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Gajjar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20M.%20Khambholja"> K. M. Khambholja</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20K.%20Patel"> R. K. Patel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Semecarpus anacardium shows the presence of bioflavonoids, phenolic compounds, bhilawanols, minerals, vitamins and amino acids. Detoxified S. anacardium and its oils are considered to have anti-inflammatory properties and used in nervous debility, neuritis, rheumatism and leprous modules. S. anacardium if used without purification causes toxic skin inflammation problem because it contains toxic phenolic oil. During this Shodhana Process - An ayurvedic purification method, toxic phenolic oil was removed, have marked effect on the concentration of the phytoconstituent & antioxidant activity of S. anacardium. Total phenolic content decreased up to 70 % (from 28.9 %w/w to 8.94 %w/w), while there is a negligible effect on the concentration of total flavonoid (7.51 %w/w to 7.43 %w/w) and total carbohydrate (0.907 %w/w to 0.853 % w/w) content. IC50& EC50 value of extract of S. anacardium before and after purification are 171.7 & 314.3 while EC50values are 280.μg/ml & 304. μg/ml, shows that antioxidant activity of S. anacardium is decreased but the safety profile of the drug is increased as the toxic phenolic oil was removed during Shodhana - An ayurvedic purification method. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Semecarpus%20anacardium" title="Semecarpus anacardium">Semecarpus anacardium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shodhana%20process" title=" Shodhana process"> Shodhana process</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safety%20profile" title=" safety profile"> safety profile</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=improvement" title=" improvement"> improvement</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46743/improvement-in-safety-profile-of-semecarpus-anacardium-linn-by-shodhana-an-ayurvedic-purification-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46743.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">261</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info"></span> In-Vivo Study of Annacardium occidentale L. Emulgel Extract Using Non-Invasive Probes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akhtar%20Naveed">Akhtar Naveed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kanwal%20Shahla"> Kanwal Shahla</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khan%20HMS"> Khan HMS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rasool%20Fatima"> Rasool Fatima</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ijaz%20Shakeel"> Ijaz Shakeel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The focus of the study was to design, develop and characterize in vivo, a stable Emulgel formulation containing Anacardium occidentale L.(cashew extract) as an active ingredient. The formulation was prepared and kept at 8ºC, 25 ºC, 40ºC and 40ºC±RH for a period of 28 days. During this time period, stability, pH values, conductivity, organoleptic features (color, liquefaction, phase separation) were conducted at the intervals of day 1st, 2nd, 3rd , 7th, 14th and 28th days. In In vivo studies, the test formulation (5% Anacardium occidentale L, extract) and a base formulation (without cashew extract) were prepared and both were applied on cheek areas of healthy human female volunteers, after the skin sensitivity test of each volunteer, for a study period of 8 weeks after getting consent from them. Various parameters of skin like Melanin level, Erythema level, and skin elasticity were measured at regular time intervals. Results of the study were analyzed by statistical techniques i.e. Two Way ANOVA and paired sample t-test. The result showed significant results as the p ≤ 0.05. Findings of paired sample t-test explained that test formulation have profound effects on skin parameters when compared with control formulation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anacardium%20occientale%20L." title="Anacardium occientale L.">Anacardium occientale L.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anti-oxidant" title=" anti-oxidant"> anti-oxidant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cashew%20nut" title=" cashew nut"> cashew nut</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emulgel" title=" emulgel"> emulgel</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64048/in-vivo-study-of-annacardium-occidentale-l-emulgel-extract-using-non-invasive-probes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64048.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">332</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info"></span> The Importance of Fruit Trees for Prescribed Burning in a South American Savanna</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rodrigo%20M.%20Falleiro">Rodrigo M. Falleiro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joaquim%20P.%20L.%20Parime"> Joaquim P. L. Parime</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luciano%20C.%20Santos"> Luciano C. Santos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rodrigo%20D.%20Silva"> Rodrigo D. Silva</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Cerrado biome is the most biodiverse savanna on the planet. Located in central Brazil, its preservation is seriously threatened by the advance of intensive agriculture and livestock. Conservation Units and Indigenous Lands are increasingly isolated and subject to mega wildfires. Among the characteristics of this savanna, we highlight the high rate of primary biomass production and the reduced occurrence of large grazing animals. In this biome, the predominant fauna is more dependent on the fruits produced by the dicotyledonous species in relation to other tropical savannas. Fire is a key element in the balance between mono and dicotyledons or between the arboreal and herbaceous strata. Therefore, applying fire regimes that maintain the balance between these strata without harming fruit production is essential in the conservation strategies of Cerrado's biodiversity. Recently, Integrated Fire Management has started to be implemented in Brazilian protected areas. As a result, management with prescribed burns has increasingly replaced strategies based on fire exclusion, which in practice have resulted in large wildfires, with highly negative impacts on fruit and fauna production. In the Indigenous Lands, these fires were carried out respecting traditional knowledge. The indigenous people showed great concern about the effects of fire on fruit plants and important animals. They recommended that the burns be carried out between April and May, as it would result in a greater production of edible fruits ("fruiting burning"). In other tropical savannas in the southern hemisphere, the preferential period tends to be later, in the middle of the dry season, when the grasses are dormant (June to August). However, in the Cerrado, this late period coincides with the flowering and sprouting of several important fruit species. To verify the best burning season, the present work evaluated the effects of fire on flowering and fruit production of theByrsonima sp., Mouriri pusa, Caryocar brasiliense, Anacardium occidentale, Pouteria ramiflora, Hancornia speciosa, Byrsonima verbascifolia, Anacardium humille and Talisia subalbens. The evaluations were carried out in the field, covering 31 Indigenous Lands that cover 104,241.18 Km², where 3,386 prescribed burns were carried out between 2015 and 2018. The burning periods were divided into early (carried out during the rainy season), modal or “fruiting” (carried out during the transition between seasons) and late (carried out in the middle of the dry season, when the grasses are dormant). The results corroborate the traditional knowledge, demonstrating that the modal burns result in higher rates of reproduction and fruit production. Late burns showed intermediate results, followed by early burns. We conclude that management strategies based mainly on forage production, which are usually applied in savannas populated by grazing ungulates, may not be the best management strategy for South American savannas. The effects of fire on fruit plants, which have a particular phenologicalsynchronization with the fauna cycle, also need to be observed during the prescription of burns. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cerrado%20biome" title="cerrado biome">cerrado biome</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20regimes" title=" fire regimes"> fire regimes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=native%20fruits" title=" native fruits"> native fruits</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prescribed%20burns" title=" prescribed burns"> prescribed burns</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136541/the-importance-of-fruit-trees-for-prescribed-burning-in-a-south-american-savanna" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136541.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">222</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info"></span> Physicochemical and Sensorial Evaluation of Astringency Reduction in Cashew Apple (Annacardium occidentale L.) Powder Processing in Cookie Elaboration</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elida%20Gastelum-Martinez">Elida Gastelum-Martinez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neith%20A.%20Pacheco-Lopez"> Neith A. Pacheco-Lopez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juan%20L.%20Morales-Landa"> Juan L. Morales-Landa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cashew agroindustry obtained from cashew apple crop (Anacardium occidentale L.) generates large amounts of unused waste in Campeche, Mexico. Despite having a high content of nutritional compounds such as ascorbic acid, carotenoids, fiber, carbohydrates, and minerals, it is not consumed due to its astringent sensation. The aim of this work was to develop a processing method for cashew apple waste in order to obtain a powder with reduced astringency able to be used as an additive in the food industry. The processing method consisted first in reducing astringency by inducing tannins from cashew apple peel to react and form precipitating complexes with a colloid rich in proline and histidine. Then cashew apples were processed to obtain a dry powder. Astringency reduction was determined by total phenolic content and evaluated by sensorial analysis in cashew-apple-powder based cookies. Total phenolic content in processed powders showed up to 72% lower concentration compared to control samples. The sensorial evaluation indicated that cookies baked using cashew apple powder with reduced astringency were 96.8% preferred. Sensorial characteristics like texture, color and taste were also well-accepted attributes. In conclusion, the method applied for astringency reduction is a viable tool to produce cashew apple powder with desirable sensorial properties to be used in the development of food products. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=astringency%20reduction" title="astringency reduction">astringency reduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cashew%20apple%20waste" title=" cashew apple waste"> cashew apple waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=food%20industry" title=" food industry"> food industry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensorial%20evaluation" title=" sensorial evaluation"> sensorial evaluation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56448/physicochemical-and-sensorial-evaluation-of-astringency-reduction-in-cashew-apple-annacardium-occidentale-l-powder-processing-in-cookie-elaboration" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56448.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">356</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info"></span> Nectariferous Plant Genetic Resources for Apicultural Entrepreneurship in Nigeria: Prerequisite for Conservation, Sustainable Management and Policy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20V.%20Nnamani">C. V. Nnamani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20L.%20Adedeji"> O. L. Adedeji</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The contemporary global economic meltdown has devastating effect on the Nigerian’s economy and its frantic search for alternative source of national revenue aside from oil and gas has become imperative for economic emancipation for Nigerians. Apicultural entrepreneurship could provide a source of livelihood if the basic knowledge of those plant genetic resources needed by bees is made available. A palynological evaluation of those palynotaxa which honey bees forage for pollen and nectar was carried out after standard acetolysis method. Results showed that the honey samples were highly diversified and rich in honey plants. A total of 9544.3 honey pollen, consisting of 39 honey plants belonging to 21 plant families and distributed within 38 genera were identified excluding 238 unidentified pollen grains. Data from the analysis equally revealed that Elaeis guineensis Jacq, Anacardium occidentale L, Diospyros mespiliformis Hochist xe ADC, Alchornea cordifolia Muell, Arg, Daniella oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch & Dalz, Irvingia wombolu Okafor ex Baill, Treculia africana Decne, Nauclea latifolia Smith and Crossopteryx febrifuga Afzil ex Benth were the predominant honey plants. It provided a guide to the optimal utilization of floral resources by honeybees in these regions, showing the opportunity and amazing potentials for apiculture entrepreneurship of these palytaxa. Most of these plants are rare, threatened and endangered. It calls for urgent conservation techniques and step by all players. Critical awareness creation to ensure farmers knowledge of these palynotaxa to ensure proper understanding and attendance boost from them as economic empowerment is needed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=palynotaxa" title="palynotaxa">palynotaxa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acetolysis" title=" acetolysis"> acetolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enterprise" title=" enterprise"> enterprise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=livelihood" title=" livelihood"> livelihood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nigeria" title=" Nigeria"> Nigeria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37455/nectariferous-plant-genetic-resources-for-apicultural-entrepreneurship-in-nigeria-prerequisite-for-conservation-sustainable-management-and-policy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37455.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">299</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info"></span> Evaluation of Oral Biofilm Suppression by Carribean Herbal Extracts</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ravi%20Teja%20Chitturi%20Suryaprakash">Ravi Teja Chitturi Suryaprakash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chandrashekhar%20Unakal"> Chandrashekhar Unakal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haytham%20Al-Bayaty"> Haytham Al-Bayaty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Duraisamy%20Saravanakumar"> Duraisamy Saravanakumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background and significance: Oral biofilm formation is a well-known causative factor for caries and periodontal diseases. Scientists over the years have been trying to find a solution against the formation of oral biofilms. Though several advances have been made to understand the microbial ecology and how the bio film survives, it is still an enigma to researchers to find a chemical product that not only can inhibit the formation of oral bio film but also not disturb the oral micro flora required for oral health and not to cause damage to the cells of the oral cavity. One such product that has never been investigated much are herbal preparations. Some of the microorganisms important in the formation of biofilm are Streptococcus mutans, Actinomyces naeslundi, Streptococuss oralis and Prevotella intermedia. The aim of this study was to study the antimicrobial property of some herbal extracts available in Trinidad and Tobago against these pathogens. The significance of this study is that identification of biologically effective plant extracts can result in indigenous development of mouth rinses and tooth pastes that the people can benefit from to not only develop effective but also a cheap solution. Methodology: The extracts from the leaves of Plectranthus ambonicus, Ocmium tenuiflorum, Azadirchata indica, Anacardium occidentale, Psidium guajava were prepared by dissolving them in water. The extracts from the roots of Curcuma longa were prepared similarly and the antimicrobial activity of these six plant extracts was determined by the agar well diffusion method using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Streptococcus mutans, Actinomyces naeslundi, Streptococuss oralis and Prevotella intermedia and compared with chlorhexidine. Results: The six plant extracts showed variable effect on the oral micro-organisms. Ocmium tenuiflorum (16.66 ± 0.44, 14 ± 0.58, 13.33 ± 0.88, 12.83 ± 0.60), Azadirchata indica (17.5 ± 0.28, 14.83 ± 0.17, 15 ± 0.58, 12.83 ± 0.6) and Curcuma longa (16.16 ± 0.44, 13.66 ± 0.88, 12.33 ± 0.88, 11.33 ± 0.67) were found to have highest inhibitory activity against all the four pathogens (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococuss oralis, Actinomyces naeslundi, and Prevotella intermedia) respectively. Conclusion: Although the extracts were not pure compounds we obtained antimicrobial results which determine that they are potent antimicrobial agents. Further derivation of pure compounds from these extracts could be lucrative as it might lead to the development of a cost effective and biologically safe medicine to act against oral biofilms. Acknowledgement: The authors would like to acknowledge the Campus Research and Publication Fund Committee, The University of the West Indies for funding this study and would also like to acknowledge Dr. Leonette Cox, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago for helping to prepare the plant extracts. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agar%20well%20diffusion%20method" title="agar well diffusion method">agar well diffusion method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbal%20extracts" title=" herbal extracts"> herbal extracts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=minimum%20inhibitory%20concentration" title=" minimum inhibitory concentration"> minimum inhibitory concentration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oral%20biofilm%20forming%20microorganisms" title=" oral biofilm forming microorganisms"> oral biofilm forming microorganisms</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80161/evaluation-of-oral-biofilm-suppression-by-carribean-herbal-extracts" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80161.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">185</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" 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