CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzMiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzMiIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSI+PHBhdGggZmlsbD0iI0IyMEYwMyIgZD0iTTE2IDNhMTMgMTMgMCAxIDAgMTMgMTNBMTMuMDE1IDEzLjAxNSAwIDAgMCAxNiAzbTAgMjRhMTEgMTEgMCAxIDEgMTEtMTEgMTEuMDEgMTEuMDEgMCAwIDEtMTEgMTEiLz48cGF0aCBmaWxsPSIjQjIwRjAzIiBkPSJNMTcuMDM4IDE4LjYxNUgxNC44N0wxNC41NjMgOS41aDIuNzgzem0tMS4wODQgMS40MjdxLjY2IDAgMS4wNTcuMzg4LjQwNy4zODkuNDA3Ljk5NCAwIC41OTYtLjQwNy45ODQtLjM5Ny4zOS0xLjA1Ny4zODktLjY1IDAtMS4wNTYtLjM4OS0uMzk4LS4zODktLjM5OC0uOTg0IDAtLjU5Ny4zOTgtLjk4NS40MDYtLjM5NyAxLjA1Ni0uMzk3Ii8+PC9zdmc+);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "dl.acm.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '914e04df88329e32',cH: '0kPKRHg4hTanFhkD_1NEiAGi.ZA9OkqXVUkf6ZWOxSA-1740049500-1.2.1.1-HmSAGFlu.c5uFw9ukuFr128Xjb2NFjS6REcpvzx345HxnRB9uWeQPAO6c9wZJAfl',cUPMDTk: "\/citation.cfm?doid=224170.224229&__cf_chl_tk=rTzEyfg9goicjRC170KwyH3r0Hg94_EXIEVqwoXp7GA-1740049500-1.0.1.1-XXQ29e_12TH5FkQ3lK1ZPCKv2hlVIPyaHEZS58ogE_M",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1740049500',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "unsupported-browser",fa: "\/citation.cfm?doid=224170.224229&__cf_chl_f_tk=rTzEyfg9goicjRC170KwyH3r0Hg94_EXIEVqwoXp7GA-1740049500-1.0.1.1-XXQ29e_12TH5FkQ3lK1ZPCKv2hlVIPyaHEZS58ogE_M",md: "ZywshoI.AV22tPYHztNDsIETRGowH4WRUgrpg3Xvfgw-1740049500-1.2.1.1-38l52CMnpOnb959Icxss4D2Iq9WMzLHNQt0R78AdVMk.iFQg7z7MGHY0n26_NgByUsbmfPuwIdfRx_MXyKIybKb1G6XvPo7e.JrvZ5S8A0fpxzL6vkqGGvODlNMRPls2WHbXBZm_R2gaK9S42PchRVcxJF4FAy1mHrINyVkh95PPBvJrkmoOs036g.GA_zu6gr_duqgDj9sKiInXu6KlxCM3NrhwrKS3m8QmcyICWPBVD8DfS2yGfuZe6G.EjfGICwinxQg6FGr0ma0VFGtVTLhKQkAdNVpim2RH.MZuPnsMk8YbM0Su1u7gwLnLMxi_mbN21Mfvop1uV_ykE.u86gpQDh7Ejjdhi_3RFM3N.MLJluLdMWHGswH158CUbDjdVO7AXN2fZ5.PwRkDyNUBpssmQOAfqldoR1Vrr8gZRE6nrpWd9c6sPUv8YfQlp1C7KVJq716RrlEyOGhaPHWQ4oq3M2WJ5hurY2dwCCqh0VfiLTkv_XH4Pwvh1K_hyyWippozouxRR.oILr6uvI_rJ0jSqnmPpT2nurYSRagkH0tCq.qRZMn1o7VyEqRR4WIr8alfbhDezG2JgMj1yt0W3ZNGr6c1GVdiqKpN_IrV6010KSrgcDuG.Pw.0V0tpZvv8GKuuJUIF.8p19efrXIPQ4b0dFeaWxY0c1reweBVmd0gjOC3XZJnDEaJfI8cMrkRz8hQr.VVH0KI0zjjUQHjl2pcNc9dB8Cxg1amlGkJaXZNdlWX6W4yieD9TuvyFY485Arzxbv2uUNgEWpt4AyJed1xyqpPMM1sXtZSMRoc16IyqvNZngVnH0TK5lXP4Twi9UGgmzrvt1O0xV071tG3FRzhJYNcBdboIgcZH1AyWK_mbS8sMQCIosRdr4lwW.oRXvD9W1SLK5wKH36Wzk8e94YMblB.Yk_VU3IZwB_Ni1H6u6XgjHh8b3vAoAwtcTBGXupox2xsobvfJ1sc1mMw845RJ3uLFhM7bGZvDbpSxkiPQt2PM0daNZaK9sdCUyginqPKicwuDoNDsLSKIMu64b4WSw0XLIAYgo9mqGBXTtI_Vi0IK7spye1DnrkbjAwPLZyO1zNjT7Mn4gZy6N7HZzCpxalN5XeZaIfniqdq6xwFNR9dw9wBHM2K5_Z9_Y5.pQt0yRFeZyozcTTxGrDGwtF8nKFl4cqDwQbH7J3oShjTdAfHBoYRJVP.NzutPLsGRtXovyOboVsB219itwktsuWHfYh73AjhawMGMeO.CarQQM7ZTdIHGzOQAI7yXwfXgST.J30lWAfJupWOfdi_5fUQppKYEebFJ1A1bG7eVYGnXtt.RfUfNX4O7fnCyW2rGbjdvV3NTHDkeXq3ZerEgT_rp_Ce2O3w7Eb3DjTQZcIAWoMtAnAcwyUThjAS9btaGHnmYBZW0erMXC.51StBbix2aaXbqxPRRYHIe8UVKEXwUaTbmFG3uW50l3IuIHTYoxYK5nZpwG4HsHuEkQvrtFTKmoQLOKvKjBuc2Uqn38gnc7_MVkpTjbvdnmyj1tU8qBmzYSEXNjOCJzAp_MMIbn93WPoMCRmqACKNplgfhHSQEbK.3.Z446ODkBEfP929cApKRKFXQqdDrLph2xSezXuXpK8KGa_vkJlw4InKjHfDYCWshJeYShMzi1.V1.TDEsMiqAWY8UYSBDffn30HpxkrgzODqush1mNmuM2yZwwys189UvwrqAIb_UhSjfUzQRmRILjg0GpATag_oE79t0MmT0ILl_6U3XR20UNukBP9aVjpP4Q_sYg.3beHPIJoD2Y2PCWUsw5ZVlJZ74zpD264X77fMg5gKhGttREDQPGNQdQH0YiGXSC8G9yH.WzoM1p8rp2yzSNhxlktB23soz3KPw2JcynBAeml47UNFFXbFUeW5_ld5gFAptgDVw6IOqhMCzsch6sZqQWaSGIuCk_0Xk55cYppMiYyZ8WMCSilBErp2TakGEv1llzlRADSPKQ9WmSfCUsXVI_0xCbzp3sHz7ZwqmLOz5XCSMinz.UDwNy2.wQDsNq6rZkZObnAo3ZRPe4fT4trkIssaOrDRJMF41skpi_s2frYr0.qc6VJ4HIoWP_rC5g3kJ7Pq.L5oEv3.iGEekmRNzOdFg_CAlCUTnktDjOml4tONgFQNwEUdW4jy4ZI.oozwQyKxbvyViK5J4VpuCe_bnnCjgFh2xM4bLTfTojwYu2fWVBzPTYhKmoNiDZNNDzHnUIJ7BuedmaPDM0g3LP5HhG7xTiqbBA9rNMccfjeo57VWuwShQGfACIso59RgTHwf7O2GhWmA9phHD7BmEj4Wmm17DwaXqrTjcanrXeTIVRTqx2quJbOj5.IFHxPQw5sHsmThhCY9xYmrOLV7.AigP1WxoK.q1ZTgguJ7mQIymZjguewuzrS3N_rAICXV3U1rU7_w0NGMc.ay6mdbl5j9Af431QNTGaKW18s_O2Us4U7xbADJ7OY3_aPFZRZiWbFqcKC3l3n7r2aequwYdPjJ_ZdxqnfnZPjZfCqD5SGYQEDKcQODoD3YNwS3R.MmxRHXuZIJpLRGn_cYB7t5P48ba.Vp86PjfvAgn.7EuEQ5mWA3cUkAYSx0n5XfzOvZh7gzSX.kmUD",mdrd: "aPsa8hf_ZeiP36LLX2CDNzhP7AN7yySQSWJefAQyd2o-1740049500-1.2.1.1-FaP0idrPdukFIFJLGt971AN782.6wu6T6hvYV7FH.VvnRCncLuhm6kQUjC_m81GOyFg2z.7KuzducYYr_.y4SPIcXdBjNEg9K5iftAaZfamN.vQAX.zmBWAkDBXw7MUWABtaBdGhEQ.QNZDxdgSFA3aVInSRCtp9UsguWh20ukpt4OJq9mOeSh7W.xTDmIAKJ1qdj0rGn8JMsaXyWNd13uO58ipVYF9b6yTSfbR.wNVNfDCToMcYGONC3ohHbZfocQrLpBVSopgGywo7ndq93mEGC.QwMtoIAHj2yIGyroNK13LUx_xkPhR4WV68nghGQ.ryKgiG3JRuDDukYTXZlI6sKYMMgq6.u8W6Gd5oewlo36RTRrXbUtQiba1hBn1tJSXUv.PwCzeleeNXaD0BVNA2C.Pe2J8r_Ht_xjJ2n2MZh86JH2yWiR3mtXy.ICXXbcDA9aNM1WnMI6HShhjMoPkQQuyInMveGg05qeLLsmgwSqFkJhr90nqrl3vlUgzhg7F0AxqDjXvWbtmFUXnJahvkrId9ZuAL9IN64PhPk6XlFpvTn5uCB8ILgLcNaHwNSOAUS9uPpQkxipPdZypggg68lREcxhcOIqSWF0Tw3xYCopwUchg_rwb02V06ApTV8rFutGEwQZesDRaU8RX3i4O1QY83.6EThm3vXP.V5yAZdwu8QlKDbm48McVAswQADiaqm7Ob_njzrLgI_vjgw0PRf1UZd3I6wF9acrWj1aSIYZQnCpnp4ttHcnla8UB6O0NedEOoOZ01K6xK92jrqWrXoxS0cKQmVx3DAhF_cAQcSq7HxzLpqlk8jMLfYKO4FU3x_nhjBonad59oukwSYWMhKPafBBSpJJ7Px2h37nZ2Fzx49zK6mqkPhK3LAxWcUUgWqLRmJtmVpBncVoHZqaTKS7AxejFUl9uOcTbo1GM6AwQ83RvOR3qTvmptySZrGwEHyJ9gdDSGavRPlJXaKrgBZPSBfkGK5JEzuuF49IRdtnav.iqD0euxN2YjTSgXyrj3NDAmYJgNCCzfnzx9hiLGvJiMFsSJMh.21qdCL3s0Ko.Dmd8wqKK.aYqYUCbIiiqtJ8KMFd4wZT0HzAlaZ04hFPXAy_sqeln2RDURSMVkMfxJFlVTc24vI1yYfzSneayR6Wgws.8F1cJx0ApO1CDIgaMI0sKzLuj16ebhImIz3SgwMHAwlogMVdLF67IBs_BOhMphIkwBbvg6q8pZZ3RkyojuOMLNwb.BEVN.jNhyofmCm0nFn.7Ef8rZWjm2X9HS.R2J4kKN6LwuEf1GqnZ2UdRRAYMeJqXslRHbJjeV1Hjg4LuygHb3e.5ijtsZiUL3maQs.fr50.WN3DRqYFhry2NjIKA3PJj8qju1tmUh78UshlhXvB36Jo4dPOcaF8ps8gKdOdTyPIXjmAykel4RC1pYzFs5baUzGKw9CN47sXSYg3enBYCNkuJsQrGe7Bet3EBUyCCzpPB76A9QAuSgwg9akYBJq4Kgec6TJTtMMkm3uAOXXmZkTKH5od8wzLUDqf6bQh_WFAarcVrV.v3ebRLNJGiQSKB3sc9w_mU9NhCVnDGWqk7bf6rmWD2Lz9szbZVr9uRe_u_03uSpx5UnLXmQF7d8Ns4zcnUmPGbBTwFbbT76FiaCTMh8a5.oHyRMUfXYmiO6IOJJV1r.ci9lZCeE0xQ4JKLr.LceXszXZnafsNZ7h9mUNcVyLzE28AHBO.2cZyry63WEWMuWJsgrByCcLNzIbpBNe6zml6Ty6lw1JRRosYl3fTLfwHklHcVwAM9oTsPhSWynyTqWDX.XMTRYgqZgNcA3CE2_Ixuv5KWFqWYIRlqif6M2UQSZ2A0BRu11Y3kDMG_kN8lzMDz4CbaEpq7l1wbBtVBmsCffQ9WFEotmfD1jyd6VqUhyAdt7UnOZxYX0p5vjcUgLSH2JOyMJFWc2h43128KCyhs"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=914e04df88329e32';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/citation.cfm?doid=224170.224229&__cf_chl_rt_tk=rTzEyfg9goicjRC170KwyH3r0Hg94_EXIEVqwoXp7GA-1740049500-1.0.1.1-XXQ29e_12TH5FkQ3lK1ZPCKv2hlVIPyaHEZS58ogE_M" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>