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href="https://www.twitter.com/AmericanElement"><span class="sr-only">Twitter</span></a> <a class="ming-link social facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/AmericanElement"><span class="sr-only">Facebook</span></a> <a class="ming-link social linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/american-elements"><span class="sr-only">LinkedIn</span></a> <a class="ming-link social instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/americanelements/"><span class="sr-only">Instagram</span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="container-fluid" id="main-content"> <div id="page-content">   <div class="banner">  <h1 class="short">Americium</h1> <span class="element-item2 actinoid metal inner-transition" aria-hidden="true"><span class="symbol2">Am</span><span class="number">95</span><span class="weight">243</span></span>  </div>   <div id="element-tabs"> <ul class="nav nav-pills nav-justified" role="tablist"> <li class="active"><a href="#about" id="tab1" role="tab" aria-controls="about" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab" tabindex="0">About Americium</a></li> <li><a href="#properties" id="tab2" role="tab" aria-controls="properties" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab" tabindex="0">Properties</a></li> <li><a href="#isotopes" id="tab3" role="tab" aria-controls="isotopes" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab" tabindex="0">Isotopes</a></li> </ul> </div>  <div id="content"> <div class="tab-content"> <div class="tab-pane active" id="about" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab1"> <h2>About Americium</h2> <img src="images_graphics/element-bohr-models/americium-bohr-model.jpg" alt="Americium Bohr" width="200" height="200" class="image-left" /><p> Americium, a transuranic radioelement with a silvery white appearance and a density similar to <a href="pb.html">lead</a>, was discovered in 1944 at the <a href="http://www.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a> by a team of scientists led by Glenn T. Seaborg. It was later synthesized at the <a href="http://www.berkeley.edu">University of California, Berkeley</a>. The process of isolating americium from <a href="cm.html">curium</a> was so arduous that the researchers had taken to calling the elusive element "pandemonium". Americium occupies the spot below <a href="eu.html">europium</a> on the very last row of the periodic table, and was given its name as a result as of this association with the other element named after a continent.</p> <p>Americium is the only synthetic element that has found a common consumer use: as the ionization source in commercial and residential smoke detectors. Additionally, americium is used as neutron source in neutron probes and neutron radiography and as a portable source of gamma rays and alpha particles in <a href="Bio-Medical.html">medical</a>, scientific, and industrial applications. Americium is also a starting material for the production of other synthetic elements. Though americium is produced fairly routinely in nuclear reactors, the complexity of the separation procedures necessary to isolate it from other elements ensures that the supply of the pure element remains low, and the material remains quite expensive. </p> </div> <div class="tab-pane" id="properties" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab2"> <h2>Americium Properties</h2> <p><img src="americium-bohr.jpg" alt="Americium Bohr Modle" width="200" height="200" class="image-left" /><strong>Americium</strong> is a Block F, Group 3, Period 7 element. The number of electrons in each of Americium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 25, 8, 2 and its electron configuration is [Rn] 5f<sup>7</sup> 7s<sup>2</sup>. The americium atom has a radius of 173.pm and its Van der Waals radius is 244.pm. In its elemental form, CAS 7440-35-9, americium has a silvery white appearance. Americium was discovered by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Stanley G. Thompson and Albert Ghiorso in 1944. It was the fourth synthetic transuranic element to be discovered and was named after the continent of North America.</p> <p>Americium is artificially produced in small quantities for research purposes and use in smoke detectors. Due to its radioactivity, americium is harmful. Americium information, including properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included. </p> <div id="table-wrapper"> <div class="panel-group expanding" id="accordion2"> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#general-properties">General Properties<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="general-properties"> <table class="table properties-table" > <tr> <th id="symbol">Symbol:</th> <td>Am</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-number">Atomic Number:</th> <td>95</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-weight">Atomic Weight:</th> <td>243</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="element-category">Element Category:</th> <td>Actinide</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="group-period-block">Group, Period, Block:</th> <td>n/a, 7, f</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="color">Color:</th> <td>silvery white</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="other-names">Other Names:</th> <td>Americio</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#physical-properties">Physical Properties<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div id="physical-properties" class="panel-collapse collapse"> <table class="properties-table table"> <tr> <th id="melting-point">Melting Point:</th> <td>1176 °C, 2148.8 °F, 1449.15 K</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="boiling-point">Boiling Point:</th> <td>2011 °C, 3651.8 °F, 2284.15 K</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="density">Density:</th> <td>13670 kg·m<sup>3</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="liquid-density">Liquid Density @ Melting Point:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="density-20-degrees-C">Density @ 20°C:</th> <td>13.67 g/cm<sup>3</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="solid-density">Density of Solid:</th> <td>13780 kg·m<sup>3</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="specific-heat">Specific Heat:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="superconductivity-temperature">Superconductivity Temperature:</th> <td>0.6 [or -272.5 掳C (-458.5 掳F)] K</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="triple-point">Triple Point:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="critical-point">Critical Point:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="fusion-heat">Heat of Fusion (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>):</th> <td>14.4</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="vaporization-heat">Heat of Vaporization (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>):</th> <td>238.5</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomization-heat">Heat of Atomization (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>):</th> <td>266</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="thermal-conductivity">Thermal Conductivity:</th> <td>10 W路m<sup>-1</sup>路K<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="thermal-expansion">Thermal Expansion:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="electrical-resistivity">Electrical Resistivity:</th> <td>0.69 µΩ·m</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="tensile-strength">Tensile Strength:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="molar-heat-capacity">Molar Heat Capacity:</th> <td>62.7 J路mol<sup>-1</sup>路K<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="youngs-modulus">Young's Modulus:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="shear-modulus">Shear Modulus:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="bulk-modulus">Bulk Modulus:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="poisson-ratio">Poisson Ratio:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="mohs-hardness">Mohs Hardness:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="vickers-hardness">Vickers Hardness:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="brinell-hardness">Brinell Hardness:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="speed-of-sound">Speed of Sound:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="pauling-electronegativity">Pauling Electronegativity:</th> <td>1.3</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="sanderson-electronegativity">Sanderson Electronegativity:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="allerd-rochow-electronegativity">Allred Rochow Electronegativity:</th> <td>1.2</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="mulliken-jaffe-electronegativity">Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="allen-electronegativity">Allen Electronegativity:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="pauling-electropositivity">Pauling Electropositivity:</th> <td>2.7</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="reflectivity">Reflectivity (%):</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="refractive-index">Refractive Index:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#chemical-properties">Chemical Properties<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div id="chemical-properties" class="panel-collapse collapse">  <table class="properties-table table"> <tr> <th id="electrons">Electrons:</th> <td>95</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="protons">Protons:</th> <td>95</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="neutrons">Neutrons:</th> <td>148</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="electron-configuration">Electron Configuration:</th> <td>[Rn] 5f<sup>7</sup> 7s<sup>2</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-radius">Atomic Radius:</th> <td>173 pm</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-radius-non-bonded">Atomic Radius,<br /> non-bonded (Å):</th> <td>2.44</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="covalent-radius">Covalent Radius:</th> <td>180卤6 pm</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="covalent-radius-non-bonded">Covalent Radius (Å):</th> <td>1.73</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="van-der-waals-radius">Van der Waals Radius:</th> <td>244 pm</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="oxidation-states">Oxidation States:</th> <td>6, 5, 4, 3, 0</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="phase">Phase:</th> <td>Solid </td> </tr> <tr> <th id="crystal-structure">Crystal Structure:</th> <td>hexagonal</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="magnetic-ordering">Magnetic Ordering:</th> <td>paramagnetic</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="electron-affinity">Electron Affinity (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>)</th> <td>Unknown</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="1-ionization">1<sup>st</sup> Ionization Energy:</th> <td>578 kJ路mol<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="2-ionization">2<sup>nd</sup> Ionization Energy:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="3-ionization">3<sup>rd</sup> Ionization Energy:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-group expanding" id="accordion3"> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#identifiers">Identifiers<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="identifiers"> <table class="table properties-table" > <tr> <th id="cas-number">CAS Number:</th> <td>7440-35-9</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="ec-number">EC Number:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="mdl-number">MDL Number:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="beilstein-number">Beilstein Number:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="smile-id">SMILES Identifier:</th> <td>[Am]</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="inchi-id">InChI Identifier:</th> <td>InChI=1S/Am</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="inchi-key">InChI Key:</th> <td>LXQXZNRPTYVCNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="pubchem-cid">PubChem CID:</th> <td>23966</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="chemspider-id">ChemSpider ID:</th> <td>22405</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#abundance">Abundance<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="abundance"> <table class="table properties-table" > <tr> <th class="abundance" id="earth-total">Earth - Total:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="mercury-total">Mercury - Total:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="venus-total">Venus - Total:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-seawater-weight">Earth聽-聽Seawater (Oceans), ppb by weight:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-seawater-atoms">Earth聽-聽Seawater (Oceans), ppb by atoms:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-crust-weight">Earth聽-聽 Crust (Crustal Rocks), ppb by weight:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-crust-atoms">Earth聽-聽 Crust (Crustal Rocks), ppb by atoms:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-sun-weight">Sun - Total, ppb by weight:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-sun-atoms">Sun - Total, ppb by atoms:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-stream-weight">Stream, ppb by weight:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-stream-atoms">Stream, ppb by atoms:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-meterorite-carbonaceous-weight">Meterorite (Carbonaceous), ppb by weight:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-meterorite-carbonaceous-atoms">Meterorite (Carbonaceous), ppb by atoms:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-human-body-weight">Typical Human Body, ppb by weight:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-human-body-atoms">Typical Human Body, ppb by atom:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-universe-weight">Universe, ppb by weight:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-universe-atoms">Universe, ppb by atom:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#history">History<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="history"> <table class="table properties-table" > <tr> <th id="discovered">Discovered By:</th> <td>Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan, Albert Ghiorso</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="discovery-date">Discovery Date:</th> <td>1944</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="first-isolation">First Isolation:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tab-pane" id="isotopes" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab3"> <h2>Americium Isotopes</h2> <p>Americium is an artificial element. It has no stable isotopes.<p> <table class="isotopes-table"> <tr> <th scope="col" id="nuclide">Nuclide</th> <th scope="col" id="mass">Isotopic Mass</th> <th scope="col" id="half-life">Half-Life</th> <th scope="col" id="decay">Mode of Decay</th> <th scope="col" id="nuclear-spin">Nuclear Spin</th> <th scope="col" id="magnetic-moment">Magnetic Moment</th> <th scope="col" id="binding-energy">Binding Energy (MeV)</th> <th scope="col" id="natural-abundance">Natural Abundance<br /> (% by atom)</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>231</sup>Am</th> <td>231.04556(32)#</td> <td>30# s</td> <td>脽<sup>+</sup> to <sup>231</sup>Pu; a to <sup>227</sup>Np</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1747.71301</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>232</sup>Am</th> <td>232.04659(32)#</td> <td>79(2) s</td> <td>脽<sup>+</sup> to <sup>232</sup>Pu; a to <sup>228</sup>Np</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1754.824951</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>233</sup>Am</th> <td>233.04635(11)#</td> <td>3.2(8) min</td> <td>脽<sup>+</sup> to <sup>233</sup>Pu; a to <sup>229</sup>Np; SF</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1763.0059813</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>234</sup>Am</th> <td>234.04781(22)#</td> <td>2.32(8) min</td> <td>脽<sup>+</sup> to <sup>234</sup>Pu; a to <sup>230</sup>Np; SF</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1769.845947</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>235</sup>Am</th> <td>235.04795(13)#</td> <td>9.9(5) min</td> <td>脽<sup>+</sup> to <sup>235</sup>Pu; a to <sup>231</sup>Np</td> <td>5/2-#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1777.697998</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>236</sup>Am</th> <td>236.04958(11)#</td> <td>3.6(1) min</td> <td>脽<sup>+</sup> to <sup>236</sup>Pu; a to <sup>232</sup>Np</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1784.334961</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>237</sup>Am</th> <td>237.05000(6)#</td> <td>73.0(10) min</td> <td>EC to <sup>237</sup>Pu; a to <sup>233</sup>Np</td> <td>5/2(-)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1792.032471</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>238</sup>Am</th> <td>238.05198(5)</td> <td>98(2) min</td> <td>EC to <sup>238</sup>Pu; a to <sup>234</sup>Np</td> <td>1+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1798.234253</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>239</sup>Am</th> <td>239.0530245(26)</td> <td>11.9(1) h</td> <td>EC to <sup>239</sup>Pu; a to <sup>235</sup>Np</td> <td>(5/2)-</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1805.336182</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>240</sup>Am</th> <td>240.055300(15)</td> <td>50.8(3) h</td> <td>EC to <sup>240</sup>Pu; a to <sup>236</sup>Np</td> <td>(3-)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1811.293579</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>241</sup>Am</th> <td>241.0568291(20)</td> <td>432.2(7) a</td> <td>a to <sup>237</sup>Np; SF </td> <td>5/2-</td> <td>1.61</td> <td>1817.935059</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>242</sup>Am</th> <td>242.0595492(20)</td> <td>16.02(2) h</td> <td>EC to <sup>242</sup>Pu; 脽<sup>-</sup>聽to <sup>242</sup>Cm</td> <td>1-</td> <td>0.388</td> <td>1823.472534</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>243</sup>Am</th> <td>243.0613811(25)</td> <td>7,370(40) a</td> <td>a to <sup>239</sup>Np; SF </td> <td>5/2-</td> <td>1.61</td> <td>1829.8396</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>244</sup>Am</th> <td>244.0642848(22)</td> <td>10.1(1) h</td> <td>脽<sup>-</sup>聽to <sup>244</sup>Cm</td> <td>(6-)#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1835.203247</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>245</sup>Am</th> <td>245.066452(4)</td> <td>2.05(1) h</td> <td>脽<sup>-</sup>聽to <sup>245</sup>Cm</td> <td>(5/2)+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1841.25708</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>246</sup>Am</th> <td>246.069775(20)</td> <td>39(3) min</td> <td>脽<sup>-</sup>聽to <sup>246</sup>Cm</td> <td>(7-)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1846.23291</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>247</sup>Am</th> <td>247.07209(11)#</td> <td>23.0(13) min</td> <td>脽<sup>-</sup>聽to <sup>247</sup>Cm</td> <td>(5/2)#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1852.145996</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>248</sup>Am</th> <td>248.07575(22)#</td> <td>3# min</td> <td>脽<sup>-</sup>聽to <sup>248</sup>Cm</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1856.807983</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>249</sup>Am</th> <td>249.07848(32)#</td> <td>1# min</td> <td>脽<sup>-</sup>聽to <sup>249</sup>Cm</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1862.332031</td> <td>-</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.11.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.americanelements.com/css/bootstrap/js/bootstrap.js"></script> <script src="https://www.americanelements.com/css/slippry.min.js"></script> <div class="scrollup">^</div> </div> <script> $(document).ready(function(){ $(window).scroll(function () { if ($(this).scrollTop() > 350) { $('.scrollup').fadeIn(500); 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