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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>21st century timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century_timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-David_Melding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#David_Melding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>David Melding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-David_Melding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberal_Democrats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberal_Democrats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Liberal Democrats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberal_Democrats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institute_of_Economic_Affairs_(IEA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institute_of_Economic_Affairs_(IEA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institute_of_Economic_Affairs_(IEA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chuka_Umunna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chuka_Umunna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Chuka Umunna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chuka_Umunna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_Reform_Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_Reform_Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Constitutional Reform Group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_Reform_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6</span> <span>Proposed models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Federal_Union_and_the_Federal_Trust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Federal_Union_and_the_Federal_Trust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.7</span> <span>The Federal Union and the Federal Trust</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Federal_Union_and_the_Federal_Trust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unionists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unionists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.8</span> <span>Unionists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unionists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jeremy_Corbyn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jeremy_Corbyn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.9</span> <span>Jeremy Corbyn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jeremy_Corbyn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Welsh_Labour_proposals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Welsh_Labour_proposals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.10</span> <span>Welsh Labour proposals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Welsh_Labour_proposals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.10.1</span> <span><i>Principles</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law-making" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law-making"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.10.2</span> <span><i>Law-making</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-making-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inter-governmental_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inter-governmental_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.10.3</span> <span><i>Inter-governmental relations</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inter-governmental_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_matters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_matters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.10.4</span> <span><i>Financial matters</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_matters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.10.5</span> <span><i>Justice</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitution_matters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitution_matters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.10.6</span> <span><i>Constitution matters</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitution_matters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keir_Starmer_and_Gordon_Brown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keir_Starmer_and_Gordon_Brown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.11</span> <span>Keir Starmer and Gordon Brown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keir_Starmer_and_Gordon_Brown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_Britain_report" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Britain_report"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.11.1</span> <span>New Britain report</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Britain_report-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_League-Union_of_the_Isles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_League-Union_of_the_Isles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.12</span> <span>A League-Union of the Isles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_League-Union_of_the_Isles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_Commission_on_the_Constitutional_Future_of_Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_Commission_on_the_Constitutional_Future_of_Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.13</span> <span>Independent Commission on the Constitutional Future of Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_Commission_on_the_Constitutional_Future_of_Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suggested_potential_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suggested_potential_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Suggested potential benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suggested_potential_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_party_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_party_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Political party positions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_party_positions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Welsh_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_regional_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_regional_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>English regional parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_regional_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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style="display:none">Proposed constitutional reform of a division of powers</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_countries_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Map_of_the_countries_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/220px-Map_of_the_countries_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="385" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Map_of_the_countries_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/330px-Map_of_the_countries_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Map_of_the_countries_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/440px-Map_of_the_countries_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="895" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">countries of the United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From top, clockwise – <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (blue), <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> (red), <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> (green), <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (yellow). Proposals for federation may involve the granting of autonomy to some or all constituent countries, and/or subdivisions of them.</figcaption></figure><p><b>Federalism in the United Kingdom</b> aims at <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reform_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional reform of the United Kingdom">constitutional reform</a> to achieve a <b>federal UK</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a <b>British federation</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where there is a division of <a href="/wiki/Legislative_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative power">legislative powers</a> between two or more levels of government, so that <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> is <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralised</a> between a <a href="/wiki/Federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal government">federal government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous government">autonomous governments</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Federal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal system">federal system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a><sup id="cite_ref-gov.uk_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov.uk-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> governed via <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary democracy</a>. It is constitutionally organized as a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a> with <a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">some elements</a> of autonomy granted to subnational units.<sup id="cite_ref-j109_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j109-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It comprises the <a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">countries</a> of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gov.uk_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov.uk-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UK also operates a system of <a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">devolution</a> from a central <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">UK parliament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">prime minister</a> as <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>, to the devolved legislatures of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a> with <a href="/wiki/First_minister_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="First minister (disambiguation)">first ministers</a>. In England, only <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combined_authorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined authorities">combined authorities</a>, and the counties of <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>, currently have varying degrees of <a href="/wiki/Devolved,_reserved_and_excepted_matters" title="Devolved, reserved and excepted matters">devolved powers</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Devolved_English_parliament" title="Devolved English parliament">proposals for an England-wide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Regional_assembly_(England)" title="Regional assembly (England)">regional devolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this system of devolved powers, with separate legislatures and different regulatory jurisdictions, resembles and often functions similarly to a federal state, it is not a true federation as all devolved powers ultimately derive from the authority of the central government. The central government can modify or revoke most devolved laws, regulations, and government bodies through an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament (UK)">Act of Parliament</a> passed by a simple majority in the House of Commons, of which over 80% of members are from a single country (England). </p><p>Compared to the current system of devolution, in a true federal system, autonomy as well as devolved powers would be considered constitutionally protected, requiring more than an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament (UK)">Act of Parliament</a> to modify or revoke powers. Autonomy could also potentially be applied uniformly across the entire United Kingdom, compared to the varying levels of devolution at present. The <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Act_2016" title="Scotland Act 2016">Scotland Act 2016</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wales_Act_2017" title="Wales Act 2017">Wales Act 2017</a> made the Scottish Parliament and Senedd permanent parts of the British constitution, requiring a referendum in each respective country to remove the legislatures, although the UK parliament still retains the sovereign right to adjust devolved powers.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Federalism was first proposed in the late 19th century to address increasing calls for <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_movement" title="Irish Home Rule movement">Irish Home Rule</a>, the awarding of autonomy for Ireland within the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>. The proposals failed and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> was formed instead. Since a system of devolution was implemented in the late 20th century, some have proposed that a transition be made towards a federation or <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Confederation">confederation</a>, as an effort by <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">unionists</a> to combat <a href="/wiki/Separatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Separatism in the United Kingdom">separatism</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_nation_devolution">History of nation devolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of nation devolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">Devolution in the United Kingdom</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scotland,_Northern_Ireland_and_Wales"><span id="Scotland.2C_Northern_Ireland_and_Wales"></span>Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Scottish devolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Welsh devolution</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Ireland_Parliament_Buildings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Northern_Ireland_Parliament_Buildings.jpg/215px-Northern_Ireland_Parliament_Buildings.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Northern_Ireland_Parliament_Buildings.jpg/323px-Northern_Ireland_Parliament_Buildings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Northern_Ireland_Parliament_Buildings.jpg/430px-Northern_Ireland_Parliament_Buildings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Northern Ireland Parliament Buildings.</figcaption></figure><p>In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_movement" title="Irish Home Rule movement">Irish home rule</a> was a divisive political issue. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Bill_1886" title="Government of Ireland Bill 1886">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Bill_1893" title="Government of Ireland Bill 1893">Second</a> Home Rule Bills failed to pass the UK Parliament. The Third Home Rule Bill was introduced in 1912 by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a>, intended to provide home rule in Ireland, with some additional proposals for home rule in Scotland, Wales, and areas of England.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The implementation of the Bill was delayed by the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. At war's end the UK parliament, responding to <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestantism in Northern Ireland">Northern Irish Protestant</a> lobbying, passed the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1920" title="Government of Ireland Act 1920">Fourth Home Rule Bill</a> which divided Ireland into a six-county <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> and a twenty-six county <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%9322)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Ireland (1921–22)">Southern Ireland</a>, each with its own parliament and judiciary. The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Southern_Ireland" title="Parliament of Southern Ireland">Southern Parliament</a> only met once: London acknowledged the sovereignty of southern Ireland as the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>, within the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">British Commonwealth</a>, at the end of 1921. The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Parliament of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland Parliament</a> remained until 1972 when it was abolished due to sectarian conflict in <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scotland_Parliament_Holyrood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scotland_Parliament_Holyrood.jpg/180px-Scotland_Parliament_Holyrood.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scotland_Parliament_Holyrood.jpg/270px-Scotland_Parliament_Holyrood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scotland_Parliament_Holyrood.jpg/360px-Scotland_Parliament_Holyrood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Act_1978" title="Scotland Act 1978">Scotland Act 1978</a> became law on 31 July 1978, requiring 40% of the Scottish electorate to support the formation of an assembly. Although 52% of those who voted supported an assembly, this amounted to 33% of the total electorate and so an assembly was not formed. In 1997 a referendum was held in Scotland on a Scottish parliament which was supported by 74.3% of Scots.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1998 the Scotland Bill was introduced in the UK Parliament and became law as the <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Act_1998" title="Scotland Act 1998">Scotland Act 1998</a> later that year. The Scottish parliamentary elections were held in 1999 and were followed by the re-establishment of the Scottish parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In Wales, a referendum on a Welsh assembly was held, also in 1997, and resulted in a 50.3% majority in favour.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_devolution_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_devolution-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Wales_Act_1998" title="Government of Wales Act 1998">Government of Wales Act</a> was passed in the UK parliament in 1998 and the National Assembly for Wales was formed in 1999 in Cardiff. The National Assembly for Wales was renamed Senedd Cymru/Welsh Parliament, with the Presiding Officer, <a href="/wiki/Elin_Jones" title="Elin Jones">Elin Jones</a>, saying that its renaming represented the increased powers and responsibilities of the Senedd.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senedd_National_Assembly_for_Wales.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Senedd_National_Assembly_for_Wales.jpg/215px-Senedd_National_Assembly_for_Wales.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Senedd_National_Assembly_for_Wales.jpg/323px-Senedd_National_Assembly_for_Wales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Senedd_National_Assembly_for_Wales.jpg/430px-Senedd_National_Assembly_for_Wales.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a> Cymru – Welsh Parliament</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2014, <a href="/wiki/2014_Scottish_independence_referendum" title="2014 Scottish independence referendum">Scotland voted to remain in the UK</a>, though a plurality of Scots wanted greater autonomy within the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Act_2016" title="Scotland Act 2016">Scotland Act of 2016</a> which declared that Scotland's devolved institutions were permanent, and granted the Scottish Parliament and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">government</a> powers over taxation and welfare.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Wales_Act_2017" title="Wales Act 2017">Wales Act 2017</a> defined the National Assembly and devolved institutions to be a permanent component of the UK constitution, and any abolition of such institutions would require a referendum. The act also changed the model of operation of the devolved institutions from a "conferred powers model" to a "reserved powers model". The Assembly was given the power to decide its own name and voting system of members.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_devolution_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_devolution-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposals_for_an_English_Parliament">Proposals for an English Parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Proposals for an English Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/West_Lothian_question" title="West Lothian question">West Lothian question</a></div> <p>There have been proposals for the establishment of a single <a href="/wiki/Devolved_English_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Devolved English Parliament">devolved English Parliament</a> to govern the affairs of England as a whole. This has been supported by groups such as English Commonwealth, the <a href="/wiki/English_Democrats" title="English Democrats">English Democrats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_an_English_Parliament" title="Campaign for an English Parliament">Campaign for an English Parliament</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a> who have both expressed support for greater autonomy for all four nations while ultimately striving for a dissolution of the Union. Without its own devolved Parliament, England continues to be governed and legislated for by the UK Government and UK Parliament which gives rise to the <a href="/wiki/West_Lothian_question" title="West Lothian question">West Lothian question</a>. The question concerns the fact that, on devolved matters, Scottish MPs continue to help make laws that apply to England alone, although no English MPs can make laws on those same matters for Scotland. Since the <a href="/wiki/2014_Scottish_independence_referendum" title="2014 Scottish independence referendum">2014 Scottish independence referendum</a> there has been a wider debate about the UK adopting a federal system with each of the four <a href="/wiki/Home_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Home nations">home nations</a> having its own, equal devolved legislatures and law-making powers.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2011 it was announced that the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> was to set up a commission to examine the West Lothian question.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2012 it was announced that this six-member commission would be named the <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_consequences_of_devolution_for_the_House_of_Commons" title="Commission on the consequences of devolution for the House of Commons">Commission on the consequences of devolution for the House of Commons</a>, would be chaired by former <a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Clerk of the House of Commons">Clerk of the House of Commons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_McKay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William McKay">Sir William McKay</a>, and would have one member from each of the devolved countries. The McKay Commission reported in March 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcnews250313_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcnews250313-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the election of a <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> majority government in the <a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015 general election</a>, new parliamentary procedures and a <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Grand_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Grand Committee">Legislative Grand Committee</a> were enacted to bring it into effect.<sup id="cite_ref-egc_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-egc-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The measures were subsequently abolished in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Federation_proposals">Federation proposals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Federation proposals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reform_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional reform of the United Kingdom">Constitutional reform of the United Kingdom</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_and_20th_centuries">19th and 20th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 19th and 20th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Federalism was proposed in the 1870s by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Butt" title="Isaac Butt">Isaac Butt</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Home_Rule_League" title="Home Rule League">Home Rule</a> party. Federalism was also proposed by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a> in the mid-1880s. It gained significant support during the constitutional and home rule crisis in Ireland in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A UK federation government was proposed in 1912 by <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dundee_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Dundee (UK Parliament constituency)">Member of Parliament for Dundee</a>, which also included proposals for English regions governed by a regional parliament as part of a UK federation. Potential areas included <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, Yorkshire, <a href="/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands">the Midlands</a> and London.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Lloyd_George.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/David_Lloyd_George.jpg/126px-David_Lloyd_George.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/David_Lloyd_George.jpg/190px-David_Lloyd_George.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/David_Lloyd_George.jpg/253px-David_Lloyd_George.jpg 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption>David Lloyd George</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> campaigned for <a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Welsh devolution</a>, beginning with the devolution of the <a href="/wiki/Church_in_Wales" title="Church in Wales">Church in Wales</a> which finally came about in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lloyd George felt that disestablishment, land reform and other forms of Welsh devolution could only be achieved if Wales formed its own government within a federal imperial system. Lloyd George's Government of 1918 also gave considerable thought to a federal government to relieve tensions in Ireland, particularly in combination with conscription for the First World War.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1977, <a href="/wiki/Tam_Dalyell" title="Tam Dalyell">Tam Dalyell</a>, then MP for <a href="/wiki/West_Lothian_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="West Lothian (UK Parliament constituency)">West Lothian</a>, raised the "<a href="/wiki/West_Lothian_question" title="West Lothian question">West Lothian question</a>" on the issue of an English parliament during a debate on devolution of powers to Scotland and Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century_timeline">21st century timeline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 21st century timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="David_Melding">David Melding</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: David Melding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 2013, Conservative <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Senedd" title="Member of the Senedd">MS</a> for <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Central_(Senedd_electoral_region)" title="South Wales Central (Senedd electoral region)">South Wales Central</a>, David Melding produced a book for the Institute of Welsh Affairs (IWA) discussing federalism. He suggested that parliaments in a federal UK should all be sovereign and that a balance of powers between a central parliament and the national parliaments would emerge following a new "Act of Union". He suggests that disputes could be resolved in the Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Liberal_Democrats">Liberal Democrats</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Liberal Democrats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since March 2014, the Liberal Democrats have been committed to a policy of UK federalism.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their proposal for a federal UK originally included: </p> <ul><li><i>Transferring additional powers to the Senedd Cymru / Welsh Parliament to have equal devolution to the Scottish Parliament</i></li> <li><i>A need dependent equitable distribution of resources between different parts of the UK</i></li> <li><i>A Declaration of Rights document</i></li> <li><i>Election to the House of Commons via Single Transferable Vote</i></li> <li><i>Replacing the House of Lords with an upper house and a more democratic mandate <sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></li></ul> <p>In 2021 the Liberal Democrats updated their stance on a federal UK with a policy motion and a background paper calling for regional parliaments throughout England whose powers would approach those of the Scottish Parliament, representing a near symmetric arrangement in which the regions of England would be constitutionally equivalent to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland as states of the federal union but allowing for a parallel English legislature for English-only affairs, England remaining as a single legal jurisdiction. The policy specifically calls for the House of Lords to be replaced by a federal Senate with representatives from the nations and/or regions and calls for significant fiscal decentralisation: a target of 50% of public spending to be controlled by the subnational governments. Party policy also retains the prior call for a Constitutional Convention with the aim of building a consensus for the drafting of a federal constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Institute_of_Economic_Affairs_(IEA)"><span id="Institute_of_Economic_Affairs_.28IEA.29"></span>Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The think-tank IEA produced a report in 2015 that suggested that the UK should become a federal country. It concluded that responsibilities by and large should be transferred to Scotland and England, Wales and Northern Ireland or Scotland and Rest of UK. It suggested that federal government should have very few functions which would include defence, border control and foreign affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chuka_Umunna">Chuka Umunna</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chuka Umunna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An English parliament as part of a federal UK was suggested by Labour politician <a href="/wiki/Chuka_Umunna" title="Chuka Umunna">Chuka Umunna</a> in July 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Constitutional_Reform_Group">Constitutional Reform Group</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Constitutional Reform Group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Constitutional Reform Group is a group made up of politicians from all parties. Its Steering Committee is composed of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_7th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury">Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rogers,_Baron_Lisvane" title="Robert Rogers, Baron Lisvane">Robert Rogers, Baron Lisvane</a>; former First Minister of Wales <a href="/wiki/Carwyn_Jones" title="Carwyn Jones">Carwyn Jones</a>; former first minister of Scotland <a href="/wiki/Jack_McConnell" title="Jack McConnell">Lord Jack McConnell</a>; and <a href="/wiki/David_Trimble" title="David Trimble">Lord David Trimble</a>, the first and former First Minister of Northern Ireland, among others. The group produced their first draft of a new Act of Union Bill in July 2016. An <i>Act of Union Bill 2018</i> was subsequently introduced as a Private Members' Bill in the House of Lords on 9 October 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 April 2021, an "Act of Union Bill 2021" was published.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes: </p> <ul><li><i>The continued existence and sovereignty of a UK Parliament with exclusive legislative powers for central matters</i></li> <li><i>The continued existence of a Welsh Parliament, Scottish Parliament and Northern Irish Assembly</i></li> <li><i>The formation of an English Parliament OR Regional Devolution for England</i></li> <li><i>The abolition of powers of the UK parliament to intervene in the Scottish and Welsh Parliaments and Governments</i></li> <li><i>Each MP is referred to as either a Welsh MP, English MP, Scottish MP or Northern Ireland MP</i></li> <li><i>The abolition or reform of the House of Lords</i></li> <li><i>A scrutiny committee for all four parliaments in both options for the House of Lords. Each national parliament proposes their own committee member for the UK scrutiny committee</i></li></ul> <p><i>Central matters to include:</i> </p> <ul><li><i>Constitution: The Crown, the UK, Parliament, Scotland Act 1998 & 2016, Government of Wales Acts, Northern Ireland Act 1998, Ministers of the Crown</i></li> <li><i>Foreign Affairs: foreign affairs, international treaties and conventions, EU membership, NATO membership, European Economic Area, Defence</i></li> <li><i>Rights: Human rights</i></li> <li><i>Economic Affairs: Central bank functions, monetary policy, government borrowing, currency, regulation of financial services</i></li> <li><i>Taxation: central taxes</i></li> <li><i>Law and order: Supreme Court, national security</i></li> <li><i>Home affairs: nationality, immigration, extradition, emergency powers</i></li> <li><i>Public Service: The civil service, political parties <sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proposed_models">Proposed models</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Proposed models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 2018, <a href="/wiki/Isobel_Lindsay" title="Isobel Lindsay">Isobel Lindsay</a>, a board member of Scotland's economic and political think-tank, <a href="/wiki/Common_Weal" title="Common Weal">Common Weal</a>, suggested the following two models: </p> <ol><li><i>The Four Nations proposal: A UK Federation composed of England, Wales, Scotland & Northern Ireland</i></li> <li><i>Three Nations plus English Regions: A UK federation composed of Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland & English regions</i></li> <li><i>Council of the Isles: Building upon the <a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a> to form a Council of the Isles which could include Wales, Scotland, England, Northern Ireland and the independent Republic of Ireland. This could also allow an independent Scotland to be a part of this council.</i></li></ol> <p>England is by far the largest single unit in the United Kingdom by population (84%) and by area (54%) and thus contributes to the justification for a "Three Nations plus English regions" model.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Federal_Union_and_the_Federal_Trust">The Federal Union and the Federal Trust</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Federal Union and the Federal Trust"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Union" title="Federal Union">Federal Union</a> is a pressure group that supports a codified federal constitution for the United Kingdom, arguing that governance remains too centralised. In October 2018, Andrew Blick, of King's College London and the Federal Union, proposed a Federalist Constitution for the UK. He also suggests that a single <a href="/wiki/Devolved_English_parliament" title="Devolved English parliament">English parliament</a> would not be effective and that regional federalism of England would be more effective;<sup id="cite_ref-:1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that the regions of England, created for statistical purposes, are included in one proposed model for a UK federation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Federal Trust has also proposed a UK Federation as a potential option for the UK's constitutional future.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unionists">Unionists</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Unionists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2020, political analyst <a href="/wiki/John_Curtice" title="John Curtice">John Curtice</a> suggested that the UK's decision to <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">leave</a> the European Union, which was supported by a majority in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> but not in Scotland and Northern Ireland, may have strengthened the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a> movement and proved problematic for the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, some people such as the former head of the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Exiting_the_European_Union" title="Department for Exiting the European Union">Department for Exiting the European Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Rycroft" title="Philip Rycroft">Philip Rycroft</a>, have proposed federalism as a way of ensuring the Union continues.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jeremy_Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Jeremy Corbyn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeremy_Corbyn_Portraits.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Jeremy_Corbyn_Portraits.jpg/124px-Jeremy_Corbyn_Portraits.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Jeremy_Corbyn_Portraits.jpg/187px-Jeremy_Corbyn_Portraits.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Jeremy_Corbyn_Portraits.jpg/249px-Jeremy_Corbyn_Portraits.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5504" data-file-height="8256" /></a><figcaption>Jeremy Corbyn in 2019.</figcaption></figure> <p>A report commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">UK Labour Party</a> during the leadership of Jeremy Corbyn was published in February 2021. The report, titled <i>Remaking the British State: For the many Not the few</i>, proposed constitutional reform of the devolved governments of the UK and establishment of a federal UK system.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The report recommended the following: </p> <ul><li>A UK constitutional convention supported by citizens' assemblies with reform options</li> <li>A codified constitution, also significantly reducing the powers of the monarch</li> <li>Replacing the House of Lords with a federal senate of nations & regions</li> <li>A council of the union including first ministers of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland and a Prime minister of the UK</li> <li>Proportional representation in the House of Commons</li> <li>Permanent constitutional independence for the Scottish parliament, Senedd Cymru/Welsh Parliament and the Northern Irish executive</li> <li>Increased borrowing & policymaking powers for the Scottish Parliament (including social security, alcohol taxation, drugs policy & postgraduate immigration)</li> <li>Devolution of policymaking and financial powers such as borrowing to English regions and councils <sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Welsh_Labour_proposals">Welsh Labour proposals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Welsh Labour proposals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mark_Drakeford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mark_Drakeford.jpg/123px-Mark_Drakeford.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mark_Drakeford.jpg/184px-Mark_Drakeford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mark_Drakeford.jpg/246px-Mark_Drakeford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1323" data-file-height="1764" /></a><figcaption>Mark Drakeford in 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>The Welsh Labour Government produced a report update for the reformation of the United Kingdom in June 2021. This report summary outlined a proposed 20 key changes to devolution in the UK. This proposed reform of the structure of devolution for the countries of the UK would build a stronger and more durable UK, according to <a href="/wiki/Mark_Drakeford" title="Mark Drakeford">Mark Drakeford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Welsh Labour proposal for "far reaching federalism"<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are summarised as follows: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Principles"><i>Principles</i></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><i>The UK becomes a voluntary union of 4 nations.</i></li> <li><i>Devolution is permanent and cannot be undone without agreement from electorate.</i></li> <li><i>Equalise devolution across nations, to become as devolved as possible.</i></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Law-making"><i>Law-making</i></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Law-making"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><i>Each parliament/assembly in the UK decides its own size and how members are elected.</i></li> <li><i>The UK Parliament should not legislate on devolved matters without consent.</i></li> <li><i>A centralised source of funding for running costs of devolved parliaments/assembly.</i></li> <li><i>Representation of devolved nations in the House of Commons.</i></li> <li><i>House of Lords reformed to reflect the make-up of the United Kingdom & protects the constitution and devolution.</i></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Inter-governmental_relations"><i>Inter-governmental relations</i></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Inter-governmental relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><i>Governments must be treated as equals</i></li> <li><i>Ministers are responsible and held to account for duties in their own country without interference from other governments.</i></li> <li><i>The UK government does not fund other governments' responsibilities without consent.</i></li> <li><i>Regular, organised inter-governmental co-operation for benefit of UK.</i></li> <li><i>Devolved governments have a say in international relations and trade.</i></li> <li><i>UK bodies that work for every country in the UK.</i></li> <li><i>Continued impartiality of the civil service serving the Welsh, Scottish & UK governments, working with the Northern Ireland civil service.</i></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Financial_matters"><i>Financial matters</i></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Financial matters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><i>Funding based on need. No UK funding outside these arrangements without consent.</i></li> <li><i>Needs-based grant from the UK government to devolved nations (raised by devolved and local taxes and borrowing).</i></li> <li><i>Formation of an independent public body overseeing funding across UK.</i></li> <li><i>Each government determines and is held accountable for tax and spending priorities.</i></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Justice"><i>Justice</i></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Justice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><i>Justice and policing devolved to Wales (as it is in Scotland and Northern Ireland).</i></li> <li><i>Supreme Court membership reflects the whole of the UK.</i></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Constitution_matters"><i>Constitution matters</i></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Constitution matters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><i>A Constitutional Convention with UK wide membership considering UK governance and inter-governmental relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Keir_Starmer_and_Gordon_Brown">Keir Starmer and Gordon Brown</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Keir Starmer and Gordon Brown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keir_Starmer,_2020_Labour_Party_leadership_election_hustings,_Bristol_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Keir_Starmer%2C_2020_Labour_Party_leadership_election_hustings%2C_Bristol_4.jpg/215px-Keir_Starmer%2C_2020_Labour_Party_leadership_election_hustings%2C_Bristol_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Keir_Starmer%2C_2020_Labour_Party_leadership_election_hustings%2C_Bristol_4.jpg/323px-Keir_Starmer%2C_2020_Labour_Party_leadership_election_hustings%2C_Bristol_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Keir_Starmer%2C_2020_Labour_Party_leadership_election_hustings%2C_Bristol_4.jpg/430px-Keir_Starmer%2C_2020_Labour_Party_leadership_election_hustings%2C_Bristol_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4080" data-file-height="3060" /></a><figcaption>Keir Starmer, 2020 Labour Party leadership election hustings.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Keir Starmer</a>, leader of the UK Labour party, also agreed in January 2022 to "quickly" reform the UK if Labour formed the next national government.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also promised a "radical devolution of power" which would include a written constitution. More specific details in Starmer's radical devolvement or federalisation plans were said to be lacking.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starmer also tasked <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a> with heading a "Constitution Commission" for prospective reform of the UK, a commission which would become active under a Labour government.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brown has suggested federalism as a viable option following Brexit and, according to <a href="/wiki/Adam_Tomkins" title="Adam Tomkins">Adam Tomkins</a>, supported "a reformed Britain, a new federal settlement, and further powers for a supercharged Holyrood". Brown proposed:<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>European powers transferred from the EU to the Scottish Parliament for agriculture, fisheries, environmental regulation and areas of employment and energy.</i></li> <li><i>£800 million transferred from the EU to Scotland as would be given with EU membership</i></li> <li><i>Scottish Parliament regional policy, take action to support its own industries.</i></li> <li><i>VAT rates set by Scottish Parliament</i></li> <li><i>Scottish Parliament negotiates with European countries on policies within its powers</i></li> <li><i>EU access for Scottish industries and universities for research and the Erasmus programme for students.</i></li> <li><i>Scotland guaranteed a place in the European Court of Human Rights or the EU Social Chapter</i></li> <li><i>Bank of England reformed as a Bank of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland with fully-staffed representation within Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></li></ul> <p>In September 2022, Gordon Brown's plans were said to include; further devolution of taxation to Scotland, Wales, and England's regions; a new mechanism to "community groups" for the promotion of bills in parliament; constitutional guarantee of social and economic rights; replacement of the House of Lords by an upper house of nations and regions (previously cited in the party's 2015 and 2019 manifestos); minimum of three years' funding to local and devolved governments for longer-term planning.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First minister of Wales, Mark Drakeford suggested that Gordon Brown's recommendations would ensure practical ways in which devolution could not be overruled.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="New_Britain_report">New Britain report</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: New Britain report"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 2022, a Labour report on the Commission on the UK's Future was published, titled "A New Britain: Renewing our Democracy and Rebuilding our Economy", the following proposals were made: </p> <ul><li>New, statutory, formulation of the <a href="/wiki/Sewel_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Sewel convention">Sewel convention</a>, which should be legally binding, providing similar constitutional codification as states and provinces in federal countries.</li> <li>A "solidarity clause" under which to ensure the commitment of all the governments in the UK to work together</li> <li>Establishment of a Council of the Nations and Regions to replace the "dysfunctional" <a href="/wiki/Joint_Ministerial_Committee_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Ministerial Committee (UK)">Joint Ministerial Committees</a></li> <li>A second chamber of Parliament, <a href="/wiki/Reform_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Reform of the House of Lords">reforming the House of Lords</a> and acting as an Assembly of the Nations and Regions<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A_League-Union_of_the_Isles">A League-Union of the Isles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: A League-Union of the Isles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 2022, <a href="/wiki/Glyndwr_Jones" title="Glyndwr Jones">Glyndwr Jones</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Welsh_Affairs" title="Institute of Welsh Affairs">Institute of Welsh Affairs</a> produced a document "A League-Union of the Isles" discussing constitutional options for the UK with a preface by former first minister of Wales Carwyn Jones. The author presents multiple potential constitutional options for the UK nations including: devolution, federalism, confederalism, confederal-federalism, sovereignty within the EU and independence. The author settles on confederal-federalism, a union of sovereign nations that stands between federalism and a confederation, with an agreed confederal treaty between national parliaments, which jointly form a "Council of the Isles". The proposed union would include the following: </p> <ul><li><i>Rights of movement, residence and employment in any nation within the union</i></li> <li><i>Each nation would have its own legal jurisdiction in addition to a "Supreme Court of the Isles"</i></li> <li><i>A common currency and a central "Bank of the Isles"</i></li> <li><i>Each nation would have its own tax regimes and contribute a proportion of their GDP to the "Council of the Isles"</i></li> <li><i>Defence, foreign policy, internal trade, currency, large scale economics and "Isles affairs" governed by the "Council of the Isles"</i></li> <li><i>Each nation holds 4 seats at the UN general council and one collective seat at the UN Security Council <sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Professor_Laura_McAllister_(8552094408).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Professor_Laura_McAllister_%288552094408%29.jpg/215px-Professor_Laura_McAllister_%288552094408%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Professor_Laura_McAllister_%288552094408%29.jpg/323px-Professor_Laura_McAllister_%288552094408%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Professor_Laura_McAllister_%288552094408%29.jpg/430px-Professor_Laura_McAllister_%288552094408%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2403" /></a><figcaption>Laura McAllister in 2013.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Independent_Commission_on_the_Constitutional_Future_of_Wales">Independent Commission on the Constitutional Future of Wales</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Independent Commission on the Constitutional Future of Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Independent Commission on the Constitutional Future of Wales is an ongoing commission that will make recommendations about Wales' constitutional future. Having their first meeting on the 25th of November 2021, Professor <a href="/wiki/Laura_McAllister" title="Laura McAllister">Laura McAllister</a> and Dr <a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Rowan Williams</a> are co-chairing the commission. Professor McAllister has stated that all options are on the table – including independence.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This independent commission was established in 2022 by the Welsh Government and has two broad objectives which include consideration and development of options for reform of constitutional structures of the UK, and progressive principal options to strengthen Welsh democracy and deliver improvements for Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its interim report of December 2022, The Independent Commission on the Constitutional Future of Wales proposes the following as an option for a federal UK: </p> <ul><li>The UK Parliament and Government's responsibility for the UK is separate to England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Reform of the House of Lords">Reform of the House of Lords</a></li> <li>Devolved financial responsibility for taxation</li> <li>Optional devolved financial responsibility for welfare<sup id="cite_ref-:16_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suggested_potential_benefits">Suggested potential benefits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Suggested potential benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A report by <a href="/wiki/The_Federal_Trust" title="The Federal Trust">The Federal Trust</a> suggested the following potential benefits of a federal UK: </p> <ul><li>Constitution for UK level and sub-UK level identity</li> <li>Constitutionally form states from the devolved administrations. Stops undermining from UK government</li> <li>Consistent democratic governance across the UK</li> <li>Addressing the "English Question"</li> <li>Potential to avoid economic, financial, cultural centralisation and concentration in London</li> <li>Identify powers appropriate to be used at a sub-UK level and Westminster</li> <li>Clarification of the status of tiers of government below UK government</li> <li>Needs-based redistribution at a federal level, replacing the <a href="/wiki/Barnett_formula" title="Barnett formula">Barnett formula</a> & resolving the UK and devolved government tensions</li> <li>Resolving dilemma of the status of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_party_positions">Political party positions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Political party positions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Members of the UK Labour Party, including their leader Keir Starmer, have supported federalism, but the UK-wide party have not made a commitment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Liberal Democrats are the only mainstream political party yet to have formally adopted a policy for a federal United Kingdom and which outlines the structure of the proposed federation in line with the "Three Nations plus English Regions" model. Other political parties prefer the status quo or to increase autonomy further than <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalism</a> via independence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UK_parties">UK parties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: UK parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scottish_parties">Scottish parties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Scottish parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Labour" title="Scottish Labour">Scottish Labour</a><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Liberal_Democrats" title="Scottish Liberal Democrats">Scottish Liberal Democrats</a><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Welsh_parties">Welsh parties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Welsh parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Labour" title="Welsh Labour">Welsh Labour</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Liberal_Democrats" title="Welsh Liberal Democrats">Welsh Liberal Democrats</a><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_regional_parties">English regional parties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: English regional parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mebyon_Kernow" title="Mebyon Kernow">Mebyon Kernow</a>: Support a Cornish Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Party" title="Yorkshire Party">Yorkshire Party</a>: Supports a Regional Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Scottish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Scottish_devolution_referendum" title="1997 Scottish devolution referendum">1997 Scottish devolution referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Welsh_devolution_referendum" title="1997 Welsh devolution referendum">1997 Welsh devolution referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Greater_London_Authority_referendum" title="1998 Greater London Authority referendum">1998 Greater London Authority referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Welsh_devolution_referendum" title="2011 Welsh devolution referendum">2011 Welsh devolution referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_federalism" title="Asymmetric federalism">Asymmetric federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">Devolution in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Confederation">United Kingdom Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">Historic counties of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Federation" title="Imperial Federation">Imperial Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Regions of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_and_alternative_regions_of_England" title="Historical and alternative regions of England">Historical and alternative regions of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">Unionism in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Northern Ireland may be also described as a province or region.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKingston" 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