CINXE.COM

Just a moment...

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "academic.oup.com",cType: 'managed',cRay: '917d2ab4ea5f8808',cH: 'IgHCSY4MBjI1MPxwBJYX90zoocGUXfjLu8EVjbpVr48-1740543880-1.2.1.1-OcmJiLqof2.bbPSkf3ohptid6f2lVb31rw7KLR14FtYTziE3jdNzm2nAxs5vz8mr',cUPMDTk: "\/mnrasl\/article\/385\/1\/L20\/1016896?__cf_chl_tk=fvJhmVR2PHUmFyxi4P_CbVqXTeUqZQNCvaVjYWo3HW0-1740543880-1.0.1.1-CnaP5M1BGlM_KVs9vMb3rHTru80oe7mS_xR6_AEa1Os",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1740543880',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/mnrasl\/article\/385\/1\/L20\/1016896?__cf_chl_f_tk=fvJhmVR2PHUmFyxi4P_CbVqXTeUqZQNCvaVjYWo3HW0-1740543880-1.0.1.1-CnaP5M1BGlM_KVs9vMb3rHTru80oe7mS_xR6_AEa1Os",md: "DQXUwrymNsdAFtc112xZDAcvMqzp8fO51rD37fRC6mA-1740543880-1.2.1.1-1lrn6FugCnRN5bzVVrGcosavVnPA0e41V4mTMAnD10jiDoI5o1pkkCphYgsfHbMJq.u61QeOMnvlIui3wVDw7_O5IP6vOxiWZKngUrvwqy3ZR_th0z7ZBtLSihGco.MATmAJLNHykTY1Jdz_tT3D40PZ3Pt2eMSDrGi0AGt0vCWtVEX5qHdOryV4e.gpZGUYD0u40cPHamNfT_VjVBhroPVVl9m_EfyS.fpyDYpQFpKZSB7Cj096IvyG6icOoW141jGjmZtuUHRvKxNnB0TOJO5knY2PclR9Jn5G23Ip0aRZ.saiUF_lnJJ.by1Fvf5pDmhZvzuvP6ZFTPM6m53SGf9dsObu5iQoXNJFfsAFjfRZgdOR3x2aDYyUXod5PtP50xzImrjWf2yJcLOEJd.rKJ8x8Aja12n2FdJxL0x2W8w6MWrQfsvS.zhlcc3jvbtXSEg9f2Sz3Ynm1EtWfZ0xuoQf5pvthb4xPQu4kN0cW8GRhykEwFwRDoUhFkuyjz9Hv51FCoDppOhrFDUVyoryRmy7ZfRjwKWLjKlnJJSpTK_oy_a4PfJbIQuWbbj4ApP1X8bNDAzpbSnFpFAVfC9carRoFL2_p2UENTCrNcvnhrJ2dYdn_MxfHQ9EcvziUmq7Zaf1Y5VgoeKZ0VxfHoQUQM50cQCC.iz8gJoZSzhcpkuxFoR9aR1iA9i1iG.0keaPuQFeFIVTBiIdjVtZwQkJubvwlZS018bUiT12wpP_hM5S3XNe5zOv2ZgKlQDerpfeYwRA_EXHkNQinm9GcO.8QZMKKRQ2dargyNiGM6mvhfaOhnNiv8xeAjWjl9EGrb5Llbn5Y85GWc6IOYfCQaUnkPY1KxOa7lK36MJxx7_CH4C6xMucvM_cJIr4VObtC6xDirNjUzw6EOjadS1GoMXpKxtOkS6zuM3FNFrzeKfV4miu.TjjBcFZDGuW01JaRGMauQE1GGjHOxjkFgZj3Gx4KbieUV1gGoQVZaBpJGbDFwZSs7Cz5A0JcOgRX4ELfgxvFkIbU85.cWJ6Ji6aj2SvxDVrtv9P4LXGx_k9X3K0uU9OzAOXAEmFtt1rbgx1UiWS7bwpIBRB18wOITGg1dIjKSQM2V0ermj2dDEri2gkvTl2g7J2CZhA3K40qPXuQCu5tlJxoGmBbPbqwr3jwLCzb.IKE92wm14g21K2JDtHQEFzlvo7na3f7qRwu2zWW6kU9iT8h4Pu9XEdyrpnqGPBL15dFEp.15Xd3LhI9qEr_mOZpaVT5BGIjpovON2dhu5qjc9cjm_zK47abmrTVMgZyLpp4f4qozjscIVyYJ1dau3bnoSNYnULo2wnOBzMQDL7pbA5bm3R2hmdbEiRY66IAclJcZsAO_BOczVCqzetL2uD8C8n7U6m33XR7hwYCoUPF5GYzy3eUlTU3t1nsu13RfeDhV1tkWUoDUcoNymEBzvWGPVcbvk._zXXHdW6nQfEI511my5OC36Ma6cYwIokG6xvtj3CmtAJXC_C6c0Htl3jftdzexL0k0M2qgTYt0QsFCGruGLdqxLjczOihZXZtqxr7n5qqeFFFCaZw._mlbhGCIwW.iatA7Q7pxSf0vXauPWwMH9QXaX0Nqtqb7U3Ihk7APJ8Mpdji70P9kAe7ZAt9lyGdZqBIkw3KRpeIpkGIqjMmUnmw0fQXT8xFJ0SqXyZwiPkKBqvvW1U8DqJo1DTTfoK_Tr09xrQNp5aml4CC92SI6wkyu4q7AfEqPlq6wM7mEVx9F.gW9O7b37.BfQ4F3PqIQIH5YgK0yRgjDfs8bxWpqpk8BFBFZLkfNpJirgOIVSNv4pnHEsnZj4rQDvHw3IHnKzwdBZ_N1otRavexsxoQPYj9oXTEIFNHSDyTp633TtdE2Tmpfn_yU3x4fWQu6T0M3td6bj3mJUHB0gmmyh_bNrZDi..1LzWDZ27r68qQAFZEeBsUwu4ZQKtK48BzTZUKx5S0MXUly.Kh274Z09vjtskQl8jcWEkWqrXzaMMPvuKuPlfVEIpk9ZW_9sYh96bKyJ6s3CHYlqoGJ3Cw0EU.r0pGWwBXF57jvt.9IG3afn.1FfrFuO5qPNRlWKyJ8JlKPFfq_wkGnrGbC.sbwFshiFdKhFvoFMhj7pXOxnswWLwfM20filb7ck2NsM9Pn8njlbRB5s__HgFAdjAT7jRahCG69Em_iqNehMlRIPEBfXoCSlprXcT11DqhmGkb2QudYzns.kApmX8tior78S7GY3ApatK1LkfjipbW3lijvdgMGjvImCibYYLAN6fkyTwN7Es2pLSJS2KDu_mdUx1g0nRyIVyzPtkkL0C1hOMQaC37xMyOk3AmvTrpm7YX.1LQ09D1qRDKd6wUANX8kwwl_HKyWT_DrpPZUlPblMlLLdXCWg9lQRKHFCdPa6NYijZf5hP3LwsSvl6prRsuazKOGKeZ3KnK5q.zR.MM.u7OUgJgtaGv6iRoEtcF.x8LQtUhdrVWV4MvDjhXqMhabVf_305SekSoIEzHTD4E_ba5T53qmyOeKU8gVH..bmthyA14DJU.iPKmHvc1YzrE8qzFR2WmQ907UwjyadP38QrzUVIvIfKvjp0Z0pxubc",mdrd: "4WtIRq89IE1iMP10_7XXZWEWFSUSidxiM6P1Ekk5Hlg-1740543880-1.2.1.1-5ilwKgajLctEg8Tg82vjtrpARBBwn1BLg0fjKreY0OjZ_fblxC7lAyZxGbDK9PCFG3A.vXnFatJ695hUqMz0CsFTHJ16uKfOsEHgv0YVr7Vi.eF8CtPFV0XZHMPrwysPry7bGt1D7Myawu1KnCjWhzqKECRK74Q3kafGfq2i49AvBClifobkMm9qA.EBupaJhUilyC3qAzEjM13pn1xr8g4U6XHaAdNZt_H2luQsCeyJZPXuBirrLbOm..NVRp9xKYIdlg_0qOmOif.qwhRtYc3QpWRep9Vg6NtDxQv.LKn52eqrY.Wf4GASvgtmABvCwbzm898Pbyiz_Nno4e2u9dIItAILg2.QSkhpOwp4MuBmVXezgq6rOvlWrVgKoUynW5WK0GlssVRjv33ExDPRMHE6.wpte1cmG2WhT3jCGP4CCZ7vpCYLlIsfsDMXBrVz6_pFB5b7lc2WS06dRYzBnKKTVbPhn_ZQ2OU1qWOskujZSovbscqUzYHtU2kEzO_aVk.Owxn.L3jZILGrR3BG_7deoEd1rWLDUy7Ikeb8AprvBum7ZgWPKwq6_MSiExSFPtZNU88B9MqhG4b.pcQfELM0yzz4pSKJVv4MMKNDWEt.U7.sNmuqwAuTNn8aMNVK1SvKCIMQeRDBO1k76RX_zvlAKVmF.UjgDxKo6nWnWCe1v27i02WEmdfU0FJsIof48xoxnbksSIjmfrc.FXCh2deeUMu8Dngf1B_3IhKDsmcph65HLJlhH.qnmUxzXmRzCamhbUhDYXVeAsvqIzrx4LiLp4bNt_FvxVIVCBtiJ_bRiupprYCv6fdcc7_VA61hBqxaR9Rj7LNGz_GSVs4elHop3nFTzGSASF1_0lNLEXWtQe3sTFRZSSLBL6CkaD_ZnPc4CHJTpN2.gxZkEVk4I8C6cfgcccGB7Uz9D3EaV_aL7CggT8T.q.MB1QPd5Oe6k8PRGP4HlLl.LV945Aj.ialJRZPS3XB_4TLNQTef0TcdaejbeCwwbMVUAGJwGQNfKbKsUWsrbVRgeW5TfUYS0Mfb2IebrYXnX.GRSHh9aXmXQ0mN.9YBwvU0L0cEg5JUk8Upanw4VWEvZYuV5a2HDpA9t6sp7ZmIv4B.2dTFeUeFo51fUuj77huTbn9RhK71pCDJ74xKHnNehKJ_YHdpWLroCCgpwfY2UPR6nzhCGrvfilV6hmpUGfkZdp6UnoCOZfWJgUwF573tBaM6BqsVbHhmgbKL6ElP_InKVBWptIG_d4aTrersToAl707GkyyilI157m8Ph2qZlfXAM3_QvtPrANkgdQYGLM2hkzCPtXa2sQal.wFgGU.gBUHOQ3Ei.tKyQndVJhRIe57GPlxgI91bjIwW1.BPOU2TRKnvDyCt0n3yq4g5fYlLhVarjHJI3jyaWBjeM7EZBok6RRWbYF_ccqlbATT4O2PSyRyJY4ND4KlvUH85sxJKfPKkuJ7vJutXtJw2VNGjW5mBSpsawiIU6VXp7S9_tgKDHNgCIKjrXe3TGTLPOhIombNfkkXRfrWxmhVnWEK9Kovvqjy2u5iU2RJcLtSAGVhVd.v.BtKYrYXrkgRwGErDfL6AQWxGHHf_mwVcPib_IHZLbCSDBV5kb4UxTASZsOvQ65ulqgUYlHgFJX5AEFFU5G34YL3y0O3enxiXAYB4lWUc9NIZq7XROenBXvi2aUjf9PLDdKLpixFyTiN1tVm1LEqlB1aRAekO__rBLIjoPTcYW26IaYKPdQimmkpeWR12ch4spJQDe49oT07y5f3gFFYiUpTpZ4QOuQt6IVSFnjr2HlTgrqkuBtavo2jWS0OlzJHp6zPh2XoGjKfB3Wk3C8UdRHh4UOB8WVGnm7uqW_NaUvSlul04lUW4no3S_tjJJ_L0SsZAgCtEutR7wpIjpmBFH9H3v6GG9Fti0PhJrgTPpNA2bI57A4qobSWBYtAXqlHvj5ftps1mdb78xhb.0SPMP6d3iZLbta77sbADuZ58wIr8eg"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=917d2ab4ea5f8808';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/mnrasl\/article\/385\/1\/L20\/1016896?__cf_chl_rt_tk=fvJhmVR2PHUmFyxi4P_CbVqXTeUqZQNCvaVjYWo3HW0-1740543880-1.0.1.1-CnaP5M1BGlM_KVs9vMb3rHTru80oe7mS_xR6_AEa1Os" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>