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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cuprins</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Început</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Numele" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numele"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Numele</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numele-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istoric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istoric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Istoric</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Istoric-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Istoric subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Istoric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regatul_Mijlociu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regatul_Mijlociu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Regatul Mijlociu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regatul_Mijlociu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_Doua_Periodă_Intermediară" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_Doua_Periodă_Intermediară"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>A Doua Periodă Intermediară</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_Doua_Periodă_Intermediară-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noul_Regat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noul_Regat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Noul Regat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noul_Regat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_Treia_Perioada_Intermediară" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_Treia_Perioada_Intermediară"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>A Treia Perioada Intermediară</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_Treia_Perioada_Intermediară-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conexiunile_cu_civilizația_minoică" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conexiunile_cu_civilizația_minoică"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Conexiunile cu civilizația minoică</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conexiunile_cu_civilizația_minoică-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Situația_actuală" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Situația_actuală"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Situația actuală</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Situația_actuală-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Avaris</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 37 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%AB%E1%88%AA%E1%88%B5" title="አቫሪስ – amharică" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አቫሪስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="أواريس – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أواريس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="اواريس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اواريس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Аварис – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аварис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80varis" title="Àvaris – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àvaris" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Avaris" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi-ramses" title="Pi-ramses – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pi-ramses" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auaris" title="Auaris – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Auaris" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%82_(%CE%91%CE%AF%CE%B3%CF%85%CF%80%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82)" title="Άβαρις (Αίγυπτος) – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άβαρις (Αίγυπτος)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Avaris" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Avaris" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Avaris" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="اواریس – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اواریس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Avaris" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Avaris" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1" title="אווריס – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אווריס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avarisz" title="Avarisz – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Avarisz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Avaris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Avaris" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Avaris" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ავარისი – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ავარისი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B0%94%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="아바리스 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아바리스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Avaris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Avaris" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awaris" title="Awaris – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Awaris" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81varis" title="Ávaris – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ávaris" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Аварис – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аварис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Avaris" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Avaris" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Аварис – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аварис" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Avaris" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Avaris" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆவரிஸ் – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆவரிஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA" title="อวาริส – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อวาริส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81" title="Аваріс – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аваріс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="اواریس – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اواریس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%93%A6%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF" title="阿瓦里斯 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿瓦里斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q309282#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile 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1px #AAAA80; background-color:#EFEFDD; margin:0.5em; float:right; clear:right;"> <div style="background-color:#CCCCAA; padding:0.2em; text-align:center;"><b>Avaris</b></div> <div style="position:relative;"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Egypt_Karnak_test.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Localizarea oraşului Avaris"><img alt="Localizarea oraşului Avaris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Egypt_Karnak_test.png/200px-Egypt_Karnak_test.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Egypt_Karnak_test.png/300px-Egypt_Karnak_test.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Egypt_Karnak_test.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="394" /></a></span> </p> <div style="position:absolute; margin-left:0.5em; left:113px; top:30px; color: black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:113px; top:30px;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Point_rouge.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Point_rouge.gif" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5" data-file-height="5" /></a></span></div> </div></div> <p><b>Avaris</b> (egipteana veche: <i>Hatwaret</i>, greaca veche: <i>αυαρις</i> = <i>Auaris</i>), astăzi <i>Tell el-Dab’a</i>, a fost un oraș important în <a href="/wiki/Egiptul_Antic" title="Egiptul Antic">Egiptul antic</a>, situat în Delta Nilului. </p><p>A servit drept centru administrativ și reședință de vară a suveranilor Dinastiilor a XII-a și a XIII-a, dar ulterior a fost cucerit de <a href="/wiki/Hikso%C8%99i" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiksoși">hiksoși</a> (cca <a href="/w/index.php?title=1720_%C3%AE.Hr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1720 î.Hr. — pagină inexistentă">1720 î.Hr.</a>) și transformat în capitala lor. Capitala a fost construită pe ruinele orașului Rowarty din Regatul Mijlociu. Ulterior distrus (cca <a href="/wiki/Secolul_al_XVI-lea_%C3%AE.Hr." title="Secolul al XVI-lea î.Hr.">1550 î.Hr.</a>) de <a href="/wiki/Amosis_I" title="Amosis I">Ahmose I</a> după un asediu prelungit, dus mai ales de pe apă, a fost refăcut de <a href="/wiki/Faraon" title="Faraon">faraonii</a> <a href="/wiki/A_XVIII-a_Dinastie_Egiptean%C4%83" title="A XVIII-a Dinastie Egipteană">Dinastiei a XVIII-a</a>, pentru a cunoaște o ultimă perioadă de înflorire de aproape o sută de ani ca parte a capitalei <b>Pi - Ramses</b> din timpul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinastia_a_XIX-a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinastia a XIX-a — pagină inexistentă">Dinastiei a XIX-a</a>. Odată cu slăbirea autorității centrale și transferul capitalei în altă locație din Deltă, <a href="/wiki/Tanis" title="Tanis">Tanis</a>, orașul este părăsit definitiv în timpul celei de-a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinastia_a_XXII-a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinastia a XXII-a — pagină inexistentă">XXII-a Dinastii</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numele">Numele</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avaris&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Numele" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avaris&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Numele"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align="right" style="clear:right; margin:5px; border:2px solid peru;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border-bottom:2px solid peru; background:navajowhite; padding:5px; text-align:center;"><b>Avaris <br /> în <a href="/wiki/Hieroglif%C4%83_egiptean%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglifă egipteană">hieroglife</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:10px;"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O7.png?5babd" height="38" title="O7" alt="O7" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O1.png?39788" height="16" title="O1 [pr]" alt="pr" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D56.png?9d267" height="34" title="D56" alt="D56" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O49.png?dd778" height="18" title="O49 [niwt]" alt="niwt" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Numele său egiptean Hatwaret (pronunțat probabil <i>Hawara</i>) însemna „casa departamentului”, ceea ce se referea la situația sa de capitală administrativă. Același nume îl avea în antichitate și orașul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fayium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fayium — pagină inexistentă">Fayium</a> din oaza omonimă (Hatwaret - Auris). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istoric">Istoric</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avaris&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Istoric" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avaris&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Istoric"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regatul_Mijlociu">Regatul Mijlociu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avaris&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Regatul Mijlociu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avaris&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Regatul Mijlociu"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În această perioadă, orașul a fost locuit majoritar de o <a href="/wiki/Popula%C8%9Bie" title="Populație">populație</a> care locuia în case modeste (cca 27 m²), cu străzile urmând un plan coerent rectiliniu, ca o tablă de <a href="/wiki/%C8%98ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Șah">șah</a>. Utilizată de suverani ai Dinastiilor a XII-a și a XIII-a drept capitală sezonieră după cum atestă și statuile descoperite ale Faronului – femeie <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sobekneferu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sobekneferu — pagină inexistentă">Sobekneferu</a> și ale lui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sehetepibre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sehetepibre — pagină inexistentă">Sehetepibre</a>, a fost și centru administrativ al nomei a XIX-a din <a href="/wiki/Egiptul_de_Jos" title="Egiptul de Jos">Egiptul de Jos</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_Doua_Periodă_Intermediară"><span id="A_Doua_Period.C4.83_Intermediar.C4.83"></span>A Doua Periodă Intermediară</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avaris&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: A Doua Periodă Intermediară" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avaris&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: A Doua Periodă Intermediară"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Asiatenkopf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Asiatenkopf.jpg/220px-Asiatenkopf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Asiatenkopf.jpg/330px-Asiatenkopf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Asiatenkopf.jpg/440px-Asiatenkopf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Cap al unei statui din Avaris reprezentând un asiatic</figcaption></figure> <p>Pe fondul crizei statului egiptean, cu dizolvarea autorității centrale și apariția de mici state în Delta Nilului, se infiltrează elemente alogene venite cel mai probabil din nordul <a href="/wiki/Palestina" class="mw-disambig" title="Palestina">Palestinei</a> și <a href="/wiki/Siria" title="Siria">Siria</a> ( <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>) - <a href="/wiki/Hikso%C8%99i" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiksoși">hiksoșii</a>. Acest popor semitic care intrase deja în contact comercial cu civilizația egipteană cel puțin din epoca <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinastia_a_XIII-a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinastia a XIII-a — pagină inexistentă">Dinastiei a XIII-a</a>, ajunge să cucerească (în jurul anului <a href="/w/index.php?title=1720_%C3%AE.Hr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1720 î.Hr. — pagină inexistentă">1720 î.Hr.</a>) orașul Avaris, pe care îl transformă într-una din reședințele statului lor din Egiptul de Jos, alături de alt oraș celebru, <a href="/wiki/Memphis_(dezambiguizare)" class="mw-disambig" title="Memphis (dezambiguizare)">Memphis</a>. Orașul este puternic fortificat de-a lungul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinastia_a_XV-a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinastia a XV-a — pagină inexistentă">Dinastiei a XV-a</a>, ajungând să aibă ziduri de protecție solide. </p><p>La sfârșitul celei de-a doua Perioade Intermediare, odată cu creșterea puterii Dinastiei thebane (indigene), hiksoșii sunt alungați treptat spre nord în urma unei perioade de cca. 30 de ani de ostilități, cu conflicte întrerupte de armistiții (cca <a href="/w/index.php?title=1580_%C3%AE.Hr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1580 î.Hr. — pagină inexistentă">1580</a>–<a href="/wiki/Secolul_al_XVI-lea_%C3%AE.Hr." title="Secolul al XVI-lea î.Hr.">1550 î.Hr.</a>). Asaltul asupra capitalei are loc în perioada ultimilor faraoni ai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinastia_a_XVII-a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinastia a XVII-a — pagină inexistentă">Dinastiei a XVII-a</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seqenenre_Tao_al_II-lea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seqenenre Tao al II-lea — pagină inexistentă">Seqenenre Tao al II-lea</a> și fiul său <a href="/wiki/Kamose" title="Kamose">Kamose</a>, cărora li se opunea <a href="/wiki/Apophis" title="Apophis">Apophis</a>, faraon din <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinastia_a_XV-a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinastia a XV-a — pagină inexistentă">Dinastia a XV-a</a> (Marea Dinastie hiksosă). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noul_Regat">Noul Regat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avaris&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Noul Regat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avaris&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Noul Regat"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Amosis_I" title="Amosis I">Ahmose I</a>, primul faraon al <a href="/wiki/A_XVIII-a_Dinastie_Egiptean%C4%83" title="A XVIII-a Dinastie Egipteană">Dinastiei a XVIII-a</a>, reușește să cucerească Avaris-ul în <a href="/wiki/Secolul_al_XVI-lea_%C3%AE.Hr." title="Secolul al XVI-lea î.Hr.">1550 î.Hr.</a>, orașul fiind distrus. Succesorii lui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmose — pagină inexistentă">Ahmose</a> refac o reședință regală sezonieră care a funcționat cel puțin până sub <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_al_III-lea" title="Amenhotep al III-lea">Amenhotep al III-lea</a>, dacă nu și sub <a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a>, membru al celei de-a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinastia_a_XIX-a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinastia a XIX-a — pagină inexistentă">XIX-a Dinastii</a>; orașul în schimb rămâne practic părăsit. </p><p>Odată cu decizia lui <a href="/wiki/Ramses_al_II-lea" title="Ramses al II-lea">Ramses al II-lea</a> de a-și muta capitala mai aproape de provinciile vasale filistine, arie disputată cu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperiul_hittit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imperiul hittit — pagină inexistentă">Imperiul hittit</a>, Avaris cunoaște o nouă (și ultimă) perioadă de înflorire, ca parte sudică a capitalei <b>Pi - Ramses</b> ( <i>„Pi Ramesses Aa-nakhtu”</i> – echivalentă cu „Domeniul lui <a href="/wiki/Ramses_al_II-lea" title="Ramses al II-lea">Ramses al II-lea</a>, mare în victorie” ). Urmează o sută de ani de splendoare, orașului fiindu-i închinate poeme de slavă. Se ridică numeroase temple și clădiri monumentale, una dintre cele mai renumite fiind templul dedicat zeului <a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Seth</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_Treia_Perioada_Intermediară"><span id="A_Treia_Perioada_Intermediar.C4.83"></span>A Treia Perioada Intermediară</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avaris&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: A Treia Perioada Intermediară" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avaris&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: A Treia Perioada Intermediară"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Este ultima perioadă din viața orașului: <a href="/wiki/Dinastia_a_XX-a" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinastia a XX-a">Dinastia a XX-a</a> abandonează planurile expansioniste ale Egiptului, astfel că Avaris începe să își piardă din importanță, până când în timpul celei de-a XXI-a Dinastii se decide mutarea capitalei în altă locație din Deltă, <a href="/wiki/Tanis" title="Tanis">Tanis</a>; odată cu mutarea se practică și demontarea și relocarea multor monumente rameside (inclusiv templul lui <a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Seth</a>) , factor de confuzie ulterioară pentru arheologi, care au identificat inițial capitala <b>Pi - Ramses</b> cu <a href="/wiki/Tanis" title="Tanis">Tanis</a>. Dupa aceasta lovitură orașul nu își mai revine, fiind complet abandonat și uitat până în epoca modernă. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conexiunile_cu_civilizația_minoică"><span id="Conexiunile_cu_civiliza.C8.9Bia_minoic.C4.83"></span>Conexiunile cu civilizația minoică</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avaris&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Conexiunile cu civilizația minoică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avaris&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Conexiunile cu civilizația minoică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Reconstructed_Minoan_Fresco_Avaris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Reconstructed_Minoan_Fresco_Avaris.jpg/220px-Reconstructed_Minoan_Fresco_Avaris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Reconstructed_Minoan_Fresco_Avaris.jpg/330px-Reconstructed_Minoan_Fresco_Avaris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Reconstructed_Minoan_Fresco_Avaris.jpg/440px-Reconstructed_Minoan_Fresco_Avaris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2260" data-file-height="693" /></a><figcaption>Frescă de inspiraţie minoică găsită în Avaris — reconstrucţie</figcaption></figure> <p>Acestea sunt apanajul perioadei când a funcționat drept reședință a suveranilor <a href="/wiki/Hikso%C8%99i" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiksoși">hiksoși</a>; au fost descoperite fresce asemănătoare celor din <a href="/wiki/Cnossos" title="Cnossos">Knossos</a> pe pereții templului din perioada dominației hiksose, ceea ce a dus la speculații privind contactul între aceștia și <a href="/wiki/Popoarele_m%C4%83rii" title="Popoarele mării">Popoarele mării</a>; de asemenea, dintre hieroglifele minoice (sistemul linear A), unele au elemente asemănătoare celor egiptene. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Situația_actuală"><span id="Situa.C8.9Bia_actual.C4.83"></span>Situația actuală</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avaris&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Situația actuală" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avaris&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Situația actuală"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Situl de la <i>Tell el-Dab’a</i> acoperă cam 2 km² și este alcătuit cu preponderență din ruine. A fost excavat un templu din perioada hiksosă cu multiple artefacte care atestă contactul cu civilizația egeeană și un mormânt de mari dimensiuni situat în vestul templului, construit din cărămizi de <a href="/wiki/Chirpici" title="Chirpici">chirpici</a>; în interior au fost descoperite săbii din <a href="/wiki/Cupru" title="Cupru">cupru</a>. Cercetările moderne au fost începute în anul <a href="/wiki/1966" title="1966">1966</a> de către o echipă condusă de <a href="/wiki/Egiptologie" title="Egiptologie">egiptologul</a> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">austriac</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Bietak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manfred Bietak — pagină inexistentă">Manfred Bietak</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avaris&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avaris&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Reeves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicholas Reeves — pagină inexistentă">Reeves, Nicholas</a>. <i>Ancient Egypt, The Great Discoveries, a Year-by-Year Chronicle,</i> Nicholas Reeves, (Thames and Hudson Ltd, London), c 2000. V. 1987, Avaris and the Aegean: Minoan Frescoes in Egypt.</li></ul> <ul><li>International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, vol. IV, pg. 38. Intrarea: "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rameses_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rameses II — pagină inexistentă">Rameses</a>" de Dr. R. W. Pierce, (William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids MI) 1988.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Bietak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manfred Bietak — pagină inexistentă">Bietak, Manfred</a>. "Avaris : the capital of the Hyksos: recent excavations at Tell el-Dab´a" (British Museum Press for the Trustees of the <a href="/wiki/The_British_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="The British Museum">British Museum</a>, London) 1996.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avaris&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avaris&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auaris.at/">Tell el-Dabʿa Homepage</a> - disponibil în germană și engleză.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Adus de la <a dir="ltr" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avaris&oldid=13519207">https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avaris&oldid=13519207</a></div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categorii" title="Special:Categorii">Categorii</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Egiptul_antic" title="Categorie:Egiptul antic">Egiptul antic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Ora%C8%99e_din_Egiptul_Antic" title="Categorie:Orașe din Egiptul Antic">Orașe din Egiptul Antic</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categorii ascunse: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Pagini_care_folosesc_WikiHiero" title="Categorie:Pagini care folosesc WikiHiero">Pagini care folosesc WikiHiero</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Pagini_cu_h%C4%83r%C8%9Bi" title="Categorie:Pagini cu hărți">Pagini cu hărți</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ultima editare a paginii a fost efectuată la 23 iulie 2020, ora 08:55.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Acest text este disponibil sub licența <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ro">Creative Commons cu atribuire și distribuire în condiții identice</a>; pot exista și clauze suplimentare. 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