_Kara_David" title="Somfai Kara David">Kara, Dávid Somfai</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26571579">"The Formation of Modern Turkic 'Ethnic' Groups in Central and Inner Asia"</a>. <i>The Hungarian Historical Review</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 98–110. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2063-8647">2063-8647</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26571579">26571579</a>. <q>The remaining Turkic clans (Yenisei Kyrgyz) were called the Tatars of Minusinsk by the Russians, and soon this became their autonym (tadarlar). In Soviet times, their official name (exonym) changed. They became Khakas after their Chinese name "xiaqiasi," or Kyrgyz.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hungarian+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Formation+of+Modern+Turkic+%27Ethnic%27+Groups+in+Central+and+Inner+Asia&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=98-110&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26571579%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2063-8647&rft.aulast=Kara&rft.aufirst=D%C3%A1vid+Somfai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26571579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYenisei+Kyrgyz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-drompp-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-drompp_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-drompp_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrompp2002" class="citation web cs1">Drompp, Michael (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/10197431">"The Yenisei Kyrgyz from Early Times to the Mongol Conquest"</a>. <i>Academia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academia&rft.atitle=The+Yenisei+Kyrgyz+from+Early+Times+to+the+Mongol+Conquest&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Drompp&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F10197431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYenisei+Kyrgyz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulleyblank,_Edwin_G2002" class="citation book cs1">Pulleyblank, Edwin G (2002). <i>Central Asia and Non-Chinese Peoples of Ancient China</i>. Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86078-859-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-86078-859-8"><bdi>0-86078-859-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+Asia+and+Non-Chinese+Peoples+of+Ancient+China&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-86078-859-8&rft.au=Pulleyblank%2C+Edwin+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYenisei+Kyrgyz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeKuang2017" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Joo-Yup; Kuang, Shuntu (October 18, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/inas/19/2/article-p197_197.xml">"A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and y-dna Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples"</a>. <i>Inner Asia</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 197–239. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22105018-12340089">10.1163/22105018-12340089</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2210-5018">2210-5018</a>. <q>According to the You yang za zu, written by Duan Chengshi in the ninth century ad, the Qirghiz regarded themselves as progenies of a god and a cow: 24 The Jiankun (堅昆) [Qirghiz] tribe, [unlike the Türks], is not of wolf descent. Their ancestors were born in a cave located to the north of the Quman Mountain. They themselves say that in the ancient times there was a god who mated with a cow in that cave. The people's hair is yellow, eyes are green, and beards are red. The Qirghiz are distinguished from the Uighurs and other Tiele tribes in Chinese histories. The Xin Tangshu, which provides detailed information on the Qirghiz and the Tiele tribes, does not include the former among the latter (Xin Tangshu 217b.6139–6145). In addition, while the Xin Tangshu states that 'their language and script were identical to those of the Uighurs (其文字言語，與回鶻正同)' (Xin Tangshu 217b.6148), it also notes the peculiar physical phenotype of the Qirghiz. The Xin Tangshu relates: 'The people are all tall and big and have red hair, white faces, and green eyes (人皆長大，赤髮、皙面、綠瞳)' (Xin Tangshu, 217b.6147).25 According to the Xin Tangshu, their neighbouring tribe named Boma (駁馬) or Bila (弊剌) resembled the Qirghiz, although their language was different (Xin Tangshu 217b.6146). This may imply that the Qirghiz were originally a non-Turkic people26 who became Turkicized during the Kök Türk period at least partly through inter-tribal marriages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inner+Asia&rft.atitle=A+Comparative+Analysis+of+Chinese+Historical+Sources+and+y-dna+Studies+with+Regard+to+the+Early+and+Medieval+Turkic+Peoples&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=197-239&rft.date=2017-10-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22105018-12340089&rft.issn=2210-5018&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Joo-Yup&rft.au=Kuang%2C+Shuntu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Finas%2F19%2F2%2Farticle-p197_197.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYenisei+Kyrgyz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeKuang2017204-205-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeKuang2017204-205_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeeKuang2017">Lee & Kuang 2017</a>, p. 204-205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anthology-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anthology_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_Cameron_Levi,_Ron_Sela2010" class="citation book cs1">Scott Cameron Levi, Ron Sela (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SAX5ohFkcVgC&pg=PA30">"Chapter 4, Discourse on the Qïrghïz Country"</a>. <i>Islamic Central Asia: An Anthology of Historical Sources</i>. Indiana University Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35385-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35385-6"><bdi>978-0-253-35385-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%2C+Discourse+on+the+Q%C3%AFrgh%C3%AFz+Country&rft.btitle=Islamic+Central+Asia%3A+An+Anthology+of+Historical+Sources&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35385-6&rft.au=Scott+Cameron+Levi%2C+Ron+Sela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSAX5ohFkcVgC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYenisei+Kyrgyz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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