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<span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Peasant influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peasant_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ethnography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavic_saint_cults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavic_saint_cults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Slavic saint cults</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavic_saint_cults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theotokos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theotokos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> 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<span>Yegoriy the Brave</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yegoriy_the_Brave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blaise_as_a_cattle_god" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blaise_as_a_cattle_god"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Blaise as a cattle god</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blaise_as_a_cattle_god-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paraskeva_Friday" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paraskeva_Friday"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Paraskeva Friday</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paraskeva_Friday-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saint_Nedelya,_personification_of_Sunday" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saint_Nedelya,_personification_of_Sunday"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Saint Nedelya, personification of Sunday</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saint_Nedelya,_personification_of_Sunday-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apostles_Peter_and_Paul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apostles_Peter_and_Paul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Apostles Peter and Paul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apostles_Peter_and_Paul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_icons_and_rituals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_icons_and_rituals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>On icons and rituals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_icons_and_rituals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_prayers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Variety of regional or ethnic expressions of Eastern Orthodoxy</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Blaise_and_animals_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Icon of Saint Blaise blessing four cows" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Saint_Blaise_and_animals_2.jpg/260px-Saint_Blaise_and_animals_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Saint_Blaise_and_animals_2.jpg/390px-Saint_Blaise_and_animals_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Saint_Blaise_and_animals_2.jpg/520px-Saint_Blaise_and_animals_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1404" data-file-height="1255" /></a><figcaption>15th-century fragment of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_icons" title="Russian icons">Russian icon</a> <i>Miracle of Florus and Laurus, Blaise, Spyridon</i></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Folk Orthodoxy</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">народное православие</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">narodnoe pravoslavie</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>: <span lang="bg">народно православие</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bulgarian" title="Romanization of Bulgarian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">narodno pravoslavie</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>: <span lang="sr">народно православље</span>, <span title="Serbian-language text"><i lang="sr">naradno pravoslavlje</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>: <i lang="lv">narodno pravoslavlje</i>) refers to the <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">folk religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">syncretic elements</a> present in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> communities.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a subgroup of folk Christianity, similar to <a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk Catholicism</a>. Peasants incorporated many <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">pre-Christian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a>) beliefs and observances, including coordinating <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar" title="Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar">feast days</a> with <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural life</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_Orthodoxy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Folk orthodoxy has developed from an interpretation of rituals, sacred texts, and characters from the Bible. In folk orthodoxy, <a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">religious syncretism</a> coexists with <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian doctrine</a> and elements of pre-Christian pagan beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-vestnik.yspu.org_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vestnik.yspu.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian and ethnologist Sergei Anatolievich Shtyrkov, the boundary between canonical and folk orthodoxy is not clear or constant; it is drawn by religious institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> (which often consider folk orthodoxy <a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">superstition</a> or paganism).<sup id="cite_ref-Shtyrkov_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shtyrkov-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dual_faith">Dual faith</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_Orthodoxy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dual faith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Russian-language term <i>dvoeverie</i> ("dual faith", двоеверие) appeared during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, used in sermons directed against Christians who continued to worship pagan deities. <i>Dvoeverie</i> refers to the conflict between two religious systems: paganism and Christianity. The term <a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">religious syncretism</a>, on the other hand, implies a set of blended beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevin200412_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevin200412-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The phenomenon of "dual faith" originated in the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christianity</a>, the church denounced non-canonical religious practices. In the fourth-century <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asterius_of_Amasea" title="Asterius of Amasea">Asterius of Amasia</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 350</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 410</span>) opposed the celebration of <a href="/wiki/Calends" title="Calends">calends</a> in his sermons. <a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil the Great</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 350</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 410</span>) denounced his Christian contemporaries for practicing grave-site <a href="/wiki/Memorialization" title="Memorialization">commemoration</a>, which took on characteristics often seen during the pagan festival <a href="/wiki/Lupercalia" title="Lupercalia">Lupercalia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> also denounced some Christians for practicing the remnants of pagan customs. </p><p>Elements of dual faith inhere in several <a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christian cultures</a>. One example is <a href="/wiki/All_Souls%27_Day" title="All Souls' Day">All Souls' Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">All Hallow's Eve</a> (better known as <i>Halloween</i>). Halloween is an ancient <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> pagan holiday<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commemorating ancestors, similar to the Christian feast-day <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rights_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rights-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of Christian cultures celebrate <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a> before <a href="/wiki/Great_Lent" title="Great Lent">Great Lent</a>, which preserves pre-Christian customs, thus combining pagan and Christian customs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolstoy200312-13_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolstoy200312-13-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Russia, this concept appears with the church's opposition to paganism. According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_word_of_a_certain_Christ-lover_and_zealot_for_the_right_faith" title="The word of a certain Christ-lover and zealot for the right faith">The word of a certain Christ-lover and zealot for the right faith</a></i>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... So also this so-called "Christian" could not tolerate Christians who double-mindedly live, who believe in <a href="/wiki/Perun" title="Perun">Peruna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khors" title="Khors">Khorsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mokosh" title="Mokosh">Mokosh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simargl" title="Simargl">Simargl</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Vila_(fairy)" title="Vila (fairy)">fairies</a>, whom the ignorant say, the triune sisters consider them goddesses and offer sacrifices to them and cut chickens, they pray to fire, calling it <a href="/wiki/Svarozhich" class="mw-redirect" title="Svarozhich">Svarozhich</a>, they deify garlic, and when one has a feast, then they put it in buckets and bowls, and so they drink, rejoicing in their idols".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (September 2022)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_Orthodoxy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to philologist <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Zhivov" title="Viktor Zhivov">Viktor Zhivov</a>, the synthesis of pagan and Christian cultural elements is typical of all European cultures; dual faith is not unique to Russian spirituality.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American researcher Eve Levin believes that a significant part of medieval Russian folk orthodoxy has Christian origins. Levin cites <a href="/wiki/Paraskevi_of_Iconium" title="Paraskevi of Iconium">Paraskevi of Iconium</a>, who was considered a Christian replacement for the goddess <a href="/wiki/Mokosh" title="Mokosh">Mokosh</a> in folk religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevin200411–37_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevin200411–37-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ethnographer <a href="/w/index.php?title=A._B._Strakhov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. B. Strakhov (page does not exist)">Alexander Strakhov</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Страхов, Александр Борисович">ru</a>]</span> (1948-2021) writes, "Since the nineteenth century, we have been quite convinced that it is worth stripping off the pagan rites superimposed, in a thin layer, [over] the Christian colors, so that the features of ancient pagan beliefs are revealed."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strakhov disagrees; according to his <a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">monograph</a>, <i>The Night Before Christmas</i>: "Under the 'pagan' appearance of a rite or belief, there is often a quite Christian basis."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Folklorist <a href="/w/index.php?title=A._A._Panchenko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. A. Panchenko (page does not exist)">Alexander Panchenko</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Панченко, Александр Александрович">ru</a>]</span> (1971- ) writes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We do not have many methods for determining the antiquity of certain phenomena of mass (especially oral) culture. 'Archaism' of many cultural forms investigated by domestic ethnologists and folklorists is a scientific illusion. What was considered a 'legacy of paganism' is often a comparatively late phenomenon that emerged in the context of Christian culture ... I think the pursuit of the archaic is another way of constructing the 'alien' – that 'obscure object of desire' of colonial anthropology.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to historian <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Petrukhin" title="Vladimir Petrukhin">Vladimir Petrukhin</a> (1950- ), there was no pagan worldview separate from the Christian one in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Russia">medieval Russia</a>; the people perceived themselves as Christians. Customs considered relics of paganism had a literary origin or belonged to the secular culture of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Folklorist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Tolstoy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikita Tolstoy (page does not exist)">Nikita Tolstoy</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Толстой, Никита Ильич">ru</a>]</span> (1923-1996), noting the primitive nature of dual faith, proposed the term <i>troeverie</i> ("triple faith"). The third component of the worldview of the Russian middle ages was the folk, "non-canonical" culture of <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>, the Balkans, and Europe, which arrived in Russia with Christianity in the form of <a href="/wiki/Skomorokh" title="Skomorokh">skomorokhs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foolishness_for_Christ" title="Foolishness for Christ">Foolishness for Christ</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Koliada" title="Koliada">koliada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolstoy200312–13_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolstoy200312–13-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of "triple faith" has also been applied by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrey_P._Zabiyako&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrey P. Zabiyako (page does not exist)">Andrey P. Zabiyako</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE,_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Забияко, Андрей Павлович">ru</a>]</span> (1961- ) and Anna A. Zabiyako to the mixture of Russian folk-beliefs with those of other cultures such as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slavic_traditions">Slavic traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_Orthodoxy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Slavic traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_Orthodoxy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The spread of Christian teachings in Russia (especially early on) influenced the people's <a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_thought" title="Mythopoeic thought">mythopoetic</a> worldview<sup id="cite_ref-vestnik.yspu.org_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vestnik.yspu.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and folk orthodoxy became part of <a href="/wiki/Russian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian culture">Russian culture</a>, preserving these traditions. Russia's original Slavic beliefs, woven into folk orthodoxy, differed in a number of ways from the official religion.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nikolai Semyonovich Gordienko, following <a href="/wiki/Boris_Rybakov" title="Boris Rybakov">Boris Rybakov</a>, believed that, in Russia, "there has been a long, centuries-long, coexistence of Byzantine Christianity with Slavic paganism: at first as separate faith systems functioning in parallel, and then—up to the present—as two components of a single Christian religious-celebrity complex, called Russian Orthodoxy."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordienko198695_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordienko198695-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Gordienko, dual faith (first explicit and then hidden) was formally overcome by Russian Orthodoxy through accommodation: "Byzantine Christianity did not eliminate Slavic paganism from the consciousness and everyday life of the peoples of our country, but rather assimilated it by including pagan beliefs and rituals in its belief-cultural complex."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordienko198699–100_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordienko198699–100-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The non-canonical culture of the Balkans and Byzantium (which came to Russia with Christianity) was also an influence,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolstoy200312–13_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolstoy200312–13-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as were the Finno-Ugric, Scandinavian, Baltic and Iranian peoples bordering the <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevin200420–21_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevin200420–21-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fact calls into question the adequacy of the term "<i>Dvoeverie</i>" in relation to "non-canonical" beliefs. However, some authors, relying on already outdated studies, point to the "leading" role of Slavic paganism in "folk orthodoxy."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In itself, "folk orthodoxy" is a dynamic form in which both archetypal mythopoetic ideas and orthodox canons are combined.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian Vladimir Petrukhin: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Since both the sermons against pagans and the Russian Primary Chronicle—the Tale of Bygone Years (PVL) were the result of the 'reception' of Byzantine samples—the works of the church fathers (primarily, Gregory the Theologian and John Chrysostom) and Byzantine chronicles (primarily, John Malala and George Amartola)—then the proper Old Russian folklore motives, names of pagan gods, etc. were included in the Byzantine and Biblical 'literary" context'.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Another follower of the concept of dual faith, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Igor_Froyanov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Igor Froyanov (page does not exist)">Igor Froyanov</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%98%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Фроянов, Игорь Яковлевич">ru</a>]</span> noted the more pagan nature of society, especially the peasantry in Russia up to the 14th and 15th centuries, an analysis that relies primarily on the B. A. Rybakov's hypotheses, as well as the nature of warfare, the tradition of drunken feasts before the prince, and other indirect signs.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, only one or two mentions of <a href="/wiki/Green_week" title="Green week">Rusali</a> (and those as dates of the agricultural calendar), are found in the birch bark charters. Even accusations of "witchcraft," which is not necessarily synonymous to "paganism," are found in no more than two of more than four-hundred and fifty deciphered documents. In contrast, the use of the orthodox calendar to describe the agricultural cycle of work appears in the 13th century and points to the spread of Christianity at that time. By the end of the 14th century, peasants generally refer to themselves as "Christians," which emphasizes their assimilation of Christian identity. Urban dwellers begin to identify themselves as Christians no later than the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevin200457–58_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevin200457–58-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Trinity">The Trinity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_Orthodoxy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Trinity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_1729.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_1729.jpg/220px-%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_1729.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_1729.jpg/330px-%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_1729.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_1729.jpg/440px-%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_1729.jpg 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Icon <i>Trinity of the mixta</i>, Tobolsk, 1729</figcaption></figure> <p>Mixed-hypostatic icons of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> were borrowed from Catholic countries.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Russia, they were officially banned because they contradicted the canon. Such icons did not reflect Russian folk beliefs but were a subject of folk religion.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popular orthodoxy is a social and cultural phenomenon. It developed gradually with the spread of Christianity in Russia. At first, "the masses had to at least minimally master the ritual and dogmatic foundations of the new religion."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETultseva197832_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETultseva197832-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The people's ideas about God and the Trinity generally coincided with the Christian doctrine: God is the Creator, Provider, and Judge of the world; God is one and in three persons. Already the more specific question of the essence of the trinity put the peasantry in a stalemate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETultseva197832_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETultseva197832-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the conception of the trinity was essentially reduced to the belief of the existence of three separate persons of the Trinity: </p> <ul><li>With God the Father, the peasants connected more the idea of the paternal relationship of God to men, rather than the personal characteristic of the first person of the Trinity.</li> <li>God the Son was thought of as the Lord <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a>, not as the second person of the Trinity eternally begotten of the Father.</li> <li>Especially vague was the idea of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Sacred Spirit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETultseva197832_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETultseva197832-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>It is no coincidence, therefore, that the studies of people's perceptions of God undertaken by the church author Alexei Popov concluded that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[T]he people's view of the trinity of the persons of God is not complete and sometimes seems somewhat hesitant and confused, but nevertheless the people distinguish the persons of God: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. The Russian people recognize one God, although along with this, without being aware of his notion, he also recognizes the three Persons of the Holy Trinity.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>By the 19th century, Russian peasants had not yet mastered the basic dogma of Christianity about the trinity. In explaining this fact, church authors referred to the peasants' lack of Christian education.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETultseva197832_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETultseva197832-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The theological-dogmatic category of the trinity was found to be reinterpreted on a domestic level. In the research literature, this phenomenon is associated with the coincidence <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> and the cycle of ancient Slavic <a href="/wiki/Green_week" title="Green week">Green week feasts</a>. The associative-integrative nature of medieval thinking and the entire folk culture manifested itself in the perception of the trinity as <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETultseva197833_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETultseva197833-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In oral poetry, the trinity was perceived as the Mother of God, which is reflected, in particular, in some Green week songs with the famous opening "Bless, Trinity-Mother of God...," sung as early as the second half of the 19th century. This image of the Holy Trinity found expression in iconography as well.<sup id="cite_ref-veselovsky-a-1921a_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-veselovsky-a-1921a-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is an example of everyday folk myth-making, which filtered the Christian dogma through the prism of pagan concepts. A. N. Veselovsky wrote: "Thus a whole new world of fantastic images had to be created, in which Christianity participated only in materials and names, while the content and the very construction came out pagan."<sup id="cite_ref-veselovsky-a-1921a_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-veselovsky-a-1921a-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="461" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>Paraskeva Pyatnitsa from the Pyatnitsky Church in the town of Galich. Early 20th-century photo</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peasant_influences">Peasant influences</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_Orthodoxy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Peasant influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The peculiar intertwining of superstition with Christian doctrine is explained by the fact that peasants were attracted to Christianity not for its dogma (many peasants did not understand Christian dogmas), but for its purely external, ceremonial qualities.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Macarius_Bulgakov" title="Macarius Bulgakov">Macarius Bulgakov</a>, author of the multi-volume <i>History of the Russian Church</i>, many of the Christians practically remained pagans: they performed the rites of the holy church but retained their parents' customs and beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Theodore-Russian_Museum-fragment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Saint_Theodore-Russian_Museum-fragment.jpg/220px-Saint_Theodore-Russian_Museum-fragment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Saint_Theodore-Russian_Museum-fragment.jpg/330px-Saint_Theodore-Russian_Museum-fragment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Saint_Theodore-Russian_Museum-fragment.jpg/440px-Saint_Theodore-Russian_Museum-fragment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1474" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Icon <i>Miracle of St. <a href="/wiki/Theodore_of_Amasea" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore of Amasea">Theodore of Amasea</a></i>. Late 16th – early 17th centuries</figcaption></figure> <p>Popular religiosity differed from, and even opposed, official Christianity. At the same time, the church accepted some folk worship and cults and adjusted its teachings. For example, the popular cult of the Virgin Mary was, by the 12th century, supported by the church. Under the influence of popular veneration of "holy poverty" and notions of social justice, by the 12th century the emphasis of veneration shifts from the cult of the formidable God the Father, and <a href="/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator" title="Christ Pantocrator">Christ-Pantocrator</a>, as rulers of the world, to the cult of Christ-Redeemer.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Domestic orthodoxy is a peculiar "edition" of the Christian religion. It was created by the <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasantry</a>, and condemned by the Church. Christian religion, as asserted by <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a>, could not penetrate the depths Russian village life and, having taken the form of agrarian and domestic beliefs, domestic orthodoxy was the source and the foundation of the appearance of superstitious representations, <a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">magic</a>, and peculiar interpretations of the real world.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As far back as the 19th century, it was noted that Christian holidays were celebrated by the people as <i>kudes</i>—rituals that were "rude" and "dirty" and received the church's most serious condemnation.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 20th century, it was said that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Russian people understand nothing in their religion ... they mix God with St. Nicholas and are ready even to give the latter an advantage ... The tenets of Christianity are completely unknown to them</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Missionary Review, 1902, vol. II</cite></div></blockquote> <p>According to some researchers, folk religious ideas should not be understood as two-faith— "layering and parallel existence of the old and the new," not as a haphazard formation consisting of the pagan cultural layer proper and the later ecclesiastical overlays—and as "people's monotheism," a holistic worldview that does not divide into paganism and Christianity, but forms an integral, though fluid, and, in some cases, somewhat contradictory system.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a>, the question of everyday orthodoxy as a functioning system and as a socio-cultural and socio-historical phenomenon remained insufficiently studied.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETultseva197831_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETultseva197831-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnography">Ethnography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_Orthodoxy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ethnography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maslenitsa_in_Belgorod_2015_28.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Maslenitsa_in_Belgorod_2015_28.JPG/220px-Maslenitsa_in_Belgorod_2015_28.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Maslenitsa_in_Belgorod_2015_28.JPG/330px-Maslenitsa_in_Belgorod_2015_28.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Maslenitsa_in_Belgorod_2015_28.JPG/440px-Maslenitsa_in_Belgorod_2015_28.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Burning the straw effigy of <a href="/wiki/Marzanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Marzanna">Marzanna</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Maslenitsa" title="Maslenitsa">Maslenitsa</a> holiday, in <a href="/wiki/Belgorod" title="Belgorod">Belgorod</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ethnography in late-nineteenth-century Ukraine documented a "thorough synthesis of pagan and Christian elements" in Slavic folk religion, a system often called "double belief" (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <i>dvoeverie</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <i>dvovirya</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005212_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005212-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Bernshtam, <i>dvoeverie</i> is still used to this day in scholarly works to define Slavic folk religion, which is seen by certain scholars as having preserved much of pre-Christian Slavic religion, "poorly and transparently" covered by a Christianity that may be easily "stripped away" to reveal more or less "pure" patterns of the original faith.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernshtam199235_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernshtam199235-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">collapse of the Soviet Union</a> there has been a new wave of scholarly debate on the subjects of Slavic folk religion and <i>dvoeverie</i>. A. E. Musin, an academic and deacon of the Russian Orthodox Church, published an article about the "problem of double belief" as recently as 1991. In this article, he divides scholars between those who say that Russian Orthodoxy adapted to entrenched indigenous faith, continuing the Soviet idea of an "undefeated paganism," and those who say that Russian Orthodoxy is an out-and-out syncretic religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERock2007110_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERock2007110-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bernshtam challenges dualistic notions of <i>dvoeverie</i> and proposes interpreting broader Slavic religiosity as a <i>mnogoverie</i> ("multifaith") continuum, in which a higher layer of Orthodox Christian officialdom is alternated with a variety of "Old Beliefs" among the various strata of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernshtam199244_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernshtam199244-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Ivanits, nineteenth- and twentieth-century Slavic folk religion's central concern was fertility, propitiated with rites celebrating death and resurrection. Scholars of Slavic religion who focused on nineteenth-century folk religion were often led to mistakes such as the interpretation of <i>Rod</i> and <i>Rozhanitsy</i> as figures of a merely ancestral cult; however, in medieval documents Rod is equated with the ancient Egyptian god <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a>, representing a broader concept of natural generativity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanits198915_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanits198915-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belief in the holiness of <i>Mat Syra Zemlya</i> ("Damp Mother Earth") is another feature that has persisted into modern Slavic folk religion; up to the twentieth century, Russian peasants practiced a variety of rituals devoted to her and confessed their sins to her in the absence of a priest. Ivanits also reports that in the <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Oblast" title="Vladimir Oblast">region of Vladimir</a>, old people practiced a ritual asking Earth's forgiveness before their death. A number of scholars attributed the Russians' particular devotion to the <i><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></i>, the "Mother of God," to this still powerful pre-Christian substratum of devotion to a great <a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">mother goddess</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanits198915_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanits198915-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ivanits attributes the tenacity of synthetic Slavic folk religion to an exceptional quality of Slavs and of Russia in particular, compared to other European countries; "the Russian case is extreme," she says, because Russia—especially the vastness of rural Russia—neither lived the intellectual upheavals of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, nor the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, nor the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, which severely weakened folk spirituality in the rest of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanits19893_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanits19893-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Slavic folk religious festivals and rites reflect the times of the ancient pagan calendar. For instance, the Christmas period is marked by the rites of <i><a href="/wiki/Koliada" title="Koliada">Koliada</a></i>, characterized by the element of fire, processions and ritual drama, and offerings of food and drink to the ancestors. Spring and summer rites are characterized by fire- and water-related imagery spinning around the figures of the gods <i><a href="/wiki/Yarilo" title="Yarilo">Yarilo</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kupala" title="Kupala">Kupala</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Morana_(goddess)" title="Morana (goddess)">Marzanna</a></i>. The switching of seasonal spirits is celebrated through the interaction of effigies of these spirits and the elements which symbolize the coming season, such as by burning, drowning, or setting the effigies onto water, and the "rolling of burning wheels of straw down into rivers."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005212_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005212-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavic_saint_cults">Slavic saint cults</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_Orthodoxy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Slavic saint cults"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the spread of Christianity in Russia, the former beliefs of the Slavs did not disappear without a trace.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interaction of pagan and Christian cultures led to the transformation of the images of Christian saints in popular culture. They turned out to be "substitutes" for pagan gods and some pre-Christian traits<sup id="cite_ref-madlevskaya-2007a_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madlevskaya-2007a-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> transferred to them. </p><p>The Slavs' folk representations of Christian saints and their lives sometimes differ greatly from their canonical images. In <a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legend</a>, some of them sometimes organically perform the function of good helpers, and others even play the role of pests in relation to the peasant. This was especially strong in the images of <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Nicholas the Wonderworker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah the Prophet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">George the Victorious</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Blaise" title="Saint Blaise">Vlasius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florus_and_Laurus" title="Florus and Laurus">Florus and Laurus</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">Kasian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraskeva_Friday" title="Paraskeva Friday">Paraskeva Friday</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saints_Cosmas_and_Damian" title="Saints Cosmas and Damian">Saints Cosmas and Damian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-madlevskaya-2007a_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madlevskaya-2007a-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theotokos">Theotokos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_Orthodoxy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Theotokos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ognyena_Maria" title="Ognyena Maria">Ognyena Maria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pomozhenie_v_rodah_19th_century_icon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Pomozhenie_v_rodah_19th_century_icon.jpg/220px-Pomozhenie_v_rodah_19th_century_icon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Pomozhenie_v_rodah_19th_century_icon.jpg/330px-Pomozhenie_v_rodah_19th_century_icon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Pomozhenie_v_rodah_19th_century_icon.jpg/440px-Pomozhenie_v_rodah_19th_century_icon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Icon of the Mother of God "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Help_in_Childbirth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Help in Childbirth (page does not exist)">Help in Childbirth</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" class="extiw" title="ru:Поможение родам">ru</a>]</span>," 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The Slavs perceived the <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a> as the patroness of women, women's work, and women in childbirth; the protector from trouble, evil forces, misfortune, and suffering; and the heavenly intercessor, responsive, merciful, and compassionate. Therefore, she is often referred to in <a href="/wiki/Apocryphal_prayer" title="Apocryphal prayer">Apocryphal Prayer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zagovory" title="Zagovory">Zagovory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spell_(ritual)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spell (ritual)">spells</a>. The Virgin Mary is a favorite character in folk legends, often having a bookish <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">apocryphal</a> source.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mother of God's patronage of women in childbirth is due to the traditional perception of the maternal beginning in her image, which is emphasized by the etymological connection of her name with the word "birth." The Virgin Mary was usually approached with a request for help in difficult deliveries; on the day of the Nativity of the Virgin, pregnant women prayed for the easy release from the childbirth. The Virgin Mary was also perceived not only as the Mother of God, but also as the birth mother for all people. In this sense, she correlated, in peasant consciousness, with the Mother of the raw earth. This relationship is also found in the traditional notions of swearing: in the popular environment it was believed that it offends the three mothers of man—the Mother of God, <a href="/wiki/Mat_Zemlya" title="Mat Zemlya">Mat Zemlya</a>, and the native mother. The Russians have a well-known saying: when one swears in foul language: "the Mother of God falls face down in the mud."<sup id="cite_ref-madlevskaya-2007a_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madlevskaya-2007a-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The connection of the cults of the Mother of God and the Mother of the raw earth was recorded in the 1920s in Pereslavl-Zalessky Uyezd, Vladimir Province. Here, during a strong drought, the men in despair began beating dry lumps of earth in the fields with beater hammers. In response, the women demanded them to stop, saying that by doing so they were beating "the Mother of the Most Holy Mother of God herself." The connection of the Virgin with agriculture is evidenced by the timing in some places in Russian rituals relating to the ceremonial beginning of sowing on <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Annunciation" title="Feast of the Annunciation">Blagoveshcheniye</a>. To have a good harvest, the grain for sowing was consecrated on this day, an icon of the Virgin Mary was placed in the vessel with the grain, and a sentence was pronounced:<sup id="cite_ref-madlevskaya-2007a_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madlevskaya-2007a-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="poem"> <p>Mother of God!<br /> Gabriel the Archangel!<br /> Bless us, bless us, bless us,<br /> Bless us with your harvest.<br /> Oats and rye, barley and wheat<br /> And all manner of livestock! </p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nicholas_the_Wonderworker">Nicholas the Wonderworker</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_Orthodoxy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nicholas the Wonderworker"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg/440px-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Nikolas wooden sculpture from the storage of the Vologda Museum</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Nicholas the Wonderworker</a> is one of the most revered Christian saints among the Slavs. In the East Slavic tradition, the cult of Nicholas is close to the veneration of God (Christ) himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelova2004398_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelova2004398-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Slavic folk beliefs, Nikola is the "elder" among the saints. He is part of the Holy Trinity and can even succeed God on the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelova2004398_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelova2004398-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A legend from Belarusian Polesie says that "Svyaty Mikola is not only the oldest of all the saints, but he is also the oldest of them ... Svyaty Mikola is God's heir, when God dies, then Sv. Mikalai the miracle-worker will be god, and not anyone else." The stories and folk legends testify about how St. Nicholas became a "lord": he prayed so devoutly in church that the golden crown itself fell on his head (Ukr. Carpathian).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelova2004398–399_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelova2004398–399-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the Eastern and Western Slavs, the image of St. Nicholas in some of its functions ("chief" of the paradise, holding the keys to heaven, transports souls to "the other world," protects warriors) may be combined with the image of <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Archangel Michael</a>. For the southern Slavs, the image of the saint as a snake exterminator and "wolf shepherd" converges with the image of <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Georgy the Victorious</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelova2004399_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelova2004399-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nicholas' main functions (patron of cattle and wild animals, farming, beekeeping, connection with the afterlife, and correlation with the relics of the bear cult), the opposition of "merciful" Nicholas to the "terrible" <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Ilya the prophet</a> in folklore legends indicates, according to <a href="/wiki/Boris_Uspenskij" title="Boris Uspenskij">Boris Uspenskij</a>, that there are traces of the cult of the pagan deity <a href="/wiki/Veles_(god)" title="Veles (god)">Velesa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelova2004399_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelova2004399-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elijah_the_prophet">Elijah the prophet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_Orthodoxy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Elijah the prophet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uacilla_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uacilla (mythology)">Uacilla (mythology)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B9.jpg/220px-%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B9.jpg/330px-%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B9.jpg/440px-%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Icon "Elijah the Thundering Prophet," 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>In Slavic folk tradition, <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Ilya the Prophet</a> is the lord of thunder, heavenly fire, rain, the patron of crops, and fertility. Elijah is a "<a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt" title="Thunderbolt">thunderbolt</a> saint."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelova1999405_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelova1999405-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Slavic folk legends based on the bookish (<a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">biblical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">bogomils</a>) tradition, Elijah was taken alive into heaven. Legends surrounding Elijah include: </p> <ul><li>Until he was 33 years old, Elijah sat and was healed and endowed with great power by God and saint <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_the_Wonderworker" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas the Wonderworker">Nicholas the Wonderworker</a> (see also: <a href="/wiki/Bogatyr" title="Bogatyr">bogatyr</a>), after which he was taken to heaven (eagle), (see also: the epic story of <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Muromets" title="Ilya Muromets">Ilya Murometz</a>).</li> <li>The saint rides through the sky on a fiery (stone) chariot. According to Slavic beliefs, the sun is a wheel from the chariot of Elijah the Prophet, harnessed by fiery (white, winged) horses (V.-Slav.), or he rides on a white horse (Bulgarian), which causes the thunder. The Milky Way is the road on which the prophet rides. In winter, Elijah rides a sleigh, so there is no thunder (Orlov.).</li> <li>The power of Elijah the thunderer is so great that it must be restrained: God placed on Elijah's head a stone of 40 <a href="/wiki/Dessiatin" title="Dessiatin">dessiatin</a> (Orlov.), and bound one arm and one leg (Carpathian.); Elijah's sister <a href="/wiki/Ognyena_Maria" title="Ognyena Maria">Ognyena Maria</a> hid the day of his feast from him, or else he would beat the whole world with lightning for joy (Serbian).</li> <li>St. Elijah has only his left hand. If he had both hands, he would kill all the devils on earth (<a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banatgers</a>).</li> <li>Before the end of the world, Elijah will descend to the earth and travel around the world three times, warning of the Last Judgment (Orlov.). He will come to earth to die or accept martyrdom by beheading on the skin of a huge ox, which grazes on seven mountains and drinks seven rivers of water; the spilled blood of the prophet will burn the earth (Carpathian). According to a legend from Galicia, the end of the world will come when Ilya "will fall with thunders so much that the earth will be rosipitsi i spalitsi"; cf. the Russian spiritual verse "On the Last Judgement," in variants of which the saint appears as the executor of the will of God, punishing the sinful human race.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelova1999405_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelova1999405-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yegoriy_the_Brave">Yegoriy the Brave</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_Orthodoxy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Yegoriy the Brave"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B5_XV.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B5_XV.png/220px-%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B5_XV.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B5_XV.png/330px-%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B5_XV.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B5_XV.png/440px-%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B5_XV.png 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="1348" /></a><figcaption>The icon <i>The Miracle of St. George the Snake</i>, from the collection of I. Ostroukhov. 15th century, Novgorod school</figcaption></figure> <p>In the popular culture of the Slavs, <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">George the Victorious</a> is called Yegoriy the Brave.<sup id="cite_ref-tolstoy-slavic-antiquities-2_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tolstoy-slavic-antiquities-2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George is the protector of cattle, the "wolf shepherd," and "on spring he unlocks the Earth and releases the dew." In <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">Southern Slavs</a> <a href="/wiki/George%27s_Day_in_Spring" title="George's Day in Spring">Gergiev (Yuriev) Day</a> is the main calendar boundary of the first half of the year, together with <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_of_Thessaloniki" title="Demetrius of Thessaloniki">Mitrovdan</a>, it divides the year into two half-years – "Dmitrovsky" and "Yurievsky."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Tatyana Zuyeva, the image of Yegoriy the Brave in the folk tradition merged with the pagan <a href="/wiki/Dazhbog" title="Dazhbog">Dazhbog</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two images of the saint coexist in folk consciousness: one of them is close to the Church cult of St. George—the serpent-slayer and Christ-loving warrior—the other, quite different from the first, to the cult of the cattleman and farmer, master of the land, patron of cattle, who opens the spring fieldwork. Thus, in folk legends and religious verses, the feats of the holy warrior Egorii (St. George), who withstood the tortures and promises of the "Tsar of Demianish (Diocletianish)" and struck "the fierce serpent, the fierce fiery one," are glorified. The motif of Saint George's victory is known in the oral poetry of the Eastern and Western Slavs. The Poles have St. Jerzy fighting the "Wawel smok" (the serpent of Krakow Castle). The Russian ecclesiastical verse, also following the iconographic canon, lists <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Tiron" title="Theodore Tiron">Theodore Tiron</a> (see <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tale_of_the_Feodor_Tirinin%27s_Feats&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tale of the Feodor Tirinin's Feats (page does not exist)">Tale of the Feodor Tirinin's Feats</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Сказание о подвигах Фёдора Тиринина">ru</a>]</span>) as a serpent-fighter, whom the Eastern and South Slavic traditions also represent as a rider and protector of cattle.<sup id="cite_ref-tolstoy-slavic-antiquities-2_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tolstoy-slavic-antiquities-2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Another folk image of the saint is associated with the beginning of spring, agriculture, and cattle breeding, with the first cattle drive, which in the eastern and part of the southern Slavs, as well as in eastern Poland often occurs on St. George's Day. In Russian (Kostroma, Tver.) circumambient Yur'ev songs refer to St. Yegorius and St. <a href="/wiki/Macarius_of_Unzha" title="Macarius of Unzha">Macarius</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-tolstoy-slavic-antiquities-2_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tolstoy-slavic-antiquities-2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="poem"> <p>Yegorius you are our brave one,<br /> Macarius the reverend!<br /> Thou save our cattle.<br /> In the field and beyond the field,<br /> In the woods and beyond the woods,<br /> Under the light of the month,<br /> Under the red sun,<br /> From the wolf of prey,<br /> From the fierce bear,<br /> From the beast of the evil one. </p> </div><p>The Croats and Slovenes have a major figure in the rounding of courtyards with the Saint George Songs <a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_Yuri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Green Yuri (page does not exist)">Green Yuri</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" class="extiw" title="ru:Зелёный Юрий">ru</a>]</span>—a boy covered from head to toe with green branches, representing St. George (cf. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_driving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bush driving (page does not exist)">bush driving</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Вождение куста">ru</a>]</span>). In the same Croatian songs on St. George's Day, there is sometimes a motif of snake fighting and the snake kidnapping a maiden. The Slovenes in <a href="/wiki/Prekmurje" title="Prekmurje">Pomurje</a> used to lead "Zeleni Jurij" or "Vesnik" (Zeleni Jurij, Vésnik, from the Slovenian dialect vésna "spring") and sing<sup id="cite_ref-tolstoy-slavic-antiquities-2_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tolstoy-slavic-antiquities-2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="poem"> <p><span class="mw-poem-indented" style="display: inline-block; margin-inline-start: 1em;"> <i>Original</i></span><br /> Zelenega Jurja vodimo,<br /> Maslo in jajca prosimo,<br /> Ježi-babo zganjamo,<br /> Mladoletje trosimo! </p> </div>. </td> <td><div class="poem"> <p><span class="mw-poem-indented" style="display: inline-block; margin-inline-start: 1em;"> <i>Translation</i>.</span><br /> Green Yuri drive,<br /> Butter and eggs we ask,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Baba_Yaga" title="Baba Yaga">Baba Yaga</a> we banish,<br /> Spread the spring! </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table><p>The motif of shoeing a horse and going around the fields is characteristic of Bulgarian and Eastern Serbian Yuri songs: "Sveti Giorgi kone kove se from srebro and from zlato..." (St. George horseshoes the horse with silver and gold...)<sup id="cite_ref-tolstoy-slavic-antiquities-2_56-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tolstoy-slavic-antiquities-2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="poem"> <p><span class="mw-poem-indented" style="display: inline-block; margin-inline-start: 1em;"> <i>Original</i></span><br /> Trjgnal mi e lumini Georgi.<br /> Sutrom early on Gergovden<br /> Da offend zeleni nivi,<br /> Greenies nivi, rosni livadi. </p> </div>. </td> <td><div class="poem"> <p><span class="mw-poem-indented" style="display: inline-block; margin-inline-start: 1em;"> <i>Translation</i>.</span><br /> St. George set out.<br /> Early in the morning on St. George's Day<br /> To go around the green fields,<br /> Green fields, dewy meadows. </p> </div>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Lower_Angara" title="Lower Angara">Lower Angara</a>, Yegoriy the Brave was honored as the patron saint of horses; they did not work on horses on his day. In <a href="/wiki/Pirin_Macedonia" title="Pirin Macedonia">Pirin Macedonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Petrich_Municipality" title="Petrich Municipality">Petrich</a>), it was believed that St. George was the lord of spring rain and thunder; together with <a href="/wiki/Elijah_(prophet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elijah (prophet)">prophet Elijah</a> he rode a horse across the sky, and this made thunder be heard. In the villages near <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a>, the saint was perceived as the master and "holder" of all waters: he killed the serpent to give the people water.<sup id="cite_ref-tolstoy-slavic-antiquities-2_56-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tolstoy-slavic-antiquities-2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blaise_as_a_cattle_god">Blaise as a cattle god</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_Orthodoxy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Blaise as a cattle god"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Blaise" title="Saint Blaise">Saint Blaise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veles_(god)" title="Veles (god)">Veles (god)</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Blaise_and_animals_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Saint_Blaise_and_animals_2.jpg/220px-Saint_Blaise_and_animals_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Saint_Blaise_and_animals_2.jpg/330px-Saint_Blaise_and_animals_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Saint_Blaise_and_animals_2.jpg/440px-Saint_Blaise_and_animals_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1404" data-file-height="1255" /></a><figcaption>Blaise of Sebastia blessing a herd of cows. A fragment of a 15th century icon from the Russian Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>In Slavic folk tradition, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Blaise" title="Saint Blaise">Saint Blaise</a> is the patron saint of cattle,<sup id="cite_ref-tolstoy-slavic-antiquities-3_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tolstoy-slavic-antiquities-3-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "washing milk from cows" at the end of winter.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional representations of St. Blaise go back to the image of the Slavic cattle god Volos. The combination of the images of a pagan deity and a Christian saint in the popular consciousness was probably facilitated by the sonic proximity of their names. In Russia, with the <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Baptism of Russia</a> churches of Saint Blasius were often erected on places of pagan worship of <a href="/wiki/Veles_(god)" title="Veles (god)">Volos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the hagiography, during the persecution of Christians under the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a>, Saint Blasius hid in the wilderness and lived on Mount Argeos in a cave, to which wild beasts meekly approached, submitting in all things to Blasius and receiving from him blessings and healing from illnesses. The motif of the patronage of cattle is reflected in the iconography of Saint Blaise. He was sometimes depicted on a white horse surrounded by horses, cows, and sheep, or only cattle. In Slavic folk tradition, St. Blasius was called "the cow god," and the day of his memory was "the cow holiday."<sup id="cite_ref-tolstoy-slavic-antiquities-3_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tolstoy-slavic-antiquities-3-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Novgorod on <a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Veles" title="Festival of Veles">Blaise's Day</a>, they brought cow's oil to his image. The Belarusians had a special meal and rode young horses on St. Blaise's Day ("horse's holy day"). According to the northern Ukrainian beliefs, Blaise "envied the horned cattle. In Siberia, the feast of St. Blaise was celebrated as the patron of cattle. In eastern Serbia (Bujak), Blaise day was considered the feast of oxen and cattle (<a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>: <span lang="sr">goveђa glory</span>, and on this day the oxen were not harnessed.<sup id="cite_ref-tolstoy-slavic-antiquities-3_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tolstoy-slavic-antiquities-3-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If Blaise day coincided with <a href="/wiki/Maslenitsa" title="Maslenitsa">Maslenitsa</a>, then they used to say: "On the day of Blaise, the butter kayushom" <sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Belarusian.) – On Vlas take with a ladle of oil,"<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on Onisimus the Hornless, "winter becomes hornless."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paraskeva_Friday">Paraskeva Friday</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_Orthodoxy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Paraskeva Friday"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paraskeva_Friday" title="Paraskeva Friday">Paraskeva Friday</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_1800_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_1800_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg/220px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_1800_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_1800_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg/330px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_1800_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_1800_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg/440px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_1800_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Icon <i>Paraskeva Friday</i> in the setting. Ural, around 1800</figcaption></figure> <p>The cult of saint <a href="/wiki/Paraskevi_of_Iconium" title="Paraskevi of Iconium">Paraskeva of Iconium</a> is based on the personification of <a href="/wiki/Friday" title="Friday">Friday</a>, known in Russian as Pyatnitsa, as a weekday.<sup id="cite_ref-paraskeva-pyatnitsa-2009a_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paraskeva-pyatnitsa-2009a-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a number of researchers, some signs and functions of the main female deity of the East Slavic pantheon, <a href="/wiki/Mokosh" title="Mokosh">Mokoshi</a>, were transferred to Paraskeva Friday: connection with female works (spinning, sewing, etc.), marriage and childbearing, and the earthly moisture.<sup id="cite_ref-paraskeva-pyatnitsa-2009a_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paraskeva-pyatnitsa-2009a-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was also correlated with <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Week_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Week (mythology)">Week</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anastasia_of_Serbia" title="Anastasia of Serbia">Saint Anastasia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-paraskeva-pyatnitsa-2009a_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paraskeva-pyatnitsa-2009a-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The image of Paraskeva Friday, according to folk representations, is markedly different from the iconographic one, where she is depicted as an ascetic-looking woman in a red <a href="/wiki/Omophorion" title="Omophorion">omophorion</a>. Folk imagination endowed her with demonic features: tall stature, long and loose hair, large breasts that she throws behind her back, and others, which brings her closer to female mythological characters such as <a href="/wiki/Deities_and_fairies_of_fate_in_Slavic_mythology" title="Deities and fairies of fate in Slavic mythology">Doli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Death</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Rusalka" title="Rusalka">Mermaid</a>. </p><p>There was a ritual of <i>driving Pyatnitsa</i> recorded in the 18th century: "In Little Russia, in the Starodubsky regiment on a feast day a plain woman named Pyatnitsa is led through the church and during the church, her people honor her with gifts and with the hope of some benefit."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the stories, Paraskeva Pyatnitsa spins the yarn left by her mistress (similar to <a href="/wiki/Domovoy" title="Domovoy">domovyi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kikimora" title="Kikimora">kimora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mare_(folklore)" title="Mare (folklore)">mar</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-paraskeva-pyatnitsa-2009a_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paraskeva-pyatnitsa-2009a-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and punishes the woman who dared, in spite of the Friday ban, to spin, wind thread, and sew. She tangles the threads and she may skin the offending woman, take away her sight, turn her into a frog, or throw forty spindles into the window with orders to strain them until morning, etc. <sup id="cite_ref-madlevskaya-2007a_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madlevskaya-2007a-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to beliefs, Paraskeva Friday controls the observance of other Friday prohibitions as well (washing laundry, bleaching canvases, combing hair, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian</a> beliefs, Friday walks stabbed with needles and spindles of negligent hosts who have not honored the saint and her days. Until the 19th century, the custom of "leading Friday"—a woman with her hair loose—was preserved in Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Bailichka" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailichka">bylichka</a> and spiritual verses, Paraskeva Friday complains that she is not honored by not observing the prohibition on Fridays—they prick her with spindles, spin her hair, clog her eyes <a href="/wiki/Shives" title="Shives">Kostrakostra</a>. According to beliefs, Paraskeva Friday is depicted on icons with spokes or spindles sticking out of her chest (cf. images of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven-Strength_Icon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seven-Strength Icon (page does not exist)">Seven-Strength Icon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Семистрельная икона">ru</a>]</span> , <a href="/w/index.php?title=Softening_of_Evil_Hearts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Softening of Evil Hearts (page does not exist)">Softening of Evil Hearts</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%B3%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%86" class="extiw" title="ru:Умягчение злых сердец">ru</a>]</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saint_Nedelya,_personification_of_Sunday"><span id="Saint_Nedelya.2C_personification_of_Sunday"></span>Saint Nedelya, personification of Sunday</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_Orthodoxy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Saint Nedelya, personification of Sunday"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nedelya" title="Saint Nedelya">Saint Nedelya</a></div> <p>In Slavic folk representations, Saint Nedelya is a personification of the day of week, <a href="/wiki/Sunday" title="Sunday">Sunday</a>. She is associated with <a href="/wiki/Anastasia_of_Serbia" title="Anastasia of Serbia">saint Anastasia</a> (in Bulgaria, also with the saint <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kyriaki" title="Saint Kyriaki">Kiriakiya</a><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Prohibitions against various kinds of work are associated with the veneration of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nedelya" title="Saint Nedelya">Saint Nedelya</a> (cf. the origin of the Slavic <i>week</i> from <i>not to do</i>). </p><p>The Belarusians of <a href="/wiki/Grodno_Region" title="Grodno Region">Grodno province</a> believed that the day of rest, <i>nyadzel</i>, was given to the people after a man once hid the holy Week from the dogs that pursued it; before that there were only weekdays. The Ukrainians of Volhynia said that God gave Saint Nedelya a whole day, but told her herself to see to it that people did not work on that day. According to Croatian beliefs, Saint Nedelya has no hands, so it is especially sinful to work on this day. </p><p>Saint Nedelya comes to those who violate the prohibition of work on Sunday (spinning, weaving, treading flax, digging the ground, going to the forest, working in the fields, etc.). <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nedelya" title="Saint Nedelya">Saint Nedelya</a> appears as a woman or girl in white, gold, or silver clothing in Belarusian tradition, with a wounded body. She complains that she is poked with spindles, her hair is spun (while pointing to her torn scythe, according to Ukrainies), chopped, cut, etc. In the Ukrainian legend, a man meets a young woman on the road, who confesses that she is Nedelya, who people "spelt, boiled, fried, scalded, sliced, eaten" (<a href="/wiki/Chigirin_uezd" title="Chigirin uezd">Chigirinskiy uyezd</a>). In the West-Belarusian legend, Saint Nedelya appears paired with the dressy and beautiful '[Jew's Nedzelka]' (that is, the Sabbath, revered by Jews) and complains that the Jews revere their "week" and that "you do everything in the week, then my body was purely paabrava." </p><p>The veneration of Saint Nedelya is closely related to the veneration of the other personified days of the week, Wednesday and Friday, which, in popular beliefs, are related by kinship ties. The Serbs believe that <a href="/wiki/Paraskeva_Friday" title="Paraskeva Friday">Paraskeva Friday</a> is the mother or sister of Saint Nedelya (cf. the successive days of St. Paraskeva Friday – 28.X/10.XI and St. Anastasia – 29.X/11.XI). According to the Hutsul people, "Week is the Mother of God" (the Mother of God asked for protection on all the days of the week, agreed week, i.e., Sunday; cf. the pan-Slavonic notions of the Virgin Mary, Saint Paraskeva Friday, Saint Anastasia as patronesses of women and women's work, and similar prohibitions associated with the Virgin feasts, Friday and Sunday).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelova2004391–392_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelova2004391–392-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apostles_Peter_and_Paul">Apostles Peter and Paul</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_Orthodoxy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Apostles Peter and Paul"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Slavic tradition, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a> are paired characters (cf. <a href="/wiki/Saints_Cosmas_and_Damian" title="Saints Cosmas and Damian">Saints Cosmas and Damian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florus_and_Laurus" title="Florus and Laurus">Flor and Laurus</a>), who may often appear in a single image: <i>Peter-Paul, Peter-Paulo, Petropavlava</i>. The Bulgarians considered them brothers, sometimes even twins, who had a sister, <a href="/wiki/Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I" title="Helena, mother of Constantine I">Saint Helen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Saint Mary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ognyena_Maria" title="Ognyena Maria">Fire</a>). Peter is the younger brother and the kinder. He allows the farmers to work on their feast day. Paul is the elder. He is formidable and severely punishes those who violate holiday customs by sending thunder and lightning from the sky, burning sheaves. According to Serbian legend, "the division of faiths into Orthodox and Catholic occurred after a quarrel of the apostles: Peter declared himself Orthodox (Serbian), and Paul said that he was Catholic (<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0okci" title="Šokci">Šokci</a>). In the Slavs' representation, Peter and Paul occupy a special place, acting as guardians of the keys to paradise (cf. the Belarusian name of the constellation Swan – <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>: <i lang="be">Pyatrovaya stick</i>, which is also perceived as a key to paradise). The Bulgarians also considered St. Peter the guardian of the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>, guarding the golden tree of paradise, around which the souls of dead children fly in the form of flies and bees.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the traditional worldview of the Russian people, the Apostle Peter was among the most revered saints. In tales and bylichkas he appears under the name of the apostle-king.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was a belief among the <a href="/wiki/Hutsuls" title="Hutsuls">Gutsul</a> that St. Peter kept the keys of the land all year round, and only in spring did <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George the Victorious</a> take them from him. On Peter's day the keys are returned to Peter, and then the autumn<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> comes. </p><p>In Serbia, the Apostle Peter was pictured "riding a golden-horned deer across the heavenly field over the sprouting earthly fields."<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_icons_and_rituals">On icons and rituals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_Orthodoxy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: On icons and rituals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Soviet art historian <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Alpatov" title="Mikhail Alpatov">Mikhail Alpatov</a> believed that, among Old Russian icons, one could distinguish those that reflected folk ideals and that the folk idea of saints was especially clearly manifested in icons depicting patrons of cattle (George, Vlasius, Florus, and Laurus) and in icons of Elijah the Prophet, a kind of "successor" to the god of thunder and lightning <a href="/wiki/Perun" title="Perun">Perun</a>. In addition, he admitted that some ancient Russian icons reflected folk dual beliefs, including the cult of <a href="/wiki/Mat_Zemlya" title="Mat Zemlya">Mother of the Raw Earth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Doctor of Historical Sciences <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyubov_Emelyakh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyubov Emelyakh (page does not exist)">Lyubov Emelyakh</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%85,_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Емелях, Любовь Исааковна">ru</a>]</span>, this cult of the mother earth, the patroness of crops, which once existed among the Slavs, reflects the icon of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conqueror_of_Bread&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conqueror of Bread (page does not exist)">Conqueror of Bread</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2" class="extiw" title="ru:Спорительница хлебов">ru</a>]</span> painted in the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Tolstoy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikita Tolstoy (page does not exist)">Nikita Tolstoy</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Толстой, Никита Ильич">ru</a>]</span> examines the rites of slumping and girding the temple, rites of invocation of rain,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rites connected with protection from thunder and hail,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some others as a symbiosis of Christian and pre-Christian customs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folk_prayers">Folk prayers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_Orthodoxy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Folk prayers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Folk Christian prayers include canonical prayers that are common in popular culture, fragments of <a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Christian Worship</a> church services, endowed in popular circles with <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">apotropaic function</a> (that is, having noncanonical application), and noncanonical prayers proper. The functioning and consolidation of folk prayers in tradition as apotropei (amulet rituals) is largely determined not by their own semantics, but by their high-sacred status. These texts themselves do not possess apotropaic semantics, and their use as amulets is determined by their ability, as it is believed, to prevent potential danger. The main part of the corpus of such texts is of bookish origin and penetrated into the folk tradition with <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">acceptance of Christianity</a>, a smaller part is authentic texts. </p><p>In contrast to <a href="/wiki/Euchologion" title="Euchologion">Trebniks</a> (containing, in particular, canonical prayers), where each prayer has a strictly defined use, in popular culture, canonical Christian prayers usually have no such fixation but are used as universal apotrophes for all occasions. The main reason for this is that the circle of canonical prayers known in traditional culture is extremely narrow. These include such common prayers containing apotropaic semantics as "Let God arise, and His enemies are made waste..." (in the East Slavic folk tradition usually referred to as the "Sunday Prayer") and the 90th <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalm</a> "Alive in aid..." (usually rearranged by popular etymology as "Living Helpers"), as well as "<a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Our Father</a>" and "Virgin Mary, Rejoice..." (in the Catholic tradition, "Zdrowiaś, Maria..."). The Lord's Prayer is a universal apotheosis, which is explained by its unique status as the only "nonvirtuous" prayer, that is, given to people by God himself, Christ. At the same time, this prayer is a declaration of man's belonging to the Christian world and his stay under the protection of heavenly powers. </p><p>Fragments of a church service, which are in no way connected in meaning with the apotropaic situation in which they are used, also function as amulets. For example, the beginning from <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_Basil" title="Liturgy of Saint Basil">Liturgy of St. Basil the Great</a> "On you rejoice, Graceful, every creature, the angelic assembly and the human race..." may be read by the master during the driving of the cow to pasture.<sup id="cite_ref-левкиевская-е-2_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-левкиевская-е-2-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Apocryphal_prayer" title="Apocryphal prayer">Apocryphal Prayers</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Repudiated_Books" title="Index of Repudiated Books">Index of Repudiated Books</a>, "false prayers") are prayers modeled after those of the church, but contain a large number of insertions from folk beliefs, incantations, incantations, and in some cases reworkings or extracts from apocrypha.<sup id="cite_ref-Sumtsov1915_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sumtsov1915-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apocryphal prayers and hagiographies adapted for "protective" purposes are much more common in the folk tradition than canonical church texts. Apocryphal prayers are mostly texts of bookish origin. Some of their versions may retain the genre form of a prayer, while others take on the features of <a href="/wiki/Zagovory" title="Zagovory">Zagovory</a>. They were often transcribed and used as a <a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">talisman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">amulet</a>, which were worn with <a href="/wiki/Pectoral_cross#Pectoral_cross" title="Pectoral cross">national cross</a> or kept in the house.<sup id="cite_ref-левкиевская-е-2_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-левкиевская-е-2-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most often, there are prayers-consecrations for <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>. The text usually mentions Saint Sisinius and <a href="/wiki/Likhoradka" title="Likhoradka">Likhoradka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sumtsov1915_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sumtsov1915-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exceptional in its prevalence is the apocryphal Prayer of the Dream of the Virgin Mary, which contains the account of Our Lady of the tortures of Christ on the cross. The text is known in both Catholic and Orthodox traditions in numerous variations. In Eastern Slavic folklore, it dominates and is revered along with the Lord's Prayer and Psalm 90. It was most often recited before going to bed as a general apotheosis text. The text of the "Dream of the Virgin Mary" was worn as a talisman in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ladanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ladanka (page does not exist)">Ladanka</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Ладанка">ru</a>]</span> together with the body cross. Among the texts of bookish origin in both Orthodox and Catholics, a significant proportion are apocryphal prayers that contain an account of the life and crucifixion of Christ or other significant events of <a href="/wiki/Sacred_history" title="Sacred history">Sacred History</a>. The account of Christ's tortures on the cross for the salvation of mankind projects the idea of universal salvation into a specific situation, so it is believed that in some cases a reference to events from the life of Christ<sup id="cite_ref-левкиевская-е-2_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-левкиевская-е-2-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is sufficient for salvation from danger.<sup id="cite_ref-левкиевская-е-2_80-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-левкиевская-е-2-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_Orthodoxy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Church could convert the pagans to the veneration of the Christian God and saints but was unable to solve all the pressing problems and explain in detail from the Christian perspective how the world around them was arranged, due to the lack of a sufficiently developed and extensive system of education. The popular religious-mythological system remained in demand because of the <a href="/wiki/Etiology" title="Etiology">etiological</a> (explanatory) function of myth. The Christian religion clarified what should be believed and established a system of behavior and values in relations between people and with the nascent state, while folk myths and representations (above all the basic layer constituting <a href="/wiki/Lower_mythology" title="Lower mythology">lower mythology</a>) answered other pressing questions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeskov20157_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeskov20157-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_modern_times">In modern times</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_Orthodoxy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In modern times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In modern times there has been a disintegration of the peasant environment, which retained "pagan relics" (folk Christianity) in which important functions has been performed. Under the new conditions, these cultural elements lost their functions and ceased to be necessary. </p><p>In Eastern Slavs, in addition to the disintegration of the peasant way of life, the interruption of the folk-Christian tradition was facilitated by the radical transformation of the traditional way of life that took place during the Soviet period of Russian history. In the course of the large-scale social, economic, and cultural transformations in the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> (urbanization, internal migration, the development of education, anti-religious propaganda, etc.), folk orthodoxy rapidly disappeared along with relics of the pre-Christian picture of the world. The accessible Soviet educational system formed a scientific picture of the world that left no room for traditional myths, which previously existed in the form of various superstitions, omens, and bylaws. </p><p>After the collapse of the Soviet Union, with the support of the authorities, Orthodox Christianity regained its importance in public life. While orthodoxy has preserved its norms and traditions, which can be brought back up to date, folk-Christian beliefs and ritual practices have been almost completely lost and forgotten under the influence of atheist propaganda and the country's accelerated modernization policy, and have no chance of revival. </p><p>"Paganism," the spread of which some orthodox authors point to in modern society, is not a further development of the ancient religious beliefs of the Eastern Slavs, but a consequence of the primitivization of the mass consciousness, the dissociation of the scientific picture of the world into separate elements, no longer united by any philosophical idea. To such "paganism" orthodox authors refer a variety of phenomena incompatible with the canons of Abrahamic religions—horoscopes and magic practices, ufology, worship of famous brands, etc. These beliefs and perceptions are a product of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> and have no connection with the local folk beliefs of the past.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeskov20158–9_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeskov20158–9-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are conflated with such a phenomenon as <a href="/wiki/Ietsism" title="Ietsism">itseism</a>, a belief in something indefinite.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeskov20159_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeskov20159-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, folk orthodoxy is seen as having increased in the 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_Orthodoxy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_Christiana" title="Interpretatio Christiana">Interpretatio Christiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Christian mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Abkhazia" title="Religion in Abkhazia">Religion in Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_menologion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian menologion (page does not exist)">Russian menologion</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2" class="extiw" title="ru:Русский месяцеслов">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friday_calendar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friday calendar (page does not exist)">Friday calendar</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C" class="extiw" title="ru:Пятничный календарь">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_mythology" title="Lower mythology">Lower mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thursday_salt" title="Thursday salt">Thursday salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Demetra" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Demetra">Saint Demetra</a> – Greek goddess of the harvest, grains, and agriculture<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kourbania" title="Kourbania">Kourbania</a> – Christianized animal sacrifices in some parts of Greece</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_Orthodoxy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_Orthodoxy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlagojevićTodorović2011" class="citation book cs1">Blagojević, Mirko; Todorović, Dragan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7IZRxIju3GwC&dq=%22folk+orthodoxy%22&pg=PA127"><i>Orthodoxy from an Empirical Perspective</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-82417-29-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-82417-29-3"><bdi>978-86-82417-29-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orthodoxy+from+an+Empirical+Perspective&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-86-82417-29-3&rft.aulast=Blagojevi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Mirko&rft.au=Todorovi%C4%87%2C+Dragan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7IZRxIju3GwC%26dq%3D%2522folk%2Borthodoxy%2522%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vestnik.yspu.org-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vestnik.yspu.org_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vestnik.yspu.org_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://vestnik.yspu.org/releases/2012_3g/46.pdf">http://vestnik.yspu.org/releases/2012_3g/46.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shtyrkov-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shtyrkov_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shtyrkov, S. А. "After folk religiosity". <i>Dreams of the Virgin Mary: Studies in the Anthropology of Religion</i>. Edited by J. V. Kormina, Alexander Alexandrovich Panchenko, S. A. Shtyrkov. Saint Petersburg (2006), pp. 7–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevin200412-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevin200412_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevin2004">Levin 2004</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095737161">"Dvoeverie"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dvoeverie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110803095737161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJakobson1985" class="citation book cs1">Jakobson, Roman (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/619443480"><i>Contributions to comparative mythology ; Studies in linguistics and philology, 1972-1982</i></a>. Stephen Rudy. Berlin: Mouton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-085546-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-085546-3"><bdi>978-3-11-085546-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/619443480">619443480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contributions+to+comparative+mythology+%3B+Studies+in+linguistics+and+philology%2C+1972-1982&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Mouton&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F619443480&rft.isbn=978-3-11-085546-3&rft.aulast=Jakobson&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F619443480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Celtic Mythology: Encyclopedia – Moscow: EXMO (2004), p. 447.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://obo-vsem-ponemnogu-ot-olechki.com/frantsiya/traditsii-frantsii/tussen-toussaint-den-vseh-svyatyih-traditsii-frantsii">"obo-vsem-ponemnogu-ot-olechki.com"</a>. <i>obo-vsem-ponemnogu-ot-olechki.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211023184403/https://obo-vsem-ponemnogu-ot-olechki.com/frantsiya/traditsii-frantsii/tussen-toussaint-den-vseh-svyatyih-traditsii-frantsii">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=obo-vsem-ponemnogu-ot-olechki.com&rft.atitle=obo-vsem-ponemnogu-ot-olechki.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobo-vsem-ponemnogu-ot-olechki.com%2Ffrantsiya%2Ftraditsii-frantsii%2Ftussen-toussaint-den-vseh-svyatyih-traditsii-frantsii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rights-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rights_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>А . А . Лукашевич.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pravenc.ru/text/155560.html">Всех святых Неделя</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120708084656/http://www.pravenc.ru/text/155560.html">Archived</a> 2012-07-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> // <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Православная энциклопедия">Православная энциклопедия</a>. — Москва, 2005. — Т. IX : "<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Владимирская икона Божией Матери">Владимирская икона Божией Матери</a> — <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%98%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Второе пришествие Иисуса Христа">Второе пришествие</a>". — С. 706–707. — 752 с. — 39 000 экз. — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-89572-015-3" title="Special:BookSources/5-89572-015-3">5-89572-015-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETolstoy200312-13-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolstoy200312-13_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolstoy2003">Tolstoy 2003</a>, p. 12-13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Villo Johannes Mancicca, <i>Religion of the Eastern Slavs</i>. Moscow: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a> (2005), p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhivov, Viktor. "Dvoeverie and the peculiar character of Russian cultural history". <i>Investigations in the History and Prehistory of Russian Culture. M.: Languages of Slavic Culture</i> (2002), pp. 306–316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevin200411–37-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevin200411–37_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevin2004">Levin 2004</a>, pp. 11–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strakhov, A. B.<i> Night before Christmas: folk Christianity and Christmas rituals in the West and among the Slavs</i>. — Cambridge: Cambridge-Mass., 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anthropologie.kunstkamera.ru/files/pdf/001/01_01_forum.pdf">"Modern trends in anthropological research"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240816132022/http://anthropologie.kunstkamera.ru/files/pdf/001/01_01_forum.pdf">Archived</a> 2024-08-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Anthropological Forum</i> (2004), No. 1, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Petrukhin, Vladimir Yakovlevich. "Ancient Russia : People, Princes, Religion" in <i>The History of Russian Culture</i>, vol. 1 (<i>Ancient Rus</i>). Moscow: Languages of Russian Culture (2000), pp. 11–410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETolstoy200312–13-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolstoy200312–13_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolstoy200312–13_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolstoy2003">Tolstoy 2003</a>, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZabiyakoZabiyako" class="citation web cs1">Zabiyako, Andrey P.; Zabiyako, Anna A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religio.amursu.ru/index.php/en/new-archive/21-articles-en/562-magic-demonology-and-visions-in-the-culture-of-the-trekhrechye-russians">"Magic, Demonology and Visions in the Culture of the Trekhrechye Russians"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Magic%2C+Demonology+and+Visions+in+the+Culture+of+the+Trekhrechye+Russians&rft.aulast=Zabiyako&rft.aufirst=Andrey+P.&rft.au=Zabiyako%2C+Anna+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freligio.amursu.ru%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Fnew-archive%2F21-articles-en%2F562-magic-demonology-and-visions-in-the-culture-of-the-trekhrechye-russians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141111033151/http://rerefat.ru/docs/5/index-65165.html">"Автореферат диссертации на соискание ученой степени кандидата искусствоведения Москва 2012"</a>. 2014-11-11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rerefat.ru/docs/5/index-65165.html">the original</a> on 2014-11-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82+%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0+2012&rft.date=2014-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frerefat.ru%2Fdocs%2F5%2Findex-65165.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordienko198695-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordienko198695_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordienko1986">Gordienko 1986</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordienko198699–100-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordienko198699–100_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordienko1986">Gordienko 1986</a>, pp. 99–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180128021152/http://vkist.ru/5303/5303.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20180128021152/http://vkist.ru/5303/5303.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevin200420–21-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevin200420–21_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevin2004">Levin 2004</a>, pp. 20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhegalo2011" class="citation book cs1">Zhegalo (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150101183218/http://folkmuseum.bsu.by/i/2011_2_end.pdf"><i>НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ АСПЕКТ МОТИВА ЧУДА В БЕЛОРУССКИХ И РУССКИХ БЫЛИЧКАХ</i></a> [<i>National aspect of the miracle motif in Belarusian and Russian bylichkas</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=slavya.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fslavya.ru%2Ftrad%2Fhistory%2Fyaz_chr%2Ffroyanov4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevin200457–58-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevin200457–58_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevin2004">Levin 2004</a>, pp. 57–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sofronova M. N.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cheloveknauka.com/stanovlenie-i-razvitie-zhivopisi-v-zapadnoy-sibiri-v-xvii-nachale-xix-vekah">Formation and development of painting in Western Siberia from the 17th century to the beginning of the 19th century</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328173055/https://cheloveknauka.com/stanovlenie-i-razvitie-zhivopisi-v-zapadnoy-sibiri-v-xvii-nachale-xix-vekah">Archived</a> 2023-03-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Dissertation in Art History. Barnaul, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonov,_Dmitry_Igorevich_(historian)" class="extiw" title="ru:Antonov, Dmitry Igorevich (historian)">Antonov D. I.</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayzuls,_Mikhail_Romanovich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayzuls, Mikhail Romanovich (page does not exist)">Mayzuls M. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B8%D0%BC.+%D0%92.+%D0%93.+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5+XIX+XX+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%28%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8%29&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=128&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=1999-7116&rft.aulast=%D0%AE&rft.aufirst=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%9C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcyberleninka.ru%2Farticle%2Fn%2Fduhovnaya-zhizn-russkogo-krestyanstva-na-rubezhe-xix-xx-vekov-po-materialam-penzenskoy-gubernii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kryanev Yu. V., Pavlova T. P.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://religion.historic.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000033/st035.shtml">Dvoeverie in Russia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020221800/http://religion.historic.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000033/st035.shtml">Archived</a> 2021-10-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> // How Russia was baptized. – Moscow, 1990. – P. 304-314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historic.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000209/st047.shtml">"Глава 20. Христианство, церковь и ереси в средние века (Уколова В.И.) [1990 - - История средних веков. Том 1]"</a>. <i>historic.ru</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329014356/http://historic.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000209/st047.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historic.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0+20.+%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%2C+%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C+%D0%B8+%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0+%28%D0%A3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%92.%D0%98.%29+%5B1990+-+-+%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.+%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC+1%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistoric.ru%2Fbooks%2Fitem%2Ff00%2Fs00%2Fz0000209%2Fst047.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131012004038/http://padabum.com/d.php?id=45044">"Скачать Зимний период русского народного земледельческого календаря XVI - XIX веков - Чичеров В.И."</a> 2013-10-12. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F+XVI+-+XIX+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+-+%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%92.%D0%98.&rft.date=2013-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpadabum.com%2Fd.php%3Fid%3D45044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sovremennik" title="Sovremennik">Sovremennik</a>Preobrazhensky N. S. (N. Pr-sky). Bath, games, listening and 6th January. (Ethnographic essays of the Kadnikovsky district) // Sovremennik  : journal. - 1864. - T. 10 . - S. 499-522 .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/didakticheskiy-potentsial-narodnogo-pravoslaviya-v-obuchenii-russkomu-yazyku-kak-inostrannomu#_=_">http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/didakticheskiy-potentsial-narodnogo-pravoslaviya-v-obuchenii-russkomu-yazyku-kak-inostrannomu#_=_</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240816132105/https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/didakticheskiy-potentsial-narodnogo-pravoslaviya-v-obuchenii-russkomu-yazyku-kak-inostrannomu#_=_">Archived</a> 2024-08-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> p=91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETultseva197831-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETultseva197831_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTultseva1978">Tultseva 1978</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005212-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005212_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005212_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIvakhiv2005">Ivakhiv 2005</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernshtam199235-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernshtam199235_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernshtam1992">Bernshtam 1992</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERock2007110-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERock2007110_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRock2007">Rock 2007</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernshtam199244-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernshtam199244_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernshtam1992">Bernshtam 1992</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanits198915-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanits198915_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanits198915_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIvanits1989">Ivanits 1989</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanits19893-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanits19893_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIvanits1989">Ivanits 1989</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFВолошинаАстапов1996" class="citation book cs1">Волошина, Т. А.; Астапов, С. Н. (1996). <i>Языческая мифология славян</i>. Ростов н/Д: Феникс.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD&rft.place=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%BD%2F%D0%94&rft.pub=%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.aufirst=%D0%A2.+%D0%90.&rft.au=%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%A1.+%D0%9D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-madlevskaya-2007a-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-madlevskaya-2007a_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-madlevskaya-2007a_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-madlevskaya-2007a_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-madlevskaya-2007a_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-madlevskaya-2007a_49-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadlevskaya2007" class="citation book cs1">Madlevskaya; et al. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-reading.club/chapter.php/141743/98/Eriashvili%2C_Madlevskaya%2C_Pavlovskiii_-_Russkaya_mifologiya._Enciklopediya.html"><i>Власий — скотий бог</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240816132556/https://www.e-reading.club/chapter.php/141743/98/n-madlevskaya-eriashvili-russkaya-mifologiya-enciklopediya.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-08-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9+%E2%80%94+%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Madlevskaya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-reading.club%2Fchapter.php%2F141743%2F98%2FEriashvili%252C_Madlevskaya%252C_Pavlovskiii_-_Russkaya_mifologiya._Enciklopediya.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoroz2009" class="citation journal cs1">Moroz, Andrey (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5548647">"Святые Русского Севера. Народная агиография. М.: ОГИ"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240816132548/https://www.academia.edu/5548647">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-08-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0.+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F.+%D0%9C.%3A+%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%98&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Moroz&rft.aufirst=Andrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5548647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slavic Antiquities : Ethnolinguistic Dictionary Virgin Mary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelova2004398-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelova2004398_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelova2004398_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBelova2004">Belova 2004</a>, p. 398.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelova2004398–399-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelova2004398–399_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBelova2004">Belova 2004</a>, pp. 398–399.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelova2004399-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelova2004399_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelova2004399_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBelova2004">Belova 2004</a>, p. 399.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelova1999405-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelova1999405_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelova1999405_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBelova1999">Belova 1999</a>, p. 405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tolstoy-slavic-antiquities-2-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tolstoy-slavic-antiquities-2_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tolstoy-slavic-antiquities-2_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tolstoy-slavic-antiquities-2_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tolstoy-slavic-antiquities-2_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tolstoy-slavic-antiquities-2_56-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tolstoy-slavic-antiquities-2_56-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tolstoy Slavic Antiquities : Ethnolinguistic Dictionary George</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dmitry St. day / TA Agapkina  // Slavic Antiquities : Ethnolinguistic Dictionary: in 5 volumes  / under the general. ed. N.I. Tolstoy ; Institute of Slavic Studies RAS . -M <abbr>.</abbr>  : Interd. relations , 1999. - T. 2: D (Giving) - K (Crumbs). — P. 93–94. — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7133-0982-7" title="Special:BookSources/5-7133-0982-7">5-7133-0982-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zueva T. V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://russkayarech.ru/files/issues/2000/3/18-zueva.pdf">Ancient Slavic version of the fairy tale "Wonderful Children"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619120247/http://russkayarech.ru/files/issues/2000/3/18-zueva.pdf">Archived</a> 2018-06-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> // Russian speech, 3/2000 – P. 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tolstoy-slavic-antiquities-3-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tolstoy-slavic-antiquities-3_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tolstoy-slavic-antiquities-3_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tolstoy-slavic-antiquities-3_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tolstoy Slavic Antiquities : Ethnolinguistic Dictionary Blaise</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Кляус" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%83%D1%81,_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Кляус, Владимир Леонидович (page does not exist)">Кляус В. Л.</a> (1997). <i>Указатель сюжетов и сюжетных ситуаций заговорных текстов восточных и южных славян</i>. М.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A3%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C+%D1%81%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B8+%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD&rft.place=%D0%9C.&rft.date=1997&rft.au=%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%83%D1%81+%D0%92.+%D0%9B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadlevskaya2005" class="citation book cs1">Madlevskaya; et al. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70216827"><i>Russkai︠a︡ mifologii︠a︡ : ent︠s︡iklopedii︠a︡</i></a>. Elena Madlevskai︠a︡, Елена. Мадлевская. Moskva. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-699-13535-9" title="Special:BookSources/5-699-13535-9"><bdi>5-699-13535-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70216827">70216827</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240816132628/https://search.worldcat.org/title/70216827">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-08-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russkai%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1+mifologii%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1+%3A+ent%EF%B8%A0s%EF%B8%A1iklopedii%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1&rft.place=Moskva&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70216827&rft.isbn=5-699-13535-9&rft.au=Madlevskaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F70216827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120511182730/http://starbel.narod.ru/kalendar.htm">"Беларускі народны каляндар"</a>. 2012-05-11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starbel.narod.ru/kalendar.htm">the original</a> on 2012-05-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80&rft.date=2012-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstarbel.narod.ru%2Fkalendar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrushko2000" class="citation book cs1">Grushko, Elena (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49570715"><i>Ėnt︠s︡iklopedii︠a︡ russkikh primet</i></a>. I︠U︡riĭ. Medvedev. Moskva: ĖKSMO-Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-04-004217-5" title="Special:BookSources/5-04-004217-5"><bdi>5-04-004217-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49570715">49570715</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240816132552/https://search.worldcat.org/title/49570715">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-08-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C4%96nt%EF%B8%A0s%EF%B8%A1iklopedii%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1+russkikh+primet&rft.place=Moskva&rft.pub=%C4%96KSMO-Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49570715&rft.isbn=5-04-004217-5&rft.aulast=Grushko&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F49570715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Lavrentieva L. S., Smirnov Yu. I.</i> Culture of the Russian people. Customs, rituals, occupations, folklore. - <abbr>St. Petersburg.</abbr> : Parity, 2004. - 448 p. — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-93437-117-7" title="Special:BookSources/5-93437-117-7">5-93437-117-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paraskeva-pyatnitsa-2009a-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paraskeva-pyatnitsa-2009a_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paraskeva-pyatnitsa-2009a_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paraskeva-pyatnitsa-2009a_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paraskeva-pyatnitsa-2009a_65-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paraskeva Pyatnitsa / Levkievskaya E. E., Tolstaya S. M.  // Slavic Antiquities : Ethnolinguistic Dictionary: in 5 volumes  / under the general ed. N. I. Tolstoy ; Institute of Slavic Studies RAS . - <abbr>M .</abbr>  : Interd. relations , 2009. - V. 4: P (Crossing the water) - S (Sieve). - S. 631-633. - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7133-0703-4" title="Special:BookSources/5-7133-0703-4">5-7133-0703-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-7133-1312-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-7133-1312-8">978-5-7133-1312-8</a> Page 631-632</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://istoriofil.org.ua/load/knigi_po_istorii/rossii/koldovstvo_i_religija_v_rossii_1700_1740_gg/12-1-0-5962">http://istoriofil.org.ua/load/knigi_po_istorii/rossii/koldovstvo_i_religija_v_rossii_1700_1740_gg/12-1-0-5962</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> p=168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFЩепанская2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Щепанская, Т. Б. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160501181106/http://indrik.ru/e-biblioteka/shchepanskaya-t-b-kultura-dorogi-v-russkoj-miforitualnoj-traditsii-xix-xx-vv"><i>Культура дороги в русской мифоритуальной традиции XIX-XX вв</i></a> [<i>The culture of the road in the Russian mythological and ritual tradition of the 19th-20th centuries</i>]. Традиционная духовная культура славян. Современные исследования (in Russian). Индрик. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-85759-176-7" title="Special:BookSources/5-85759-176-7"><bdi>5-85759-176-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indrik.ru/e-biblioteka/shchepanskaya-t-b-kultura-dorogi-v-russkoj-miforitualnoj-traditsii-xix-xx-vv">the original</a> on 2016-05-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+XIX-XX+%D0%B2%D0%B2&rft.series=%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD.+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.pub=%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=5-85759-176-7&rft.aulast=%D0%A9%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F&rft.aufirst=%D0%A2.+%D0%91.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findrik.ru%2Fe-biblioteka%2Fshchepanskaya-t-b-kultura-dorogi-v-russkoj-miforitualnoj-traditsii-xix-xx-vv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.svit.in.ua/kny/voropaj/znn_t2.pdf">"<i>Voropay O.</i> Zvichaї to our people (Ukrainian) . - Munich: Ukrainian publishing house, 1958. - Vol. 2. - 289 p."</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150224214656/http://www.svit.in.ua/kny/voropaj/znn_t2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Voropay+O.+Zvicha%D1%97+to+our+people+%28Ukrainian%29+.+-+Munich%3A+Ukrainian+publishing+house%2C+1958.+-+Vol.+2.+-+289+p.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.svit.in.ua%2Fkny%2Fvoropaj%2Fznn_t2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paraskeva Pyatnitsa / Levkievskaya E. E., Tolstaya S. M.  // Slavic Antiquities : Ethnolinguistic Dictionary: in 5 volumes  / under the general ed. N. I. Tolstoy ; Institute of Slavic Studies RAS . - <abbr>M .</abbr>  : Interd. relations , 2009. - V. 4: P (Crossing the water) - S (Sieve). - S. 631-633. - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7133-0703-4" title="Special:BookSources/5-7133-0703-4">5-7133-0703-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-7133-1312-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-7133-1312-8">978-5-7133-1312-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Folk culture in Balkanjiit. Scientific ethnographic conference / Presenter and editor: St.n. With. Dr. Angel Goev. - Gabrovo: Architectural and ethnographic complex "Etar", 1996. - T. II. — 308 p.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelova2004391–392-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelova2004391–392_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBelova2004">Belova 2004</a>, pp. 391–392.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter and Pavel / O. V. Belova  // Slavic Antiquities : Ethnolinguistic Dictionary: in 5 volumes  / under the general. ed. N. I. Tolstoy ; Institute of Slavic Studies RAS . - <abbr>M .</abbr>  : Interd. relations , 2009. - V. 4: P (Crossing the water) - S (Sieve). - S. 22-24. - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7133-0703-4" title="Special:BookSources/5-7133-0703-4">5-7133-0703-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-7133-1312-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-7133-1312-8">978-5-7133-1312-8</a> page 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193722/http://www.ethnomuseum.ru/petrov-den">"Петров день | РЭМ"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnomuseum.ru/petrov-den">the original</a> on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C+%26%23124%3B+%D0%A0%D0%AD%D0%9C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnomuseum.ru%2Fpetrov-den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Petrov's Day / T. A. Agapkina  // Slavic Antiquities : Ethnolinguistic Dictionary: in 5 volumes  / ed. ed. N. I. Tolstoy ; Institute of Slavic Studies RAS . - <abbr>M .</abbr>  : Interd. relations , 2009. - V. 4: P (Crossing the water) - S (Sieve). - S. 24-27. - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7133-0703-4" title="Special:BookSources/5-7133-0703-4">5-7133-0703-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-7133-1312-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-7133-1312-8">978-5-7133-1312-8</a> page 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFКоринфский1901" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Коринфский, А. А. (1901). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title=""><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C_(%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9)/%D0%9E_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5"><i>ru:Народная Русь (Коринфский)/О Петрове дне</i> </a></span> (in Russian) – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft.aufirst=%D0%90.+%D0%90.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mosip.ru/files/1978.pdf">"<i>Alpatov M. V.</i> Old Russian icon painting . - <abbr>M .</abbr> : Art , 1978. - 310 p."</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161223133527/http://www.mosip.ru/files/1978.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-12-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alpatov+M.+V.+Old+Russian+icon+painting+.+-+%3Cabbr%3EM+.%3C%2Fabbr%3E+%3A+Art+%2C+1978.+-+310+p.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mosip.ru%2Ffiles%2F1978.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Emelyakh L. I.</i> "Riddles" of the Christian cult. - <abbr>L .</abbr> : Lenizdat , 1985. - 187 p. («Загадки» христианского культа.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inslav.ru/publication/tolstoy-n-i-yazyk-i-narodnaya-kultura-ocherki-po-slavyanskoy-mifologii-i-etnolingvistike">"Толстой Н. И. Язык и народная культура: Очерки по славянской мифологии и этнолингвистике. М., 1995"</a>. <i>Институт славяноведения Российской академии наук (ИСл РАН)</i>. 2010-04-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA+%28%D0%98%D0%A1%D0%BB+%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9D%29&rft.atitle=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%9D.+%D0%98.+%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA+%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%3A+%D0%9E%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5.+%D0%9C.%2C+1995.&rft.date=2010-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finslav.ru%2Fpublication%2Ftolstoy-n-i-yazyk-i-narodnaya-kultura-ocherki-po-slavyanskoy-mifologii-i-etnolingvistike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inslav.ru/publication/tolstoy-n-i-ocherki-slavyanskogo-yazychestva-m-2003">"Толстой Н. И. Очерки славянского язычества. М., 2003"</a>. <i>Институт славяноведения Российской академии наук (ИСл РАН)</i>. 2011-05-10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240816133556/https://inslav.ru/publication/tolstoy-n-i-ocherki-slavyanskogo-yazychestva-m-2003">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-08-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA+%28%D0%98%D0%A1%D0%BB+%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9D%29&rft.atitle=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%9D.+%D0%98.+%D0%9E%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0.+%D0%9C.%2C+2003.&rft.date=2011-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finslav.ru%2Fpublication%2Ftolstoy-n-i-ocherki-slavyanskogo-yazychestva-m-2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-левкиевская-е-2-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-левкиевская-е-2_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-левкиевская-е-2_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-левкиевская-е-2_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-левкиевская-е-2_80-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://annales.info/slav/small/textober.htm">"Левкиевская Е.Е. Народные молитвы и апокрифические тексты как обереги"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200202045952/http://annales.info/slav/small/textober.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%95.%D0%95.+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%8B+%D0%B8+%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fannales.info%2Fslav%2Fsmall%2Ftextober.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sumtsov1915-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sumtsov1915_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sumtsov1915_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Сумцов, Николай Фёдорович">Сумцов Н. Ф.</a></i> <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%D0%9D%D0%AD%D0%A1/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:s:НЭС/Молитвы апокрифические">Молитвы апокрифические</a> // <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C" class="extiw" title="ru:Новый энциклопедический словарь">Новый энциклопедический словарь</a>: В 48 томах (вышло 29 томов). — Санкт-Петербург, Петроград, 1911—1916. – Vol. 26: Maciejewski – Lactic Acid. – 1915. – Stlb. 929–930.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeskov20157-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeskov20157_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeskov2015">Beskov 2015</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeskov20158–9-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeskov20158–9_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeskov2015">Beskov 2015</a>, pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeskov20159-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeskov20159_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeskov2015">Beskov 2015</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTkachenko2012" class="citation journal cs1">Tkachenko, A. V. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.systempsychology.ru/journal/2012-6/115-tkachenko-av-itsizm-kak-osnovnaya-forma-religioznyh-predstavleniy-sovremennoy-molodezhi.html">"Itsism as the main form of religious representations of modern youth"</a>. <i>Systemic Psychology and Sociology</i> (6): 112–120. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140119002148/http://www.systempsychology.ru/journal/2012-6/115-tkachenko-av-itsizm-kak-osnovnaya-forma-religioznyh-predstavleniy-sovremennoy-molodezhi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Systemic+Psychology+and+Sociology&rft.atitle=Itsism+as+the+main+form+of+religious+representations+of+modern+youth&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=112-120&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Tkachenko&rft.aufirst=A.+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.systempsychology.ru%2Fjournal%2F2012-6%2F115-tkachenko-av-itsizm-kak-osnovnaya-forma-religioznyh-predstavleniy-sovremennoy-molodezhi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKononenko2006" class="citation book cs1">Kononenko, Natalie (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.3138/9781442676640-005/html?lang=en">"Folk Orthodoxy: Popular Religion in Contemporary Ukraine"</a>. <i>Letters from Heaven</i>. pp. 46–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781442676640-005">10.3138/9781442676640-005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-7664-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-7664-0"><bdi>978-1-4426-7664-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328173047/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.3138/9781442676640-005/html?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Folk+Orthodoxy%3A+Popular+Religion+in+Contemporary+Ukraine&rft.btitle=Letters+from+Heaven&rft.pages=46-75&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2F9781442676640-005&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-7664-0&rft.aulast=Kononenko&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.3138%2F9781442676640-005%2Fhtml%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_Orthodoxy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreuzerMone1822" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_Creuzer" title="Georg Friedrich Creuzer">Creuzer, Georg Friedrich</a>; <a href="/wiki/Franz_Mone" title="Franz Mone">Mone, Franz Joseph</a> (1822). <i>Geschichte des Heidentums im nördlichen Europa</i>. Symbolik und Mythologie der alten Völker (in German). Vol. 1. Georg Olms Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-487-40274-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-487-40274-1"><bdi>978-3-487-40274-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+des+Heidentums+im+n%C3%B6rdlichen+Europa&rft.series=Symbolik+und+Mythologie+der+alten+V%C3%B6lker&rft.pub=Georg+Olms+Verlag&rft.date=1822&rft.isbn=978-3-487-40274-1&rft.aulast=Creuzer&rft.aufirst=Georg+Friedrich&rft.au=Mone%2C+Franz+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernshtam1992" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bernshtam, T. A. (1992). "Russian Folk Culture and Folk Religion". In Balzer Marjorie Mandelstam; Radzai Ronald (eds.). <i>Russian Traditional Culture: Religion, Gender and Customary Law</i>. Routledge. pp. 34–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-039-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-039-3"><bdi>978-1-56324-039-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Russian+Folk+Culture+and+Folk+Religion&rft.btitle=Russian+Traditional+Culture%3A+Religion%2C+Gender+and+Customary+Law&rft.pages=34-47&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-56324-039-3&rft.aulast=Bernshtam&rft.aufirst=T.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDynda2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Dynda" title="Jiří Dynda">Dynda, Jiří</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3986%2Fsms.v17i0.1495">"The Three-Headed One at the Crossroad: A Comparative Study of the Slavic God Triglav"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Studia_Mythologica_Slavica" class="mw-redirect" title="Studia Mythologica Slavica">Studia Mythologica Slavica</a></i>. <b>17</b>. Institute of Slovenian Ethnology: 57–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3986%2Fsms.v17i0.1495">10.3986/sms.v17i0.1495</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1408-6271">1408-6271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Mythologica+Slavica&rft.atitle=The+Three-Headed+One+at+the+Crossroad%3A+A+Comparative+Study+of+the+Slavic+God+Triglav&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=57-82&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3986%2Fsms.v17i0.1495&rft.issn=1408-6271&rft.aulast=Dynda&rft.aufirst=Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3986%252Fsms.v17i0.1495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroianovDvornichenkoKrivosheev1992" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Froianov, I. Ia.; Dvornichenko, A. Iu.; Krivosheev, Iu. V. (1992). "The Introduction of Christianity in Russia and the Pagan Traditions". In Balzer Marjorie Mandelstam; Radzai Ronald (eds.). <i>Russian Traditional Culture: Religion, Gender and Customary Law</i>. Routledge. pp. 3–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-039-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-039-3"><bdi>978-1-56324-039-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Introduction+of+Christianity+in+Russia+and+the+Pagan+Traditions&rft.btitle=Russian+Traditional+Culture%3A+Religion%2C+Gender+and+Customary+Law&rft.pages=3-15&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-56324-039-3&rft.aulast=Froianov&rft.aufirst=I.+Ia.&rft.au=Dvornichenko%2C+A.+Iu.&rft.au=Krivosheev%2C+Iu.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasparini2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gasparini, Evel (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Slavic-religion">"Slavic religion"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slavic+religion&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Gasparini&rft.aufirst=Evel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FSlavic-religion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanuš1842" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hanuš, Ignác Jan (1842). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951002357992g;view=1up;seq=7"><i>Die Wissenschaft des Slawischen Mythus im weitesten, den altpreußisch-lithauischen Mythus mitumfaßenden Sinne. Nach Quellen bearbeitet, sammt der Literatur der slawisch-preußisch-lithauischen Archäologie und Mythologie</i></a> (in German). J. Millikowski.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Wissenschaft+des+Slawischen+Mythus+im+weitesten%2C+den+altpreu%C3%9Fisch-lithauischen+Mythus+mitumfa%C3%9Fenden+Sinne.+Nach+Quellen+bearbeitet%2C+sammt+der+Literatur+der+slawisch-preu%C3%9Fisch-lithauischen+Arch%C3%A4ologie+und+Mythologie&rft.pub=J.+Millikowski&rft.date=1842&rft.aulast=Hanu%C5%A1&rft.aufirst=Ign%C3%A1c+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dumn.31951002357992g%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvakhiv2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ivakhiv, Adrian (2005). "The Revival of Ukrainian Native Faith". In Michael F. Strmiska (ed.). <i>Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives</i>. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio. pp. 209–239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-608-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-608-4"><bdi>978-1-85109-608-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Revival+of+Ukrainian+Native+Faith&rft.btitle=Modern+Paganism+in+World+Cultures%3A+Comparative+Perspectives&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pages=209-239&rft.pub=ABC-Clio&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-608-4&rft.aulast=Ivakhiv&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvanits1989" class="citation book cs1">Ivanits, Linda J. (1989). <i>Russian Folk Belief</i>. <a href="/wiki/M._E._Sharpe" title="M. E. Sharpe">M. E. Sharpe</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-3088-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-3088-9"><bdi>978-0-7656-3088-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Folk+Belief&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-3088-9&rft.aulast=Ivanits&rft.aufirst=Linda+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettazzoni1967" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Pettazzoni" title="Raffaele Pettazzoni">Pettazzoni, Raffaele</a> (1967). "West Slav Paganism". <i>Essays on the History of Religions</i>. Brill Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=West+Slav+Paganism&rft.btitle=Essays+on+the+History+of+Religions&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Pettazzoni&rft.aufirst=Raffaele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJakobson1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson">Jakobson, Roman</a> (1985). <i>Contributions to Comparative Mythology: Studies in Linguistics and Philology, 1972–1982</i>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-085546-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-085546-3"><bdi>978-3-11-085546-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contributions+to+Comparative+Mythology%3A+Studies+in+Linguistics+and+Philology%2C+1972%E2%80%931982&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-3-11-085546-3&rft.aulast=Jakobson&rft.aufirst=Roman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRock2007" class="citation book cs1">Rock, Stella (2007). <i>Popular Religion in Russia: 'Double Belief' and the Making of an Academic Myth</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-36978-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-36978-2"><bdi>978-1-134-36978-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Religion+in+Russia%3A+%27Double+Belief%27+and+the+Making+of+an+Academic+Myth&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-134-36978-2&rft.aulast=Rock&rft.aufirst=Stella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeletskaya1992" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Veletskaya, N. N. (1992). "Forms of Transformation of Pagan Symbolism in the Old Believer Tradition". In Balzer Marjorie Mandelstam and Radzai Ronald (ed.). <i>Russian Traditional Culture: Religion, Gender and Customary Law</i>. Routledge. pp. 48–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-039-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-039-3"><bdi>978-1-56324-039-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Forms+of+Transformation+of+Pagan+Symbolism+in+the+Old+Believer+Tradition&rft.btitle=Russian+Traditional+Culture%3A+Religion%2C+Gender+and+Customary+Law&rft.pages=48-60&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-56324-039-3&rft.aulast=Veletskaya&rft.aufirst=N.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVlasov1992" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Vlasov, V. G. (1992). "The Christianization of Russian Peasants". In Balzer Marjorie Mandelstam; Radzai Ronald (eds.). <i>Russian Traditional Culture: Religion, Gender and Customary Law</i>. Routledge. pp. 16–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-039-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-039-3"><bdi>978-1-56324-039-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Christianization+of+Russian+Peasants&rft.btitle=Russian+Traditional+Culture%3A+Religion%2C+Gender+and+Customary+Law&rft.pages=16-33&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-56324-039-3&rft.aulast=Vlasov&rft.aufirst=V.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelova2004" class="citation book cs1">Belova (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32988664"><i>Slavi︠a︡nskie drevnosti : ėtnolingvisticheskiĭ slovarʹ v pi︠a︡ti tomakh</i></a>. Nikita Tolstoĭ, T. A. Agapkina, S. M. Tolstai︠a︡, Никита Толстой, Т. А. Агапкина, С. М. Толстая, Institut slavi︠a︡novedenii︠a︡ i balkanistiki, Институт славяноведения и балканистики. Moskva: Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenii︠a︡. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7133-0703-4" title="Special:BookSources/5-7133-0703-4"><bdi>5-7133-0703-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32988664">32988664</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavi%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1nskie+drevnosti+%3A+%C4%97tnolingvisticheski%C4%AD+slovar%CA%B9+v+pi%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1ti+tomakh&rft.place=Moskva&rft.pub=Mezhdunarodnye+otnoshenii%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32988664&rft.isbn=5-7133-0703-4&rft.au=Belova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F32988664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTultseva1978" class="citation book cs1">Tultseva (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.booksite.ru/etnogr/1978/1978_3.pdf"><i>СОВЕТСКАЯ ЭТНОГРАФИЯ</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%95%D0%A2%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%AF+%D0%AD%D0%A2%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%A4%D0%98%D0%AF&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Tultseva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.booksite.ru%2Fetnogr%2F1978%2F1978_3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelova1999" class="citation book cs1">Belova (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32988664"><i>Slavi︠a︡nskie drevnosti : ėtnolingvisticheskiĭ slovarʹ v pi︠a︡ti tomakh</i></a>. Nikita Tolstoĭ, T. A. Agapkina, S. M. Tolstai︠a︡, Никита Толстой, Т. А. Агапкина, С. М. Толстая, Institut slavi︠a︡novedenii︠a︡ i balkanistiki, Институт славяноведения и балканистики. Moskva: Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenii︠a︡. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7133-0703-4" title="Special:BookSources/5-7133-0703-4"><bdi>5-7133-0703-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32988664">32988664</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavi%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1nskie+drevnosti+%3A+%C4%97tnolingvisticheski%C4%AD+slovar%CA%B9+v+pi%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1ti+tomakh&rft.place=Moskva&rft.pub=Mezhdunarodnye+otnoshenii%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32988664&rft.isbn=5-7133-0703-4&rft.au=Belova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F32988664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolstoy2003" class="citation web cs1">Tolstoy (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160501181106/http://indrik.ru/e-biblioteka/shchepanskaya-t-b-kultura-dorogi-v-russkoj-miforitualnoj-traditsii-xix-xx-vv">"Щепанская Т. Б. Культура дороги в русской мифоритуальной традиции XIX–XX вв"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indrik.ru/e-biblioteka/shchepanskaya-t-b-kultura-dorogi-v-russkoj-miforitualnoj-traditsii-xix-xx-vv">the original</a> on 2016-05-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A9%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%A2.+%D0%91.+%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+XIX%E2%80%93XX+%D0%B2%D0%B2.&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Tolstoy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findrik.ru%2Fe-biblioteka%2Fshchepanskaya-t-b-kultura-dorogi-v-russkoj-miforitualnoj-traditsii-xix-xx-vv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordienko1986" class="citation journal cs1">Gordienko (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140525200327/http://scisne.net/ax/d1/1/kreschenie_rusi_fakty_protiv_legend_i_mifov/Gordienko_N_S_Kreschenie_Rusi_Fakty_protiv_legend_i_mifov.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Крещение Руси"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> [Baptism of Rus] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scisne.net/ax/d1/1/kreschenie_rusi_fakty_protiv_legend_i_mifov/Gordienko_N_S_Kreschenie_Rusi_Fakty_protiv_legend_i_mifov.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-05-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%22&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Gordienko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscisne.net%2Fax%2Fd1%2F1%2Fkreschenie_rusi_fakty_protiv_legend_i_mifov%2FGordienko_N_S_Kreschenie_Rusi_Fakty_protiv_legend_i_mifov.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin2004" class="citation journal cs1">Levin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130816062151/http://booksshare.net/index.php?id1=4&category=religy&author=leviniv&book=2004">"Двоеверие и народная религия в истории России"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://booksshare.net/index.php?id1=4&category=religy&author=leviniv&book=2004">the original</a> on 2013-08-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Levin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooksshare.net%2Findex.php%3Fid1%3D4%26category%3Dreligy%26author%3Dleviniv%26book%3D2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeskov2015" class="citation journal cs1">Beskov (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/reministsentsii-vostochnoslavyanskogo-yazychestva-v-sovremennoy-rossiyskoy-kulture-statya-pervaya">"Реминисценции восточнославянского язычества в современной Российской культуре (статья первая) \"</a>. <i>Colloquium Heptaplomeres</i> (2): 6–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Colloquium+Heptaplomeres&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5+%28%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F%29+%5C&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=6-18&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Beskov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcyberleninka.ru%2Farticle%2Fn%2Freministsentsii-vostochnoslavyanskogo-yazychestva-v-sovremennoy-rossiyskoy-kulture-statya-pervaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_Orthodoxy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirko_BlagojevićDragan_Todorović2011" class="citation book cs1">Mirko Blagojević; Dragan Todorović (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7IZRxIju3GwC&pg=PA127"><i>Orthodoxy from an Empirical Perspective</i></a>. IFDT. pp. 127–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-82417-29-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-82417-29-3"><bdi>978-86-82417-29-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orthodoxy+from+an+Empirical+Perspective&rft.pages=127-&rft.pub=IFDT&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-86-82417-29-3&rft.au=Mirko+Blagojevi%C4%87&rft.au=Dragan+Todorovi%C4%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7IZRxIju3GwC%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WE6hAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA81"><i>Orthodox Paradoxes: Heterogeneities and Complexities in Contemporary Russian Orthodoxy</i></a>. BRILL. 2014. pp. 81–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26955-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26955-2"><bdi>978-90-04-26955-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orthodox+Paradoxes%3A+Heterogeneities+and+Complexities+in+Contemporary+Russian+Orthodoxy&rft.pages=81-&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-90-04-26955-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWE6hAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarjorie_Mandelstam_BalzerRonald_Radzai2016" class="citation book cs1">Marjorie Mandelstam Balzer; Ronald Radzai (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xpAYDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT13"><i>Russian Traditional Culture: Religion, Gender and Customary Law: Religion, Gender and Customary Law</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 13–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-28843-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-28843-7"><bdi>978-1-315-28843-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Traditional+Culture%3A+Religion%2C+Gender+and+Customary+Law%3A+Religion%2C+Gender+and+Customary+Law&rft.pages=13-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-315-28843-7&rft.au=Marjorie+Mandelstam+Balzer&rft.au=Ronald+Radzai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxpAYDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodorović2006" class="citation journal cs1">Todorović, Ivica (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2298%2FGEI0654271T">"Christian and pre-Christian dimension of ritual procession"</a> [Christian and pre-Christian dimension of ritual procession]. <i>Glasnik Etnografskog Instituta</i> (54): 271–287. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2298%2FGEI0654271T">10.2298/GEI0654271T</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107%2Frcub_dais_8826">21.15107/rcub_dais_8826</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glasnik+Etnografskog+Instituta&rft.atitle=Christian+and+pre-Christian+dimension+of+ritual+procession&rft.issue=54&rft.pages=271-287&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F21.15107%2Frcub_dais_8826&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2298%2FGEI0654271T&rft.aulast=Todorovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ivica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2298%252FGEI0654271T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodorović2010" class="citation journal cs1">Todorović, Ivica (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2298%2FGEI1001201T">"Again on tradition: Strategic concept of the contemporary studies of traditional Serbian spiritual culture: A brief overview"</a> [Again on tradition: strategic concept of the contemporary studies of traditional Serbian spiritual culture: A brief overview]. <i>Glasnik Etnografskog Instituta</i>. <b>58</b>: 201–215. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2298%2FGEI1001201T">10.2298/GEI1001201T</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107%2Frcub_dais_8743">21.15107/rcub_dais_8743</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glasnik+Etnografskog+Instituta&rft.atitle=Again+on+tradition%3A+Strategic+concept+of+the+contemporary+studies+of+traditional+Serbian+spiritual+culture%3A+A+brief+overview&rft.volume=58&rft.pages=201-215&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F21.15107%2Frcub_dais_8743&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2298%2FGEI1001201T&rft.aulast=Todorovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ivica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2298%252FGEI1001201T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kononenko, N., 2006. Folk orthodoxy: Popular religion in contemporary Ukraine</li> <li>Stark, L., 2016. Peasants; Pilgrims; and Sacred Promises: Ritual and the Supernatural in Orthodox Karelian Folk Religion (p. 229). Finnish Literature Society/SKS.</li> <li>Radisavljević-Ćiparizović, D., 2011. Pilgrimage in empirical perspective: pilgrim's attitudes towards church and folk religiosity and superstition in Serbia. Orthodoxy from an empirical perspective (M. Blagojević, D. Todorović, eds.), Niš: Jugoslovensko udruženje za naučno istraživanje religije, pp. 127–137.</li> <li>Filipovic, M.S., 1954. Folk religion among the Orthodox population in eastern Yugoslavia. Harvard Slavic Studies, 2, pp. 359–374.</li> <li>Žganec, V., 1956. Folklore Elements in the Yugoslav Orthodox and Roman Catholic Liturgical Chant. Journal of the International Folk Music Council, 8, pp. 19–22.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Щепанская" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Щепанская, Т. Б. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160501181106/http://indrik.ru/e-biblioteka/shchepanskaya-t-b-kultura-dorogi-v-russkoj-miforitualnoj-traditsii-xix-xx-vv"><i>Культура дороги в русской мифоритуальной традиции XIX-XX вв</i></a> [<i>The culture of the road in the Russian mythological and ritual tradition of the 19th-20th centuries</i>]. Традиционная духовная культура славян. Современные исследования (in Russian). Индрик. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-85759-176-7" title="Special:BookSources/5-85759-176-7"><bdi>5-85759-176-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indrik.ru/e-biblioteka/shchepanskaya-t-b-kultura-dorogi-v-russkoj-miforitualnoj-traditsii-xix-xx-vv">the original</a> on 2016-05-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+XIX-XX+%D0%B2%D0%B2&rft.series=%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD.+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.pub=%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=5-85759-176-7&rft.aulast=%D0%A9%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F&rft.aufirst=%D0%A2.+%D0%91.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findrik.ru%2Fe-biblioteka%2Fshchepanskaya-t-b-kultura-dorogi-v-russkoj-miforitualnoj-traditsii-xix-xx-vv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Толстой" class="citation book cs1">Толстой, Н.И. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inslav.ru/resursy/elektronnaya-biblioteka/657--2003-"><i>Очерки славянского язычества</i></a>. Традиционная духовная культура славян. Современные исследования. Индрик. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-85759-236-4" title="Special:BookSources/5-85759-236-4"><bdi>5-85759-236-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.series=%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD.+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.pub=%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=5-85759-236-4&rft.aulast=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9&rft.aufirst=%D0%9D.%D0%98.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inslav.ru%2Fresursy%2Felektronnaya-biblioteka%2F657--2003-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+Orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Folk_religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Folk_religion" title="Template:Folk religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Folk_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Folk religion (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Folk_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Folk religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Folk_religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christianity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Folk Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk_traditions_and_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Cunning folk traditions and the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_saint" title="Folk saint">Folk saint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asian traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China_folk_religion" title="Northeast China folk religion">Northeast China folk religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Tai folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Indigenous Philippine folk religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_mythology" title="Lower mythology">Lower mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Slavic_mythology_and_religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slavic_mythology" title="Template:Slavic mythology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slavic_mythology" title="Template talk:Slavic mythology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic_mythology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic mythology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slavic_mythology_and_religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic mythology and religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Slavic_deities" title="List of Slavic deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernobog_and_Belobog" title="Chernobog and Belobog">Chernobog and Belobog</a><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernoglav" title="Chernoglav">Chernoglav</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazhbog" title="Dazhbog">Dazhbog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devana" title="Devana">Devana</a><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyi_(mythology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dyi (mythology) (page does not exist)">Dyi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%B9" class="extiw" title="ru:Дый">ru</a>]</span><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diviya_(mythology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diviya (mythology) (page does not exist)">Diviya</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Дивия">ru</a>; <a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diviya" class="extiw" title="uz:Diviya">uz</a>]</span><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khors" title="Khors">Khors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kresnik_(deity)" title="Kresnik (deity)">Kresnik</a><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lada_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lada (goddess)">Lada mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morana_(goddess)" title="Morana (goddess)">Morana</a><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokosh" title="Mokosh">Mokosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizamar" title="Pizamar">Pizamar</a><sup>H</sup><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarilo" title="Yarilo">Yarilo</a><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennil" title="Hennil">Hennil</a><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyi_(mythology)" title="Kyi (mythology)">Kyi</a><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lel_and_Polel" title="Lel and Polel">Lel and Polel</a><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_(mythology)" title="Niya (mythology)">Niya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perun" title="Perun">Perun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podaga" title="Podaga">Podaga</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porenut" title="Porenut">Porenut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porevit" title="Porevit">Porevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prove_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prove (mythology)">Prove</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Прове">ru</a>]</span> or Prone<sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radegast_(god)" title="Radegast (god)">Radegast</a><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_(Slavic_religion)" title="Rod (Slavic religion)">Rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugiaevit" title="Rugiaevit">Rugiaevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pereplut" title="Pereplut">Pereplut</a><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perperuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Perperuna">Perperuna</a><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simargl" title="Simargl">Simargl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stribog" title="Stribog">Stribog</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pogoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pogoda (page does not exist)">Pogoda</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:Погода (мифология)">ru</a>; <a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kult_v%C4%9Btru_u_Slovan%C5%AF" class="extiw" title="cs:Kult větru u Slovanů">cs</a>; <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogoda" class="extiw" title="fr:Dogoda">fr</a>]</span><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelu_(mythology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zelu (mythology) (page does not exist)">Zelu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelu" class="extiw" title="cs:Zelu">cs</a>]</span><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svarog" title="Svarog">Svarog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svarozhits" title="Svarozhits">Svarozhits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svetovit" title="Svetovit">Svetovit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triglav_(mythology)" title="Triglav (mythology)">Triglav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veles_(god)" title="Veles (god)">Veles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarovit" title="Yarovit">Yarovit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BDiva_(mythology)" title="Živa (mythology)">Zhiva</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorya" title="Zorya">Zorya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBywie" class="mw-redirect" title="Żywie">Żywie</a><sup>H</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dola_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dola (mythology)">Dola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karna_and_Zhelya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karna and Zhelya (page does not exist)">Karna and Zhelya</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Карна и Желя">ru</a>]</span><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliada_(deity)" title="Koliada (deity)">Koliada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat_Zemlya" title="Mat Zemlya">Mat Zemlya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moryana" title="Moryana">Moryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_(Slavic_religion)" title="Rod (Slavic religion)">Rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deities_and_fairies_of_fate_in_Slavic_mythology" title="Deities and fairies of fate in Slavic mythology">Rozhanitsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorya" title="Zorya">Zorya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Slavic_pseudo-deities" title="List of Slavic pseudo-deities">Pseudo-deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chislobog" title="Chislobog">Chislobog</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chur_(mythology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chur (mythology) (page does not exist)">Chur</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%80" class="extiw" title="ru:Чур">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dana_(mythology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dana (mythology) (page does not exist)">Dana</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:Дана (славянская мифология)">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzidzileyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzidzileyla">Dzidzileyla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flins_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flins (mythology)">Flins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krodo" title="Krodo">Krodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupala" title="Kupala">Kupala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lada_(mythology)" title="Lada (mythology)">Lada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lelya_(mythology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lelya (mythology) (page does not exist)">Lelya</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Леля">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pogvizd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pogvizd (page does not exist)">Pogvizd</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4" class="extiw" title="ru:Позвизд">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troyan_(mythology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Troyan (mythology) (page does not exist)">Troyan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:Троян (мифология)">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesna_(mythology)" title="Vesna (mythology)">Vesna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voloska" title="Voloska">Voloska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesza" title="Jesza">Yesha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Priesthood and cult</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedmak" title="Vedmak">Vedmak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkhv" title="Volkhv">Volkhv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhrets" title="Zhrets">Zhrets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_shamanism" title="Slavic shamanism">Shamanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bogatyr" title="Bogatyr">Legendary heroes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alyosha_Popovich" title="Alyosha Popovich">Alyosha Popovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burislav" title="Burislav">Burislav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Kantakouzene" title="Irene Kantakouzene">Damned Jerina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90erzelez_Alija" class="mw-redirect" title="Đerzelez Alija">Đerzelez Alija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobrynya_Nikitich" title="Dobrynya Nikitich">Dobrynya Nikitich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husein_Grada%C5%A1%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Husein Gradaščević">Dragon of Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrnjica_Brothers" title="Hrnjica Brothers">Hrnjica Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Muromets" title="Ilya Muromets">Ilya Muromets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kosan%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Ivan Kosančić">Ivan Kosančić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Tsarevich" title="Ivan Tsarevich">Ivan Tsarevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugovi%C4%87_brothers" title="Jugović brothers">Jugović brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyi,_Shchek_and_Khoryv" title="Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv">Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech,_Czech,_and_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Lech, Czech, and Rus'">Lech, Czech, and Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libu%C5%A1e" title="Libuše">Libuše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikula_Selyaninovich" title="Mikula Selyaninovich">Mikula Selyaninovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mila_Gojsali%C4%87" title="Mila Gojsalić">Mila Gojsalić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Toplica" title="Milan Toplica">Milan Toplica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Obili%C4%87" title="Miloš Obilić">Miloš Obilić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misizla" title="Misizla">Misizla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustay-Bey_of_Lika" title="Mustay-Bey of Lika">Mustay-Bey of Lika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_the_Tanner" title="Nikita the Tanner">Nikita the Tanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popiel" title="Popiel">Popiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Marko" title="Prince Marko">Prince Marko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadko" title="Sadko">Sadko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightingale_the_Robber" title="Nightingale the Robber">Solovey-Razboynik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svyatogor" title="Svyatogor">Svyatogor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasilisa_the_Beautiful" title="Vasilisa the Beautiful">Vasilisa the Beautiful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Svyatoslavich" title="Volga Svyatoslavich">Volga Svyatoslavich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_beings_in_Slavic_religion" title="Supernatural beings in Slavic religion">Legendary creatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unquiet dead</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vila_(fairy)" title="Vila (fairy)">Vila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drekavac" title="Drekavac">Drekavac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikimora" title="Kikimora">Kikimora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavka" title="Mavka">Mavka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upi%C3%B3r" title="Upiór">Upiór</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Place spirits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bannik" title="Bannik">Bannik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolotnik" title="Bolotnik">Bolotnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornflower_Wraith" title="Cornflower Wraith">Cornflower Wraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domovoy" title="Domovoy">Domovoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvorovoy" title="Dvorovoy">Dvorovoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Midday" title="Lady Midday">Lady Midday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leshy" title="Leshy">Leshy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boruta_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boruta (mythology)">Boruta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mistress_of_the_Copper_Mountain" title="The Mistress of the Copper Mountain">Mistress of the Copper Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moryana" title="Moryana">Moryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovinnik" title="Ovinnik">Ovinnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polevik" title="Polevik">Polevik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodyanoy" title="Vodyanoy">Vodyanoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shubin_(ghost)" title="Shubin (ghost)">Shubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_water_spirits" title="Slavic water spirits">Water spirits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ala_(demon)" title="Ala (demon)">Ala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkonost" title="Alkonost">Alkonost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Yaga" title="Baba Yaga">Baba Yaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babay_(Slavic_folklore)" title="Babay (Slavic folklore)">Babay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%A1_%C4%8Celik" title="Baš Čelik">Baš Čelik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauk_(mythology)" title="Bauk (mythology)">Bauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berehynia" class="mw-redirect" title="Berehynia">Berehynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bies" title="Bies">Bies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arab_(mythology)" title="Black Arab (mythology)">Black Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C5%82%C4%99dnica_(Slavic_demoness)" title="Błędnica (Slavic demoness)">Błędnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blud" title="Blud">Blud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boginki" class="mw-redirect" title="Boginki">Boginki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukavac" title="Bukavac">Bukavac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernava" title="Chernava">Chernava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuhaister" title="Chuhaister">Chuhaister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cikavac" title="Cikavac">Cikavac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chort" title="Chort">Chort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cuma" title="Čuma">Čuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukljan" title="Dukljan">Dukljan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dziwo%C5%BCona" title="Dziwożona">Dziwożona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern_flower" title="Fern flower">Fern flower</a>-<a href="/wiki/Chervona_Ruta" class="mw-redirect" title="Chervona Ruta">Chervona Ruta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firebird_(Slavic_folklore)" title="Firebird (Slavic folklore)">Firebird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagana" title="Gagana">Gagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamayun" title="Gamayun">Gamayun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrik" title="Indrik">Indrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ispolin" title="Ispolin">Ispolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karze%C5%82ek" title="Karzełek">Karzełek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshchei" title="Koshchei">Koshchei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krsnik_(vampire_hunter)" title="Krsnik (vampire hunter)">Krsnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likho" title="Likho">Likho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likhoradka" title="Likhoradka">Likhoradka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare_(folklore)" title="Mare (folklore)">Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meduza_(Russian_folklore)" title="Meduza (Russian folklore)">Meduza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molfar" title="Molfar">Molfar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nav_(Slavic_folklore)" title="Nav (Slavic folklore)">Nav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocnitsa" title="Nocnitsa">Nocnitsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C5%82anetnik" title="Płanetnik">Płanetnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Povitrulya" title="Povitrulya">Povitrulya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psoglav" title="Psoglav">Psoglav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rar%C3%B3g" title="Raróg">Raróg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmans" title="Rahmans">Rahmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raskovnik" title="Raskovnik">Raskovnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deities_and_fairies_of_fate_in_Slavic_mythology" title="Deities and fairies of fate in Slavic mythology">Rozhanitsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusalka" title="Rusalka">Rusalka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samodiva_(folklore)" title="Samodiva (folklore)">Samodiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirin" title="Sirin">Sirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shishiga" title="Shishiga">Shishiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skrzak" title="Skrzak">Skrzak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strzyga" title="Strzyga">Strzyga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuha%C4%87" title="Stuhać">Stuhać</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stricha" title="Stricha">Stricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudice_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudice (mythology)">Sudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintilini%C4%87" title="Tintilinić">Tintilinić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topielec" title="Topielec">Topielec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ved_(mythology)" title="Ved (mythology)">Ved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesna_(mythology)" title="Vesna (mythology)">Vesna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zduha%C4%87" title="Zduhać">Zduhać</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_dragon" title="Slavic dragon">Zmey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">Werewolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ritual figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Marta" title="Baba Marta">Baba Marta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_(mythology)" title="German (mythology)">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodola_and_Perperuna" title="Dodola and Perperuna">Dodola and Perperuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliada_(deity)" title="Koliada (deity)">Koliada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupala" title="Kupala">Kupala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kostroma_(deity)" title="Kostroma (deity)">Kostroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marzanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Marzanna">Marzanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslenitsa" title="Maslenitsa">Maslenitsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarilo" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarilo">Jarilo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythological places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alatyr_(mythology)" title="Alatyr (mythology)">Alatyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bald_Mountain_(folklore)" title="Bald Mountain (folklore)">Bald Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyan" title="Buyan">Buyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faraway_Tsardom" title="Faraway Tsardom">Faraway Tsardom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oponskoye_Kingdom" title="Oponskoye Kingdom">Oponskoye Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitezh" title="Kitezh">Kitezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukomorye" title="Lukomorye">Lukomorye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iriy" title="Iriy">Vyraj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axe_of_Perun" title="Axe of Perun">Axe of Perun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_Kladenets" title="Sword Kladenets">Sword Kladenets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beliefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_creation_myth" title="Slavic creation myth">Creation myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_traditions_and_superstitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian traditions and superstitions">Russian traditions and superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_folk_astronomy" title="Serbian folk astronomy">Serbian folk astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_folklore" title="Slavic folklore">Folklore</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_folklore" title="Czech folklore">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Russia">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_folklore" title="Serbian folklore">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_folklore" title="Ukrainian folklore">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_folklore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polish folklore (page does not exist)">Polish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosniak_epic_poetry" title="Bosniak epic poetry">Bosniak epic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bylina" title="Bylina">Bylina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fairy_tale" title="Russian fairy tale">Russian fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_epic_poetry" title="Serbian epic poetry">Serbian epic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_fairy_tale" title="Ukrainian fairy tale">Ukrainian fairy tale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Christianization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a> (830s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (860s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a> (880s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a> (960s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Kievan_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> (980s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a> (1120s–60s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Folk practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocryphal_prayer" title="Apocryphal prayer">Apocryphal prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagovory" title="Zagovory">Zagovory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_decorating_in_Slavic_culture" title="Egg decorating in Slavic culture">Egg decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martenitsa" title="Martenitsa">Martenitsa</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Folk_cults_(also_including_Ossetian)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Folk cults (also including Ossetian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ognyena_Maria" title="Ognyena Maria">Ognyena Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraskeva_of_Iconium" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraskeva of Iconium">Paraskeva of Iconium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paraskeva_Friday" title="Paraskeva Friday">Paraskeva Friday</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_the_Wonderworker" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas the Wonderworker">Nicholas the Wonderworker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veles_(god)" title="Veles (god)">Veles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Ilya the Prophet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uacilla" title="Uacilla">Uacilla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">George the Victorious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dazhbog" title="Dazhbog">Dazhbog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uastyrdzhi" title="Uastyrdzhi">Uastyrdzhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasia_of_Serbia" title="Anastasia of Serbia">Saint Anastasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nedelya" title="Saint Nedelya">Saint Nedelya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Blaise" title="Saint Blaise">Saint Vlasius</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veles_(god)" title="Veles (god)">Veles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslenitsa" title="Maslenitsa">Maslenitsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donbettyr" title="Donbettyr">Donbettyr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Tiron" title="Theodore Tiron">Saint Theodore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tutyr" title="Tutyr">Tutyr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Eustace" title="Saint Eustace">Saint Eustace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apsat_(mythology)" title="Apsat (mythology)">Apsat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Revivalist organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God-Building" title="God-Building">God-Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic Native Faith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authentism" class="mw-redirect" title="Authentism">Authentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazhovism" title="Bazhovism">Bazhovism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanovism" title="Ivanovism">Ivanovism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandybaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandybaism">Kandybaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levashovism" title="Levashovism">Levashovism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterburgian_Vedism" title="Peterburgian Vedism">Peterburgian Vedism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringing_Cedars%27_Anastasianism" title="Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism">Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic-Hill_Rodnovery" title="Slavic-Hill Rodnovery">Slavic-Hill Rodnovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Ukrainian_National_Faith" title="Native Ukrainian National Faith">Sylenkoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vseyasvetnaya_Gramota" title="Vseyasvetnaya Gramota">Vseyasvetnaya Gramota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ynglism" title="Ynglism">Ynglism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blagovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Blagovery">Russian Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_fantasy" title="Slavic fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_based_on_Slavic_mythology" title="List of films based on Slavic mythology">Film</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Veles" title="Book of Veles">Book of Veles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith%27s_calendars_and_holidays" title="Slavic Native Faith's calendars and holidays">Slavic Native Faith's calendars and holidays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Notes:</b> <sup>H</sup> historicity of the deity is dubious; <sup>F</sup> functions of the deity are unclear.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Folk_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Folk_Christianity" title="Template:Folk Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Folk_Christianity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Folk Christianity (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Folk_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Folk Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Folk_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Folk Christianity</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Christian mythology</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Haitian Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Muerte" title="Santa Muerte">Santa Muerte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Folk Orthodoxy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocryphal_prayer" title="Apocryphal prayer">Apocryphal prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagovory" title="Zagovory">Zagovory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_decorating_in_Slavic_culture" title="Egg decorating in Slavic culture">Egg decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martenitsa" title="Martenitsa">Martenitsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cults</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ognyena_Maria" title="Ognyena Maria">Ognyena Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraskeva_of_Iconium" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraskeva of Iconium">Paraskeva of Iconium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paraskeva_Friday" title="Paraskeva Friday">Paraskeva Friday</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_the_Wonderworker" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas the Wonderworker">Nicholas the Wonderworker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veles_(god)" title="Veles (god)">Veles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Ilya the Prophet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uacilla" title="Uacilla">Uacilla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">George the Victorious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dazhbog" title="Dazhbog">Dazhbog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uastyrdzhi" title="Uastyrdzhi">Uastyrdzhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasia_of_Serbia" title="Anastasia of Serbia">Saint Anastasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nedelya" title="Saint Nedelya">Saint Nedelya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Blaise" title="Saint Blaise">Saint Vlasius</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veles_(god)" title="Veles (god)">Veles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslenitsa" title="Maslenitsa">Maslenitsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donbettyr" title="Donbettyr">Donbettyr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Tiron" title="Theodore Tiron">Saint Theodore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tutyr" title="Tutyr">Tutyr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Eustace" title="Saint Eustace">Saint Eustace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apsat_(mythology)" title="Apsat (mythology)">Apsat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Folk_Orthodoxy&oldid=1255179687">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Folk_Orthodoxy&oldid=1255179687</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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