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They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.</div><div data-popper-arrow="true"></div></div><div class="caption mt-5 d-flex" data-testid="ContentDateAndHistory"></div></div><div class="TableOfContents_TableOfContents__g8WLR d-none" data-testid="TableOfContents"><ul class="TableOfContents_TableOfContentsList__yU1tL p-0 mt-0 mb-0 list-unstyled pl-5" style="--category-color:var(--red)"></ul><div class="font-14 font-weight-bold mt-20">Read More</div><div class="TableOfContents_RelatedArticle__yK5m6" data-testid="RelatedContents"><a href="/money/business-organization" class="link-black" data-testid="RelatedContent-1-86277-1"><div class="card card-sm card-horizontal my-15" data-testid="Card"><div class="card-media" data-testid="CardMedia" style="aspect-ratio:50/40"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/35/191935-050-B76CEA77/sign-Microsoft-office-building-housing-computer-giant-May-7-2016.jpg?c=crop&h=40&w=50" alt="A famous business organization" data-testid="IrisImage"/></div><div class="card-body" data-testid="CardBody"><div class="font-14">business organization</div></div></div></a><a href="/money/Harrods" class="link-black" data-testid="RelatedContent-1-256044-1"><div class="card card-sm card-horizontal my-15" data-testid="Card"><div class="card-media" data-testid="CardMedia" style="aspect-ratio:50/40"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/46/125846-050-7D03064D/Harrods-Knightsbridge-London.jpg?c=crop&h=40&w=50" alt="Harrods" data-testid="IrisImage"/></div><div class="card-body" data-testid="CardBody"><div class="font-14">Harrods</div></div></div></a></div></div><button class="btn btn-outline-undefined TableOfContents_MobileTableOfContentsButton__dHpRi d-md-none mb-20 w-100" data-testid="MobileTableOfContents" type="button" aria-label="Table Of Contents" style="--category-color:var(--red)"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path><path d="M4 10.5c-.83 0-1.5.67-1.5 1.5s.67 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5-.67 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5-1.5zm0-6c-.83 0-1.5.67-1.5 1.5S3.17 7.5 4 7.5 5.5 6.83 5.5 6 4.83 4.5 4 4.5zm0 12c-.83 0-1.5.68-1.5 1.5s.68 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5-.68 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5-1.5zM7 19h14v-2H7v2zm0-6h14v-2H7v2zm0-8v2h14V5H7z"></path></svg><span class="font-18 ml-5">Table Of Contents</span></button><span hidden="" style="position:fixed;top:1px;left:1px;width:1px;height:0;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;border-width:0;display:none"></span><div class="font-serif font-18 lh-lg dropCapArticle"><div class="Article_floatedHeroComponents__8_NjL"><div class="mb-10 BorderlessCard_BorderlessCard__u5tTW d-inline-block w-100 pb-0 rounded border p-10" data-testid="BorderlessCard"><div class="w-100 position-relative d-flex"><img loading="eager" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/38/128838-050-50942730/penetration-European-Southern-Africa.jpg?w=385" alt="Colonial Southern Africa, 1884–1905" width="385" data-testid="IrisImage" class="border rounded w-100"/><button class="btn btn-outline-blue-dark btn-xl btn-circle CircleIconButton_CircleIconButton__HkIE0 position-absolute bottom-10 right-10 bg-white" data-testid="CircleIconButton" type="button" aria-label="Open full size image" id="_Rcksvf7ksq"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path><path d="M15.5 14h-.79l-.28-.27A6.471 6.471 0 0 0 16 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 1 0 9.5 16c1.61 0 3.09-.59 4.23-1.57l.27.28v.79l5 4.99L20.49 19l-4.99-5zm-6 0C7.01 14 5 11.99 5 9.5S7.01 5 9.5 5 14 7.01 14 9.5 11.99 14 9.5 14z"></path><path d="M12 10h-2v2H9v-2H7V9h2V7h1v2h2v1z"></path></svg></button><div class="tooltip font-16" data-testid="Tooltip">Open full sized image<div data-popper-arrow="true"></div></div></div><div class="font-serif text-gray-700 mt-5 font-14 text-left">European penetration into Southern Africa in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.</div><div class="font-serif text-gray-700 mt-5 font-12 font-italic mb-10 text-left">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</div></div></div><div class="QuickFacts_quickFacts__FMF2_ border rounded p-20 mb-20 ml-sm-20 mx-auto font-14 bg-white font-sans-serif"><div class="" data-testid="QuickFacts-Facts"><div class="QuickFacts_fact__5ukCJ position-relative mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"><dl class=""> <dt class="font-weight-bold text-capitalize mr-5">Date:</dt><dd>1889 - 1965</dd></dl></div><div class="QuickFacts_fact__5ukCJ position-relative mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"><dl class=""> <dt class="font-weight-bold text-capitalize mr-5">Areas Of Involvement:</dt><dd><a href="/topic/Western-colonialism">Western colonialism</a></dd><dd><a href="/technology/railroad">railroad</a></dd><dd><a href="/technology/mining">mining</a></dd><dd><a href="/science/copper">copper</a></dd></dl></div><div class="QuickFacts_fact__5ukCJ position-relative line-clamp clamp-3"><dl class=""> <dt class="font-weight-bold text-capitalize mr-5">Related People:</dt><dd><a href="/biography/Cecil-Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a></dd></dl></div></div></div><section class="HTMLContent_HTMLContent__cOyPs" data-testid="HTMLContent"><span id="ref80349-1" data-level="1" /><p><strong><span id="ref29432" />British South Africa Company (BSAC, BSACO, or BSA Company)</strong>, mercantile company based in London that was incorporated in October 1889 under a royal charter at the instigation of <span id="ref29433" /><a href="/biography/Cecil-Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a>, with the object of acquiring and exercising commercial and administrative rights in south-central Africa. The charter was initially granted for 25 years, and it was extended for a 10-year period in 1915.</p><p>The BSAC’s function was to take the risk of extending the infrastructure of modern capitalism (including railways) into south-central Africa for the benefit of the British but without the cost’s falling on the British taxpayer. Unlike normal companies, the BSAC was permitted to establish political administration with a paramilitary police force in areas where it might be granted rights by local rulers. It was also allowed to profit commercially through its own operations or by renting out land, receiving royalties on the <a href="/technology/mining">mining</a> of minerals, levying customs duties, and collecting other fees. The British government guaranteed the BSAC a monopoly where it operated and, as a last resort, was prepared to support it militarily against rival European powers or local rebellions. The consent of local African rulers was frequently misrepresented or evaded, and company operations initially consisted of blatant acts of military conquest. In effect, the profits earned by Rhodes and his associates from established Southern African diamond and gold interests were speculatively reinvested in the BSAC and thus in the conquest of regions of Africa where land, looted cattle, gold, other minerals and assets, and the labour of Africans might be exploited.</p><p>In 1890 the BSAC invaded <a href="/place/Mashonaland">Mashonaland</a> with a force of “Pioneers,” and in 1893 it attacked the <a href="/topic/Ndebele-Zimbabwean-people">Ndebele</a> kingdom, <a href="/place/Matabeleland">Matabeleland</a>, creating the basis for the colony of Southern <a href="/place/Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> (now <span id="ref29434" /><a href="/place/Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>). BSAC concession seekers operated north of the<a href="/place/Zambezi-River"> Zambezi River</a>, their territorial acquisitions being halted only in <a href="/place/Katanga-historical-state-Africa">Katanga</a>, by rivals financed by <a href="/biography/Leopold-II-king-of-Belgium">King Leopold II</a> of <a href="/place/Belgium">Belgium</a>. The area that was appropriated became Northern Rhodesia (now <span id="ref29435" /><a href="/place/Zambia">Zambia</a>). An attempt to take control over parts of <a href="/place/Mozambique">Mozambique</a> in 1890–91 was thwarted by the Anglo-Portuguese Convention of 1891, and a later attempt to secure the Bechuanaland Protectorate (now <a href="/place/Botswana">Botswana</a>) also failed. The participation of the BSAC in the unsuccessful Jameson Raid of December 1895 and its misgovernment in Matabeleland (culminating in the “Rising,” a serious and expensive rebellion by the Ndebele in 1896, which was put down only by the intervention of British troops) produced a review of the BSAC’s charter, but it was permitted to continue. A rising of the <a href="/topic/Ngoni">Ngoni</a> people in Northern Rhodesia was suppressed during 1897–98.</p></section><section class="HTMLContent_HTMLContent__cOyPs" data-testid="HTMLContent"><p>After 1897 the BSAC administered the two Rhodesias, encouraging the immigration of white settlers with exaggerated tales of gold deposits. When these claims were proved to be overstated, settlers were encouraged as farmers. Company rule ended in Southern Rhodesia in 1923, when the white settlers were granted responsible government, and in Northern Rhodesia in 1924, when the British Colonial Office assumed control. The company retained its commercial assets, however, and its mineral rights in Northern Rhodesia became a valuable source of revenue following the development of the copper-mining industry in that territory between <a href="/event/World-War-I">World Wars I</a> and <a href="/event/World-War-II">II</a>. On the eve of Zambia’s independence in 1964, the company was forced, by the threat of expropriation, to assign its mineral rights to the local government. The company merged with two other companies to form Charter Consolidated, Ltd., in 1965.</p></section><span class="Signature_signature__PzeTY d-block border-left font-italic pb-5 pl-10 mt-10 font-14" data-testid="Signature">This article was most recently revised and updated by <a href="/money/author/Amy-McKenna/6443">Amy McKenna</a>.</span></div></div><aside class="d-none d-lg-block cm-right-rail col-da-320 z-1" data-testid="RightRail"></aside></div><div data-page-index="1" data-testid="PageSentinel"></div></div></main><footer class="Footer_Footer__h6k1G text-align-center pb-100" data-testid="Footer"><div class="pt-30 pt-md-40 mx-25 mx-md-0"><a href="/money"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/money/assets/Money-475x60-footer-2x.png?h=47&w=390" alt="Britannica Money Logo" data-testid="IrisImage"/></a></div><div class="Footer_SubLinks__z2QDt my-30 font-weight-semi-bold font-weight-semi-bold d-flex flex-row tw-justify-center tw-items-center"><a class="mx-20" 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The charter was initially granted for 25 years, and it was extended for a 10-year period in 1915.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c!--[P-1]--\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe BSAC’s function was to take the risk of extending the infrastructure of modern capitalism (including railways) into south-central Africa for the benefit of the British but without the cost’s falling on the British taxpayer. Unlike normal companies, the BSAC was permitted to establish political administration with a paramilitary police force in areas where it might be granted rights by local rulers. It was also allowed to profit commercially through its own operations or by renting out land, receiving royalties on the \u003ca href=\"/technology/mining\"\u003emining\u003c/a\u003e of minerals, levying customs duties, and collecting other fees. The British government guaranteed the BSAC a monopoly where it operated and, as a last resort, was prepared to support it militarily against rival European powers or local rebellions. The consent of local African rulers was frequently misrepresented or evaded, and company operations initially consisted of blatant acts of military conquest. In effect, the profits earned by Rhodes and his associates from established Southern African diamond and gold interests were speculatively reinvested in the BSAC and thus in the conquest of regions of Africa where land, looted cattle, gold, other minerals and assets, and the labour of Africans might be exploited.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c!--[P-2]--\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1890 the BSAC invaded \u003ca href=\"/place/Mashonaland\"\u003eMashonaland\u003c/a\u003e with a force of “Pioneers,” and in 1893 it attacked the \u003ca href=\"/topic/Ndebele-Zimbabwean-people\"\u003eNdebele\u003c/a\u003e kingdom, \u003ca href=\"/place/Matabeleland\"\u003eMatabeleland\u003c/a\u003e, creating the basis for the colony of Southern \u003ca href=\"/place/Rhodesia\"\u003eRhodesia\u003c/a\u003e (now \u003cspan id=\"ref29434\" /\u003e\u003ca href=\"/place/Zimbabwe\"\u003eZimbabwe\u003c/a\u003e). BSAC concession seekers operated north of the\u003ca href=\"/place/Zambezi-River\"\u003e Zambezi River\u003c/a\u003e, their territorial acquisitions being halted only in \u003ca href=\"/place/Katanga-historical-state-Africa\"\u003eKatanga\u003c/a\u003e, by rivals financed by \u003ca href=\"/biography/Leopold-II-king-of-Belgium\"\u003eKing Leopold II\u003c/a\u003e of \u003ca href=\"/place/Belgium\"\u003eBelgium\u003c/a\u003e. The area that was appropriated became Northern Rhodesia (now \u003cspan id=\"ref29435\" /\u003e\u003ca href=\"/place/Zambia\"\u003eZambia\u003c/a\u003e). An attempt to take control over parts of \u003ca href=\"/place/Mozambique\"\u003eMozambique\u003c/a\u003e in 1890–91 was thwarted by the Anglo-Portuguese Convention of 1891, and a later attempt to secure the Bechuanaland Protectorate (now \u003ca href=\"/place/Botswana\"\u003eBotswana\u003c/a\u003e) also failed. The participation of the BSAC in the unsuccessful Jameson Raid of December 1895 and its misgovernment in Matabeleland (culminating in the “Rising,” a serious and expensive rebellion by the Ndebele in 1896, which was put down only by the intervention of British troops) produced a review of the BSAC’s charter, but it was permitted to continue. A rising of the \u003ca href=\"/topic/Ngoni\"\u003eNgoni\u003c/a\u003e people in Northern Rhodesia was suppressed during 1897–98.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c!--[P-3]--\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"7:[\"$\",\"$L18\",null,{\"initialArticle\":{\"contentInfo\":{\"contentId\":\"1-80349-1\",\"browserTitle\":\"British South Africa Company (BSAC, BSACO, or BSA Company)\",\"metaDescription\":null,\"description\":\"British South Africa Company (BSAC, BSACO, or BSA Company), mercantile company based in London that was incorporated in October 1889 under a royal charter at the instigation of Cecil Rhodes, with the object of acquiring and exercising commercial and administrative rights in south-central Africa.\",\"lastUpdated\":{\"formattedDateTime\":\"Mar. 20, 2023, 2:51 PM ET\",\"ms\":1679338287000,\"formattedUTCDateTime\":\"Mar. 20, 2023, 6:51 PM UTC\",\"formattedLongDate\":\"March 20, 2023\",\"utcms\":1679338287000,\"formattedShortDate\":\"Mar. 20, 2023\"},\"url\":\"/money/British-South-Africa-Company\",\"alternateTitles\":\"BSA Company, BSAC, BSACO\",\"image\":{\"type\":\"IMAGE\",\"description\":\"PHOTO\",\"id\":124372,\"title\":\"Colonial Southern Africa, 1884–1905\",\"caption\":\"European penetration into Southern Africa in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.\",\"credit\":\"Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.\",\"url\":\"https://cdn.britannica.com/38/128838-050-50942730/penetration-European-Southern-Africa.jpg\",\"width\":1789,\"height\":2000,\"altText\":\"Colonial Southern Africa, 1884–1905\"},\"title\":\"British South Africa Company\",\"titleText\":\"British South Africa Company\",\"identifier\":\"British company\",\"subTitle\":null,\"type\":\"OTHER\",\"slug\":\"British-South-Africa-Company\",\"authors\":[{\"id\":4419,\"title\":\"The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica\",\"url\":\"/author/The-Editors-of-Encyclopaedia-Britannica/4419\",\"description\":\"Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. 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When these claims were proved to be overstated, settlers were encouraged as farmers. Company rule ended in Southern Rhodesia in 1923, when the white settlers were granted responsible government, and in Northern Rhodesia in 1924, when the British Colonial Office assumed control. The company retained its commercial assets, however, and its mineral rights in Northern Rhodesia became a valuable source of revenue following the development of the copper-mining industry in that territory between \u003ca href=\\\"/event/World-War-I\\\"\u003eWorld Wars I\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\\\"/event/World-War-II\\\"\u003eII\u003c/a\u003e. On the eve of Zambia’s independence in 1964, the company was forced, by the threat of expropriation, to assign its mineral rights to the local government. 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