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</div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Lumpenproletariat</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Lumpenproletariat" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> In <a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxist theory</a>, the Lumpenproletariat (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>German: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈlʊmpn̩pʁoletaʁi̯ˌaːt]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/98\/De-Lumpenproletariat.ogg\/De-Lumpenproletariat.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Lumpenproletariat.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/98/De-Lumpenproletariat.ogg/De-Lumpenproletariat.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:De-Lumpenproletariat.ogg" title="File:De-Lumpenproletariat.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌlʌmpənproʊlɪˈtɛəriət/</a>) is the <a href="/wiki/Underclass" title="Underclass">underclass</a> devoid of <a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">class consciousness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hemmerle-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> coined the word in the 1840s and used it to refer to the unthinking lower strata of society exploited by <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">counter-revolutionary</a> forces, particularly in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">revolutions of 1848</a>. They dismissed the revolutionary potential of the Lumpenproletariat and contrasted it with the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a>. Among other groups, criminals, <a href="/wiki/Vagrancy_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vagrancy (people)">vagabonds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitutes</a> are usually included in this category. The <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> made wide use of the term by the <a href="/wiki/Turn_of_the_century" title="Turn of the century">turn of the century</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>]. <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> followed Marx's arguments and dismissed the revolutionary potential of the group, while <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> argued that proper <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leadership</a> could utilize it. The word Lumpenproletariat, popularized in the West by <a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Wretched_of_the_Earth" title="The Wretched of the Earth">The Wretched of the Earth</a> in the 1960s, has been adopted as a sociological term. However, what some consider to be its vagueness and its history as a term of abuse has led to some criticism. Some revolutionary groups, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Young_Lords" title="Young Lords">Young Lords</a>, have sought to mobilize the Lumpenproletariat. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Overview">1 Overview</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Etymology">1.1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Definition">1.2 Definition</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Usage_by_Marx_and_Engels">2 Usage by Marx and Engels</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#In_early_writings">2.1 In early writings</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#In_writings_on_France">2.2 In writings on France</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Capital">2.3 Capital</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Left-wing_views">3 Left-wing views</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany">3.1 Social Democratic Party of Germany</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Bolsheviks_and_the_Soviet_Union">3.2 Bolsheviks and the Soviet Union</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#China">3.3 China</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Views_on_its_revolutionary_potential">3.4 Views on its revolutionary potential</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Black_Panther_Party">3.4.1 Black Panther Party</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Young_Lords_Party">3.4.2 Young Lords Party</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Criticism">3.5 Criticism</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Anarchist_criticism">3.5.1 Anarchist criticism</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Other_uses">4 Other uses</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#In_American_political_discourse">4.1 In American political discourse</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Usage_in_India">4.2 Usage in India</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Genocides_and_crimes_against_humanity">5 Genocides and crimes against humanity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Sociological_research">6 Sociological research</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Political_leanings">6.1 Political leanings</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Violence">6.2 Violence</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Derivations">7 Derivations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#References">8 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Bibliography">9 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Further_reading">10 Further reading</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lumpenproletariat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lumpenproletariat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> are generally considered to have coined the term Lumpenproletariat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBussard1987680-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThoburn2002440-3">[3]</a> It is composed of the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> word Lumpen, which is usually translated as "ragged"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBussard1987675-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">prolétariat</a>, a French word adopted as a common Marxist term for the class of wage earners in a capitalist system. <a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">Hal Draper</a> argued that the root is lump ("knave"), not lumpen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThoburn2002440-3">[3]</a> Bussard noted that the meaning of lump shifted from being a person dressed in rags in the 17th century to <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/knavery" class="extiw" title="wikt:knavery">knavery</a> in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBussard1987679-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lumpenproletariat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Definition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a> defines it as "the lowest stratum of the proletariat. Used originally in Marxist theory to describe those members of the proletariat, especially criminals, vagrants, and the unemployed, who lacked awareness of their collective interest as an oppressed class."<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> In modern usage, it is commonly defined to include the chronically unemployed, the homeless, and <a href="/wiki/Habitual_offender" title="Habitual offender">career criminals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In English translations of Marx and Engels, lumpenproletariat has sometimes been rendered as "social scum", "dangerous classes", "ragamuffin", and "ragged-proletariat".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThoburn2002440-3">[3]</a> It has been described by some scholars and theorists, as well as the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Nomenclature" title="Nomenclature">nomenclature</a>, as a declassed (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/d%C3%A9class%C3%A9#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:déclassé">déclassé</a>) group.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullah2006100-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Welshman-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThoburn2002435-13">[13]</a> The term "<a href="/wiki/Underclass" title="Underclass">underclass</a>" is considered to be the modern synonym of lumpenproleteriat.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[a]</a> Scholars note its negative connotations.<a href="#cite_note-18">[b]</a> Economist Richard McGahey, writing for the New York Times in 1982, noted that it is one of the older terms in a "long line of labels that stigmatize poor people for their poverty by focusing exclusively on individual characteristics." He listed the following synonyms: "underclass", "undeserving poor", and "<a href="/wiki/Culture_of_poverty" title="Culture of poverty">culture of poverty</a>".<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> Another synonym is "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/riffraff#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:riffraff">riff-raff</a>".<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> The word is used in some languages as a pejorative. In English it may be used in an informal disapproving manner to "describe people who are not clever or well educated, and who are not interested in changing or improving their situation."<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Usage_by_Marx_and_Engels">Usage by Marx and Engels</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lumpenproletariat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Usage by Marx and Engels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> According to historian Robert Bussard, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> viewed the lumpenproletariat as:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBussard1987677-22">[20]</a> <blockquote class="quote-frame pullquote" style="font-size: 95%; padding: 0.5em 2em; background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa ); color: var( --color-base, black ); border: 1px solid #aaa; display:table; float:none;"><div style="padding: 0.6em 1em;">essentially parasitical group was largely the remains of older, obsolete stages of social development, and that it could not normally play a progressive role in history. Indeed, because it acted only out of socially ignorant self-interest, the lumpenproletariat was easily bribed by reactionary forces and could be used to combat the true proletariat in its efforts to bring about the end of bourgeois society. Without a clear class-consciousness, the lumpenproletariat could not play a positive role in society. Instead, it exploited society for its own ends, and was in turn exploited as a tool of destruction and reaction.</div></blockquote> They used the term exclusively with negative connotations, although their works lack "consistent and clearly reasoned definition" of the term.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBussard1987676-23">[21]</a> They used the term in various publications "for diverse purposes and on several levels of meaning."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBussard1987677-22">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">Hal Draper</a> suggested that the concept has its roots in <a href="/wiki/Young_Hegelian" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Hegelian">Young Hegelian</a> thought and possibly in <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">G.W.F. Hegel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBussard1987676-23">[21]</a> While Bussard believes that the idea was "at one and the same time, a hybrid of new social attitudes which crystallised in France, England and Germany, as well as an extension of more traditional, pre-nineteenth-century views of the lower classes."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBussard1987676-23">[21]</a> Bussard noted that they often used the term as a "kind of sociological profanity" and contrasted between it and "working and thinking" <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBussard1987683-24">[22]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Michael_Denning" title="Michael Denning">Michael Denning</a> by identifying the lumpenproletariat, "Marx was combating the established view that the entire working class was a dangerous and immoral element. He drew a line between the proletariat and the lumpenproletariat to defend the moral character of the former."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenning201087-25">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_early_writings">In early writings</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lumpenproletariat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In early writings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The first collaborative work by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> to feature the term lumpenproletariat is <a href="/wiki/The_German_Ideology" title="The German Ideology">The German Ideology</a>, written in 1845–46.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBussard1987677-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> They used it to describe the <a href="/wiki/Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebs">plebs</a> (plebeians) of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a> who were midway between freemen and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">slaves</a>, never becoming more than a "proletarian rabble [lumpenproletariat]" and <a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Max Stirner</a>'s "self-professed radical constituency of the Lumpen or ragamuffin."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThoburn2002440-3">[3]</a> The first work written solely by Marx to mention the term was an article published in the <a href="/wiki/Neue_Rheinische_Zeitung" title="Neue Rheinische Zeitung">Neue Rheinische Zeitung</a> in November 1848 which described the lumpenproletariat as a "tool of reaction" in the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">revolutions of 1848</a> and as a "significant <a href="/wiki/Counterrevolutionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterrevolutionary">counterrevolutionary</a> force throughout Europe."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBussard1987683-24">[22]</a> Engels wrote in <a href="/wiki/The_Peasant_War_in_Germany" title="The Peasant War in Germany">The Peasant War in Germany</a> (1850) that the lumpenproletariat is a "phenomenon that occurs in a more or less developed form in all the so far known phases of society".<a href="#cite_note-Khanna-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a> (1848), where lumpenproletariat is commonly translated in English editions as the "dangerous class" and the "social scum",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1988447-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> Marx and Engels wrote:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBussard1987677-22">[20]</a> <blockquote class="quote-frame pullquote" style="font-size: 95%; padding: 0.5em 2em; background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa ); color: var( --color-base, black ); border: 1px solid #aaa; display:table; float:none;"><div style="padding: 0.6em 1em;">The lumpenproletariat is passive decaying matter of the lowest layers of the old society, is here and there thrust into the [progressive] movement by a proletarian revolution; [however,] in accordance with its whole way of life, it is more likely to sell out to reactionary intrigues.</div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_writings_on_France">In writings on France</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lumpenproletariat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In writings on France" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horace_Vernet-Barricade_rue_Soufflot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Horace_Vernet-Barricade_rue_Soufflot.jpg/220px-Horace_Vernet-Barricade_rue_Soufflot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4961" data-file-height="3893"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 173px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Horace_Vernet-Barricade_rue_Soufflot.jpg/220px-Horace_Vernet-Barricade_rue_Soufflot.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Horace_Vernet-Barricade_rue_Soufflot.jpg/330px-Horace_Vernet-Barricade_rue_Soufflot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Horace_Vernet-Barricade_rue_Soufflot.jpg/440px-Horace_Vernet-Barricade_rue_Soufflot.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A depiction of the 1848 uprising in Paris by <a href="/wiki/Horace_Vernet" title="Horace Vernet">Horace Vernet</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis-Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte_pr%C3%A9sident.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Louis-Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte_pr%C3%A9sident.JPG/220px-Louis-Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte_pr%C3%A9sident.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="515"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 280px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Louis-Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte_pr%C3%A9sident.JPG/220px-Louis-Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte_pr%C3%A9sident.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="280" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Louis-Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte_pr%C3%A9sident.JPG/330px-Louis-Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte_pr%C3%A9sident.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Louis-Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte_pr%C3%A9sident.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte</figcaption></figure> In an article analyzing the <a href="/wiki/June_Days_uprising" title="June Days uprising">June 1848 events in Paris</a> Engels wrote of the gardes mobiles, a militia which suppressed the workers' uprising: "The organized lumpenproletariat had given battle to the working proletariat. It had, as was to be expected, put itself at the disposal of the bourgeoisie."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBussard1987683-24">[22]</a> Thoburn notes that Marx makes his most detailed descriptions of the lumpenproletariat in his writings of the revolutionary turmoil in France between 1848 and 1852: <a href="/wiki/The_Class_Struggles_in_France,_1848%E2%80%931850" title="The Class Struggles in France, 1848–1850">The Class Struggles in France, 1848–1850</a> (1850) and <a href="/wiki/The_Eighteenth_Brumaire_of_Louis_Napoleon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon">The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon</a> (1852).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThoburn2002441-33">[31]</a> In The Class Struggles he describes the finance aristocracy of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a> and his <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a> (1830–1848) as lumpenproletarian: "In the way it acquires wealth and enjoys it the financial aristocracy is nothing but the lumpenproletariat reborn at the pinnacle of bourgeois society."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThoburn2002444-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBussard1987684-35">[33]</a> He distinguished the finance aristocracy from the industrial bourgeoisie as the former became rich "not by production, but by pocketing the already available wealth of others."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1988449-36">[34]</a> He further suggests that the lumpenproletariat is a component of the proletariat, unlike his earlier works. He claimed that the gardes mobiles were set up "to set one segment of the proletariat against the other":<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBussard1987684-35">[33]</a> <blockquote class="quote-frame pullquote" style="font-size: 95%; padding: 0.5em 2em; background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa ); color: var( --color-base, black ); border: 1px solid #aaa; display:table; float:none;"><div style="padding: 0.6em 1em;">They belonged for the most part to the lumpenproletariat, which forms a mass clearly distinguished from the industrial proletariat in all large cities, a recruiting ground for thieves and criminals of all kinds, living on the refuse of society, people without a fixed line of work.</div></blockquote> In The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon Marx identified <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> as the "Chief of the Lumpenproletariat", a claim he made repeatedly. He argued that he bought his supporters with "gifts and loans, these were the limits of the financial science of the lumpenproletariat, both the low and the exalted. Never had a President speculated more stupidly on the stupidity of the masses." For Marx, the lumpenproletariat represented those who were "corrupt, reactionary and without a clear sense of class-consciousness."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBussard1987685-37">[35]</a> He wrote in The Eighteenth Brumaire:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBussard1987685%E2%80%93686-38">[36]</a> <blockquote class="quote-frame pullquote" style="font-size: 95%; padding: 0.5em 2em; background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa ); color: var( --color-base, black ); border: 1px solid #aaa; display:table; float:none;"><div style="padding: 0.6em 1em;">Alongside ruined <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rou%C3%A9#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:roué">roués</a> with questionable means of support and of dubious origin, degenerate and adventurous scions of the bourgeoisie, there were vagabonds, discharged soldiers, discharged convicts, runaway galley slaves, swindlers, charlatans, <a href="/wiki/Lazzaroni_(Naples)" title="Lazzaroni (Naples)">lazzaroni</a>, pickpockets, tricksters, gamblers, procurers, brothel keepers, porters, <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">literati</a>, organ grinders, rag-pickers, knife-grinders, tinkers, beggars; in short, the entirely undefined, disintegrating mass, thrown hither and yon, which the French call la bohème.</div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capital">Capital</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lumpenproletariat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Capital" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In <a href="/wiki/Capital:_Critique_of_Political_Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital: Critique of Political Economy">Capital</a> (1867) Marx claimed legislation which turned soldiers and peasants "en masse into beggars, robbers, vagabonds, partly from inclination, in most cases from stress of circumstances." By this he deviated from his focus on the vicious and degenerate behavior of the lumpenproletariat in his writings on France. Instead he described the lumpenproletariat as part of the what he called an "<a href="/wiki/Reserve_army_of_labour" title="Reserve army of labour">industrial reserve army</a>", which capitalists used as times required. Thus "vagabonds, criminals, prostitutes" and other lumpenproletariat formed an element within the "surplus population" in a capitalist system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1988458-39">[37]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Left-wing_views">Left-wing views</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lumpenproletariat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Left-wing views" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lumpenproletariat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Social Democratic Party of Germany" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> (SPD) was one of the first to use lumpenproletariat in their rhetoric, particularly to indicate the scope of their view of a "desirable" working class and exclude the non-respectable poor.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> By the early 20th century, the German Marxist tradition saw workers outside the SPD and/or labor unions as members of the lumpenproletariat.<a href="#cite_note-Hemmerle-1">[1]</a> In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, rioting and violence was often attributed by the SPD and its newspaper <a href="/wiki/Vorw%C3%A4rts" title="Vorwärts">Vorwärts</a> to the lumpenproletariat working in collusion with the secret police. Historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Richard J. Evans</a> argued that the SPD, thus, lost touch with the "militancy of the classes which it claimed to represent, a militancy which found expression in frequent outbursts of spontaneous collective protest, both political and industrial, at moments of high social and political tension."<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> For many German socialists in the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">imperial period</a> the lumpenproletariat—especially prostitutes and pimps—was not only a "political-moral problem, but also an objective, biological danger to the health of society." <a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a> argued in 1890 that it is the lumpenproletariat and not the "militant industrial proletariat" that mostly suffer from <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">August Bebel</a>, pre-World War I leader of the SPD, linked <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitic">anti-Semitic</a> proletarians to the lumpenproletariat as the former failed to develop class consciousness, which led to a racial, and not social, explanation of economic inequality.<a href="#cite_note-Hemmerle-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bolsheviks_and_the_Soviet_Union">Bolsheviks and the Soviet Union</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lumpenproletariat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bolsheviks and the Soviet Union" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> called socialist attempts to recruit lumpenproletariat elements "<a href="/wiki/Opportunism" title="Opportunism">opportunism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Brass-43">[41]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] In 1925 <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a> described the lumpenproletariat as being characterized by "shiftlessness, lack of discipline, hatred of the old, but impotence to construct anything new, an individualistic declassed 'personality' whose actions are based only on foolish caprices."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownfield1986426-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Welshman-12">[12]</a> In a 1932 article on "How Mussolini Triumphed" <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> described the "declassed and demoralized" lumpenproletariat as "the countless human beings whom finance capital itself has brought to desperation and frenzy." He argued that capitalism used them through fascism.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a>, written from the <a href="/wiki/Marxist-Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist-Leninist">Marxist-Leninist</a> perspective, defined lumpenproletariat as:<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> <blockquote class="quote-frame pullquote" style="font-size: 95%; padding: 0.5em 2em; background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa ); color: var( --color-base, black ); border: 1px solid #aaa; display:table; float:none;"><div style="padding: 0.6em 1em;">a declassed strata in an antagonistic society (including <a href="/wiki/Vagrancy_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vagrancy (people)">vagrants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beggars" class="mw-redirect" title="Beggars">beggars</a>, and criminal elements) [which] has become particularly widespread under capitalism. It is recruited from various classes and is incapable of organized political struggle. It constitutes, along with the <a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">petit bourgeois</a> strata, the social basis of <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>. The bourgeoisie makes use of the lumpen proletariat as <a href="/wiki/Strikebreaker" title="Strikebreaker">strikebreakers</a>, as participants in <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogrom</a> bands, and in other ways. The lumpen proletariat disappears with the abolition of the capitalist system.</div></blockquote> The term was rarely used in the Soviet Union to describe any portion of the Soviet society because, Hemmerle argues, following the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> of 1917 "millions of people passed through economic conditions that bore a resemblance to the traditional meaning of lumpenproletariat". However, it was used to label labor movements in capitalist countries which were not pro-Soviet.<a href="#cite_note-Hemmerle-1">[1]</a> Soviet authorities and scholars instead reserved other terms for their own lumpenproletariat groups, especially "déclassé elements" (деклассированные элементы, deklassirovannye elementy), and viewed them, like Marx, as "social degenerates, isolated from the forces of production and incapable of having a working-class consciousness." Svetlana Stephenson notes that the Soviet state "for all its ideology of assistance, cooperation and social responsibility, was ready to descend on them with all its might."<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lumpenproletariat&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: China" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> argued in 1939 that the lumpenproletariat (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 游民无产者, <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: yóumín wúchǎnzhě) in China is a legacy of the country's "colonial and semi-colonial status" which forced a vast number of people in urban and rural areas into illegitimate occupations and activities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2013939%E2%80%93940-47">[45]</a> Earlier, in 1928, he asserted that "the only way" to win over these wayward proletarians was to carry out intensive thought reform "so as to effect qualitative changes in these elements."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2013940-48">[46]</a> He argued that the lumpenproletariat had a dual nature. Simultaneously, they were "victimized members of the laboring masses and untrustworthy elements with 'parasitic inclinations'", which made them waver between revolution and counterrevolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2013940-48">[46]</a> He believed that lumpenproletariat elements, such as <a href="/wiki/Triad_(organized_crime)" title="Triad (organized crime)">triads</a>, the organized crime syndicates, "can become revolutionary given proper leadership".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECowling2002233,_241-49">[47]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Luo_Ruiqing" title="Luo Ruiqing">Luo Ruiqing</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of Public Security (China)">Minister of Public Security</a>, the lumpenproletariat population consisted of sex workers, vagrant gangs, and theft rings and were political problems that threatened the internal security of China. Following the Communist victory in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> and the proclamation of the People's Republic of China (PRC), lumpenproletariat were interned into government-run reeducation centers. Some 500,000 people were interned into 920 such centers by 1953.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2013945-50">[48]</a> Historian Aminda Smith notes that the "case of lumpenproletariat reformatories suggests that anti-state resistance from members of the oppressed masses was essential to early-PRC rhetoric because it validated claims about the devastating effects of the old society and the transformative power of socialist 'truth'."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2013950%E2%80%93951-51">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_its_revolutionary_potential">Views on its revolutionary potential</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lumpenproletariat&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Views on its revolutionary potential" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> By the early 1970s some <a href="/wiki/Political_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political radicalism">radicals</a> deviated from the orthodox Marxist viewpoint that the lumpenproletariat lacks significant revolutionary potential.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBussard1987676-23">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a>, an American philosopher and sociologist of the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a>, believed that the working class in the US "having been bought up by the consumer society, has lost all class consciousness" and lay the hopes for revolution on the lumpenproletariat—the social outcasts—led by intellectuals.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> Marcuse, along with Afro-Caribbean philosopher <a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a> and other radical intellectuals, proposed that elements of the lumpenproletariat are potentially leading forces in a revolutionary movement.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Michael_Denning" title="Michael Denning">Michael Denning</a> Fanon revived the term, long having been disappeared from left-wing discourse, in this book <a href="/wiki/The_Wretched_of_the_Earth" title="The Wretched of the Earth">The Wretched of the Earth</a> (1961).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenning201087-25">[23]</a> He defined the lumpenproletariat as the peasantry in colonial societies of the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> not involved in industrial production who are unaware of the dominant colonial ideology and are therefore, "ready, capable and willing to revolt against the colonial status quo for liberation." He described them as "one of the most spontaneous and the most radically revolutionary forces of a colonized people."<a href="#cite_note-Hayes&Kiene-54">[52]</a> He was not uncritical of the lumpenproletariat due to their supposed unpredictability due to "their ignorance and incomprehension." Colonial forces could make a use of them as hired soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullah2006104-55">[53]</a> Fanon's use of the term prompted debates and studies, including by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Pierre Bourdieu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_van_Onselen" title="Charles van Onselen">Charles van Onselen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenning201088-56">[54]</a> The African revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%ADlcar_Cabral" title="Amílcar Cabral">Amílcar Cabral</a> was skeptical about the lumpen being used in anti-colonialist liberation revolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullah2006100-11">[11]</a> His <a href="/wiki/African_Party_for_the_Independence_of_Guinea_and_Cape_Verde" title="African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde">African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde</a> recruited déclassé, but not lumpenproletariat, groups as the latter were supportive of the Portuguese colonial police, while the former, in the absence of a developed proletariat in Guinea and Cape Verde, played a dynamic role in anti-colonialist struggle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullah2006101-57">[55]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Martin_Meredith" title="Martin Meredith">Martin Meredith</a> wrote that Ethiopian ruler <a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a> used "the lumpen-proletariat of the slums" to help with his <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Ethiopia)" title="Red Terror (Ethiopia)">Red Terror</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Black_Panther_Party">Black Panther Party</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lumpenproletariat&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Black Panther Party" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Laura Pulido argues that, historically, the lumpenproletariat in the US has mostly been African American due to the nation being racially constituted. It is primarily indicated by the high unemployment and incarceration rates among African Americans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulido2006143-59">[57]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a>, most prominent revolutionary socialists in post-war US, "thought of much of their following as lumpenproletarian."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECowling2002233-60">[58]</a> They adopted Fanon's viewpoint regarding the revolutionary potential of the group.<a href="#cite_note-Hayes&Kiene-54">[52]</a> Pulido claims the emphasis the Black Panthers put on the lumpenproletariat was the party's hallmark.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulido2006142-15">[15]</a> Its co-founders <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Seale" title="Bobby Seale">Bobby Seale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Huey P. Newton</a> viewed the African-American lumpenproletariat as a potential organized threat if the party did not mobilize them. Seale included "the brother who's pimping, the brother who's hustling, the unemployed, the downtrodden, the brother who's robbing banks, who's not politically conscious" in his definition of the lumpenproletariat.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> Newton called them "street brothers", <a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">alienated</a> from the system of oppression in the US, and sought to recruit them into the party.<a href="#cite_note-Hayes&Kiene-54">[52]</a> Their strategy was a controversial one. Chris Booker and Errol Henderson argued that problems such as "a lack of discipline, a tendency toward violence, the importation of street culture, including crime, and the use of weapons" by Black Panthers was caused by the disproportionately high membership of the lumpenproletariat in their ranks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulido2006144-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Young_Lords_Party">Young Lords Party</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lumpenproletariat&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Young Lords Party" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Young_Lords" title="Young Lords">Young Lords Party</a> adopted similar views to the Black Panther Party, believing in the potential of the lumpen. They developed a Lumpen Organization within their larger organization with the goal of enlisting the people considered the lumpenproletariat, or "lumpen", in the struggle; they considered the lumpen to be "the class in our nation which for years and years have not been able to find jobs, and are forced to be drug addicts, prostitutes, etc." (p. 20) in the face of the capitalist system the Party considered an enemy.<a href="#cite_note-:0-64">[62]</a> Crucial to the party's view on the lumpen is that, unlike criticisms of the lumpenproletariat around a perceived lack of productivity and organization, the Young Lords Party stated that "it's a law of revolution that the most oppressed group takes the leadership position" (p. 42) and that the lumpen would be the immediate focus of the party's organizing efforts in liberating all oppressed peoples.<a href="#cite_note-:0-64">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lumpenproletariat&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Criticism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Ernesto Laclau</a> argued that Marx's dismissal of the lumpenproletariat showed the limitations of his theory of <a href="/wiki/Economic_determinism" title="Economic determinism">economic determinism</a> and argued that the group and "its possible integration into the politics of populism as an 'absolute outside' that threatens the coherence of ideological identifications."<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> Mark Cowling argues that the "concept is being used for its political impact rather than because it provides good explanations" and that its political impact is "pernicious" and an "obstacle to clear analysis."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECowling2002237%E2%80%93238-66">[64]</a> Laura Pulido argues that there is a diversity in the lumpen population, especially in terms of consciousness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulido2006143-59">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anarchist_criticism">Anarchist criticism</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lumpenproletariat&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Anarchist criticism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Post-anarchist <a href="/wiki/Saul_Newman" title="Saul Newman">Saul Newman</a> wrote in 2010 that classical anarchists argue that the lumpenproletariat should be designated as a revolutionary class.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Tom_Brass" title="Tom Brass">Tom Brass</a>, individualist anarchist <a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Max Stirner</a> "celebrated the lumpenproletariat as authentic rebels."<a href="#cite_note-Brass-43">[41]</a> Anarchist thinker <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a>, who was dubbed "the lumpen prince" by Engels, wrote that only in the lumpenproletariat and "and not in the bourgeois strata of workers, are there crystallised the entire intelligence and power of the coming <a href="/wiki/Social_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Revolution">Social Revolution</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThoburn2002445-68">[66]</a> Thoburn writes that for him, the lumpenproletariat represented a "kind of actually existing anarchism."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThoburn2002446-69">[67]</a> Ann Robertson notes that Bakunin believed that "inherent in humanity is a natural essence which can be suppressed but never entirely extinguished. Those in society who are more distant from the State apparatus (the peasants are scattered throughout the countryside, the lumpenproletariat simply refuses to obey the laws) are accordingly natural leaders".<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> Bakunin stated:<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> <blockquote class="quote-frame pullquote" style="font-size: 95%; padding: 0.5em 2em; background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa ); color: var( --color-base, black ); border: 1px solid #aaa; display:table; float:none;"><div style="padding: 0.6em 1em;">that eternal 'meat', [...] that great rabble of the people (underdogs, 'dregs of society') ordinarily designated by Marx and Engels in the picturesque and contemptuous phrase lumpenproletariat. I have in mind the 'riffraff', that 'rabble' almost unpolluted by bourgeois civilization, which carries in its inner being and in its aspirations [...] all the seeds of the socialism of the future...</div></blockquote> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lumpenproletariat&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other uses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-71,_Dr._Robert_Ritter_mit_alter_Frau_und_Polizist.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-71%2C_Dr._Robert_Ritter_mit_alter_Frau_und_Polizist.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-71%2C_Dr._Robert_Ritter_mit_alter_Frau_und_Polizist.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="508"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 141px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-71%2C_Dr._Robert_Ritter_mit_alter_Frau_und_Polizist.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-71%2C_Dr._Robert_Ritter_mit_alter_Frau_und_Polizist.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="141" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-71%2C_Dr._Robert_Ritter_mit_alter_Frau_und_Polizist.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-71%2C_Dr._Robert_Ritter_mit_alter_Frau_und_Polizist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-71%2C_Dr._Robert_Ritter_mit_alter_Frau_und_Polizist.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-71%2C_Dr._Robert_Ritter_mit_alter_Frau_und_Polizist.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ritter with an <a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a> officer and a Romani woman, 1936</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ritter" title="Robert Ritter">Robert Ritter</a>, the head of Nazi Germany's efforts to track the genealogies of the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a>, considered them a "highly inferior Lumpenproletariat" as they were "parasites who lacked ambition and many of them had become habitual criminals."<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> The Romani were seen in post-World War II <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">communist-ruled</a> eastern and central Europe as an example of the lumpenproletariat and were, therefore, subject to an aggressive policy of assimilation.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> Ken Gelder noted that in cultural studies, <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subcultures</a> are "often positioned outside of class, closer in kind to Marx's lumpenproletariat, lacking social consciousness, self-absorbed or self-interested, at a distance from organised or sanctioned forms of labour, and so on."<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> In Ukraine, <a href="/wiki/Titushky" title="Titushky">titushky</a>, pro-<a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yanukovych" title="Viktor Yanukovych">Viktor Yanukovych</a> thugs active during the <a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a> protests in 2013–14, were characterized as lumpen elements.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_American_political_discourse">In American political discourse</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lumpenproletariat&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In American political discourse" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The 1979 report of the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Foundation_for_the_Advancement_of_Teaching" title="Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching">Carnegie Council on Policy Studies in Higher Education</a> warned that the US is in danger of creating "a permanent underclass, a self‐perpetuating culture of poverty, a substantial 'lumpen proletariat'."<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Holmes_Norton" title="Eleanor Holmes Norton">Eleanor Holmes Norton</a> wrote in 1985: "An American version of a lumpenproletariat (the so-called underclass), without work and without hope, existing at the margins of society, could bring down the great cities, sap resources and strength from the entire society and, lacking the usual means to survive, prey upon those who possess them."<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> According to political scientist <a href="/wiki/Marie_Gottschalk" title="Marie Gottschalk">Marie Gottschalk</a> the tough-on-crime stance on African Americans has been caused by political manipulation of public fears of a lumpen underclass threatening the majority as African Americans were perceived to have turned to crime due to losing in the <a href="/wiki/Deindustrialization" title="Deindustrialization">deindustrialization</a> of the country.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> Mark Cowling argued that there is considerable similarity in both definition and function between the lumpenproletariat, as proposed by Marx, and the contemporary theory of the underclass by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Charles Murray</a>, an American conservative political scientist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECowling2002228-79">[77]</a> Although Murray and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Herrnstein" title="Richard Herrnstein">Richard Herrnstein</a> did not use the term in their 1994 book <a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve" title="The Bell Curve">The Bell Curve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Browne" title="Malcolm Browne">Malcolm Browne</a> noted in a New York Times review that the authors argue that the United States is being "split between an isolated caste of ruling meritocrats on one hand and a vast, powerless Lumpenproletariat on the other. Society, the authors predict, will have little use for this underclass in a world dominated by sophisticated machines and the bright human beings who tend them."<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> Several commentators and researchers have analyzed <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s political base as modern American lumpenproletariat.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> Trumpen Proletariat was coined by <a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Jonah Goldberg</a> in 2015 to describe Trump's "biggest fans", who he believed "are not to be relied upon in the conservative cause" in the same way the lumpenproletariat was not to be relied upon for a socialist revolution.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Henninger" title="Daniel Henninger">Daniel Henninger</a> used the term as well in <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Levy" title="Francis Levy">Francis Levy</a> compared "<a href="/wiki/Basket_of_deplorables" title="Basket of deplorables">basket of deplorables</a>", <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>'s phrase to characterize some Trump supporters during the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 presidential election</a> campaign, to Marx's rhetoric of the lumpenproletariat.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> In 2020 <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Lizza" title="Ryan Lizza">Ryan Lizza</a> coined Biden Proletariat to describe an underclass of campaign workers and supporters—"veterans of the Biden campaign"—who were cast aside during post-election White House staffing, thus carrying on a tradition in Democratic politics of abandoning loyal political workers in favor of well-connected political elites.<a href="#cite_note-Lizza-87">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage_in_India">Usage in India</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lumpenproletariat&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Usage in India" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Kumar_Gupta" title="Ranjit Kumar Gupta">Ranjit Gupta</a>, the Inspector General of the <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Police" title="West Bengal Police">West Bengal Police</a>, claimed in 1973 that the Maoist <a href="/wiki/Naxalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite">Naxalite</a> rebels in India were made of "some intellectuals and lumpen proletariat. Their main target was policemen—and they thought that if the police force could be torn apart, so could society."<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> Political scientist Atul Kohli claimed in his 2001 book that "variety of lumpen groups, especially unemployed youth in northern India, have joined right-wing proto-fascist movements in recent years", especially the Hindu nationalist <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> (RSS).<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> In 2010s, <a href="/wiki/Cow_vigilante_violence_in_India_since_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="Cow vigilante violence in India since 2014">cow vigilantism</a> in India has been linked by <a href="/wiki/Pavan_Varma" title="Pavan Varma">Pavan Varma</a> to "lumpen Hindu fanaticism"<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> and to "lumpen and self-appointed <a href="/wiki/Bhartiya_Gau_Raksha_Dal" title="Bhartiya Gau Raksha Dal">gau rakshaks</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Bhalchandra_Mungekar" title="Bhalchandra Mungekar">Bhalchandra Mungekar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Genocides_and_crimes_against_humanity">Genocides and crimes against humanity</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lumpenproletariat&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Genocides and crimes against humanity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Due to a desire to keep clean the hands of the larger public, paramilitary groups are often used to commit atrocities and they often recruit mainly among criminals, said to be used to violence and brutality and wanting to enjoy an occasion to loot.<a href="#cite_note-:1-92">[90]</a> The lumpenproletariat has been described as being more likely to adhere to doctrines calling for ethnic cleansing and to organize in militias.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>, prisoners were pardoned and released from prison to serve in bands, or çetes. Criminals and other elements of the lumpenproletariat hoped to gain respectability and wealth through their participation in genocide.<a href="#cite_note-:1-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi German</a> <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a> division <a href="/wiki/Dirlewanger_Brigade" title="Dirlewanger Brigade">Dirlewanger Brigade</a> recruited poachers and criminals to wage the <a href="/wiki/Bandenbek%C3%A4mpfung" title="Bandenbekämpfung">Bandenbekämpfung</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Interahamwe" title="Interahamwe">Interahamwe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Impuzamugambi" title="Impuzamugambi">Impuzamugambi</a>, who recruited among the poorer elements of the population, started to draw a "lumpenproletariat of <a href="/wiki/Street_children" title="Street children">street boys</a>".<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> The various Serbian militias of the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Serb_Volunteer_Guard" title="Serb Volunteer Guard">Serb Volunteer Guard</a> and the <a href="/wiki/White_Eagles_(paramilitary)" title="White Eagles (paramilitary)">White Eagles</a> were described as recruiting among the lumpenproletariat.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> Eighty percent of the Bosnian Serb paramilitary troops were said to be criminals, and Croat and Bosnian units similarly drew criminals into their ranks.<a href="#cite_note-:1-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Janjaweed" title="Janjaweed">Janjaweed</a> were convicts recruited in prison or bandits who joined governmental forces.<a href="#cite_note-:1-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> Marc Lavergne, author of Le Soudan contemporain, described them as a "rural lumpenproletariat".<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Sociological_research">Sociological research</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lumpenproletariat&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sociological research" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_leanings">Political leanings</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lumpenproletariat&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Political leanings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Ragionieri" class="extiw" title="it:Ernesto Ragionieri">Ernesto Ragionieri</a>, an Italian Marxist historian, argued to have confirmed in his 1953 book Un comune socialista that the lumpenproletariat is essentially a conservative force based on his study of <a href="/wiki/Sesto_Fiorentino" title="Sesto Fiorentino">Sesto Fiorentino</a>. He found that some 450–500 members of the working class had joined the liberal-conservative party, which was led by landowners, industrialists, and professionals in hopes of getting recommendation that would allow them to join <a href="/wiki/Doccia_porcelain" title="Doccia porcelain">Richard-Ginori</a>, the largest local employer, which refused to hire socialists.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violence">Violence</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lumpenproletariat&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Violence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1966 sociologist <a href="/wiki/David_Matza" title="David Matza">David Matza</a> cited disorder and violence as two of the most prominent characteristics of the disreputable poor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownfield1986426-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> In his 1977 book Class, State, and Crime, Marxist historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Quinney" title="Richard Quinney">Richard Quinney</a> defined lumpen crimes (or "predatory crimes") as those intended for purely personal profit.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> In a 1986 study sociologist David Brownfield defined the lumpen-proletariat (or the "disreputable poor") by their unemployment and receipt of welfare benefits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownfield1986421-107">[105]</a> He concluded that "while no significant effects of class can be found using a neo-Marxist conception of class, gradational measures of class (occupation and education) ... Measures of disreputable poverty—unemployment and welfare status [recipiency]—are relatively strong correlates of violent behavior."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownfield1986435-108">[106]</a> He explained:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownfield1986429-109">[107]</a> <blockquote class="quote-frame pullquote" style="font-size: 95%; padding: 0.5em 2em; background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa ); color: var( --color-base, black ); border: 1px solid #aaa; display:table; float:none;"><div style="padding: 0.6em 1em;">The frustrations and the anger associated with unemployment and being on welfare are compounded by the lack of such fundamental necessities as food, clothing, and shelter among some of the disreputable poor. It would seem self-evident that such an environment of absolute deprivation may be the breeding grounds for discontent and violence.</div></blockquote> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Derivations">Derivations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lumpenproletariat&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Derivations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> Several terms have been coined in imitation of lumpenproletariat such as: <ul><li>lumpenintelligentsia, to depreciatively describe in Britain, "a section of the <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a> regarded as making no useful contribution to society, or as lacking taste, culture, etc. Also more generally: the intelligentsia collectively, regarded as worthless or powerless."<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a></li> <li>the term <a href="/wiki/Lumpenbourgeoisie" title="Lumpenbourgeoisie">lumpenbourgeoisie</a> was coined by German Socialist writers in the 1920s, in part to explain the rise of Hitler and National Socialism.<a href="#cite_note-intl1925-111">[109]</a> It was reinvented and made popular again by sociologist <a href="/wiki/Andre_Gunder_Frank" title="Andre Gunder Frank">Andre Gunder Frank</a> in his works on <a href="/wiki/Dependency_theory" title="Dependency theory">dependency theory</a>, where the so described class is complicit in maintaining a flow of resources from, and at the expense of, their own poor states at the "periphery" to a "core" of wealthy states<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a></li> <li>lumpen militariat, coined by <a href="/wiki/Ali_Mazrui" title="Ali Mazrui">Ali Mazrui</a> in 1973, to describe the newly emerging "class of semi-organized, rugged, and semi-literate soldiery which has begun to claim a share of power and influence in what would otherwise have become a heavily privileged meritocracy of the educated" in post-colonial Africa.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lumpenproletariat&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> "the lumpen proletariat, or what today might be called the 'underclass'."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulido2006142-15">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> "The Marxist term for this underclass, the lumpenproleteriat, conveys distinctly negative images."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownfield1986426-17">[16]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hemmerle-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hemmerle_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hemmerle_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hemmerle_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hemmerle_1-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHemmerle2006" class="citation book cs1">Hemmerle, O.B. (2006). "Lumpenproletariat". In Odekon, Mehmet (ed.). Encyclopedia of World Poverty Volume 1: A-G. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f6o5DQAAQBAJ&dq=soviet+union+lumpen+proletariat&pg=PA655">655-656</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-1807-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-1807-7"><bdi>978-1-4129-1807-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lumpenproletariat&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Poverty+Volume+1%3A+A-G&rft.pages=655-656&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-1807-7&rft.aulast=Hemmerle&rft.aufirst=O.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBussard1987680-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBussard1987680_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBussard1987">Bussard 1987</a>, p. 680. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThoburn2002440-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThoburn2002440_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThoburn2002440_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThoburn2002440_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThoburn2002440_3-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFThoburn2002">Thoburn 2002</a>, p. 440. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBussard1987675-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBussard1987675_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBussard1987">Bussard 1987</a>, p. 675. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/lumpenproletariat">"lumpenproletariat"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a>. <q>German, literally: ragged proletariat</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=lumpenproletariat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Flumpenproletariat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBussard1987679-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBussard1987679_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBussard1987">Bussard 1987</a>, p. 679. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreedictionary.com/lumpenproletariat">"lumpenproletariat"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TheFreeDictionary.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheFreeDictionary.com">TheFreeDictionary.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=lumpenproletariat&rft.pub=TheFreeDictionary.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Flumpenproletariat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt2014" class="citation book cs1">Holt, Justin P. (2014). "Class". The Social Thought of Karl Marx. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oc45DQAAQBAJ&dq=dangerous+class&pg=PT117">105</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412997843" title="Special:BookSources/9781412997843"><bdi>9781412997843</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Class&rft.btitle=The+Social+Thought+of+Karl+Marx&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781412997843&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Justin+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKernig1972" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claus_Dieter_Kernig" class="extiw" title="de:Claus Dieter Kernig">Kernig, Claus Dieter</a> [in German] (1972). Marxism, Communism, and Western Society: Class, Class struggle. New York: Herder and Herder. p. 3. <q>...declassed groups (the Lumpen- proletariat, beggars)...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marxism%2C+Communism%2C+and+Western+Society%3A+Class%2C+Class+struggle&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Herder+and+Herder&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Kernig&rft.aufirst=Claus+Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheng1984" class="citation book cs1">Cheng, Lucie (1984). Labor Immigration Under Capitalism: Asian Workers in the United States Before World War II. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/laborimmigration00chen/page/300">300</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520048294" title="Special:BookSources/9780520048294"><bdi>9780520048294</bdi></a>. <q>...population of declassed or lumpen proletariat....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Labor+Immigration+Under+Capitalism%3A+Asian+Workers+in+the+United+States+Before+World+War+II&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780520048294&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Lucie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullah2006100-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullah2006100_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullah2006100_11-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbdullah2006">Abdullah 2006</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-Welshman-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Welshman_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welshman_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelshman2013" class="citation book cs1">Welshman, John (2013). Underclass: A History of the Excluded Since 1880. <a href="/wiki/A_%26_C_Black" title="A & C Black">A & C Black</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nVIBAQAAQBAJ&dq=d%C3%A9class%C3%A9+Lumpenproletariat&pg=PA21">21</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780935706" title="Special:BookSources/9781780935706"><bdi>9781780935706</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Underclass%3A+A+History+of+the+Excluded+Since+1880&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=A+%26+C+Black&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781780935706&rft.aulast=Welshman&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThoburn2002435-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThoburn2002435_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThoburn2002">Thoburn 2002</a>, p. 435. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_E._Peterson" title="Paul E. Peterson">Peterson, Paul E.</a> (1992). "The Urban Underclass and the Poverty Paradox". <a href="/wiki/Political_Science_Quarterly" title="Political Science Quarterly">Political Science Quarterly</a>. 106 (4): 617–637. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2151796">10.2307/2151796</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2151796">2151796</a>. <q>underclass, like lumpen proletariat, is also a suitable concept for those who, like Karl Marx, want to identify a group shaped and dominated by a society's economic and political forces but who have no productive role.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Urban+Underclass+and+the+Poverty+Paradox&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=617-637&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2151796&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2151796%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulido2006142-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPulido2006142_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPulido2006142_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPulido2006">Pulido 2006</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownfield1986426-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownfield1986426_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownfield1986426_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownfield1986426_17-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownfield1986">Brownfield 1986</a>, p. 426. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGahey1982" class="citation news cs1">McGahey, Richard (12 March 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1982/03/12/opinion/poverty-s-voguish-stigma.html">"Poverty's Voguish Stigma"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Poverty%27s+Voguish+Stigma&rft.date=1982-03-12&rft.aulast=McGahey&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1982%2F03%2F12%2Fopinion%2Fpoverty-s-voguish-stigma.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr1938" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._H._Carr" title="E. H. Carr">Carr, Edwar Hallett</a> (1938). Karl Marx: A Study in Fanaticism. Dent. p. 60. <q>...Marx had a name for these proletarians who had not yet seen the light — the Lumpenproletariat or riff-raff...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx%3A+A+Study+in+Fanaticism&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Dent&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Edwar+Hallett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/lumpen">"lumpen"</a>. dictionary.cambridge.org. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Advanced_Learner%27s_Dictionary" title="Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary">Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dictionary.cambridge.org&rft.atitle=lumpen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Flumpen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBussard1987677-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBussard1987677_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBussard1987677_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBussard1987677_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBussard1987677_22-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBussard1987">Bussard 1987</a>, p. 677. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBussard1987676-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBussard1987676_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBussard1987676_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBussard1987676_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBussard1987676_23-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBussard1987">Bussard 1987</a>, p. 676. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBussard1987683-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBussard1987683_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBussard1987683_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBussard1987683_24-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBussard1987">Bussard 1987</a>, p. 683. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenning201087-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenning201087_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenning201087_25-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDenning2010">Denning 2010</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarxEngels1976" class="citation book cs1">Marx, Karl; Engels, Friedrich (1976) [1846]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/germanideologymarxengels/page/n87/mode/2up">The German Ideology</a> (3rd ed.). Moscow: Progress Publishers. p. 93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Ideology&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=93&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.au=Engels%2C+Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgermanideologymarxengels%2Fpage%2Fn87%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khanna-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Khanna_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhanna2013" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_Khanna" title="Ranjana Khanna">Khanna, Ranjana</a> (2013). "The Lumpenproletariat, the Subaltern, the Mental Asylum". South Atlantic Quarterly. 112 (1): 129–143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00382876-1891287">10.1215/00382876-1891287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Atlantic+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Lumpenproletariat%2C+the+Subaltern%2C+the+Mental+Asylum&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=129-143&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00382876-1891287&rft.aulast=Khanna&rft.aufirst=Ranjana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Engels, Friedrich. 1978. "<a href="/wiki/The_Peasant_War_in_Germany" title="The Peasant War in Germany">The Peasant War in Germany</a>". In The Collected Works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, vol. 10, 397–482. New York: <a href="/wiki/International_Publishers" title="International Publishers">International</a>.; Also in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngels1926" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels, Friedrich</a> (1926). "The Economic Situation and Social Classes in Germany". <a href="/wiki/The_Peasant_War_in_Germany" title="The Peasant War in Germany">The Peasant War in Germany</a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Moissaye_Joseph_Olgin" title="Moissaye Joseph Olgin">Moissaye Joseph Olgin</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/International_Publishers" title="International Publishers">International Publishers</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Economic+Situation+and+Social+Classes+in+Germany&rft.btitle=The+Peasant+War+in+Germany&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=International+Publishers&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Engels&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1850/peasant-war-germany/ch01.htm">web view</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1988447-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1988447_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayes1988">Hayes 1988</a>, p. 447. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarxEngels1888" class="citation book cs1">Marx, Karl; Engels, Friedrich (1888). <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Communist_Party" class="extiw" title="s:Manifesto of the Communist Party">Manifesto of the Communist Party</a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Moore_(translator)" title="Samuel Moore (translator)">Samuel Moore</a>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Kerr_Publishing_Company" title="Charles H. Kerr Publishing Company">Charles H. Kerr Publishing Company</a>. p. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page%3AManifesto_of_the_Communist_Party.djvu/31">27</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manifesto+of+the+Communist+Party&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Charles+H.+Kerr+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.au=Engels%2C+Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|translator=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOllman1968" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bertell_Ollman" title="Bertell Ollman">Ollman, Bertell</a> (1968). "Marx's Use of "Class"". <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Sociology" title="American Journal of Sociology">American Journal of Sociology</a>. 73 (5): 573–580. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F224531">10.1086/224531</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143725693">143725693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Marx%27s+Use+of+%22Class%22&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=573-580&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F224531&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143725693%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ollman&rft.aufirst=Bertell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171031195626/https://www.marxists.org/glossary/terms/l/u.htm">"Lumpenproletariat"</a>. marxists.org. <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>. Archived from the original on 2017-10-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=marxists.org&rft.atitle=Lumpenproletariat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fglossary%2Fterms%2Fl%2Fu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) () </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThoburn2002441-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThoburn2002441_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThoburn2002">Thoburn 2002</a>, p. 441. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThoburn2002444-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThoburn2002444_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThoburn2002">Thoburn 2002</a>, p. 444. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBussard1987684-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBussard1987684_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBussard1987684_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBussard1987">Bussard 1987</a>, p. 684. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1988449-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1988449_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayes1988">Hayes 1988</a>, p. 449. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBussard1987685-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBussard1987685_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBussard1987">Bussard 1987</a>, p. 685. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBussard1987685–686-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBussard1987685%E2%80%93686_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBussard1987">Bussard 1987</a>, pp. 685–686. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1988458-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1988458_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayes1988">Hayes 1988</a>, p. 458. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2002" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Michael (2002). "Deprivation, the Roma and 'the underclass'". In Hann, C. M. (ed.). Postsocialism: Ideals, Ideologies and Practices in Eurasia. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-neBAgAAQBAJ&dq=social+democratic+germany+lumpenproletariat&pg=PA149">149</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134504459" title="Special:BookSources/9781134504459"><bdi>9781134504459</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Deprivation%2C+the+Roma+and+%27the+underclass%27&rft.btitle=Postsocialism%3A+Ideals%2C+Ideologies+and+Practices+in+Eurasia&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781134504459&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1979" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans, Richard J.</a> (1979). 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Crime and Criminal Justice in Modern Germany. <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oQFPAgAAQBAJ&dq=social+democratic+germany+lumpenproletariat&pg=PA67">67-68</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781782382478" title="Special:BookSources/9781782382478"><bdi>9781782382478</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Class%2C+Youth%2C+and+Sexuality+in+the+Construction+of+the+Lustmorder+Punishment+on+the+Path+to+Socialism&rft.btitle=Crime+and+Criminal+Justice+in+Modern+Germany&rft.pages=67-68&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781782382478&rft.aulast=Fleiter&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brass-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brass_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brass_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrass2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Brass" title="Tom Brass">Brass, Tom</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/title/33494">Labour Markets, Identities, Controversies: Reviews and Essays, 1982–2016</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dtvzDQAAQBAJ&dq=Max+Stirner+celebrated+the+lumpenproletariat&pg=PA174">174</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004322370" title="Special:BookSources/9789004322370"><bdi>9789004322370</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Labour+Markets%2C+Identities%2C+Controversies%3A+Reviews+and+Essays%2C+1982%E2%80%932016&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9789004322370&rft.aulast=Brass&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Ftitle%2F33494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky, Leon</a> (2005). 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Delhi: Aakar Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wJcu4PdGK2oC&dq=demoralized+lumpenproletariat&pg=PA18">18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87879-44-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87879-44-2"><bdi>978-81-87879-44-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism%3A+What+It+Is+And+How+To+Fight+It&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Aakar+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-87879-44-2&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Lumpen+Proletariat">"Lumpen Proletariat"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TheFreeDictionary.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheFreeDictionary.com">TheFreeDictionary.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheFreeDictionary.com&rft.atitle=Lumpen+Proletariat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com%2FLumpen%2BProletariat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slovar.cc/enc/bse/2014059.html">original Russian text</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephenson2006" class="citation book cs1">Stephenson, Svetlana (2006). 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Journal</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Trumpen+Proletariat&rft.date=2016-07-06&rft.aulast=Henninger&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-trumpen-proletariat-1467847631&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy2017" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Levy" title="Francis Levy">Levy, Francis</a> (30 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/the-final-solution-the-lumpenproletariat_us_58dd1335e4b04ba4a5e2512f">"The Final Solution: The Lumpenproletariat"</a>. <a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=The+Final+Solution%3A+The+Lumpenproletariat&rft.date=2017-03-30&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fentry%2Fthe-final-solution-the-lumpenproletariat_us_58dd1335e4b04ba4a5e2512f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lizza-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Lizza_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLizza2020" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Lizza" title="Ryan Lizza">Lizza, Ryan</a> (2020-11-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2020/11/24/biden-cabinet-scramble-440199">"People are pissed: Tensions rise amid scramble for Biden jobs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=People+are+pissed%3A+Tensions+rise+amid+scramble+for+Biden+jobs&rft.date=2020-11-24&rft.aulast=Lizza&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F11%2F24%2Fbiden-cabinet-scramble-440199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinraub1973" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Weinraub" title="Bernard Weinraub">Weinraub, Bernard</a> (25 April 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1973/04/25/archives/terror-is-past-but-calcutta-is-uneasy-over-repression-law-and-order.html">"Terror Is Past, but Calcutta Is Uneasy Over Repression"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Terror+Is+Past%2C+but+Calcutta+Is+Uneasy+Over+Repression&rft.date=1973-04-25&rft.aulast=Weinraub&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1973%2F04%2F25%2Farchives%2Fterror-is-past-but-calcutta-is-uneasy-over-repression-law-and-order.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohli2001" class="citation book cs1">Kohli, Atul, ed. (2001). "Introduction". The Success of India's Democracy. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Io0NsnlRT6sC&dq=Dalit+india+lumpen&pg=PA16">16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521805308" title="Special:BookSources/9780521805308"><bdi>9780521805308</bdi></a>. <q>A variety of lumpen groups, especially unemployed youth in northern India, have joined right-wing proto-fascist movements in recent years – such as RSS</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Success+of+India%27s+Democracy&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780521805308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarma2016" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pavan_Varma" title="Pavan Varma">Varma, Pavan K.</a> (30 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170128130844/http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toi-edit-page/bjps-faultline-stands-exposed-hindutva-preaches-hindu-unity-yet-attacks-dalits-in-the-name-of-cow-protection/">"BJP's faultline stands exposed: Hindutva preaches Hindu unity, yet attacks Dalits in the name of cow protection"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. Archived from the original on 28 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=BJP%27s+faultline+stands+exposed%3A+Hindutva+preaches+Hindu+unity%2C+yet+attacks+Dalits+in+the+name+of+cow+protection&rft.date=2016-07-30&rft.aulast=Varma&rft.aufirst=Pavan+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Ftoi-edit-page%2Fbjps-faultline-stands-exposed-hindutva-preaches-hindu-unity-yet-attacks-dalits-in-the-name-of-cow-protection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) () </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMungekar2017" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bhalchandra_Mungekar" title="Bhalchandra Mungekar">Mungekar, Bhalchandra</a> (28 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031204/http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/presidential-contest-ram-nath-kovind-dalit-vs-dalit-4725096/">"Dalit vs Dalit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a>. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Dalit+vs+Dalit&rft.date=2017-06-28&rft.aulast=Mungekar&rft.aufirst=Bhalchandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fopinion%2Fcolumns%2Fpresidential-contest-ram-nath-kovind-dalit-vs-dalit-4725096%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) () </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_92-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_92-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2017" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Kjell (2017-11-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LBBADwAAQBAJ&dq=lumpenproletariat+%22arkan's+tigers%22&pg=PT134">Perpetrating Genocide: A Criminological Account</a>. Routledge. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-23438-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-23438-8"><bdi>978-1-317-23438-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perpetrating+Genocide%3A+A+Criminological+Account&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-11-23&rft.isbn=978-1-317-23438-8&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Kjell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLBBADwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dlumpenproletariat%2B%2522arkan%27s%2Btigers%2522%26pg%3DPT134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConesa2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Conesa, Pierre (2011-09-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wkkkskJ1UzIC&dq=lumpenprol%C3%A9tariat+Janjaweed&pg=PT122">La Fabrication de l'ennemi: ou Comment tuer avec sa conscience pour soi</a> (in French). Groupe Robert Laffont. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-221-12736-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-221-12736-0"><bdi>978-2-221-12736-0</bdi></a>. <q>Le lumpenprolétariat s'identifie à ce discours populiste contre une victime proche et constitue la force de frappe de ces milices aux noms fleuris: les Tigres d'Arkan, les Scorpions serbes, les Interahamwe (« ceux qui sont ensemble ») du <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, les milices MAS, <a href="/wiki/Muerte_a_Secuestradores" title="Muerte a Secuestradores">Muerte a los secuestradores</a>, et les groupes paramilitaires en Colombie, les groupes <a href="/wiki/Mai_Mai" class="mw-redirect" title="Mai Mai">Mai Mai</a> du Congo ou les cavaliers Janjawid du Soudan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Fabrication+de+l%27ennemi%3A+ou+Comment+tuer+avec+sa+conscience+pour+soi&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Groupe+Robert+Laffont&rft.date=2011-09-15&rft.isbn=978-2-221-12736-0&rft.aulast=Conesa&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwkkkskJ1UzIC%26dq%3Dlumpenprol%25C3%25A9tariat%2BJanjaweed%26pg%3DPT122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKévorkian2011" class="citation book cs1">Kévorkian, Raymond (2011-03-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tbaKDwAAQBAJ&dq=bands+convicts+armenian+genocide&pg=PA184">The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-930-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-930-0"><bdi>978-0-85771-930-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+Genocide%3A+A+Complete+History&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2011-03-30&rft.isbn=978-0-85771-930-0&rft.aulast=K%C3%A9vorkian&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtbaKDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dbands%2Bconvicts%2Barmenian%2Bgenocide%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKieserAndersonBayraktarSchmutz2019" class="citation book cs1">Kieser, Hans-Lukas; Anderson, Margaret Lavinia; Bayraktar, Seyhan; Schmutz, Thomas (2019-04-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H-eaDwAAQBAJ&dq=lumpenproletariat+%22%C3%A7etes%22&pg=PT298">The End of the Ottomans: The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78672-598-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78672-598-1"><bdi>978-1-78672-598-1</bdi></a>. <q>The formation of the çetes (bands) offered even deprived strata of society – a lumpenproletariat – the possibility of gaining visibility and patriotic 'dignity' and of claiming their own portion of the Armenians' 'abandoned' wealth, however restricted that might be.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Ottomans%3A+The+Genocide+of+1915+and+the+Politics+of+Turkish+Nationalism&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2019-04-25&rft.isbn=978-1-78672-598-1&rft.aulast=Kieser&rft.aufirst=Hans-Lukas&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Margaret+Lavinia&rft.au=Bayraktar%2C+Seyhan&rft.au=Schmutz%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH-eaDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dlumpenproletariat%2B%2522%25C3%25A7etes%2522%26pg%3DPT298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell1966" class="citation book cs1">Bell, J. Bowyer (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XeYxAQAAIAAJ&q=dirlewanger+convicts">Besieged; Seven Cities Under Siege: Madrid, 1936-1939; London, 1940-1941; Singapore, 1941-1942; Stalingrad, 1942-1943; Warsaw, 1939, 1943, 1944; Jerusalem, 1947-1949; Berlin, 1945-1949</a>. Chilton Books. p. 190.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Besieged%3B+Seven+Cities+Under+Siege%3A+Madrid%2C+1936-1939%3B+London%2C+1940-1941%3B+Singapore%2C+1941-1942%3B+Stalingrad%2C+1942-1943%3B+Warsaw%2C+1939%2C+1943%2C+1944%3B+Jerusalem%2C+1947-1949%3B+Berlin%2C+1945-1949&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Chilton+Books&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=J.+Bowyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXeYxAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Ddirlewanger%2Bconvicts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrunier1998" class="citation book cs1">Prunier, Gérard (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XYIJcrgzgQ0C&dq=%22lumpenproletariat+of+street+boys%22+rwanda&pg=PA231">The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide</a>. Hurst. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-372-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-372-1"><bdi>978-1-85065-372-1</bdi></a>. <q>As soon as they went into action, they drew around them a cloud of even poorer people, a lumpenproletariat of street boys, rag-pickers, car-washers and homeless unemployed. For these people the genocide was the best thing that could ever happen to them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rwanda+Crisis%3A+History+of+a+Genocide&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=Hurst&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-372-1&rft.aulast=Prunier&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXYIJcrgzgQ0C%26dq%3D%2522lumpenproletariat%2Bof%2Bstreet%2Bboys%2522%2Brwanda%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffinBraidotti2002" class="citation book cs1">Griffin, Gabrielle; Braidotti, Rosi (October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PzrXM6LeQ_kC&dq=lumpenproletariat+%22arkan's+tigers%22&pg=PA136">Thinking Differently: A Reader in European Women's Studies</a>. Zed Books. pp. 136–137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-003-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-003-0"><bdi>978-1-84277-003-0</bdi></a>. <q>It was mainly the poorer strata of Serbian society, the lumpenproletariat or rural poor, who gave birth to Bokan's and <a href="/wiki/Arkan" title="Arkan">Arkan</a>'s volunteers, as well as to many members of the Eagles and Arkan's Tigers</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thinking+Differently%3A+A+Reader+in+European+Women%27s+Studies&rft.pages=136-137&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2002-10&rft.isbn=978-1-84277-003-0&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Gabrielle&rft.au=Braidotti%2C+Rosi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPzrXM6LeQ_kC%26dq%3Dlumpenproletariat%2B%2522arkan%27s%2Btigers%2522%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuggieroSouthTaylor2002" class="citation book cs1">Ruggiero, Vincenzo; South, Nigel; Taylor, Ian (2002-09-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KM6EAgAAQBAJ&dq=Bosnian+Serb+paramilitary+gangsters&pg=PT291">The New European Criminology: Crime and Social Order in Europe</a>. Routledge. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-71480-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-71480-3"><bdi>978-1-134-71480-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+European+Criminology%3A+Crime+and+Social+Order+in+Europe&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002-09-11&rft.isbn=978-1-134-71480-3&rft.aulast=Ruggiero&rft.aufirst=Vincenzo&rft.au=South%2C+Nigel&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKM6EAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DBosnian%2BSerb%2Bparamilitary%2Bgangsters%26pg%3DPT291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlintWatch_(Organization)RoneLefkow2004" class="citation book cs1">Flint, Julie; Watch (Organization), Human Rights; Rone, Jemera; Lefkow, Leslie (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nk_WKSZqXr4C&dq=Janjaweed+criminals+prison&pg=PA48">Sudan, Darfur Destroyed: Ethnic Cleansing by Government and Miltia Forces in Western Sudan</a>. Human Rights Watch. pp. 48–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sudan%2C+Darfur+Destroyed%3A+Ethnic+Cleansing+by+Government+and+Miltia+Forces+in+Western+Sudan&rft.pages=48-49&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Flint&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft.au=Watch+%28Organization%29%2C+Human+Rights&rft.au=Rone%2C+Jemera&rft.au=Lefkow%2C+Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnk_WKSZqXr4C%26dq%3DJanjaweed%2Bcriminals%2Bprison%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÜngör2020" class="citation book cs1">Üngör, Uğur Ümit (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k-vqDwAAQBAJ&dq=Janjaweed+criminals+prison&pg=PA110">Paramilitarism: Mass Violence in the Shadow of the State</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 109–111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-882524-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-882524-1"><bdi>978-0-19-882524-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paramilitarism%3A+Mass+Violence+in+the+Shadow+of+the+State&rft.pages=109-111&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-882524-1&rft.aulast=%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r&rft.aufirst=U%C4%9Fur+%C3%9Cmit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk-vqDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DJanjaweed%2Bcriminals%2Bprison%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon2005" class="citation journal cs1">Simon, Catherine (February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1080/03064220512331339733">"In the Misery of Darfur"</a>. Index on Censorship. 34 (1): 197–201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03064220512331339733">10.1080/03064220512331339733</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0306-4220">0306-4220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Index+on+Censorship&rft.atitle=In+the+Misery+of+Darfur&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=197-201&rft.date=2005-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03064220512331339733&rft.issn=0306-4220&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1080%2F03064220512331339733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2004/09/04/dans-la-misere-du-darfour_377888_3210.html">"Dans la misère du Darfour"</a>. Le Monde.fr (in French). 2004-09-04. Retrieved 2023-08-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.atitle=Dans+la+mis%C3%A8re+du+Darfour&rft.date=2004-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Finternational%2Farticle%2F2004%2F09%2F04%2Fdans-la-misere-du-darfour_377888_3210.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohn2003" class="citation book cs1">Kohn, Margaret (2003). Radical Space: Building the House of the People. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6a_Airc1VFkC&dq=ragionieri+commune&pg=PA194">194</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801488603" title="Special:BookSources/9780801488603"><bdi>9780801488603</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radical+Space%3A+Building+the+House+of+the+People&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780801488603&rft.aulast=Kohn&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatza1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Matza" title="David Matza">Matza, David</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/classstatuspowerbendrich">"The Disreputable Poor"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Bendix" title="Reinhard Bendix">Bendix, Reinhard</a>; <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Martin_Lipset" title="Seymour Martin Lipset">Lipset, Seymour M.</a> (eds.). Class, Status and Power. New York: Free Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Disreputable+Poor&rft.btitle=Class%2C+Status+and+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Matza&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclassstatuspowerbendrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1994" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Brent L. (1994). Terrorism in America: Pipe Bombs and Pipe Dreams. SUNY Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=boadd2Ecug8C&dq=consciousness+Lumpenproletariat&pg=PA153">153</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791417591" title="Special:BookSources/9780791417591"><bdi>9780791417591</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrorism+in+America%3A+Pipe+Bombs+and+Pipe+Dreams&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780791417591&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Brent+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988">; original source: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinney1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Quinney" title="Richard Quinney">Quinney, Richard</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/classstatecrimeo0000quin">Class, State, and Crime: On Theory and Practice of Criminal Justice</a>. New York: D. McKay Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/classstatecrimeo0000quin/page/55">55–57</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Class%2C+State%2C+and+Crime%3A+On+Theory+and+Practice+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=55-57&rft.pub=D.+McKay+Co.&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Quinney&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclassstatecrimeo0000quin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownfield1986421-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownfield1986421_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownfield1986">Brownfield 1986</a>, p. 421. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownfield1986435-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownfield1986435_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownfield1986">Brownfield 1986</a>, p. 435. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownfield1986429-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownfield1986429_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownfield1986">Brownfield 1986</a>, p. 429. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170731182605/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/lumpenintelligentsia">"lumpenintelligentsia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/OxfordDictionaries.com" class="mw-redirect" title="OxfordDictionaries.com">OxfordDictionaries.com</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/lumpenintelligentsia">the original</a> on July 31, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OxfordDictionaries.com&rft.atitle=lumpenintelligentsia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Flumpenintelligentsia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-intl1925-111"><a href="#cite_ref-intl1925_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuxemburgMehringSchneller1925" class="citation journal cs1">Luxemburg, Rosa; Mehring, Franz; Schneller, Ernst, eds. (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C6oKAAAAIAAJ&q=Lumpenbourgeoisie">"Zeitschrift für Praxis und Theorie des Marxismus"</a>. Die Internationale: Zeitschrift für Praxis und Theorie des Marxismus. 6. Neue Kritik: 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8015-0077-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8015-0077-1"><bdi>978-3-8015-0077-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Internationale%3A+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Praxis+und+Theorie+des+Marxismus&rft.atitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Praxis+und+Theorie+des+Marxismus&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=72&rft.date=1925&rft.isbn=978-3-8015-0077-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC6oKAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DLumpenbourgeoisie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank1972" class="citation cs2">Frank, André Gunder (1972), Lumpenbourgeoisie: Lumpendevelopment: dependence, class, and politics in Latin America, New York, NY: Monthly Review Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85345-235-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85345-235-0"><bdi>0-85345-235-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lumpenbourgeoisie%3A+Lumpendevelopment%3A+dependence%2C+class%2C+and+politics+in+Latin+America&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Monthly+Review+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-85345-235-0&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9+Gunder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazrui1973" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mazrui" title="Ali Mazrui">Mazrui, Ali A.</a> (1973). "The Lumpen Proletariat and the Lumpen Militariat: African Soldiers as a New Political Class". <a href="/wiki/Political_Studies_(journal)" title="Political Studies (journal)">Political Studies</a>. 21 (1): 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9248.1973.tb01413.x">10.1111/j.1467-9248.1973.tb01413.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143839657">143839657</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Lumpen+Proletariat+and+the+Lumpen+Militariat%3A+African+Soldiers+as+a+New+Political+Class&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9248.1973.tb01413.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143839657%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mazrui&rft.aufirst=Ali+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lumpenproletariat&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdullah2006" class="citation journal cs1">Abdullah, Ibrahim (2006). "Culture, consciousness and armed conflict: Cabral's déclassé/(lumpenproletariat?) in the era of globalization". <a href="/wiki/African_Identities" title="African Identities">African Identities</a>. 4 (1): 99–112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14725840500268390">10.1080/14725840500268390</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144365791">144365791</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Identities&rft.atitle=Culture%2C+consciousness+and+armed+conflict%3A+Cabral%27s+d%C3%A9class%C3%A9%2F%28lumpenproletariat%3F%29+in+the+era+of+globalization&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=99-112&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14725840500268390&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144365791%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Abdullah&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownfield1986" class="citation journal cs1">Brownfield, David (1986). "Social Class and Violent Behavior". <a href="/wiki/Criminology_(journal)" title="Criminology (journal)">Criminology</a>. 24 (3): 421–438. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1745-9125.1986.tb00384.x">10.1111/j.1745-9125.1986.tb00384.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Criminology&rft.atitle=Social+Class+and+Violent+Behavior&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=421-438&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1745-9125.1986.tb00384.x&rft.aulast=Brownfield&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBussard1987" class="citation journal cs1">Bussard, Robert L. (1987). "The 'dangerous class' of Marx and Engels: The rise of the idea of the Lumpenproletariat". History of European Ideas. 8 (6): 675–692. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0191-6599%2887%2990164-1">10.1016/0191-6599(87)90164-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+European+Ideas&rft.atitle=The+%27dangerous+class%27+of+Marx+and+Engels%3A+The+rise+of+the+idea+of+the+Lumpenproletariat&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=675-692&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0191-6599%2887%2990164-1&rft.aulast=Bussard&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowling2002" class="citation book cs1">Cowling, Mark (2002). "Marx's Lumpenproletariat and Murray's Underclass: Concepts Best Abandoned?". In Cowling, Mark; Martin, James (eds.). Marx's 'Eighteenth Brumaire': (Post)Modern Interpretations. <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icspt.uchicago.edu/papers/2002/cowling02.pdf">228-242</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745318301" title="Special:BookSources/9780745318301"><bdi>9780745318301</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marx%27s+Lumpenproletariat+and+Murray%27s+Underclass%3A+Concepts+Best+Abandoned%3F&rft.btitle=Marx%27s+%27Eighteenth+Brumaire%27%3A+%28Post%29Modern+Interpretations&rft.pages=228-242&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780745318301&rft.aulast=Cowling&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenning2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Denning" title="Michael Denning">Denning, Michael</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Denning2010">"Wageless Life"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a>. 66: 79–97.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=Wageless+Life&rft.volume=66&rft.pages=79-97&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Denning&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FDenning2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newleftreview.org/II/66/michael-denning-wageless-life">web version</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes1988" class="citation journal cs1">Hayes, Peter (1988). "Utopia and the Lumpenproletariat: Marx's Reasoning in 'The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte'". <a href="/wiki/The_Review_of_Politics" title="The Review of Politics">The Review of Politics</a>. 50 (3): 445–465. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0034670500036330">10.1017/S0034670500036330</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1407908">1407908</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145258994">145258994</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Utopia+and+the+Lumpenproletariat%3A+Marx%27s+Reasoning+in+%27The+Eighteenth+Brumaire+of+Louis+Bonaparte%27&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=445-465&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145258994%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1407908%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0034670500036330&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulido2006" class="citation book cs1">Pulido, Laura (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520245204">Black, Brown, Yellow, and Left: Radical Activism in Los Angeles</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520245204" title="Special:BookSources/9780520245204"><bdi>9780520245204</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black%2C+Brown%2C+Yellow%2C+and+Left%3A+Radical+Activism+in+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780520245204&rft.aulast=Pulido&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucpress.edu%2Fbook.php%3Fisbn%3D9780520245204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2013" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Aminda M. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021911813001654">"Thought Reform and the Unreformable: Reeducation Centers and the Rhetoric of Opposition in the Early People's Republic of China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Asian_Studies" title="The Journal of Asian Studies">The Journal of Asian Studies</a>. 72 (4): 937–958. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021911813001654">10.1017/S0021911813001654</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43553236">43553236</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162866252">162866252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Thought+Reform+and+the+Unreformable%3A+Reeducation+Centers+and+the+Rhetoric+of+Opposition+in+the+Early+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=937-958&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162866252%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43553236%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021911813001654&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Aminda+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0021911813001654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStallybrass1990" class="citation journal cs1">Stallybrass, Peter (Summer 1990). "Marx and Heterogeneity: Thinking the Lumpenproletariat". <a href="/wiki/Representations" title="Representations">Representations</a> (31): 69–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2928400">10.2307/2928400</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2928400">2928400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Representations&rft.atitle=Marx+and+Heterogeneity%3A+Thinking+the+Lumpenproletariat&rft.ssn=summer&rft.issue=31&rft.pages=69-95&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2928400&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2928400%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stallybrass&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThoburn2002" class="citation journal cs1">Thoburn, Nicholas (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/difference-in-marx-the-lumpenproletariat-and-the-proletarian-unnamable(4d534941-d1b6-4a58-a053-f55ed829b93a).html">"Difference in Marx: the lumpenproletariat and the proletarian unnamable"</a>. Economy and Society. 31 (3): 434–460. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03085140220151882">10.1080/03085140220151882</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53466836">53466836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economy+and+Society&rft.atitle=Difference+in+Marx%3A+the+lumpenproletariat+and+the+proletarian+unnamable&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=434-460&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03085140220151882&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53466836%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Thoburn&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.research.manchester.ac.uk%2Fportal%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fdifference-in-marx-the-lumpenproletariat-and-the-proletarian-unnamable%284d534941-d1b6-4a58-a053-f55ed829b93a%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lumpenproletariat&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourdin2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bourdin, Jean-Claude (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Famx.054.0039">"Marx and the Lumpenproletariat"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Actuel_Marx" title="Actuel Marx">Actuel Marx</a> (in French). 54 (2): 39–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Famx.054.0039">10.3917/amx.054.0039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Actuel+Marx&rft.atitle=Marx+and+the+Lumpenproletariat&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=39-55&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Famx.054.0039&rft.aulast=Bourdin&rft.aufirst=Jean-Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3917%252Famx.054.0039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cairn-int.info/article-E_AMX_054_0039--marx-and-the-lumpenproletariat.htm">English abstract</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBovenkerk1984" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Bovenkerk" class="extiw" title="nl:Frank Bovenkerk">Bovenkerk, Frank</a> [in Dutch] (1984). "The Rehabilitation of the Rabble: How and why Marx and Engels wrongly depicted the lumpenproletariat as a reactionary force". Netherlands Journal of Sociology. 20: 13–41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Netherlands+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=The+Rehabilitation+of+the+Rabble%3A+How+and+why+Marx+and+Engels+wrongly+depicted+the+lumpenproletariat+as+a+reactionary+force&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=13-41&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Bovenkerk&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraper1972" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">Draper, Hal</a> (December 1972). "The Concept of the Lumpenproletariat in Marx and Engels". Économies et Sociétés. 15: 2285–3 12. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0567">0013-0567</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89conomies+et+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9s&rft.atitle=The+Concept+of+the+Lumpenproletariat+in+Marx+and+Engels&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=2285-3+12&rft.date=1972-12&rft.issn=0013-0567&rft.aulast=Draper&rft.aufirst=Hal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hayes, Peter. “Utopia and the Lumpenproletariat: Marx’s Reasoning in ‘The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte.’” The Review of Politics 50, no. 3 (1988): 445–65. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1407908">online</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills2017" class="citation book cs1">Mills, Nathaniel (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umass.edu/umpress/title/ragged-revolutionaries">Ragged Revolutionaries: The Lumpenproletariat and African American Marxism in. Depression-Era Literature</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press" title="University of Massachusetts Press">University of Massachusetts Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62534-279-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62534-279-9"><bdi>978-1-62534-279-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ragged+Revolutionaries%3A+The+Lumpenproletariat+and+African+American+Marxism+in.+Depression-Era+Literature&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-62534-279-9&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umass.edu%2Fumpress%2Ftitle%2Fragged-revolutionaries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumpenproletariat" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lumpenproletariat&oldid=1261353538">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lumpenproletariat&oldid=1261353538</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Lumpenproletariat&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 5 December 2024, at 17:08 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="لومبنبروليتريا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لومبنبروليتريا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCmpen" title="Lümpen – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lümpen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Лумпен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лумпен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Люмпен – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Люмпен" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subproletariat" title="Subproletariat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Subproletariat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpenproletari%C3%A1t" title="Lumpenproletariát – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lumpenproletariát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjalteproletariat" title="Pjalteproletariat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pjalteproletariat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lumpenproletariat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpenproletariaat" title="Lumpenproletariaat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lumpenproletariaat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpemproletariado" title="Lumpemproletariado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lumpemproletariado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88ifonproletaro" title="Ĉifonproletaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉifonproletaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunpenproletariotza" title="Lunpenproletariotza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lunpenproletariotza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D9%BE%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="لومپن‌پرولتاریا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لومپن‌پرولتاریا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpenprol%C3%A9tariat" title="Lumpenprolétariat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lumpenprolétariat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%B8%ED%8E%9C_%ED%94%84%EB%A1%A4%EB%A0%88%ED%83%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84" title="룸펜 프롤레타리아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="룸펜 프롤레타리아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%B6-%D5%BA%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Լյումպեն-պրոլետարիատ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լյումպեն-պրոլետարիատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lumpenproletariat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6tra%C3%B6reigar" title="Tötraöreigar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tötraöreigar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sottoproletariato" title="Sottoproletariato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sottoproletariato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Люмпен-пролетариат – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Люмпен-пролетариат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Люмпен-пролетариат – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Люмпен-пролетариат" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpenproletari%C4%81ts" title="Lumpenproletariāts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lumpenproletariāts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpenproletari%C3%A1tus" title="Lumpenproletariátus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lumpenproletariátus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Лумпенпролетариат – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Лумпенпролетариат" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lompenproletariaat" title="Lompenproletariaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lompenproletariaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9A%E3%83%B3%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="ルンペンプロレタリアート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルンペンプロレタリアート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filleproletariat" title="Filleproletariat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Filleproletariat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਲੁੰਪਨ ਪ੍ਰੋਲਤਾਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੁੰਪਨ ਪ੍ਰੋਲਤਾਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lumpenproletariat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpemproletariado" title="Lumpemproletariado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lumpemproletariado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lumpenproletariat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Люмпен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Люмпен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lumpenproletariat" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lumpenproletariat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%86%D9%BE%DA%95%DB%86%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="لوومپەنپڕۆلتاریا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لوومپەنپڕۆلتاریا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Лумпенпролетаријат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лумпенпролетаријат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpenproletarijat" title="Lumpenproletarijat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lumpenproletarijat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryysyk%C3%B6yh%C3%A4list%C3%B6" title="Ryysyköyhälistö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ryysyköyhälistö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasproletariat" title="Trasproletariat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Trasproletariat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCmpen_proletarya" title="Lümpen proletarya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lümpen proletarya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Люмпени – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Люмпени" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E6%B0%93%E6%97%A0%E4%BA%A7%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7" title="流氓无产阶级 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="流氓无产阶级" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" 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