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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jurisdiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jurisdiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Jurisdiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jurisdiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legitimacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legitimacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Legitimacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legitimacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ideology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_France_and_establishment_of_the_Vichy_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_France_and_establishment_of_the_Vichy_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Fall of France and establishment of the Vichy government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fall_of_France_and_establishment_of_the_Vichy_government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fall of France and establishment of the Vichy government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_France_and_establishment_of_the_Vichy_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conditions_of_armistice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conditions_of_armistice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Conditions of armistice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conditions_of_armistice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prisoners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prisoners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Prisoners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prisoners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armistice_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armistice_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Armistice Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armistice_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_custody" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_custody"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>German custody</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_custody-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-10_July_1940_vote_of_full_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#10_July_1940_vote_of_full_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>10 July 1940 vote of full powers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-10_July_1940_vote_of_full_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Governments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Foreign relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-French_Indochina,_Japan_and_Franco-Thai_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Indochina,_Japan_and_Franco-Thai_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>French Indochina, Japan and Franco-Thai War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Indochina,_Japan_and_Franco-Thai_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_struggle_with_Free_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_struggle_with_Free_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Colonial struggle with Free France</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Colonial_struggle_with_Free_France-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Colonial struggle with Free France subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Colonial_struggle_with_Free_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India_and_Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India_and_Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>India and Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India_and_Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equatorial_and_West_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equatorial_and_West_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Equatorial and West Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equatorial_and_West_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Somaliland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Somaliland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>French Somaliland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Somaliland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syria_and_Madagascar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria_and_Madagascar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Syria and Madagascar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria_and_Madagascar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_North_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_North_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>French North Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_North_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Collaboration with Nazi Germany</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Collaboration with Nazi Germany subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Racial_policies_and_collaboration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racial_policies_and_collaboration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Racial policies and collaboration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racial_policies_and_collaboration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eugenics_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eugenics_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Eugenics policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eugenics_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antisemitic_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antisemitic_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Antisemitic laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antisemitic_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July_1942_Vel'_d'Hiv_Roundup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July_1942_Vel'_d'Hiv_Roundup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>July 1942 Vel' d'Hiv Roundup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July_1942_Vel'_d'Hiv_Roundup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-August_1942_and_January_1943_raids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#August_1942_and_January_1943_raids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>August 1942 and January 1943 raids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-August_1942_and_January_1943_raids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_death_toll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_death_toll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Jewish death toll</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_death_toll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_responsibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_responsibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Government responsibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_responsibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collaborationnistes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collaborationnistes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span><i>Collaborationnistes</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collaborationnistes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_economic_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_economic_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Social and economic history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_and_economic_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social and economic history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_and_economic_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forced_labour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_labour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.1</span> <span>Forced labour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_labour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_shortages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_shortages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.2</span> <span>Food shortages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_shortages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_invasion,_November_1942" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_invasion,_November_1942"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>German invasion, November 1942</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_invasion,_November_1942-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_of_the_regime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_of_the_regime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Decline of the regime</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Decline_of_the_regime-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Decline of the regime subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Decline_of_the_regime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Independence_of_the_SOL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_of_the_SOL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Independence of the SOL</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_of_the_SOL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sigmaringen_commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sigmaringen_commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Sigmaringen commission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sigmaringen_commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Provisional_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provisional_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Provisional government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provisional_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Purges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s_trials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s_trials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>1980s trials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s_trials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiographical_debates_and_"Vichy_syndrome"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiographical_debates_and_"Vichy_syndrome""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Historiographical debates and "Vichy syndrome"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiographical_debates_and_"Vichy_syndrome"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notable figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-Vichy_collaborationists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-Vichy_collaborationists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Non-Vichy collaborationists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-Vichy_collaborationists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.1</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.2</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.3</span> <span>French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.4</span> <span>German</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.5</span> <span>Films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vichy France</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy-Frankryk" title="Vichy-Frankryk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vichy-Frankryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="فرنسا الفيشية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرنسا الفيشية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia_de_Vichy" title="Francia de Vichy – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Francia de Vichy" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy%C3%A3sia_Vichi_pegua" title="Hyãsia Vichi pegua – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hyãsia Vichi pegua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%9Fi_rejimi" title="Vişi rejimi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vişi rejimi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_Hoat-kok" title="Vichy Hoat-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Vichy Hoat-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%92%D1%96%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Рэжым Вішы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэжым Вішы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%92%D1%96%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Рэжым Вішы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рэжым Вішы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8" title="Режим от Виши – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Режим от Виши" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renad_Vichy" title="Renad Vichy – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Renad Vichy" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govern_de_Vichy" title="Govern de Vichy – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Govern de Vichy" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC%C4%95" title="Виши режимĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Виши режимĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichistick%C3%A1_Francie" title="Vichistická Francie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vichistická Francie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llywodraeth_Vichy" title="Llywodraeth Vichy – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llywodraeth Vichy" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy-regeringen" title="Vichy-regeringen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vichy-regeringen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy-Regime" title="Vichy-Regime – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vichy-Regime" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_valitsus" title="Vichy valitsus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vichy valitsus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%92%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%8D" title="Γαλλία του Βισύ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γαλλία του Βισύ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8r%27n_ad_Vichy" title="Guèr'n ad Vichy – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Guèr'n ad Vichy" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia_de_Vichy" title="Francia de Vichy – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Francia de Vichy" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C4%9Dimo_de_Vichy" title="Reĝimo de Vichy – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reĝimo de Vichy" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichyko_gobernua" title="Vichyko gobernua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Vichyko gobernua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="فرانسه ویشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانسه ویشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9gime_de_Vichy" title="Régime de Vichy – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Régime de Vichy" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy-Frankryk" title="Vichy-Frankryk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Vichy-Frankryk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rialtas_Vichy_na_Fraince" title="Rialtas Vichy na Fraince – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Rialtas Vichy na Fraince" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia_de_Vichy" title="Francia de Vichy – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Francia de Vichy" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%8B%9C_%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4" title="비시 프랑스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비시 프랑스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%AB_(%D6%86%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4)" title="Վիշի (ֆաշիզմ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիշի (ֆաշիզմ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%A1ijska_Francuska" title="Višijska Francuska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Višijska Francuska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia_di_Vichy" title="Francia di Vichy – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Francia di Vichy" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prancis_Vichy" title="Prancis Vichy – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Prancis Vichy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy-stj%C3%B3rnin" title="Vichy-stjórnin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vichy-stjórnin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governo_di_Vichy" title="Governo di Vichy – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Governo di Vichy" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99" title="צרפת של וישי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צרפת של וישי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Виши режим – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Виши режим" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9F%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ვიშის რეჟიმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვიშის რეჟიმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serikali_ya_V%C3%ADchy" title="Serikali ya Víchy – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Serikali ya Víchy" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8_%D3%A9%D0%BA%D0%BC%D3%A9%D1%82%D2%AF" title="Виши өкмөтү – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Виши өкмөтү" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regimen_Viciacense" title="Regimen Viciacense – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Regimen Viciacense" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%A1%C4%AB_Francija" title="Višī Francija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Višī Francija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%A1i_re%C5%BEimas" title="Viši režimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Viši režimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy-korm%C3%A1ny" title="Vichy-kormány – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vichy-kormány" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Вишиевска Франција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вишиевска Франција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitondrana_Vichy" title="Fitondrana Vichy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fitondrana Vichy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="വിഷി ഫ്രാൻസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിഷി ഫ്രാൻസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="विशी फ्रान्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विशी फ्रान्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%89" title="فرنسا فيشى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرنسا فيشى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perancis_Vichy" title="Perancis Vichy – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perancis Vichy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy-Frankrijk" title="Vichy-Frankrijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vichy-Frankrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC%E6%94%BF%E6%A8%A9" title="ヴィシー政権 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴィシー政権" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichii_France" title="Vichii France – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Vichii France" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy-regimet" title="Vichy-regimet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vichy-regimet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy-regimet" title="Vichy-regimet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vichy-regimet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tat_franceis_(1940-1944)" title="État franceis (1940-1944) – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="État franceis (1940-1944)" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regim_de_P%C3%A9tain" title="Regim de Pétain – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Regim de Pétain" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="وشی فرانس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وشی فرانس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%88%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%84" title="វីឈីបារាំង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វីឈីបារាំង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tot_francho%C3%A9s_(1940-1944)" title="Étot franchoés (1940-1944) – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Étot franchoés (1940-1944)" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francja_Vichy" title="Francja Vichy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Francja Vichy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a_de_Vichy" title="França de Vichy – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="França de Vichy" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regimul_de_la_Vichy" title="Regimul de la Vichy – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regimul de la Vichy" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Вишистская Франция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вишистская Франция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantza_de_Vichy" title="Frantza de Vichy – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Frantza de Vichy" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_Fraunce" title="Vichy Fraunce – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Vichy Fraunce" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vichy France" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc%C3%BAzsky_%C5%A1t%C3%A1t" title="Francúzsky štát – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Francúzsky štát" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichyjska_Francija" title="Vichyjska Francija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vichyjska Francija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%95%DA%95%DB%95%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A4%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="فەڕەنسای ڤیشی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فەڕەنسای ڤیشی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вишијевска Француска – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вишијевска Француска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%A1ijevska_Francuska" title="Višijevska Francuska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Višijevska Francuska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichyn_Ranska" title="Vichyn Ranska – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vichyn Ranska" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichyregimen" title="Vichyregimen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vichyregimen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pransiyang_Vichy" title="Pransiyang Vichy – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pransiyang Vichy" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5" title="ฝรั่งเศสเขตวีชี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฝรั่งเศสเขตวีชี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_Fransas%C4%B1" title="Vichy Fransası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vichy Fransası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%92%D1%96%D1%88%D1%96" title="Режим Віші – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Режим Віші" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%86%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="ویچی فرانس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ویچی فرانس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ADnh_ph%E1%BB%A7_Vichy" title="Chính phủ Vichy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chính phủ Vichy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redjime_di_Vichy" title="Redjime di Vichy – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Redjime di Vichy" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="维希法国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="维希法国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99_%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92" title="ווישי רעגירונג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ווישי רעגירונג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%B8%8C%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" title="維希法國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="維希法國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="维希法国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="维希法国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q69808#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Client state of Nazi Germany (1940–1942/4)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Duplicated_citations plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-cleanup-link_rot" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ionicons_duplicate-sharp.svg/40px-Ionicons_duplicate-sharp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ionicons_duplicate-sharp.svg/60px-Ionicons_duplicate-sharp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ionicons_duplicate-sharp.svg/80px-Ionicons_duplicate-sharp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>contains several duplicated citations</b>. <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">The reason given is: <a href="/wiki/User:Polygnotus/DuplicateReferences" title="User:Polygnotus/DuplicateReferences">DuplicateReferences</a> detected:<br /> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/reprint/25/2/331">http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/reprint/25/2/331</a> (refs: 117, 120)<br /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ffh%2Fcrq025">https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ffh%2Fcrq025</a> (refs: 157, 158)<br /></li></ul></div><span class="hide-when-compact"> It is recommended to use <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes#WP:NAMEDREFS" title="Help:Footnotes">named references</a> to consolidate citations that are used multiple times.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Vichy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Vichy (disambiguation)">Vichy (disambiguation)</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"French State" and "Fascist France" redirect here. For the modern state, see <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. For the history of fascism in France, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_far-right_movements_in_France" title="History of far-right movements in France">History of far-right movements in France</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">French State</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">État français</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1940–1944<sup id="cite_ref-law-1944-08-09_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law-1944-08-09-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Vichy France"><img alt="Flag of Vichy France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/125px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/188px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/250px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_cartouche_de_l%27%C3%89tat_Fran%C3%A7ais.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cartouche of Vichy France"><img alt="Cartouche of Vichy France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Le_cartouche_de_l%27%C3%89tat_Fran%C3%A7ais.svg/85px-Le_cartouche_de_l%27%C3%89tat_Fran%C3%A7ais.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Le_cartouche_de_l%27%C3%89tat_Fran%C3%A7ais.svg/128px-Le_cartouche_de_l%27%C3%89tat_Fran%C3%A7ais.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Le_cartouche_de_l%27%C3%89tat_Fran%C3%A7ais.svg/170px-Le_cartouche_de_l%27%C3%89tat_Fran%C3%A7ais.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_France#Historical_emblems" title="National symbols of France"> Cartouche</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b>"<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Travail,_Famille,_Patrie" class="mw-redirect" title="Travail, Famille, Patrie">Travail, Famille, Patrie</a></i></span>"<br />("Work, Family, Fatherland")</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <br />"<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">La Marseillaise</a></i></span>" (official)<br /><div style="display:inline-block; margin-top:0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="142" data-mwtitle="La_Marseillaise_Rouget_de_Lisle_Musique_de_la_Garde_Républicaine.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/La_Marseillaise_Rouget_de_Lisle_Musique_de_la_Garde_R%C3%A9publicaine.ogg/La_Marseillaise_Rouget_de_Lisle_Musique_de_la_Garde_R%C3%A9publicaine.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/La_Marseillaise_Rouget_de_Lisle_Musique_de_la_Garde_R%C3%A9publicaine.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Marseillaise_Rouget_de_Lisle_Musique_de_la_Garde_R%C3%A9publicaine.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Marseillaise_Rouget_de_Lisle_Musique_de_la_Garde_R%C3%A9publicaine.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Marseillaise_Rouget_de_Lisle_Musique_de_la_Garde_R%C3%A9publicaine.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Marseillaise_Rouget_de_Lisle_Musique_de_la_Garde_R%C3%A9publicaine.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></div><br />"<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%A9chal,_nous_voil%C3%A0_!" title="Maréchal, nous voilà !">Maréchal, nous voilà !</a></i></span>" (unofficial)<sup id="cite_ref-NDompnier_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NDompnier-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />("Marshal, here we are!")</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:French_State_1942.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/French_State_1942.svg/250px-French_State_1942.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/French_State_1942.svg/375px-French_State_1942.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/French_State_1942.svg/500px-French_State_1942.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The French State in 1942: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left: 0.6em; text-align: left;"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000; color:white;"> </span> Unoccupied zone</div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#77c977; color:black;"> </span> German military occupation zone</div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#48a448; color:black;"> </span> French protectorates</div></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vichy_france_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The gradual loss of all Vichy territory to Free France and the Allied powers"><img alt="The gradual loss of all Vichy territory to Free France and the Allies." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Vichy_france_map.png/250px-Vichy_france_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Vichy_france_map.png/375px-Vichy_france_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Vichy_france_map.png/500px-Vichy_france_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The gradual loss of all Vichy territory to <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a> and the Allied powers</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Independent state under partial occupation (1940–1942)</li> <li>Fully occupied by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> (1942–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government-in-exile" title="Government-in-exile">Government-in-exile</a> (1944–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vichy" title="Vichy">Vichy</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> administrative)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> (constitutional)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital-in-exile</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sigmaringen" title="Sigmaringen">Sigmaringen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_government" title="Provisional government">provisional</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Nonpartisanship" title="Nonpartisanship">nonpartisan</a> <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">collaborationist</a> <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_France#French_State_(1940–1944)" title="List of heads of state of France">Chief of State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1940–1944 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1940–1942 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1940 (acting) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1940–1941 (acting) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">P.É. Flandin</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1941–1942 (acting) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan" title="François Darlan">François Darlan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1942–1944 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Second_Compi%C3%A8gne" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Compiègne">Second Compiègne</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 June 1940</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a> given <a href="/wiki/French_Constitutional_Law_of_1940" title="French Constitutional Law of 1940">full powers</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10 July 1940</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">8 November 1942</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <i><a href="/wiki/Case_Anton" title="Case Anton">Case Anton</a></i> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 November 1942</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Allied_advance_from_Paris_to_the_Rhine" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine">German retreat</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Summer 1944</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_9_August_1944" title="Ordinance of 9 August 1944">Vichy laws repealed</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 August 1944<sup id="cite_ref-law-1944-08-09_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law-1944-08-09-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Capture of the <a href="/wiki/Sigmaringen_enclave" title="Sigmaringen enclave">Sigmaringen enclave</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 April 1945</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">French franc</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic"><span class="nowrap">French Third<br />Republic</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/20px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/30px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II"><span class="nowrap"><b>1940:</b><br />German military<br />administration</span></a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II"><span class="nowrap"><b>1942:</b><br />German military<br />administration</span></a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/20px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/30px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_France" title="Italian occupation of France"><span class="nowrap">Italian military<br />administration</span></a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Sigmaringen_enclave" title="Sigmaringen enclave"><b>1944:</b><br /><span class="nowrap">French Government<br />Commission for the Defense<br />of National Interests</span></a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic"><span class="nowrap">Provisional Government<br />of the French Republic</span></a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1">Paris remained the <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> capital of the French State, although the Vichy government never operated from there.</li><li value="2">Although the French Republic's institutions were officially maintained, the word "Republic" never occurred in any official document of the Vichy government.</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_France" title="Category:History of France">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">History of <span class="fn org label">France</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_de_France_dress%C3%A9e_pour_l%27usage_du_Roy_Delisle_Guillaume_1721.JPEG" class="mw-file-description" title="Carte de France dressée pour l'usage du Roy. Delisle Guillaume (1721)"><img alt="Carte de France dressée pour l'usage du Roy. Delisle Guillaume (1721)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Carte_de_France_dress%C3%A9e_pour_l%27usage_du_Roy_Delisle_Guillaume_1721.JPEG/250px-Carte_de_France_dress%C3%A9e_pour_l%27usage_du_Roy_Delisle_Guillaume_1721.JPEG" decoding="async" width="250" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Carte_de_France_dress%C3%A9e_pour_l%27usage_du_Roy_Delisle_Guillaume_1721.JPEG/375px-Carte_de_France_dress%C3%A9e_pour_l%27usage_du_Roy_Delisle_Guillaume_1721.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Carte_de_France_dress%C3%A9e_pour_l%27usage_du_Roy_Delisle_Guillaume_1721.JPEG/500px-Carte_de_France_dress%C3%A9e_pour_l%27usage_du_Roy_Delisle_Guillaume_1721.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="965" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_French_history" title="Timeline of French history">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_France#Ancient_history" title="History of France">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_France" title="Prehistory of France">Prehistory</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">  </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greek colonies</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 600 BC – 49 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Celtic Gaul</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">   until 50 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 50 BC – 486 AD</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> settlement</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">  </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingians</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 481–751</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingians</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 751–987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 843–987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 987–1792</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">Direct Capetians</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 987–1328</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois#Valois_(direct)" title="House of Valois">Valois</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1328–1498</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois#Valois-Orléans" title="House of Valois">Valois-Orléans kings</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1498–1515</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois#Valois-Orléans-Angoulême" title="House of Valois">Valois-Angoulême kings</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1515–1589</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon kings</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1589–1792</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_long_nineteenth_century" title="France in the long nineteenth century">Long 19th century</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1789–1799</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France_(1791%E2%80%9392)" title="Kingdom of France (1791–92)">Kingdom of France</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1791–1792</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1792–1804</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1804–1814</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Restoration</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1814–1830</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1830–1848</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1848–1852</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1852–1870</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1870–1940</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1871–1914</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_France_(1900_to_present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of France (1900 to present)">20th century</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1870–1940</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Interwar_France" title="Interwar France">Interwar period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1919–1939</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">         <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_folles" title="Années folles">Années folles</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1920–1929</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vichy France</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1940–1944</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1944–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1946–1958</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1958–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_foreign_relations" title="History of French foreign relations">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_health_care_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="History of health care in France">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_France" title="Legal history of France">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_France" title="LGBTQ history in France">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_France" title="History of medicine in France">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France" title="Military history of France">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">Monarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_royal_consorts" title="List of French royal consorts">Consorts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_France" title="Political history of France">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="History of religion in France">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity in France">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islam in France">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="History of taxation in France">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_France" title="Territorial evolution of France">Territory</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/16px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/24px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a> <b>·</b> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_France_sidebar" title="Template:History of France sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_France_sidebar" title="Template talk:History of France sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_France_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of France sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Vichy France</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Régime de Vichy</i>; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), officially the <b>French State</b> (<i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">État français</i></span></i>), was the French <a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">rump state</a> headed by Marshal <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. It was named after its seat of government, the city of <a href="/wiki/Vichy" title="Vichy">Vichy</a>. Officially independent, but with half of its <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">territory</a> occupied under the harsh terms of <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_22_June_1940" title="Armistice of 22 June 1940">the 1940 armistice</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, it adopted <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">a policy of collaboration</a>. Though Paris was nominally its capital, the government established itself in the resort town of <a href="/wiki/Vichy" title="Vichy">Vichy</a> in the unoccupied "free zone" (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Zone_libre" title="Zone libre">zone libre</a></i></span>), where it remained responsible for the civil administration of France as well as its <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">colonies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">occupation of France by Nazi Germany</a> at first affected only the northern and western portions of the country, but in November 1942 the Germans and Italians <a href="/wiki/Case_Anton" title="Case Anton">occupied</a> the remainder of <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan France</a>, ending any pretence of independence by the Vichy government. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Third_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Third French Republic">Third French Republic</a> had begun the war in September 1939 on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>. On 10 May 1940, it was <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_France_(Nazi_Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of France (Nazi Germany)">invaded by Nazi Germany</a>. The German Army rapidly broke through the Allied lines by bypassing the highly fortified <a href="/wiki/Maginot_Line" title="Maginot Line">Maginot Line</a> and invading <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">through Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, and as an extension, <a href="/wiki/Manstein_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Manstein Plan">the Ardennes</a>. By mid-June, the military situation of the French was dire, and it was apparent that it would lose the battle for Metropolitan France. The French government began to discuss the possibility of an armistice. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Paul Reynaud</a> resigned as prime minister rather than sign an armistice, and was replaced by Marshal <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a>, a hero of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Shortly thereafter, Pétain signed the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_22_June_1940" title="Armistice of 22 June 1940">Armistice of 22 June 1940</a>. </p><p>At Vichy, Pétain established an authoritarian government that reversed many liberal policies and began tight supervision of the economy. Conservative Catholics became prominent. The media were tightly controlled and promoted <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> and, after <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a> started in June 1941, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">anti-Sovietism</a>. The terms of the armistice allowed some degree of independence, France was officially declared a neutral country, and the Vichy government kept the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a> under French control, avoiding full occupation of the country by Germany. Despite heavy pressure, the Vichy government never joined the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>. In October 1940, during meeting with Adolf Hitler in Montoire sur le Loire, Petain officially announced the policy of collaboration with Germany while maintaining overall neutrality in the war, believing that improving relations with Germany would have been the only viable option to save France and preserve for it a dignified place within the context of <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Nazism)" title="New Order (Nazism)">New European Order</a> shaped by the victorious Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-pet_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Vichy government believed that with its policy of collaboration, it could have extracted significant concessions from Germany and avoid harsh terms in the peace treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-pet_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany kept <a href="/wiki/French_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="French prisoners of war in World War II">two million French prisoners-of-war</a> and imposed <a href="/wiki/Service_du_travail_obligatoire" title="Service du travail obligatoire">forced labour</a> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">service du travail obligatoire</i></span>) on young Frenchmen. The Vichy government tried to negotiate with Germany for the early release of the French prisoners of war.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French soldiers were kept hostage to ensure that Vichy would reduce its military forces and pay a heavy tribute in gold, food, and supplies to Germany. French police were ordered to <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">round up Jews</a> and other "undesirables" such as <a href="/wiki/Communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Communists">communists</a> and political refugees, and at least 72,500 French Jews were killed in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bseditions.fr_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bseditions.fr-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the French public initially supported the regime, but opinion turned against the Vichy government and the occupying German forces as the war dragged on and living conditions in France worsened. Open opposition intensified as it became clear that Germany was losing the war. The <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a>, working largely in concert with the London-based <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a> movement, increased in strength over the course of the occupation. After the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">liberation of France</a> began in 1944, the Free French <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government of the French Republic</a> (GPRF) was installed as the new national government, led by <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>. </p><p>The last of the Vichy exiles were captured in the <a href="/wiki/Sigmaringen_enclave#Modern_times" title="Sigmaringen enclave">Sigmaringen enclave</a> in April 1945. Pétain was put on trial for treason by the new Provisional Government, and sentenced to death, but this was commuted to life imprisonment by <span class="nowrap">de Gaulle</span>. Only four senior Vichy officials were tried for <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>, although many had participated in the deportation of Jews, abuses of prisoners, and severe acts against members of the Resistance. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Events preceding World War II in Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Causes of World War II</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Vichy_France" title="Special:EditPage/Vichy France">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1940, Marshal <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a> was known as a World War I hero, who was the victor of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a>. As the last French prime minister he blamed the Third Republic's democracy for France's sudden defeat by Germany, rather than military weakness. He set up an authoritarian regime that actively collaborated with Germany, despite Vichy's official neutrality. The Vichy government co-operated with <a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">the Germans' Nazi racial policies</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminology">Terminology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation.svg/220px-France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation.svg/330px-France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation.svg/440px-France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1996" data-file-height="1894" /></a><figcaption>Metropolitan/continental France under German occupation (Germans occupied the southern zone starting in November 1942 – Operation <a href="/wiki/Case_Anton" title="Case Anton">Case Anton</a>). The yellow zone was under <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Italian</a> administration.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Philippe_P%C3%A9tain,_Chief_of_State_of_Vichy_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Philippe_P%C3%A9tain%2C_Chief_of_State_of_Vichy_France.svg/220px-Flag_of_Philippe_P%C3%A9tain%2C_Chief_of_State_of_Vichy_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Philippe_P%C3%A9tain%2C_Chief_of_State_of_Vichy_France.svg/330px-Flag_of_Philippe_P%C3%A9tain%2C_Chief_of_State_of_Vichy_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Philippe_P%C3%A9tain%2C_Chief_of_State_of_Vichy_France.svg/440px-Flag_of_Philippe_P%C3%A9tain%2C_Chief_of_State_of_Vichy_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Personal flag of Philippe Pétain, <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Chief of State</a> of Vichy France <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">(Chef de l'État Français)</i></span></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Zone_libre#Other_names" title="Zone libre">Zone libre § Other names</a></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/French_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="French National Assembly">National Assembly</a> under the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> voted to give full powers to Pétain on 10 July 1940, the name <i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="République française">République française</a></i> (French Republic) disappeared from all official documents. From then on, the regime was referred to officially as the <i>État Français</i> (French State). Because of its unique situation in the history of France, its contested legitimacy<sup id="cite_ref-law-1944-08-09_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law-1944-08-09-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the generic nature of its official name, the "French State" is most often represented in English by the synonyms "Vichy France"; "Vichy regime"; "government of Vichy"; or, in context, simply "Vichy". </p><p>The territory under the control of the French State was based in the city of Vichy, in the unoccupied southern portion of Metropolitan France. This was south of the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_Demarcation_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Line of Demarcation (France)">Line of Demarcation</a> as established by the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_22_June_1940" title="Armistice of 22 June 1940">Armistice of 22 June 1940</a>. It also included the overseas French territories, such as <a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a>, which was "an integral part of Vichy", with antisemitic policies implemented in Vichy France also being implemented here. This was called the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Unbesetztes Gebiet</i></span> (Unoccupied Zone) by the Germans, and known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Zone_libre" title="Zone libre">Zone libre</a></i> (Free Zone) in France, or less formally as the "Southern Zone" (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">zone du sud</i></span>) especially after <a href="/wiki/Operation_Anton" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Anton">Operation Anton</a>, the invasion of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Zone libre</i></span> by German forces in November 1942. Other <a href="/wiki/Zone_libre#Other_names" title="Zone libre">contemporary colloquial terms</a> for the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Zone libre</i></span> were based on abbreviation and wordplay, such as the "zone nono", for the non-occupied zone.<sup id="cite_ref-Levieux_1999_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levieux_1999-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Jurisdiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In theory, the civil jurisdiction of the Vichy government extended over most of <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan France</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="French protectorate in Morocco">French protectorate in Morocco</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Tunisia" title="French protectorate of Tunisia">French protectorate of Tunisia</a> and the rest of the French colonial empire that accepted the authority of Vichy; only the disputed border territory of <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a> was placed under direct German administration.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alsace-Lorraine was officially still part of France, as the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reich</i></span> never annexed the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroener2000iii_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroener2000iii-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Reich government at the time was not interested in attempting to enforce piecemeal annexations in the West although it later annexed Luxembourg; it operated under the assumption that Germany's new western border would be determined in peace negotiations, which would be attended by all of the Western Allies and thus producing a frontier that would be recognised by all of the major powers. Since Hitler's overall territorial ambitions were not limited to recovering Alsace-Lorraine, and Britain was never brought to terms, those peace negotiations never took place. </p><p>The Nazis had some intention of annexing <a href="/wiki/Zone_interdite#Zone_of_intended_German_settlement" title="Zone interdite">a large swath of northeastern France</a>, replacing that region's inhabitants with German settlers, and initially forbade French refugees from returning to the region, but the restrictions were never thoroughly enforced and were basically abandoned following the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">invasion of the Soviet Union</a>, which had the effect of turning German territorial ambitions almost exclusively to the East. German troops guarding the boundary line of the northeastern <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Zone interdite</i></span> were withdrawn on the night of 17–18 December 1941, but the line remained in place on paper for the remainder of the occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroener2000160–162_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroener2000160–162-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, effectively Alsace-Lorraine was annexed: German law applied to the region, its inhabitants were conscripted into the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a><sup id="cite_ref-crimefiction_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimefiction-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and pointedly the customs posts separating France from Germany were placed back where they had been between 1871 and 1918. Similarly, a sliver of French territory in the Alps was under direct Italian administration from June 1940 to September 1943. <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Bousquet" title="René Bousquet">René Bousquet</a>, the head of French police nominated by Vichy, exercised his power in Paris through his second-in-command, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Leguay" title="Jean Leguay">Jean Leguay</a>, who coordinated raids with the Nazis. German laws took precedence over French laws in the occupied territories, and the Germans often rode roughshod over the sensibilities of Vichy administrators. </p><p>On 11 November 1942, following the landing of the Allies in North Africa (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> launched <a href="/wiki/Case_Anton" title="Case Anton">Operation Anton</a>, occupying southern France and disbanding the strictly limited "<a href="#Armistice_Army">Armistice Army</a>" that Vichy had been allowed by the armistice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legitimacy">Legitimacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legitimacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vichy's claim to be the legitimate French government was denied by Free France and by all subsequent French governments<sup id="cite_ref-law-1944-08-09_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law-1944-08-09-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the war. They maintain that Vichy was an illegal government run by <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">traitors</a>, having come to power through an unconstitutional <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>. Pétain was <a href="/wiki/Constitutionally" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutionally">constitutionally</a> appointed prime minister by President Lebrun on 16 June 1940 and he was legally within his rights to sign the armistice with Germany; however, his decision to ask the National Assembly to dissolve itself while granting him dictatorial powers has been more controversial. Historians have particularly debated the circumstances of the vote by the National Assembly of the Third Republic granting full powers to Pétain on 10 July 1940. The main arguments advanced against Vichy's right to incarnate the continuity of the French state were based on the pressure exerted by Pierre Laval, a former prime minister in the Third Republic, on the deputies in Vichy and on the absence of 27 deputies and senators who had fled on the ship <a href="/wiki/The_Vichy_80" class="mw-redirect" title="The Vichy 80"><i>Massilia</i></a> and so could not take part in the vote. However, during the war, the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Vichy_France" title="Foreign relations of Vichy France">Vichy government was internationally recognised</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> notably by the United States<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and several other major Allied powers.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom had been severed since 8 July 1940 after the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir" title="Attack on Mers-el-Kébir">attack on Mers-el-Kébir</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Julian_T._Jackson" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian T. Jackson">Julian T. Jackson</a> wrote, "There seems little doubt... that at the beginning Vichy was both legal and legitimate". He stated that if legitimacy comes from popular support, Pétain's massive popularity in France until 1942 made his government legitimate, and if legitimacy comes from diplomatic recognition, over 40 countries, including the United States, Canada, and China, recognised the Vichy government. According to Jackson, <span class="nowrap">de Gaulle</span>'s Free French acknowledged the weakness of its case against Vichy's legality by citing multiple dates (16 June, 23 June and 10 July) for the start of Vichy's illegitimate rule, implying that at least for some time, Vichy was still legitimate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2001134_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2001134-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Countries recognised the Vichy government despite <span class="nowrap">de Gaulle</span>'s attempts in London to dissuade them; only the German occupation of all of France in November 1942 ended diplomatic recognition. Supporters of Vichy point out that the grant of governmental powers was voted by a joint session of both chambers of the Third Republic Parliament (the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies) in keeping with the constitutional law. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology">Ideology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ideology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></div> <p>The Vichy regime sought an anti-modern <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-revolution">counter-revolution</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">traditionalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right</a> in France, with strength in the <a href="/wiki/French_nobility" title="French nobility">aristocracy</a> and among <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Catholic Church in France">Roman Catholics</a>, had never accepted the republican traditions of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> but demanded a return to traditional lines of culture and religion. It embraced <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a> while dismissing <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vichy regime also framed itself as decisively <a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">nationalist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French communists, strongest in labour unions, turned against Vichy in June 1941, when <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Germany invaded the Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Debbie_Lackerstein_2013_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Debbie_Lackerstein_2013-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vichy was intensely anti-communist and generally pro-German; American historian <a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Stanley G. Payne</a> found that it was "distinctly <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">rightist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> but never <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political scientist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Paxton" title="Robert Paxton">Robert Paxton</a> analysed the entire range of Vichy supporters, from <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionaries</a> to moderate <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in France">liberal</a> modernizers, and concluded that genuinely fascist elements had only minor roles in most sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olivier_Wiewiorka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olivier Wiewiorka (page does not exist)">Olivier Wiewiorka</a> rejects the idea that Vichy France was fascist, noting that "Pétain refused to create a single party state, avoided getting France involved in a new war, hated modernization, and supported the Church".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imagerie_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_nationale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Imagerie_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_nationale.jpg/170px-Imagerie_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_nationale.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Imagerie_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_nationale.jpg/255px-Imagerie_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_nationale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Imagerie_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_nationale.jpg/340px-Imagerie_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_nationale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2143" data-file-height="3103" /></a><figcaption>Propaganda poster for the Vichy Regime's <i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></i> program, 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>The Vichy government tried to assert its legitimacy by symbolically connecting itself with the <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman">Gallo-Roman</a> period of <a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">France's history</a>, and celebrated the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gaulish</a> chieftain <a href="/wiki/Vercingetorix" title="Vercingetorix">Vercingetorix</a> as the "founder" of the French nation.<sup id="cite_ref-karlsgodt_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karlsgodt-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was asserted that just as the defeat of the Gauls in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alesia" title="Battle of Alesia">Battle of Alesia</a> (52 BCE) had been the moment in French history when a sense of common nationhood was born, the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of France">defeat of 1940</a> would again unify the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-karlsgodt_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karlsgodt-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vichy government's "francisque" insignia featured two symbols from the Gallic period: the <a href="/wiki/Baton_(symbol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baton (symbol)">baton</a> and the double-headed hatchet (<a href="/wiki/Labrys" title="Labrys">labrys</a>) arranged so as to resemble the <a href="/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces">fasces</a>, the symbol of the <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">Italian Fascists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-karlsgodt_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karlsgodt-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To advance his message, Pétain frequently spoke on <a href="/wiki/Radio_Paris" title="Radio Paris">French radio</a>. In his radio speeches, Pétain always used the personal pronoun <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">je</i></span> (French for the English word "I"), portrayed himself as a Christ-like figure sacrificing himself for France and assuming a God-like tone of a semi-omniscient narrator who knew truths about the world that the rest of the French did not.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To justify the Vichy ideology of the <i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></i> ("national revolution"), Pétain needed a radical break with the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a>. During his radio speeches, the entire French Third Republic era was always painted in the blackest of colours as a time of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">décadence</i></span> ("decadence") when the <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French people</a> were alleged to have suffered moral degeneration and decline.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200096–98_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200096–98-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Summarising Pétain's speeches, the British historian Christopher Flood wrote that Pétain blamed <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">la décadence</i></span> on "political and economic liberalism, with its divisive, <a href="/wiki/Individualistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualistic">individualistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hedonistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedonistic">hedonistic</a> values – locked in sterile rivalry with its antithetical outgrowths, Socialism and Communism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200099_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200099-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pétain argued that rescuing the French people from <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">décadence</i></span> required a period of authoritarian government that would restore national unity and the <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">traditionalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a>, which Pétain claimed the French had forgotten.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200099_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200099-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his highly-negative view of the Third Republic, Pétain argued that <i>la France profonde</i> ("deep France", denoting profoundly French aspects of French culture) still existed, and that the French people needed to return to what Pétain insisted was their true identity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly2000101_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly2000101-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alongside this claim for a moral revolution was Pétain's call for France to turn inwards and to withdraw from the world, which Pétain always portrayed as a hostile and threatening place full of endless dangers for the French.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200099_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200099-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a> replaced <a href="/wiki/Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a> as the national symbol of France under Vichy, as her status as one of France's best-loved heroines gave her widespread appeal, and the image of Joan as a devout <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriot</a> also fit well with Vichy's traditionalist message. Vichy literature portrayed Joan as an archetypal virgin and Marianne as an archetypal whore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJennings1994712–714_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJennings1994712–714-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Vichy regime, the school textbook <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Miracle de Jeanne</i></span> by René Jeanneret was required reading, and the anniversary of Joan's death became an occasion for school speeches commemorating her martyrdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJennings1994716_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJennings1994716-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joan's encounter with angelic voices, according to Catholic tradition, were presented as literal history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJennings1994717_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJennings1994717-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The textbook <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Miracle de Jeanne</i></span> declared "the Voices did speak!" in contrast with republican school texts, which had strongly implied Joan was mentally ill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJennings1994717_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJennings1994717-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vichy instructors sometimes struggled to square Joan's military heroism with the classical virtues of womanhood, with one school textbook insisting that girls ought not follow Joan's example literally, saying: "Some of the most notable heroes in our history have been women. But nevertheless, girls should preferably exercise the virtues of patience, persistence and resignation. They are destined to tend to the running of the household ... It is in love that our future mothers will find the strength to practise those virtues which best befit their sex and their condition".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJennings1994725_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJennings1994725-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exemplifying Vichy propaganda's synthesis of Joan the warrior and Joan the dutiful woman, Anne-Marie Hussenot, speaking at the school at Uriage, stated: "a woman should remember that, in the case of Joan of Arc, or other illustrious women throughout the exceptional mission that was confided to them, they first of all performed humbly and simply their woman's role".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJennings1994724_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJennings1994724-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The key component of Vichy's ideology was <a href="/wiki/Anglophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglophobia">Anglophobia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In part, Vichy's virulent Anglophobia was due to its leaders' personal dislike of the British, as Marshal Pétain, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a> and Admiral <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan" title="François Darlan">François Darlan</a> were all Anglophobes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200069–70_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200069–70-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as February 1936, Pétain had told the Italian Ambassador to France that "England has always been France's most implacable enemy" and went on to say that France had "two hereditary enemies", namely Germany and Britain, with the latter being easily the more dangerous of the two; and he wanted a Franco-German-Italian alliance that would partition the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, an event that Pétain claimed would solve all of the economic problems caused by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200069_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200069-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond that, to justify both the armistice with Germany and the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Révolution nationale</i></span>, Vichy needed to portray the French declaration of war on Germany as a hideous mistake and the French society under the Third Republic as degenerate and rotten.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200070_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200070-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Révolution nationale</i></span> together with Pétain's policy of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">la France seule</i></span> ("France alone") were meant to "regenerate" France from <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">la décadence</i></span>, which was said to have destroyed French society and to have brought about the defeat of 1940. Such a harsh critique of French society could generate only so much support, and as such Vichy blamed French problems on various "enemies" of France, the chief of which was Britain, the "eternal enemy" that had supposedly conspired via <a href="/wiki/Masonic_lodge" title="Masonic lodge">Masonic lodges</a> to weaken France and then to pressure France into declaring war on Germany in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200070_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200070-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No other nation was attacked as frequently and violently as Britain was in Vichy propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200071–76_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200071–76-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Pétain's radio speeches, Britain was always portrayed as the "<a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">Other</a>", a nation that was the complete antithesis of everything good in France, the blood-soaked "<a href="/wiki/Perfidious_Albion" title="Perfidious Albion">Perfidious Albion</a>" and the relentless "eternal enemy" of France whose ruthlessness knew no bounds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200097_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200097-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joan of Arc, who had fought against England, was made into the symbol of France partly for that reason.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200097_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200097-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chief themes of Vichy Anglophobia were British "selfishness" in using and then abandoning France after instigating wars, British "treachery" and British plans to take over <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200072_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200072-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three examples that were used to illustrate these themes were the <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a> in May 1940, the Royal Navy <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir" title="Attack on Mers-el-Kébir">attack at Mers-el-Kébir</a> on the French Mediterranean fleet that killed over 1,300 French sailors in July 1940 and the failed <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dakar" title="Battle of Dakar">Anglo-Free French attempt to seize Dakar</a> in September 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200072–73_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200072–73-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typical of Vichy anti-British propaganda was the widely distributed pamphlet published in August 1940 and written by self-proclaimed "professional Anglophobe" <a href="/wiki/Henri_B%C3%A9raud" title="Henri Béraud">Henri Béraud</a> entitled, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Faut-il réduire l'Angleterre en esclavage?</i></span> ("Should England Be Reduced to Slavery?"); the question in the title was merely rhetorical.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200075_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200075-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Vichy mixed Anglophobia with racism and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a> to portray the British as a racially degenerate "mixed race" working for Jewish capitalists, in contrast to the "racially pure" peoples on the continent of Europe who were building a "New Order".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200075–76_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200075–76-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an interview conducted by Béraud with Admiral Darlan published in <i><a href="/wiki/Gringoire_(newspaper)" title="Gringoire (newspaper)">Gringoire</a></i> newspaper in 1941, Darlan was quoted as saying that if the "New Order" failed in Europe, it would mean "here in France, the return to power of the Jews and Freemasons subservient to Anglo-Saxon policy".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200076_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200076-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fall_of_France_and_establishment_of_the_Vichy_government">Fall of France and establishment of the Vichy government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fall of France and establishment of the Vichy government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_121-0404,_Frankreich,_Franz%C3%B6sische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_121-0404%2C_Frankreich%2C_Franz%C3%B6sische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_121-0404%2C_Frankreich%2C_Franz%C3%B6sische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_121-0404%2C_Frankreich%2C_Franz%C3%B6sische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_121-0404%2C_Frankreich%2C_Franz%C3%B6sische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_121-0404%2C_Frankreich%2C_Franz%C3%B6sische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_121-0404%2C_Frankreich%2C_Franz%C3%B6sische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/French_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="French prisoners of war in World War II">French prisoners of war</a> are marched off under German guard, 1940</figcaption></figure> <p>France declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939 after the <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="German invasion of Poland">German invasion of Poland</a> on 1 September. After the eight-month <a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a>, the Germans launched their <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">offensive in the West</a> on 10 May 1940. Within days, it became clear that French military forces were overwhelmed and that military collapse was imminent.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Government and military leaders, deeply shocked by the débâcle, debated how to proceed. Many officials, including Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Paul Reynaud</a>, wanted to move the government to French territories in North Africa and to continue the war with the French Navy and colonial resources. Others, particularly Vice-Premier Philippe Pétain and Commander-in-Chief General <a href="/wiki/Maxime_Weygand" title="Maxime Weygand">Maxime Weygand</a>, insisted that the responsibility of the government was to remain in France and share the misfortune of its people; they called for an immediate cessation of hostilities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2001121–126_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2001121–126-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the debate continued, the government was forced to relocate several times to avoid capture by advancing German forces and finally reached Bordeaux. Communications were poor and thousands of civilian refugees clogged the roads. In those chaotic conditions, advocates of an armistice gained the upper hand. The Cabinet agreed on a proposal to seek armistice terms from Germany with the understanding that if Germany set forth dishonourable or excessively-harsh terms, France would retain the option to continue to fight. General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Huntziger" title="Charles Huntziger">Charles Huntziger</a>, who headed the French armistice delegation, was told to break off negotiations if the Germans demanded the occupation of all of Metropolitan France, the French fleet, or any of the French overseas territories. The Germans did not, however, make any of those demands.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25217,_Henry_Philippe_Petain_und_Adolf_Hitler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25217%2C_Henry_Philippe_Petain_und_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25217%2C_Henry_Philippe_Petain_und_Adolf_Hitler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25217%2C_Henry_Philippe_Petain_und_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25217%2C_Henry_Philippe_Petain_und_Adolf_Hitler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25217%2C_Henry_Philippe_Petain_und_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25217%2C_Henry_Philippe_Petain_und_Adolf_Hitler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a> meeting Hitler in October 1940</figcaption></figure> <p>Prime Minister Reynaud favoured continuing the war but was soon outvoted by those who advocated an armistice. Facing an untenable situation, Reynaud resigned and, on his recommendation, President <a href="/wiki/Albert_Lebrun" title="Albert Lebrun">Albert Lebrun</a> appointed the 84-year-old Pétain as the new prime minister on 16 June 1940. The <a href="/wiki/Armistice_with_France_(Second_Compi%C3%A8gne)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice with France (Second Compiègne)">armistice with Germany</a> was signed on 22 June 1940. A separate French agreement was reached with Italy, which had entered the war against France on 10 June, well after the outcome of the battle had been decided. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> had a number of reasons for agreeing to an armistice. He wanted to ensure that France did not continue to fight from North Africa and that the French Navy was taken out of the war. In addition, leaving a French government in place would relieve Germany of the considerable burden of administering French territory, particularly as Hitler turned his attention toward Britain, which did not surrender and fought on against Germany. Finally, as Germany lacked a navy sufficient to occupy France's overseas territories, Hitler's only practical recourse to deny the British the use of those territories was to maintain France's status as a <i>de jure</i> independent and neutral nation and to send a message to Britain that it was alone, with France appearing to switch sides and the United States remaining neutral. However, German espionage against France after its defeat intensified greatly, particularly in southern France.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conditions_of_armistice">Conditions of armistice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Conditions of armistice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AtHistEur1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/AtHistEur1940.jpg/220px-AtHistEur1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/AtHistEur1940.jpg/330px-AtHistEur1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/AtHistEur1940.jpg/440px-AtHistEur1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1295" data-file-height="1424" /></a><figcaption>The map clearly shows the division of France as per all the historical realities of the era: Nazi Germany effectively annexed Alsace Lorraine and occupied northern metropolitan France and all the Atlantic coastline down to the border with Spain. That left the rest of France, including the remaining two-fifths of southern and eastern metropolitan France and Overseas France North Africa, unoccupied, and under the control of a collaborationist French government based at the city of Vichy, and headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_22_June_1940" title="Armistice of 22 June 1940">Armistice of 22 June 1940</a></div> <p>As per the terms of the Franco-German armistice of June 22, 1940, Nazi Germany effectively annexed the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine while the German army occupied northern metropolitan France and all the Atlantic coastline down to the border with Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-Holocaust_Encyclopedia_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holocaust_Encyclopedia-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That left the rest of France, including the remaining two-fifths of southern and eastern metropolitan France and Overseas France North Africa, unoccupied, and under the control of a collaborationist French government based at the city of Vichy, and headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain. Ostensibly, the Vichy French government administered the whole of France (excluding Alsace-Lorraine), including Overseas Vichy France-North Africa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prisoners">Prisoners</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Prisoners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="French prisoners of war in World War II">French prisoners of war in World War II</a></div> <p>Germany took two million French soldiers as prisoners-of-war and sent them to camps in Germany. About a third had been released on various terms by 1944. Of the remainder, the officers and NCOs (corporals and sergeants) were kept in camps but were exempt from forced labour. The privates were first sent to "Stalag" camps for processing and were then put to work. About half of them worked in German agriculture, where food rations were adequate and controls were lenient. The others worked in factories or mines, where conditions were much harsher.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Armistice_Army">Armistice Army</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Armistice Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armistice_Army" title="Armistice Army">Armistice Army</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vichy_French_Air_Force" title="Vichy French Air Force">Vichy French Air Force</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_121-0417,_Franz%C3%B6sischer_Kriegsgefangener_mit_Wachtposten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bundesarchiv_Bild_121-0417%2C_Franz%C3%B6sischer_Kriegsgefangener_mit_Wachtposten.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_121-0417%2C_Franz%C3%B6sischer_Kriegsgefangener_mit_Wachtposten.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bundesarchiv_Bild_121-0417%2C_Franz%C3%B6sischer_Kriegsgefangener_mit_Wachtposten.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_121-0417%2C_Franz%C3%B6sischer_Kriegsgefangener_mit_Wachtposten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bundesarchiv_Bild_121-0417%2C_Franz%C3%B6sischer_Kriegsgefangener_mit_Wachtposten.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_121-0417%2C_Franz%C3%B6sischer_Kriegsgefangener_mit_Wachtposten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption>French colonial prisoner in German captivity, 1940<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (November 2015)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The French government had responsibility for preventing French citizens from escaping into exile. </p><p>Article IV of the Armistice allowed for a small French army – the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_Army" title="Armistice Army">Armistice Army</a> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Armée de l'Armistice</i></span>) – stationed in the unoccupied zone, and for the military provision of the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a> overseas. The function of those forces was to keep internal order and to defend French territories from <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> assault. The French forces were to remain under the overall direction of the German armed forces. </p><p>The exact strength of the Vichy French Metropolitan Army was set at 3,768 officers, 15,072 non-commissioned officers, and 75,360 men. All members had to be volunteers. In addition to the army, the size of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/National_Gendarmerie" title="National Gendarmerie">Gendarmerie</a></i></span> was fixed at 60,000 men plus an anti-aircraft force of 10,000 men. Despite the influx of trained soldiers from the colonial forces (reduced in size in accordance with the armistice), there was a shortage of volunteers. As a result, 30,000 men of the class of 1939 were retained to fill the quota. In early 1942 those conscripts were released, but there were still not enough men. That shortage remained until the regime's dissolution, despite Vichy appeals to the Germans for a regular form of conscription. </p><p>The Vichy French Metropolitan Army was deprived of tanks and other armoured vehicles and was desperately short of motorised transport, a particular problem for cavalry units. Surviving recruiting posters stress the opportunities for athletic activities, including horsemanship, reflecting both the general emphasis placed by the Vichy government on rural virtues and outdoor activities and the realities of service in a small and technologically backward military force. Traditional features characteristic of the pre-1940 French Army, such as <a href="/wiki/Kepi" title="Kepi">kepis</a> and heavy <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">capotes</i></span> (buttoned-back greatcoats) were replaced by <a href="/wiki/Beret" title="Beret">berets</a> and simplified uniforms. </p><p>The Vichy authorities did not deploy the Army of the Armistice against resistance groups active in the south of France, reserving that role to the Vichy <i><a href="/wiki/Milice" title="Milice">Milice</a></i> (militia), a paramilitary force created on 30 January 1943 by the Vichy government to combat the Resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the regular army could thus defect to the <a href="/wiki/Maquis_(World_War_II)" title="Maquis (World War II)">Maquis</a> after the German occupation of southern France and the disbandment of the Army of the Armistice in November 1942. By contrast, the Milice continued to collaborate, and its members were subject to reprisals after the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation</a>. </p><p>Vichy French colonial forces were reduced in accordance with the terms of the armistice, but in the Mediterranean area alone, Vichy still had nearly 150,000 men under arms. There were about 55,000 in <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="French protectorate of Morocco">French Morocco</a>, 50,000 in <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">Algeria</a>, and almost 40,000 in the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Levant" title="Army of the Levant">Army of the Levant</a> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Armée du Levant</i></span>), in <a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandate of Lebanon">Lebanon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandate of Syria">Syria</a>. Colonial forces were allowed to keep some armoured vehicles, though these were mostly "vintage" World War I tanks (<a href="/wiki/FT-17" class="mw-redirect" title="FT-17">Renault FT</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German_custody">German custody</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: German custody"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Armistice required France to turn over any German citizens within the country upon German demand. The French regarded this as a "dishonourable" term since it would require France to hand over persons who had entered France seeking refuge from Germany. Attempts to negotiate the point with Germany proved unsuccessful, and the French decided not to press the issue to the point of refusing the Armistice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="10_July_1940_vote_of_full_powers">10 July 1940 vote of full powers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 10 July 1940 vote of full powers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/French_Constitutional_Law_of_1940" title="French Constitutional Law of 1940">French Constitutional Law of 1940</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vote_of_full_constituent_powers_to_Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote of full constituent powers to Philippe Pétain">Vote of full constituent powers to Philippe Pétain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Laval_and_Carl_Oberg_in_Paris.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pierre_Laval_and_Carl_Oberg_in_Paris.png/220px-Pierre_Laval_and_Carl_Oberg_in_Paris.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pierre_Laval_and_Carl_Oberg_in_Paris.png/330px-Pierre_Laval_and_Carl_Oberg_in_Paris.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pierre_Laval_and_Carl_Oberg_in_Paris.png/440px-Pierre_Laval_and_Carl_Oberg_in_Paris.png 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Pierre Laval with the head of German police units in France, SS-<i>Gruppenführer</i> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Oberg" title="Carl Oberg">Carl Oberg</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laval-shot0038.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Laval-shot0038.png/220px-Laval-shot0038.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Laval-shot0038.png/330px-Laval-shot0038.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Laval-shot0038.png/440px-Laval-shot0038.png 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Pierre Laval and Philippe Pétain in the <a href="/wiki/Frank_Capra" title="Frank Capra">Frank Capra</a> documentary film <a href="/wiki/Divide_and_Conquer_(newsreel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Divide and Conquer (newsreel)"><i>Divide and Conquer</i> (1943)</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 10 July 1940, the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(France)" title="Chamber of Deputies (France)">Chamber of Deputies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Senate_(France)" title="Senate (France)">Senate</a> gathered in <a href="/wiki/Joint_session" title="Joint session">joint session</a> in the quiet <a href="/wiki/Spa_town" title="Spa town">spa town</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vichy" title="Vichy">Vichy</a>, their provisional capital in central France. Lyon, France's second-largest city, would have been a more logical choice but Mayor <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Édouard Herriot</a> was too associated with the Third Republic. Marseilles had a reputation as an <a href="/wiki/Milieu_(organized_crime_in_France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Milieu (organized crime in France)">organised crime</a> hub. Toulouse was too remote and had a left-wing reputation. Vichy was centrally located and had many hotels for ministers to use.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2001142_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2001142-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rapha%C3%ABl_Alibert" title="Raphaël Alibert">Raphaël Alibert</a> began their campaign to convince the assembled senators and deputies to vote <a href="/wiki/Full_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Full powers">full powers</a> to Pétain. They used every means available, such as promising ministerial posts to some and threatening and intimidating others. They were aided by the absence of popular, charismatic figures who might have opposed them, such as <a href="/wiki/Georges_Mandel" title="Georges Mandel">Georges Mandel</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Édouard Daladier</a>, who were then aboard the ship <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Massilia</i></span> on their way to North Africa and exile. On 10 July the National Assembly, comprising both the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies, voted by 569 votes to 80, with 20 voluntary <a href="/wiki/Abstention" title="Abstention">abstentions</a>, to grant full and extraordinary powers to Pétain. By the same vote, they also granted him the power to write a new constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-loi-1940_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loi-1940-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By Act No. 2 on the following day, Pétain defined his own powers and abrogated any Third Republic laws that were in conflict with them.<sup id="cite_ref-loi2-1940-07-11_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loi2-1940-07-11-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/French_Constitutional_Law_of_1940" title="French Constitutional Law of 1940">These acts</a> would later be annulled in August 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-law-1944-08-09_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law-1944-08-09-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>Most legislators believed that democracy would continue, albeit with a new constitution. Although Laval said on 6 July that "parliamentary democracy has lost the war; it must disappear, ceding its place to an authoritarian, hierarchical, national and social regime", the majority trusted Pétain. Léon Blum, who voted no, wrote three months later that Laval's "obvious objective was to cut all the roots that bound France to its republican and revolutionary past. His 'national revolution' was to be a counter-revolution eliminating all the progress and human rights won in the last one hundred and fifty years".<sup id="cite_ref-christofferson2006_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-christofferson2006-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The minority of mostly <a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(France)" title="Radical Party (France)">Radicals</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Section_of_the_Workers%27_International" title="French Section of the Workers' International">Socialists</a> who opposed Laval became known as <a href="/wiki/The_Vichy_80" class="mw-redirect" title="The Vichy 80">the Vichy 80</a>. The deputies and senators who voted to grant full powers to Pétain were condemned on an individual basis after the Liberation. </p><p>The majority of <a href="/wiki/French_historians" class="mw-redirect" title="French historians">French historians</a> and all postwar French governments have contended that this vote by the National Assembly was illegal. Three main arguments are put forward: </p> <ul><li>Abrogation of legal procedure</li> <li>The impossibility for Parliament to delegate its constitutional powers without controlling their use <i>a posteriori</i>.</li> <li>The 1884 constitutional amendment making it unconstitutional to put into question the "republican form" of the government.</li></ul> <p>Out of a total of 544 Deputies, only 414 voted; and out of a total of 302 senators, only 235 voted. Of these, 357 deputies voted in favour of Pétain and 57 against, while 212 senators voted for Pétain, and 23 against. Thus, Pétain was approved by 65% of all deputies and 70% of all senators. Although Pétain could claim legality for himself, particularly in comparison with the essentially self-appointed leadership of Charles <span class="nowrap">de Gaulle</span>, the dubious circumstances of the vote explain why most French historians do not consider Vichy a complete continuity of the French state.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The text voted by the Congress stated: </p> <blockquote><p>The National Assembly gives full powers to the government of the Republic, under the authority and the signature of Marshal Pétain, to the effect of promulgating by one or several acts a new constitution of the French state. This constitution must guarantee the rights of labour, of family and of the homeland. It will be ratified by the nation and applied by the assemblies which it has created.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moneta_FRANCIA_1943.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Moneta_FRANCIA_1943.JPG/220px-Moneta_FRANCIA_1943.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Moneta_FRANCIA_1943.JPG/330px-Moneta_FRANCIA_1943.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Moneta_FRANCIA_1943.JPG 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>1943 1 Franc coin. Front: "French State". Back: "Work Family Homeland". Symbolism on coinage was a propaganda vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Constitutional Acts of 11 and 12 July 1940<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> granted to Pétain all powers (legislative, judicial, administrative, executive and diplomatic) and the title of "head of the French state" (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">chef de l'État français</i></span>), as well as the right to nominate his successor. On 12 July, Pétain designated Laval as vice-president and his designated successor and appointed <a href="/wiki/Fernand_de_Brinon" title="Fernand de Brinon">Fernand de Brinon</a> as representative to the German High Command in Paris. Pétain remained the head of the Vichy regime until 20 August 1944. The French national motto, <i><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_Egalit%C3%A9,_Fraternit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité">Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité</a></i> (Freedom, Equality, Brotherhood<sup id="cite_ref-Ratcliffe-2011_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ratcliffe-2011-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was replaced by <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Travail, Famille, Patrie</i></span> (Work, Family, Homeland). It was noted at the time that TFP also stood for the criminal punishment of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">travaux forcés à perpetuité</i></span> ("forced labor in perpetuity").<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reynaud was arrested in September 1940 by the Vichy government and sentenced to life imprisonment in 1941, before the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Riom_Trial" title="Riom Trial">Riom Trial</a>. </p><p>Pétain was a reactionary by nature and education, despite his status as a hero of the Third Republic during World War I. Almost as soon as he was granted full powers, Pétain began blaming the Third Republic's democracy and endemic corruption for France's humiliating defeat by Germany. Accordingly, his government soon began taking on authoritarian characteristics. Democratic liberties and guarantees were immediately suspended.<sup id="cite_ref-christofferson2006_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-christofferson2006-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crime of "crime of opinion" (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">délit d'opinion</i></span>) was reestablished, effectively repealing <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">freedom of thought</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">expression</a>, and critics were frequently arrested. Elective bodies were replaced by nominated ones. The "municipalities" and the <a href="/wiki/French_departments" class="mw-redirect" title="French departments">departmental commissions</a> were thus placed under the authority of the administration and of the <a href="/wiki/Prefect_(France)" title="Prefect (France)">prefects</a> (nominated by and dependent on the executive power). In January 1941, the National Council (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Conseil National</i></span>), composed of notables from the countryside and the provinces, was instituted under the same conditions. Despite the clear authoritarian cast of Pétain's government, he did not formally institute a one-party state, maintained the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Tricolor</a> and other symbols of republican France and, unlike many on the far right, was not an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Dreyfusard" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Dreyfusard">anti-Dreyfusard</a>. Pétain excluded fascists from office in his government, and by and large, his cabinet comprised "February 6 men" (members of the "National Union government" formed after the <a href="/wiki/6_February_1934_crisis" title="6 February 1934 crisis">6 February 1934 crisis</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Stavisky_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Stavisky Affair">Stavisky Affair</a>) and mainstream politicians whose career prospects had been blocked by the triumph of the Popular Front in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governments">Governments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Governments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Governments_of_Vichy_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Governments of Vichy France">Governments of Vichy France</a></div> <p>There were five governments during the tenure of the Vichy regime, starting with the continuation of Pétain's position from the Third Republic, which dissolved itself and handed him full powers, leaving Pétain in absolute control of the new, "French State" as Pétain named it. <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a> formed the first government in 1940. The second government was formed by <a href="/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Pierre-Étienne Flandin</a>, and lasted just two months until February 1941. <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan" title="François Darlan">François Darlan</a> was then head of government until April 1942, followed by Pierre Laval again until August 1944. The Vichy government fled into exile in <a href="/wiki/Sigmaringen_enclave" title="Sigmaringen enclave">Sigmaringen</a> in September 1944. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Foreign relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Vichy_France" title="Foreign relations of Vichy France">Foreign relations of Vichy France</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1942-TRAVAIL-FAMILLE-PATRIE-%E5%BF%A0%E5%AD%9D-C%E1%BA%A6N-LAO-GIA-%C4%90%C3%8CNH-T%E1%BB%94-QU%E1%BB%90C-600x854.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/1942-TRAVAIL-FAMILLE-PATRIE-%E5%BF%A0%E5%AD%9D-C%E1%BA%A6N-LAO-GIA-%C4%90%C3%8CNH-T%E1%BB%94-QU%E1%BB%90C-600x854.jpg/230px-1942-TRAVAIL-FAMILLE-PATRIE-%E5%BF%A0%E5%AD%9D-C%E1%BA%A6N-LAO-GIA-%C4%90%C3%8CNH-T%E1%BB%94-QU%E1%BB%90C-600x854.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/1942-TRAVAIL-FAMILLE-PATRIE-%E5%BF%A0%E5%AD%9D-C%E1%BA%A6N-LAO-GIA-%C4%90%C3%8CNH-T%E1%BB%94-QU%E1%BB%90C-600x854.jpg/345px-1942-TRAVAIL-FAMILLE-PATRIE-%E5%BF%A0%E5%AD%9D-C%E1%BA%A6N-LAO-GIA-%C4%90%C3%8CNH-T%E1%BB%94-QU%E1%BB%90C-600x854.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/1942-TRAVAIL-FAMILLE-PATRIE-%E5%BF%A0%E5%AD%9D-C%E1%BA%A6N-LAO-GIA-%C4%90%C3%8CNH-T%E1%BB%94-QU%E1%BB%90C-600x854.jpg/461px-1942-TRAVAIL-FAMILLE-PATRIE-%E5%BF%A0%E5%AD%9D-C%E1%BA%A6N-LAO-GIA-%C4%90%C3%8CNH-T%E1%BB%94-QU%E1%BB%90C-600x854.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8192" data-file-height="11310" /></a><figcaption>A trilingual Vichy propaganda poster, distributed in <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Vichy France in 1940–1942 was recognised by most <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">neutral powers</a>, as well as the United States and the Soviet Union. During the war, Vichy France conducted military actions against armed incursions from Axis and Allied belligerents and was an example of <a href="/wiki/Armed_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed neutrality">armed neutrality</a>. The most important such action was the <a href="/wiki/Scuttling_of_the_French_fleet_in_Toulon" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon">scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon</a> on 27 November 1942 to prevent its capture by the Axis. Washington at first granted Vichy full diplomatic recognition, sending Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_D._Leahy" title="William D. Leahy">William D. Leahy</a> as American ambassador. US President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a> hoped to use American influence to encourage elements in the Vichy government opposed to military collaboration with Germany. Washington also hoped to encourage Vichy to resist German war demands, such as for air bases in French-mandated Syria or moving war supplies through French territories in North Africa. The US position was essentially that unless explicitly required by the armistice terms, France should take no action that could adversely affect Allied efforts in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The US position towards Vichy France and <span class="nowrap">de Gaulle</span> was especially hesitant and inconsistent. Roosevelt disliked <span class="nowrap">de Gaulle</span> and regarded him as an "apprentice dictator".<sup id="cite_ref-Lacroix_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacroix-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Americans first tried to support General <a href="/wiki/Maxime_Weygand" title="Maxime Weygand">Maxime Weygand</a>, general delegate of Vichy for Africa until December 1941. After the first choice had failed, they turned to <a href="/wiki/Henri_Giraud" title="Henri Giraud">Henri Giraud</a> shortly before the landing in North Africa on 8 November 1942. Finally, after Admiral <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan" title="François Darlan">François Darlan</a>'s turn towards the Free Forces (he had been prime minister from February 1941 to April 1942) they played him against <span class="nowrap">de Gaulle</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lacroix_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacroix-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>US General <a href="/wiki/Mark_W._Clark" title="Mark W. Clark">Mark W. Clark</a> of the combined Allied command made Darlan sign on 22 November 1942 a treaty putting "North Africa at the disposition of the Americans" and making France "a vassal country".<sup id="cite_ref-Lacroix_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacroix-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington then imagined, between 1941 and 1942, a protectorate status for France, which would be submitted after the Liberation to an <a href="/wiki/Allied_Military_Government_of_Occupied_Territories" title="Allied Military Government of Occupied Territories">Allied Military Government of Occupied Territories</a> (AMGOT) like Germany. After the assassination of Darlan on 24 December 1942, the Americans turned again towards Giraud to whom had rallied <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Couve_de_Murville" title="Maurice Couve de Murville">Maurice Couve de Murville</a>, who had financial responsibilities in Vichy, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lemaigre-Dubreuil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lemaigre-Dubreuil (page does not exist)">Lemaigre-Dubreuil</a>, a former member of <i><a href="/wiki/La_Cagoule" title="La Cagoule">La Cagoule</a></i> and entrepreneur, as well as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Pose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Pose (page does not exist)">Alfred Pose</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Pose" class="extiw" title="fr:Alfred Pose">fr</a>]</sup>, general director of the <i><a href="/wiki/Banque_nationale_pour_le_commerce_et_l%27industrie" class="mw-redirect" title="Banque nationale pour le commerce et l'industrie">Banque nationale pour le commerce et l'industrie</a></i> (National Bank for Trade and Industry).<sup id="cite_ref-Lacroix_67-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacroix-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moscow maintained full diplomatic relations with the Vichy government until 30 June 1941, when they were broken by Vichy expressing support for <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. In response to British requests and sensitivities of the <a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French-Canadian population</a>, Canada, despite being at war with the Axis since 1939, maintained full diplomatic relations with the Vichy regime until early November 1942, when <a href="/wiki/Case_Anton" title="Case Anton">Case Anton</a> led to the complete occupation of Vichy France by the Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mers_el_Kebir_Memorial_at_Toulon,_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mers_el_Kebir_Memorial_at_Toulon%2C_France.jpg/220px-Mers_el_Kebir_Memorial_at_Toulon%2C_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mers_el_Kebir_Memorial_at_Toulon%2C_France.jpg/330px-Mers_el_Kebir_Memorial_at_Toulon%2C_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mers_el_Kebir_Memorial_at_Toulon%2C_France.jpg/440px-Mers_el_Kebir_Memorial_at_Toulon%2C_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1178" /></a><figcaption>Memorial to the 1,297 French seamen who died during the British bombardment of their ships at Mers El Kebir</figcaption></figure> <p>The British feared that the French naval fleet could end up in German hands and be used against its own naval forces, which were so vital to maintaining North Atlantic shipping and communications. Under the armistice, France had been allowed to retain the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a>, the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Marine Nationale</i></span>, under strict conditions. Vichy pledged that the fleet would never fall into German hands but refused to send the fleet beyond Germany's reach by sending it to Britain or to far-away French colonies such as in the West Indies. That did not satisfy <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, who ordered French ships in British ports to be seized by the Royal Navy. Shortly after the armistice (22 June 1940), Britain conducted the <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_French_Fleet_at_Mers-el-Kebir" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of the French Fleet at Mers-el-Kebir">destruction of the French Fleet at Mers-el-Kebir</a>, killing 1,297 French military personnel. Vichy severed diplomatic relations with Britain. The French squadron at <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Emile_Godfroy" class="mw-redirect" title="René-Emile Godfroy">René-Emile Godfroy</a>, was effectively interned until 1943, when an agreement was reached with Admiral <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Browne_Cunningham" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Browne Cunningham">Andrew Browne Cunningham</a>, commander of the British Mediterranean Fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Mers-el-Kebir incident, the British recognised <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a> as the legitimate French government. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">neutral states</a> maintained diplomatic relations with the Vichy regime until the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">liberation of France</a> in 1944, when Pétain resigned and was deported to Germany for the creation of a forced <a href="/wiki/Government-in-exile" title="Government-in-exile">government-in-exile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_Indochina,_Japan_and_Franco-Thai_War"><span id="French_Indochina.2C_Japan_and_Franco-Thai_War"></span>French Indochina, Japan and Franco-Thai War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: French Indochina, Japan and Franco-Thai War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_French_Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of French Indochina">Invasion of French Indochina</a>, <a href="/wiki/French-Thai_War" class="mw-redirect" title="French-Thai War">French-Thai War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_de_main_in_French_Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese coup de main in French Indochina">Japanese coup de main in French Indochina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_troops_entering_Saigon_in_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Japanese_troops_entering_Saigon_in_1941.jpg/220px-Japanese_troops_entering_Saigon_in_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Japanese_troops_entering_Saigon_in_1941.jpg/330px-Japanese_troops_entering_Saigon_in_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Japanese_troops_entering_Saigon_in_1941.jpg/440px-Japanese_troops_entering_Saigon_in_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2709" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>Japanese troops entering <a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a> in 1941</figcaption></figure> <p>In June 1940, the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of France">Fall of France</a> made the French hold on Indochina tenuous. The isolated colonial administration was cut off from outside help and from outside supplies. After negotiations with Japan, the French allowed the Japanese to set up military bases in Indochina.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That seemingly-subservient behaviour convinced Major-General <a href="/wiki/Plaek_Pibulsonggram" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaek Pibulsonggram">Plaek Pibulsonggram</a>, the prime minister of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Thailand">Kingdom of Thailand</a>, that Vichy France would not seriously resist a campaign by the Thai military to recover parts of Cambodia and Laos that had been taken from Thailand by France in the early 20th century. In October 1940, the military forces of Thailand attacked across the border with <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a> and launched the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">Franco-Thai War</a>. Although the French won an <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Koh_Chang" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Koh Chang">important naval victory</a> over the Thais, Japan forced the French to accept Japanese mediation of a peace treaty, which returned the disputed territory to Thai control. The French were left in place to administer the rump colony of Indochina until 9 March 1945, when the Japanese staged a <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Indochina_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Second French Indochina Campaign">coup d'état in French Indochina</a> and took control, establishing their own colony, the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> controlled by Tokyo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colonial_struggle_with_Free_France">Colonial struggle with Free France</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Colonial struggle with Free France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></div> <p>To counter the Vichy government, General Charles <span class="nowrap">de Gaulle</span> created the <a href="/wiki/Free_French_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French Forces">Free French Forces</a> (FFL) after his <a href="/wiki/Appeal_of_18_June" title="Appeal of 18 June">Appeal of 18 June</a> 1940 radio address. Initially, Churchill was ambivalent about <span class="nowrap">de Gaulle</span> and severed diplomatic ties with the Vichy government only when it became clear that Vichy would not join the Allies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India_and_Oceania">India and Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: India and Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until 1962, France possessed <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">four colonies across India</a>, the largest being <a href="/wiki/Pondicherry" title="Pondicherry">Pondicherry</a>. The colonies were small and non-contiguous but politically united. Immediately after the fall of France, the Governor General of French India, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Alexis_%C3%89tienne_Bonvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Alexis Étienne Bonvin">Louis Alexis Étienne Bonvin</a>, declared that the French colonies in India would continue to fight with the British allies. Free French forces from that area and others participated in the Western Desert campaign, although news of the death of French-Indian soldiers caused some disturbances in Pondicherry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The French <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">possessions in Oceania</a> joined the Free French in 1940 or in one case in 1942. They later served as bases for the Allied effort in the Pacific and contributed troops to the Free French Forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Jouin1965_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jouin1965-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Appeal_of_18_June" title="Appeal of 18 June">Appeal of 18 June</a>, debate arose among the population of <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>. A <a href="/wiki/1940_French_Polynesian_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1940 French Polynesian referendum">referendum was organised</a> on 2 September 1940 in <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moorea" class="mw-redirect" title="Moorea">Moorea</a>, with outlying islands reporting agreement in the following days. The vote was 5564 to 18 in favour of joining the Free French.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>, American forces identified French Polynesia as an ideal refuelling point between <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaii</a> and Australia and, with <span class="nowrap">de Gaulle</span>'s agreement, organised "Operation Bobcat" to send nine ships with 5000 American soldiers to build a naval refuelling base and airstrip and set up coastal defence guns on <a href="/wiki/Bora_Bora" title="Bora Bora">Bora Bora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That first experience was valuable in later <a href="/wiki/Seabee_(US_Navy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seabee (US Navy)">Seabee</a> (phonetic pronunciation of the naval acronym, CB, or Construction Battalion) efforts in the Pacific, and the Bora Bora base <a href="/wiki/Seabees_in_World_War_II#The_Pacific_theater" title="Seabees in World War II">supplied the Allied ships and planes</a> that fought the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">battle of the Coral Sea</a>. Troops from French Polynesia and <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> formed a <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Bataillon du Pacifique</i></span> in 1940; became part of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Free_French_Division" title="1st Free French Division">1st Free French Division</a> in 1942, distinguishing themselves during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bir_Hakeim" title="Battle of Bir Hakeim">Battle of Bir Hakeim</a> and subsequently combining with another unit to form the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Bataillon d'infanterie de marine et du Pacifique</i></span>; fought in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Italian Campaign</a>, distinguishing themselves at the <a href="/wiki/Garigliano" title="Garigliano">Garigliano</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Battle of Monte Cassino</a> and on to <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Tuscany</a>; and participated in the <a href="/wiki/Provence_landings" class="mw-redirect" title="Provence landings">Provence landings</a> and onwards to the Liberation of France.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Sautot" title="Henri Sautot">Henri Sautot</a> promptly declared allegiance to the Free French on 20 July, the first colonial head to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-OL_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OL-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outcome was decided by a combination of patriotism and <a href="/wiki/Economic_opportunism" title="Economic opportunism">economic opportunism</a> in the expectation that independence would result.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sautot subsequently sailed to <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>, where he took control on 19 September.<sup id="cite_ref-OL_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OL-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its location on the edge of the Coral Sea and on the flank of Australia made New Caledonia become strategically critical in the effort to combat the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_expansion_(1941%E2%80%931942)" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese expansion (1941–1942)">Japanese advance in the Pacific in 1941–1942</a> and to protect the sea lanes between North America and Australia. <a href="/wiki/Noum%C3%A9a" title="Nouméa">Nouméa</a> served as a headquarters of the United States Navy (<a href="/wiki/Naval_Base_New_Caledonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Base New Caledonia">Naval Base New Caledonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Area" title="South Pacific Area">South Pacific Area</a>) and Army in the South Pacific,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as a repair base for Allied vessels. New Caledonia contributed personnel both to the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Bataillon du Pacifique</i></span> and to the <a href="/wiki/Free_French_Naval_Forces" title="Free French Naval Forces">Free French Naval Forces</a> that saw action in the Pacific and Indian Ocean. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a>, the local administrator and bishop sided with Vichy but faced opposition from some of the population and clergy; their attempts at naming a local king in 1941 to buffer the territory from their opponents backfired as the newly elected king refused to declare allegiance to Pétain. The situation stagnated for a long while due to the remoteness of the islands and because no overseas ship visited the islands for 17 months after January 1941. An <a href="/wiki/Aviso" title="Aviso">aviso</a> sent from <a href="/wiki/Noum%C3%A9a" title="Nouméa">Nouméa</a> took over Wallis on behalf of the Free French on 27 May 1942 and Futuna on 29 May 1942. That allowed American forces to build an airbase and seaplane base on Wallis (Navy 207) that served the Allied Pacific operations.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Martinique#World_War_II" title="History of Martinique">History of Martinique § World War II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_French_Guiana#20th_century" title="History of French Guiana">History of French Guiana § 20th century</a></div> <p>A Vichy France plan to have <a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a> build powerful transmitters on <a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a> in 1941 to enable private trans-Atlantic communications was blocked after pressure by Roosevelt. On 24 December 1941 Free French forces on three corvettes, supported by a submarine landed and seized control of Saint Pierre and Miquelon on orders from <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> without reference to any of the Allied commanders.<sup id="cite_ref-Intrepid_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intrepid-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>, on the northern coast of South America, removed its Vichy-supporting government on 22 March 1943,<sup id="cite_ref-GUSO_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUSO-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shortly after eight allied ships had been sunk by a German submarine off the coast of Guiana,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the arrival of American troops by air on 20 March.<sup id="cite_ref-GUSO_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUSO-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> became home to the bulk of the Gold reserve of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_France" title="Bank of France">Bank of France</a>, with 286 tons of gold transported there on the <a href="/wiki/French_cruiser_%C3%89mile_Bertin" title="French cruiser Émile Bertin">French cruiser <i>Émile Bertin</i></a> in June 1940. The island was blockaded by the British navy until an agreement was reached to immobilise French ships in port. The British used the gold as collateral for <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a> facilities from the Americans on the basis that it could be "acquired" at any time if needed.<sup id="cite_ref-Intrepid_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intrepid-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1943, Free French sympathisers on the island took control of the gold and the fleet once Admiral <a href="/wiki/Georges_Robert_(admiral)" title="Georges Robert (admiral)">Georges Robert</a> departed following a threat by America to launch a full-scale invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-GUSO_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUSO-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies" title="French West Indies">French West Indies</a>, also changed allegiance in 1943 after Admiral Georges Robert ordered police to fire on protestors,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before he fled back to Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equatorial_and_West_Africa">Equatorial and West Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Equatorial and West Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Central Africa, three of the four colonies in <a href="/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa" title="French Equatorial Africa">French Equatorial Africa</a> went over to the Free French almost immediately: <a href="/wiki/French_Chad" title="French Chad">French Chad</a> on 26 August 1940, <a href="/wiki/French_Congo" title="French Congo">French Congo</a> on 29 August 1940, and <a href="/wiki/Ubangi-Shari" title="Ubangi-Shari">Ubangi-Shari</a> on 30 August 1940. They were joined by the French <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cameroun" class="mw-redirect" title="Cameroun">Cameroun</a> on 27 August 1940. </p><p>On 23 September 1940, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> and Free French forces under Gaulle launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Menace" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Menace">Operation Menace</a>, an attempt to seize the strategic Vichy-held port of <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a> in <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>). After attempts to encourage them to join the Allies were rebuffed by the defenders, fierce fighting erupted between Vichy and Allied forces. <a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(09)" title="HMS Resolution (09)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> was heavily damaged by torpedoes, and Free French troops landing at a beach south of the port were driven off by heavy fire. Even worse from a strategic point of view, bombers of the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_French_Air_Force" title="Vichy French Air Force">Vichy French Air Force</a> based in North Africa began bombing the British base at <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Gibraltar during World War II">Gibraltar</a> in response to the attack on Dakar. Shaken by the resolute Vichy defence and not wanting to further escalate the conflict, British and Free French forces withdrew on 25 September, bringing the battle to an end. </p><p>One colony in <a href="/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa" title="French Equatorial Africa">French Equatorial Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>, had to be occupied by military force between 27 October and 12 November 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 November 1940, Free French forces under the command of <span class="nowrap">de Gaulle</span> and <a href="/wiki/Marie-Pierre_K%C5%93nig" title="Marie-Pierre Kœnig">Marie-Pierre Kœnig</a>, along with the assistance of the Royal Navy, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gabon" title="Battle of Gabon">invaded Vichy-held Gabon</a>. The capital, <a href="/wiki/Libreville" title="Libreville">Libreville</a>, was bombed and captured. The final Vichy troops in Gabon surrendered without any military confrontation with the Allies at <a href="/wiki/Port-Gentil" title="Port-Gentil">Port-Gentil</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_Somaliland">French Somaliland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: French Somaliland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland_in_World_War_II" title="French Somaliland in World War II">French Somaliland in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Somaliland_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/French_Somaliland_1922.jpg/220px-French_Somaliland_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/French_Somaliland_1922.jpg/330px-French_Somaliland_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/French_Somaliland_1922.jpg/440px-French_Somaliland_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1665" data-file-height="1081" /></a><figcaption>Map of French Somaliland, 1922</figcaption></figure> <p>The governor of French Somaliland (now <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>), Brigadier-General <a href="/wiki/Paul_Legentilhomme" title="Paul Legentilhomme">Paul Legentilhomme</a>, had a garrison of seven battalions of Senegalese and Somali infantry, three batteries of field guns, four batteries of anti-aircraft guns, a company of light tanks, four companies of militia and irregulars, two platoons of the camel corps and an assortment of aircraft. After visiting from <span class="nowrap">8–13 January</span> 1940, British General <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell" class="mw-redirect" title="Archibald Wavell">Archibald Wavell</a> decided that Legentilhomme would command the military forces in both Somalilands in case of war against Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaugh199375–76_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaugh199375–76-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June, an Italian force was assembled to capture the port city of <a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti (city)">Djibouti</a>, the main military base.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair_et_al.195489_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair_et_al.195489-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of France">Fall of France</a> in June, the neutralisation of Vichy French colonies allowed the Italians to concentrate on the more lightly defended British Somaliland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMockler1984241_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMockler1984241-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 July, Legentilhomme was ousted by the pro-Vichy naval officer <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Nouailhetas" title="Pierre Nouailhetas">Pierre Nouailhetas</a> and left on 5 August for Aden, to join the <a href="/wiki/Free_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French">Free French</a>. </p><p>In March 1941, the British enforcement of a strict contraband regime to prevent supplies being passed on to the Italians, lost its point after the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a>. The British changed policy, with encouragement from the Free French, to "rally French Somaliland to the Allied cause without bloodshed". The Free French were to arrange a "voluntary ralliement" by propaganda (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Marie" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Marie">Operation Marie</a>), and the British were to blockade the colony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004322–323_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004322–323-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wavell considered that if British pressure was applied, a rally would appear to have been coerced. Wavell preferred to let the propaganda continue and provided a small amount of supplies under strict control. When the policy had no effect, Wavell suggested negotiations with Vichy governor Louis Nouailhetas to use the port and railway. The suggestion was accepted by the British government but because of the concessions granted to the Vichy regime in Syria, proposals were made to invade the colony instead. In June, Nouailhetas was given an ultimatum, the blockade was tightened and the Italian garrison at Assab was defeated by an operation from Aden. For six months, Nouailhetas remained willing to grant concessions over the port and railway but would not tolerate Free French interference. In October, the blockade was reviewed, but the beginning of the war against Japan in December led to all but two blockade ships being withdrawn. On 2 January 1942, the Vichy government offered the use of the port and railway, subject to the lifting of the blockade but the British refused and ended the blockade unilaterally in March.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004323–324_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004323–324-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syria_and_Madagascar">Syria and Madagascar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Syria and Madagascar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The next flashpoint between Britain and Vichy France came when a <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">revolt</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> was put down by British forces in June 1941. The <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regia_Aeronautica" title="Regia Aeronautica">Italian Air Force</a> aircraft, staging through the French possession of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, intervened in the fighting in small numbers. That highlighted Syria as a threat to British interests in the Middle East. Consequently, on 8 June, British and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> forces invaded Syria and <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>; this was known as the <a href="/wiki/Syria-Lebanon_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria-Lebanon campaign">Syria-Lebanon campaign</a>, or Operation Exporter. The Syrian capital, <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, was captured on 17 June and the five-week campaign ended with the fall of <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> and the Convention of Acre (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Saint_Jean_d%27Acre" title="Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre">Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre</a></i></span>) on 14 July 1941. </p><p>The additional participation of Free French forces in the Syrian operation was controversial within Allied circles. It raised the prospect of Frenchmen shooting at Frenchmen, raising fears of a civil war. Additionally it was believed that the Free French were widely reviled within Vichy military circles and that Vichy forces in Syria were less likely to resist the British if they were not accompanied by elements of the Free French. Nevertheless, <span class="nowrap">de Gaulle</span> convinced Churchill to allow his forces to participate, although <span class="nowrap">de Gaulle</span> was forced to agree to a joint British and Free French proclamation promising that Syria and Lebanon would become fully independent at the end of the war. </p><p>From 5 May to 6 November 1942, British and Commonwealth forces conducted Operation Ironclad, known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a>, the seizure of the large, Vichy French-controlled island of <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, which the British feared Japanese forces might use as a base to disrupt trade and communications in the Indian Ocean. The initial landing at <a href="/wiki/Antsiranana" title="Antsiranana">Diégo-Suarez</a> was relatively quick, though it took British forces a further six months to gain control of the entire island.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_North_Africa">French North Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: French North Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="French Committee of National Liberation">French Committee of National Liberation</a></div> <p>Operation Torch was the American and British invasion of French North Africa (<a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>), started on 8 November 1942, with landings in Morocco and Algeria. The long-term goal was to clear German and Italian forces from North Africa, enhance naval control of the Mediterranean and prepare for an invasion of Italy in 1943. The <a href="/wiki/Vichy_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy Army">Vichy forces</a> initially resisted, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">killing 479 Allied forces and wounding 720</a>. Admiral <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan" title="François Darlan">François Darlan</a> initiated co-operation with the Allies, who recognised Darlan's self-nomination as High Commissioner of France (head of civil government) for North and West Africa. He ordered Vichy forces there to cease resisting and to co-operate with the Allies, and they did so. When the <a href="/wiki/Tunisia_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisia Campaign">Tunisia Campaign</a> was fought, the French forces in North Africa had gone over to the Allied side and joined the Free French.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Degaulle-freefrench.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Degaulle-freefrench.png/220px-Degaulle-freefrench.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Degaulle-freefrench.png/330px-Degaulle-freefrench.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Degaulle-freefrench.png/440px-Degaulle-freefrench.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henri_Giraud" title="Henri Giraud">Henri Giraud</a> and <span class="nowrap">de Gaulle</span> during the <a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Conference_(1943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Casablanca Conference (1943)">Casablanca Conference</a> in January 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>In North Africa, after the 8 November 1942 <a href="/wiki/Putsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Putsch">putsch</a> by the French Resistance, most Vichy figures were arrested, including General <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Juin" title="Alphonse Juin">Alphonse Juin</a>, chief commander in North Africa, and Admiral <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan" title="François Darlan">François Darlan</a>. Darlan was released, and US General <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> finally accepted his self-nomination as <a href="/wiki/French_Civil_and_Military_High_Command" title="French Civil and Military High Command">High Commissioner of North Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Afrique occidentale française</i></span>, AOF), a move that enraged <span class="nowrap">de Gaulle</span>, who refused to recognise Darlan's status. After Darlan signed an armistice with the Allies and took power in North Africa, Germany violated the 1940 armistice with France and invaded Vichy France on 10 November 1942 in the operation code-named <a href="/wiki/Case_Anton" title="Case Anton">Case Anton</a>, triggering the <a href="/wiki/Scuttling_of_the_French_fleet_in_Toulon" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon">scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon</a>. </p><p>Henri Giraud arrived in Algiers on 10 November 1942 and agreed to subordinate himself to Admiral Darlan as the French Africa army commander. Even though Darlan was now in the Allied camp, he maintained the repressive Vichy system in North Africa, including <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camps_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentration camps in France">concentration camps</a> in southern Algeria and racist laws. Detainees were also forced to work on the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_Railway" title="Trans-Saharan Railway">Trans-Saharan Railway</a>. Jewish goods were "aryanized" (stolen), and a special Jewish Affairs service was created, directed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Gazagne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Gazagne (page does not exist)">Pierre Gazagne</a>. Numerous Jewish children were prohibited from going to school, which even Vichy had not implemented in Metropolitan France.<sup id="cite_ref-LDHNorthAfrica_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LDHNorthAfrica-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darlan was assassinated on 24 December 1942 in Algiers by the young monarchist <a href="/wiki/Bonnier_de_La_Chapelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonnier de La Chapelle">Bonnier de La Chapelle</a>. Although <span class="nowrap">de La Chapelle</span> had been a member of the resistance group led by <a href="/wiki/Henri_d%27Astier_de_La_Vigerie" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri d'Astier de La Vigerie">Henri d'Astier de La Vigerie</a>, he is believed to have acted as an individual. </p><p>After Darlan's assassination, Henri Giraud became his <i>de facto</i> successor in French Africa with Allied support. That occurred through a series of consultations between Giraud and <span class="nowrap">de Gaulle</span>. The latter wanted to pursue a political position in France and agreed to have Giraud as commander-in-chief, who was more qualified militarily. Later, the Americans sent <a href="/wiki/Jean_Monnet" title="Jean Monnet">Jean Monnet</a> to counsel Giraud and to press him to repeal the Vichy laws. After difficult negotiations, Giraud agreed to suppress the racist laws and to liberate Vichy prisoners from the southern Algerian concentration camps. The <a href="/wiki/Cremieux_decree" class="mw-redirect" title="Cremieux decree">Cremieux decree</a>, which granted French citizenship to Jews in Algeria and had been repealed by Vichy, was immediately restored by Gaulle. </p><p>Giraud took part in the <a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Conference_(1943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Casablanca Conference (1943)">Casablanca Conference</a>, with Roosevelt, Churchill, and <span class="nowrap">de Gaulle</span> in January 1943. The Allies discussed their general strategy for the war and recognised joint leadership of North Africa by Giraud and <span class="nowrap">de Gaulle</span>. Giraud and <span class="nowrap">de Gaulle</span> then became co-presidents of the <a href="/wiki/French_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="French Committee of National Liberation">French Committee of National Liberation</a>, which unified the Free French Forces and territories controlled by them and had been founded in late 1943. Democratic rule for the European population was restored in <a href="/wiki/French_rule_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="French rule in Algeria">French Algeria</a>, and the Communists and Jews liberated from the concentration camps.<sup id="cite_ref-LDHNorthAfrica_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LDHNorthAfrica-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late April 1945 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Gazagne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Gazagne (page does not exist)">Pierre Gazagne</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Gazagne" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre Gazagne">fr</a>]</span>, secretary of the general government headed by <a href="/wiki/Yves_Chataigneau" title="Yves Chataigneau">Yves Chataigneau</a>, took advantage of his absence to exile anti-imperialist leader <a href="/wiki/Messali_Hadj" title="Messali Hadj">Messali Hadj</a> and arrest the leaders of his <a href="/wiki/Algerian_People%27s_Party" title="Algerian People's Party">Algerian People's Party</a> (PPA).<sup id="cite_ref-LDHNorthAfrica_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LDHNorthAfrica-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the day of the Liberation of France, the GPRF would harshly repress a rebellion in Algeria during the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9tif_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sétif massacre">Sétif massacre</a> of 8 May 1945, which has been characterised by some historians as the "real beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-LDHNorthAfrica_94-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LDHNorthAfrica-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany">Collaboration with Nazi Germany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Collaboration with Nazi Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-027-1475-37,_Marseille,_deutsch-franz%C3%B6sische_Besprechung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-027-1475-37%2C_Marseille%2C_deutsch-franz%C3%B6sische_Besprechung.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-027-1475-37%2C_Marseille%2C_deutsch-franz%C3%B6sische_Besprechung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-027-1475-37%2C_Marseille%2C_deutsch-franz%C3%B6sische_Besprechung.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-027-1475-37%2C_Marseille%2C_deutsch-franz%C3%B6sische_Besprechung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-027-1475-37%2C_Marseille%2C_deutsch-franz%C3%B6sische_Besprechung.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-027-1475-37%2C_Marseille%2C_deutsch-franz%C3%B6sische_Besprechung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>23 January 1943: German-Vichy French meeting in <a href="/wiki/Marseilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Marseilles">Marseilles</a>. SS-<i>Sturmbannführer</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernhard_Griese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernhard Griese (page does not exist)">Bernhard Griese</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Lemoine_(prefect)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcel Lemoine (prefect) (page does not exist)">Marcel Lemoine</a> (regional <i><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9fet" class="mw-redirect" title="Préfet">préfet</a></i>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rolf_M%C3%BChler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rolf Mühler (page does not exist)">Rolf Mühler</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_M%C3%BChler" class="extiw" title="de:Rolf Mühler">de</a>]</span> (Commander of Marseilles <i><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitspolizei" title="Sicherheitspolizei">Sicherheitspolizei</a></i>); <i>laughing:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Bousquet" title="René Bousquet">René Bousquet</a> (General Secretary of the French National Police created in 1941), creator of the GMRs; <i>behind:</i> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Darquier_de_Pellepoix" title="Louis Darquier de Pellepoix">Louis Darquier de Pellepoix</a> (Commissioner for Jewish Affairs).</figcaption></figure> <p>Vichy is often described as a German <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a>, although it has also been argued it had an agenda of its own.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians distinguish between state collaboration followed by the Vichy regime, and "collaborationists", who were private French citizens eager to collaborate with Germany and who pushed towards a radicalisation of the regime. <i>Pétainistes</i>, on the other hand, were direct supporters of Marshal Pétain rather than of Germany (although they accepted Pétain's state collaboration). State collaboration was sealed by the <a href="/wiki/Montoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Montoire">Montoire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Loir-et-Cher" title="Loir-et-Cher">Loir-et-Cher</a>) interview in Hitler's train on 24 October 1940, during which Pétain and Hitler shook hands and agreed on co-operation between the two states. Organised by Pierre Laval, a strong proponent of collaboration, the interview and the handshake were photographed and exploited by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi propaganda">Nazi propaganda</a> to gain the support of the civilian population. On 30 October 1940, Pétain made state collaboration official, declaring on the radio: "I enter today on the path of collaboration."<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 June 1942, Laval declared that he was "hoping for the victory of Germany". The sincere desire to collaborate did not stop the Vichy government from organising the arrest and even sometimes the execution of German spies entering the Vichy zone.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The composition and policies of the Vichy cabinet were mixed. Many Vichy officials, such as Pétain, were <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionaries</a> who felt that France's unfortunate fate was a result of its republican character and the actions of its left-wing governments of the 1930s, in particular of the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(France)" title="Popular Front (France)">Popular Front</a> (1936–1938) led by <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Léon Blum</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Charles Maurras</a>, a monarchist writer and founder of the <i><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></i> movement, judged that Pétain's accession to power was, in that respect, a "divine surprise", and many people of his persuasion believed it preferable to have an authoritarian government similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>'s Spain, even if under Germany's yoke, than to have a republican government. Others, like <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Darnand" title="Joseph Darnand">Joseph Darnand</a>, were strong <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semites</a> and overt <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> sympathizers. A number of these joined the units of the <i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_des_Volontaires_Fran%C3%A7ais_contre_le_Bolch%C3%A9visme" class="mw-redirect" title="Légion des Volontaires Français contre le Bolchévisme">Légion des Volontaires Français contre le Bolchévisme</a></i> (Legion of French Volunteers Against <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevism</a>) fighting on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>, later becoming the <a href="/wiki/33rd_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_Charlemagne_(1st_French)" class="mw-redirect" title="33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne (1st French)">SS Charlemagne Division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Technocracy_(bureaucratic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Technocracy (bureaucratic)">technocrats</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bichelonne" title="Jean Bichelonne">Jean Bichelonne</a> and engineers from the <a href="/wiki/Groupe_X-Crise" class="mw-redirect" title="Groupe X-Crise">Groupe X-Crise</a> used their position to push various state, administrative, and economic reforms. These reforms have been cited as evidence of a continuity of the French administration before and after the war. Many of these civil servants and the reforms they advocated were retained after the war. Just as the necessities of a <a href="/wiki/War_economy" title="War economy">war economy</a> during the First World War had pushed forward state measures to reorganise the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France" title="Economy of France">economy of France</a> against the prevailing <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberal</a> theories – structures retained after the 1919 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> – reforms adopted during World War II were kept and extended. Along with the 15 March 1944 Charter of the <a href="/wiki/Conseil_National_de_la_R%C3%A9sistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Conseil National de la Résistance">Conseil National de la Résistance</a> (CNR), which gathered all Resistance movements under one unified political body, these reforms were a primary instrument in the establishment of post-war <i><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">dirigisme</a></i>, a kind of semi-planned economy which led to France becoming a modern <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a>. An example of such continuities is the creation of the French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems by <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Alexis Carrel</a>, a renowned physician who also supported <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a>. This institution was renamed as the <a href="/wiki/Institut_national_d%27%C3%A9tudes_d%C3%A9mographiques" title="Institut national d'études démographiques">National Institute of Demographic Studies</a> (INED) after the war and exists to this day. Another example is the creation of the national statistics institute, renamed <a href="/wiki/INSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="INSEE">INSEE</a> after the Liberation. </p><p>The reorganisation and unification of the French police by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Bousquet" title="René Bousquet">René Bousquet</a>, who created the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">groupes mobiles de réserve</i></span> (GMR, Reserve Mobile Groups), is another example of Vichy policy reform and restructuring maintained by subsequent governments. A national paramilitary police force, the GMR was occasionally used in actions against the <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a>, but its main purpose was to enforce Vichy authority through intimidation and repression of the civilian population. After Liberation, some of its units were merged with the <a href="/wiki/Free_French_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French Forces">Free French Army</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Compagnies_R%C3%A9publicaines_de_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9" title="Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité">Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité</a> (CRS, Republican Security Companies), France's main anti-riot force. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racial_policies_and_collaboration">Racial policies and collaboration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Racial policies and collaboration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S69238,_Frankreich,_Internierungslager_Pithiviers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S69238%2C_Frankreich%2C_Internierungslager_Pithiviers.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S69238%2C_Frankreich%2C_Internierungslager_Pithiviers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S69238%2C_Frankreich%2C_Internierungslager_Pithiviers.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S69238%2C_Frankreich%2C_Internierungslager_Pithiviers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S69238%2C_Frankreich%2C_Internierungslager_Pithiviers.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S69238%2C_Frankreich%2C_Internierungslager_Pithiviers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>French Police registering new inmates at the Pithiviers camp</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-720-0318-36,_Frankreich,_Milizion%C3%A4r_bewacht_Widerstandsk%C3%A4mpfer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-720-0318-36%2C_Frankreich%2C_Milizion%C3%A4r_bewacht_Widerstandsk%C3%A4mpfer.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-720-0318-36%2C_Frankreich%2C_Milizion%C3%A4r_bewacht_Widerstandsk%C3%A4mpfer.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-720-0318-36%2C_Frankreich%2C_Milizion%C3%A4r_bewacht_Widerstandsk%C3%A4mpfer.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-720-0318-36%2C_Frankreich%2C_Milizion%C3%A4r_bewacht_Widerstandsk%C3%A4mpfer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-720-0318-36%2C_Frankreich%2C_Milizion%C3%A4r_bewacht_Widerstandsk%C3%A4mpfer.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-720-0318-36%2C_Frankreich%2C_Milizion%C3%A4r_bewacht_Widerstandsk%C3%A4mpfer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="796" /></a><figcaption>French <a href="/wiki/Milice" title="Milice">Milice</a> guarding detainees</figcaption></figure> <p>Germany interfered little in internal French affairs for the first two years after the armistice, as long as public order was maintained.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2001139_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2001139-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As soon as it was established, Pétain's government voluntarily took measures against "undesirables": <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">Jews</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Metic" title="Metic">métèques</a></i> (immigrants from Mediterranean countries), <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_France" title="Freemasonry in France">Freemasons</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">Communists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_France" title="Romani people in France">Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany_and_the_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust">homosexuals</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ordremoral143_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ordremoral143-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and left-wing activists. Inspired by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Charles Maurras</a>'s conception of the "Anti-France" (which he defined as the "four confederate states of Protestants, Jews, Freemasons, and foreigners"), Vichy persecuted these supposed enemies. </p><p>In July 1940, Vichy set up a special commission charged with reviewing <a href="/wiki/Naturalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalisation">naturalisations</a> granted since the 1927 <a href="/wiki/French_nationality_law" title="French nationality law">reform of the nationality law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between June 1940 and August 1944, 15,000 persons, mostly Jews, were denaturalised.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This bureaucratic decision was instrumental in their subsequent internment in the <a href="/wiki/Green_ticket_roundup" title="Green ticket roundup">green ticket roundup</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Internment_camps_in_France" title="Internment camps in France">Internment camps in France</a> inaugurated by the Third Republic were immediately put to new use, ultimately becoming transit camps for the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> and the extermination of all undesirables, including the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> (who refer to the extermination of the Romani as <a href="/wiki/Porrajmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Porrajmos">Porrajmos</a>). A Vichy law of 4 October 1940 authorised internments of foreign <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> on the sole basis of a <a href="/wiki/French_prefectures" class="mw-redirect" title="French prefectures">prefectoral order</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the first raids took place in May 1941. Vichy imposed no restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Black people in France">black people</a> in the Unoccupied Zone; the regime even had a mixed-race cabinet minister, the Martinique-born lawyer <a href="/wiki/Henry_L%C3%A9mery" title="Henry Lémery">Henry Lémery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Third Republic had first opened concentration camps during World War I for the internment of <a href="/wiki/Enemy_alien" title="Enemy alien">enemy aliens</a> and later used them for other purposes. <a href="/wiki/Camp_Gurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp Gurs">Camp Gurs</a>, for example, had been set up in southwestern France after the <a href="/wiki/Catalonia_Offensive" title="Catalonia Offensive">fall of Catalonia</a>, in the first months of 1939, during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> (1936–1939), to receive the Republican refugees, including <a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">Brigadists</a> from all nations, fleeing the <a href="/wiki/Francoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoist">Francoists</a>. After <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Édouard Daladier</a>'s government (April 1938 – March 1940) took the decision to outlaw the <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a> (PCF) following the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">German–Soviet non-aggression pact</a> (the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact) in August 1939, these camps were also used to intern French communists. <a href="/wiki/Drancy_internment_camp" title="Drancy internment camp">Drancy internment camp</a> was founded in 1939 for this use; it later became the central transit camp through which all deportees passed on their way to concentration and <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camps</a> in the Third Reich and Eastern Europe. When the <a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a> started with France's declaration of war against Germany on 3 September 1939, these camps were used to intern enemy aliens. These included German Jews and <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-fascist">anti-fascists</a>, but any German citizen (or other <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> national) could also be interned in Camp Gurs and others. As the Wehrmacht advanced into Northern France, common prisoners evacuated from prisons were also interned in these camps. Camp Gurs received its first contingent of political prisoners in June 1940. It included left-wing activists (communists, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">anarchists</a>, trade-unionists, <a href="/wiki/Anti-militarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-militarist">anti-militarists</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Pacifist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacifist">pacifists</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/French_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="French Fascism">French fascists</a> who supported <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Italy</a> and Germany. Finally, after Pétain's proclamation of the "French State" and the beginning of the implementation of the "<i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></i>" (National Revolution), the French administration opened up many concentration camps, to the point that, as historian Maurice Rajsfus writes, "The quick opening of new camps created employment, and the <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">Gendarmerie</a> never ceased to hire during this period."<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Suspicions had been raised among prefects and police officials by the Vichy Minister of Interior as to the intentions of the men working within the camps. Many were suspected of retaining ties to anti-fascist groups as well as the burgeoning maquis and resistance groups, in particular in the southern departments. The Vichy Minister of Interior wrote in 1942; "I am advised that the Travailleurs Étrangers...continue to be mobilization centres on behalf of the revolution. The responsible leaders of the communist activities have been recruiting among the Spanish Republicans...who, during the civil war in their own country, showed that they are capable of furnishing the core of an insurrectionary army".<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides the political prisoners already detained there, Gurs was then used to intern foreign Jews, <a href="/wiki/Stateless_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Stateless person">stateless persons</a>, and Romani. Social undesirables such as homosexuals and prostitutes were also interned. Vichy opened its first internment camp in the northern zone on 5 October 1940, in <a href="/wiki/Aincourt" title="Aincourt">Aincourt</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Seine-et-Oise" title="Seine-et-Oise">Seine-et-Oise</a> department, which it quickly filled with PCF members.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Saltworks_at_Arc-et-Senans" title="Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans">Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Doubs" title="Doubs">Doubs</a>, was used to intern Romani.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Camp_des_Milles" title="Camp des Milles">Camp des Milles</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence" title="Aix-en-Provence">Aix-en-Provence</a>, was the largest internment camp in the Southeast of France; twenty-five hundred Jews were deported from there following the <a href="#August_1942_and_January_1943_raids">August 1942 raids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exiled Republican, antifascist Spaniards who had sought refuge in France after the Nationalist victory in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> were then deported, and 5,000 of them died in <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen concentration camp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cite_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cite-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, French colonial soldiers were interned by the Germans in French territory instead of being deported.<sup id="cite_ref-Cite_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cite-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides the concentration camps opened by Vichy, the Germans also opened some <a href="/wiki/Ilag" title="Ilag">Ilags</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Internierungslager</i></span>) for the detention of enemy aliens on French territory; in Alsace, which was under the direct administration of the Reich, they opened the <a href="/wiki/Natzweiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Natzweiler">Natzweiler camp</a>, the only concentration camp created by the Nazis on French territory. Natzweiler included a <a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">gas chamber</a>, which was used to exterminate at least 86 detainees (mostly Jewish) with the aim of obtaining a collection of undamaged skeletons for the use of Nazi professor <a href="/wiki/August_Hirt" title="August Hirt">August Hirt</a>. </p><p>The Vichy government took a number of racially motivated measures. In August 1940, laws against antisemitism in the media (the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marchandeau_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marchandeau Act (page does not exist)">Marchandeau Act</a>) were repealed, while decree n°1775 of 5 September 1943 <a href="/wiki/Denaturalised" class="mw-redirect" title="Denaturalised">denaturalised</a> a number of French citizens, in particular Jews from Eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Cite_112-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cite-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foreigners were rounded-up in "Foreign Workers' Groups" (<i>groupements de travailleurs étrangers</i>) and as with the colonial troops, used by the Germans as manpower.<sup id="cite_ref-Cite_112-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cite-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The October <a href="/wiki/Law_on_the_status_of_Jews" title="Law on the status of Jews">law on the status of Jews</a> excluded them from the civil administration and numerous other professions. </p><p>Vichy also enacted racial laws in its territories in North Africa. "The history of the Holocaust in France's three North African colonies (Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia) is intrinsically tied to France's fate during this period."<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With regard to economic contribution to the German economy, it is estimated that France provided 42% of the total foreign aid.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eugenics_policies">Eugenics policies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Eugenics policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Vichy_France" title="Special:EditPage/Vichy France">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1941, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Alexis Carrel</a>, an early proponent of <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a>, and a member of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Doriot" title="Jacques Doriot">Jacques Doriot</a>'s <a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party" title="French Popular Party">French Popular Party</a> (PPF),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> advocated for the creation of the <a href="/wiki/French_Foundation_for_the_Study_of_Human_Problems" title="French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems">French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems</a> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Fondation Française pour l'Étude des Problèmes Humains</i></span>), using connections to the Pétain cabinet. Charged with the "study, in all of its aspects, of measures aimed at safeguarding, improving and developing the French population in all of its activities", the Foundation was created by decree of the collaborationist Vichy regime in 1941, and Carrel was appointed as "regent".<sup id="cite_ref-Reggiani_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reggiani-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Foundation also had for some time as general secretary <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Perroux" title="François Perroux">François Perroux</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Foundation was behind the 16 December 1942 Act mandating the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prenuptial_certificate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prenuptial certificate (page does not exist)">prenuptial certificate</a>", which required all couples seeking marriage to submit to a biological examination, to ensure the "good health" of the spouses, in particular with regard to <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted disease">sexually transmitted diseases</a> (STDs) and "life hygiene".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Carrel's institute also conceived the "scholar booklet" (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">"livret scolaire</i></span>"), which could be used to record students' grades in <a href="/wiki/Education_in_France" title="Education in France">French secondary schools</a> and thus classify and select them according to scholastic performance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Besides these eugenic activities aimed at classifying the population and improving its health, the Foundation also supported an 11 October 1946 law instituting <a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">occupational medicine</a>, enacted by the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government of the French Republic</a> (GPRF) after the Liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph.co.uk_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Foundation initiated studies on demographics (Robert Gessain, Paul Vincent, Jean Bourgeois), nutrition (Jean Sutter), and housing (Jean Merlet), as well as the first polls (<a href="/wiki/Jean_Stoetzel" title="Jean Stoetzel">Jean Stoetzel</a>). The foundation, which after the war became the <a href="/wiki/INED" class="mw-redirect" title="INED">INED</a> demographics institute, employed 300 researchers from the summer of 1942 to the end of the autumn<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2009)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> of 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The foundation was chartered as a public institution under the joint supervision of the ministries of finance and public health. It was given financial autonomy and a budget of forty million francs, roughly one franc per inhabitant: a true luxury considering the burdens imposed by the German Occupation on the nation's resources. By way of comparison, the whole <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Centre_National_de_la_Recherche_Scientifique" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique">Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique</a></span></span> (CNRS) was given a budget of fifty million francs."<sup id="cite_ref-Reggiani_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reggiani-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexis Carrel had previously published in 1935 the best-selling book <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">L'Homme, cet inconnu</i></span> ("Man, This Unknown"). Since the early 1930s, Carrel had advocated the use of <a href="/wiki/Gas_chambers" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas chambers">gas chambers</a> to rid humanity of its "inferior stock"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, endorsing the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a> discourse.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One of the founders of these <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscientifical</a> theories had been <a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">Arthur de Gobineau</a> in his 1853–1855 essay titled "<a href="/wiki/An_Essay_on_the_Inequality_of_the_Human_Races" title="An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races">An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph.co.uk_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1936 preface to the German edition of his book, Alexis Carrel had added a praise to the eugenics policies of the Third Reich, writing the following: </p> <blockquote><p>The German government has taken energetic measures against the propagation of the defective, the mentally diseased, and the criminal. The ideal solution would be the suppression of each of these individuals as soon as he has proven himself to be dangerous.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Carrel also wrote this in his book: </p> <blockquote><p>The conditioning of petty criminals with the whip, or some more scientific procedure, followed by a short stay in hospital, would probably suffice to ensure order. Those who have murdered, robbed while armed with automatic pistol or machine gun, kidnapped children, despoiled the poor of their savings, misled the public in important matters, should be humanely and economically disposed of in small euthanasic institutions supplied with proper gasses. A similar treatment could be advantageously applied to the insane, guilty of criminal acts.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Alexis Carrel had also taken an active part to a symposium in Pontigny organised by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Coutrot" title="Jean Coutrot">Jean Coutrot</a>, the "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Entretiens de Pontigny</i></span>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Scholars such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucien_Bonnaf%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucien Bonnafé (page does not exist)">Lucien Bonnafé</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Tort&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick Tort (page does not exist)">Patrick Tort</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Lafont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Lafont (page does not exist)">Max Lafont</a> have accused Carrel of responsibility for the execution of thousands of mentally ill or impaired patients under Vichy.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph.co.uk_120-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antisemitic_laws">Antisemitic laws</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Antisemitic laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1975-041-07,_Paris,_Propaganda_gegen_Juden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1975-041-07%2C_Paris%2C_Propaganda_gegen_Juden.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1975-041-07%2C_Paris%2C_Propaganda_gegen_Juden.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1975-041-07%2C_Paris%2C_Propaganda_gegen_Juden.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1975-041-07%2C_Paris%2C_Propaganda_gegen_Juden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1975-041-07%2C_Paris%2C_Propaganda_gegen_Juden.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1975-041-07%2C_Paris%2C_Propaganda_gegen_Juden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption>Poster above the entrance of an anti-semitic exhibition called "The Jew and France"</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vichy_anti-Jewish_legislation" title="Vichy anti-Jewish legislation">Vichy anti-Jewish legislation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Vichy_France" title="Special:EditPage/Vichy France">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Vichy+antisemitic+legislation%22">"Vichy antisemitic legislation"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Vichy+antisemitic+legislation%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Vichy+antisemitic+legislation%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Vichy+antisemitic+legislation%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Vichy+antisemitic+legislation%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Vichy+antisemitic+legislation%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A Nazi ordinance dated 21 September 1940 forced Jews of the occupied zone to declare themselves as such at a police station or <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefectures of France">sub-prefectures</a> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">sous-préfectures</i></span>). Under the responsibility of <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tulard" title="André Tulard">André Tulard</a>, head of the Service on Foreign Persons and Jewish Questions at the <a href="/wiki/Prefecture_of_Police" title="Prefecture of Police">Prefecture of Police</a> of Paris, a filing system registering Jewish people was created. Tulard had previously created such a filing system under the Third Republic, registering members of the <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">Communist Party</a> (PCF). In the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Seine" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of the Seine">department of the Seine</a>, encompassing Paris and its immediate suburbs, nearly 150,000 persons, unaware of the upcoming danger and assisted by the police, presented themselves at police stations in accordance with the military order. The registered information was then centralised by the French police, who constructed, under the direction of inspector Tulard, a central filing system. According to the <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Dannecker" title="Theodor Dannecker">Dannecker report</a>, "this filing system is subdivided into files alphabetically classed, Jewish with French nationality and foreign Jewish having files of different colours, and the files were also classed, according to profession, nationality and street [of residency]".<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These files were then handed over to <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Dannecker" title="Theodor Dannecker">Theodor Dannecker</a>, head of the Gestapo in France, under the orders of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/RSHA" class="mw-redirect" title="RSHA">RSHA</a> IV-D. They were used by the Gestapo on various raids, among them the August 1941 raid in the <a href="/wiki/11th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="11th arrondissement of Paris">11th arrondissement of Paris</a>, which resulted in 3,200 foreign and 1,000 French Jews being interned in various camps, including <a href="/wiki/Drancy_internment_camp" title="Drancy internment camp">Drancy</a>. </p><p>On 3 October 1940, the Vichy government promulgated the <a href="/wiki/Law_on_the_status_of_Jews" title="Law on the status of Jews">Law on the status of Jews</a>, which created a special <a href="/wiki/Underclass" title="Underclass">underclass</a> of French Jewish citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law excluded Jews from the administration, the armed forces, entertainment, arts, media, and certain professions, such as teaching, law, and medicine. The next day, a <a href="/wiki/Law_regarding_foreign_nationals_of_the_Jewish_race" title="Law regarding foreign nationals of the Jewish race">law regarding foreign Jews</a> was signed authorising their detention.<sup id="cite_ref-Remy-1992_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remy-1992-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Commissariat-General_for_Jewish_Affairs" title="Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs">Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs</a> (CGQJ, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Commissariat Général aux Questions Juives</i></span>) was created on 29 March 1941. It was directed by <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Vallat" title="Xavier Vallat">Xavier Vallat</a> until May 1942, and then by <a href="/wiki/Darquier_de_Pellepoix" class="mw-redirect" title="Darquier de Pellepoix">Darquier de Pellepoix</a> until February 1944. Mirroring the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Association_of_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Reich Association of Jews">Reich Association of Jews</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Union_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_isra%C3%A9lites_de_France" title="Union générale des israélites de France">Union générale des israélites de France</a></i> was founded. </p><p>The police oversaw the confiscation of telephones and radios from Jewish homes and enforced a curfew on Jews starting in February 1942. They also enforced requirements that Jews not appear in public places and ride only on the last car of the Parisian metro. </p><p>Along with many French police officials, André Tulard was present on the day of the inauguration of Drancy internment camp in 1941<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, which was used largely by French police as the central transit camp for detainees captured in France. All Jews and others "undesirables" passed through Drancy before heading to <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">camps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July_1942_Vel'_d'Hiv_Roundup"><span id="July_1942_Vel.27_d.27Hiv_Roundup"></span>July 1942 Vel' d'Hiv Roundup</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: July 1942 Vel' d'Hiv Roundup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vel' d'Hiv Roundup</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0619-506,_Paris,_J%C3%BCdische_Frauen_mit_Stern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0619-506%2C_Paris%2C_J%C3%BCdische_Frauen_mit_Stern.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0619-506%2C_Paris%2C_J%C3%BCdische_Frauen_mit_Stern.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0619-506%2C_Paris%2C_J%C3%BCdische_Frauen_mit_Stern.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0619-506%2C_Paris%2C_J%C3%BCdische_Frauen_mit_Stern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0619-506%2C_Paris%2C_J%C3%BCdische_Frauen_mit_Stern.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0619-506%2C_Paris%2C_J%C3%BCdische_Frauen_mit_Stern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Two Jewish women in occupied Paris wearing <a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">yellow badges</a> before the mass arrests</figcaption></figure> <p>In July 1942, under German orders, the French police organised the <a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vel' d'Hiv Roundup</a> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Rafle du Vel' d'Hiv</i></span>) under orders by René Bousquet and his second in Paris, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Leguay" title="Jean Leguay">Jean Leguay</a>, with co-operation from authorities of the <a href="/wiki/SNCF" title="SNCF">SNCF</a>, the state railway company. The police arrested 13,152 Jews, including 4,051 children – which the <i><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a></i> had not asked for – and 5,082 women, on 16 and 17 July and imprisoned them in the <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9lodrome_d%27Hiver" title="Vélodrome d'Hiver">Vélodrome d'Hiver</a></i> (Winter Velodrome) in unhygienic conditions. They were led to Drancy internment camp (run by Nazi <a href="/wiki/Alois_Brunner" title="Alois Brunner">Alois Brunner</a> and French constabulary police) and crammed into <a href="/wiki/Box_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Box car">box cars</a> and shipped by rail to Auschwitz. Most of the victims died en route due to lack of food or water. The remaining survivors were sent to the gas chambers. This action alone represented more than a quarter of the 42,000 French Jews sent to concentration camps in 1942, of whom only 811 would return after the end of the war. Although the Nazi VT (<a href="/wiki/Verf%C3%BCgungstruppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Verfügungstruppe">Verfügungstruppe</a>) had directed the action, French police authorities vigorously participated. "There was no effective police resistance until the end of Spring of 1944", wrote historians <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Luc_Einaudi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Luc Einaudi (page does not exist)">Jean-Luc Einaudi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Rajsfus" title="Maurice Rajsfus">Maurice Rajsfus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Einaudi_2001_p._128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Einaudi_2001_p.-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="August_1942_and_January_1943_raids">August 1942 and January 1943 raids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: August 1942 and January 1943 raids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Marseille_roundup" title="Marseille roundup">Marseille roundup</a></div> <p>The French police, headed by Bousquet, arrested 7,000 Jews in the southern zone in August 1942. 2,500 of them transited through the <a href="/wiki/Camp_des_Milles" title="Camp des Milles">Camp des Milles</a> near Aix-en-Provence before arriving at Drancy. Then, on 22, 23, and 24 January 1943, assisted by Bousquet's police force, the Germans organised a raid in Marseilles. During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marseilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Marseilles">Battle of Marseilles</a>, the French police checked the <a href="/wiki/Identity_document" title="Identity document">identity documents</a> of 40,000 people, and the operation sent 2,000 Marseillese people in the death trains, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camps</a>. The operation also encompassed the expulsion of an entire neighbourhood (30,000 persons) in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Port_of_Marseille" title="Old Port of Marseille">Old Port</a> before its destruction. For this occasion, then SS-<i><a href="/wiki/Gruppenf%C3%BChrer" title="Gruppenführer">Gruppenführer</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Oberg" title="Carl Oberg">Carl Oberg</a>, in charge of the German Police in France, made the trip from Paris and transmitted to Bousquet orders directly received from <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>. It is another notable case of the French police's wilful collaboration with the Nazis.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_death_toll">Jewish death toll</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Jewish death toll"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1940, approximately 350,000 Jews lived in <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">metropolitan France</a>, less than half of them with French citizenship (the others being foreign, mostly exiles from Germany during the 1930s).<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 200,000 of them, and the large majority of foreign Jews, resided in Paris and its outskirts. Among the 150,000 French Jews, about 30,000, generally native from Central Europe, had been <a href="/wiki/Naturalised" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalised">naturalised</a> French during the 1930s. Of the total, approximately 25,000 French Jews and 50,000 foreign Jews were deported.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Robert_Paxton" title="Robert Paxton">Robert Paxton</a>, 76,000 Jews were deported and died in concentration and extermination camps. Including the Jews who died in <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camps_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentration camps in France">concentration camps in France</a>, this would have made for a total figure of 90,000 Jewish deaths (a quarter of the total Jewish population before the war, by his estimate).<sup id="cite_ref-Paxtonnotes_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paxtonnotes-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="These are 'notes' taken in November 2000 during a conference where Paxton spoke; plus, this is still very early in the reception of Paxton's historiographical revolution. (November 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Paxton's numbers imply that 14,000 Jews died in French concentration camps, but the systematic census of Jewish deportees from France (citizens or not) drawn under <a href="/wiki/Serge_Klarsfeld" title="Serge Klarsfeld">Serge Klarsfeld</a> concluded that 3,000 had died in French concentration camps and 1,000 more had been shot. Of the approximately 76,000 deported, 2,566 survived. The total thus reported is slightly below 77,500 dead (somewhat less than a quarter of the Jewish population in France in 1940).<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over half of the Jews deported from France were from Paris, with the majority of these Parisian Jews being taken into custody by the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Police_Prefecture" title="Paris Police Prefecture">Paris Police Prefecture</a> rather than by the Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proportionally, either number makes for a lower death toll than in some other countries (in the Netherlands, 75% of the Jewish population was murdered).<sup id="cite_ref-Paxtonnotes_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paxtonnotes-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fact has been used as arguments by supporters of Vichy; according to Paxton, the figure would have been greatly lower if the "French state" had not wilfully collaborated with Germany, which lacked staff for police activities. During the <a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vel' d'Hiv Roundup</a> of July 1942, Laval ordered the deportation of children, against explicit German orders. Paxton pointed out that if the total number of victims had not been higher, it was due to the shortage in wagons, the resistance of the civilian population, and deportation in other countries (notably in Italy).<sup id="cite_ref-Paxtonnotes_132-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paxtonnotes-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_responsibility">Government responsibility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Government responsibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rafle_du_Vel_d%27Hiv_jardin_du_souvenir_plaque.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Rafle_du_Vel_d%27Hiv_jardin_du_souvenir_plaque.JPG/300px-Rafle_du_Vel_d%27Hiv_jardin_du_souvenir_plaque.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Rafle_du_Vel_d%27Hiv_jardin_du_souvenir_plaque.JPG/450px-Rafle_du_Vel_d%27Hiv_jardin_du_souvenir_plaque.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Rafle_du_Vel_d%27Hiv_jardin_du_souvenir_plaque.JPG/600px-Rafle_du_Vel_d%27Hiv_jardin_du_souvenir_plaque.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2638" data-file-height="1554" /></a><figcaption>Commemorative plaque to the victims held in the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Vel' d'Hiv</i></span> after the 16–17 July 1942 roundup of Jews in Paris</figcaption></figure> <p>For decades, the French government argued that the <a href="/wiki/French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="French Republic">French Republic</a> had been dismantled when <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a> instituted a new French State during the war and that the Republic had been reestablished when the war was over. It was not for the Republic, therefore, to apologise for events that happened while it had not existed and that had been carried out by a State it did not recognise. For example, former President <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> had maintained that the Vichy Government, not France's Republic, was responsible. This position was more recently reiterated by <a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Marine Le Pen</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front (France)">National Front Party</a>, during the 2017 election campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first official admission that the French State had been complicit in the deportation of 76,000 Jews during WW II was made in 1995 by then President <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a>, at the site of the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9lodrome_d%27Hiver" title="Vélodrome d'Hiver">Vélodrome d'Hiver</a>, where 13,000 Jews had been rounded up for deportation to death camps in July 1942. "France, on that day [16 July 1942], committed the irreparable. Breaking its word, it handed those who were under its protection over to their executioners," he said. Those responsible for the roundup were "450 policemen and gendarmes, French, under the authority of their leaders [who] obeyed the demands of the Nazis..... the criminal folly of the occupiers was seconded by the French, by the French state".<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 July 2017, also at a ceremony at the Vel' d'Hiv site, President <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> denounced the country's role in the Holocaust in France and the historical revisionism that denied France's responsibility for the 1942 <a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup"> roundup</a> and subsequent deportation of 13,000 Jews. "It was indeed France that organised this," Macron insisted, French police collaborating with the Nazis. "Not a single German" was directly involved," he added. Macron was even more specific than Chirac had been in stating that the Government during the War was certainly that of France. "It is convenient to see the Vichy regime as born of nothingness, returned to nothingness. Yes, it's convenient, but it is false. We cannot build pride upon a lie."<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto3_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Macron made a subtle reference to Chirac's remark when he added, "I say it again here. It was indeed France that organized the roundup, the deportation, and thus, for almost all, death."<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collaborationnistes"><i>Collaborationnistes</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Collaborationnistes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Milice" title="Milice">Milice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_French_Volunteers_Against_Bolshevism" title="Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism">Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_imp%C3%A9riale" title="Légion impériale">Légion impériale</a>, <a href="/wiki/33rd_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_Charlemagne_(1st_French)" class="mw-redirect" title="33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne (1st French)">33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne (1st French)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_Brigades" title="Special Brigades">Special Brigades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlingue" title="Carlingue">Carlingue</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Groupe_mobile_de_r%C3%A9serve" title="Groupe mobile de réserve">Groupe mobile de réserve</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-141-1258-15,_Russland-Mitte,_Soldaten_der_franz%C3%B6sischen_Legion,_Fahne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-141-1258-15%2C_Russland-Mitte%2C_Soldaten_der_franz%C3%B6sischen_Legion%2C_Fahne.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-141-1258-15%2C_Russland-Mitte%2C_Soldaten_der_franz%C3%B6sischen_Legion%2C_Fahne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-141-1258-15%2C_Russland-Mitte%2C_Soldaten_der_franz%C3%B6sischen_Legion%2C_Fahne.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-141-1258-15%2C_Russland-Mitte%2C_Soldaten_der_franz%C3%B6sischen_Legion%2C_Fahne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-141-1258-15%2C_Russland-Mitte%2C_Soldaten_der_franz%C3%B6sischen_Legion%2C_Fahne.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-141-1258-15%2C_Russland-Mitte%2C_Soldaten_der_franz%C3%B6sischen_Legion%2C_Fahne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_French_Volunteers_Against_Bolshevism" title="Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism">Légion des Volontaires</a></i> fighting with the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> on the Eastern Front</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Hoffmann" title="Stanley Hoffmann">Stanley Hoffmann</a> in 1974<sup id="cite_ref-S_H_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S_H-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then other historians such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Paxton" title="Robert Paxton">Robert Paxton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Az%C3%A9ma" title="Jean-Pierre Azéma">Jean-Pierre Azéma</a> have used the term <i>collaborationnistes</i> to refer to fascists and Nazi sympathisers who, for ideological reasons, wished a reinforced collaboration with Hitler's Germany. Examples are the <a href="/wiki/Parti_Populaire_Fran%C3%A7ais" class="mw-redirect" title="Parti Populaire Français">Parti Populaire Français</a> (PPF) leader <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Doriot" title="Jacques Doriot">Jacques Doriot</a>, the writer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Robert Brasillach</a> or <a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Marcel Déat</a>. A principal motivation and ideological foundation among <i>collaborationnistes</i> was <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism.</a><sup id="cite_ref-S_H_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S_H-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Collaborationnisme</i> (English: <span lang="en">collaborationism</span>) should be distinguished from collaboration. <i>Collaborationism</i> refers to those, primarily from the fascist right, who embraced the goal of a German victory as their own,<sup id="cite_ref-Boshyk-1986_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boshyk-1986-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gordon-1980_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon-1980-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas <i>collaboration</i> refers to those of the French who for whatever reason collaborated with the Germans. Organisations such as <i><a href="/wiki/La_Cagoule" title="La Cagoule">La Cagoule</a></i> opposed the Third Republic, particularly while the left-wing <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(France)" title="Popular Front (France)">Popular Front</a> was in power.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Collaborationists may have influenced the Vichy government's policies, but ultra-collaborationists never comprised the majority of the government before 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To enforce the régime's will, some paramilitary organisations were created. One example was the <i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_Fran%C3%A7aise_des_Combattants" title="Légion Française des Combattants">Légion Française des Combattants</a></i> (LFC) (French Legion of Fighters), including at first only former combatants but quickly adding <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amis_de_la_L%C3%A9gion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amis de la Légion (page does not exist)">Amis de la Légion</a></i> and cadets of the Légion, who had never seen battle but supported Pétain's régime. The name was then quickly changed to <i>Légion Française des Combattants et des volontaires de la Révolution Nationale</i> (French Legion of Fighters and Volunteers of the National Revolution). <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Darnand" title="Joseph Darnand">Joseph Darnand</a> created a <i><a href="/wiki/Service_d%27Ordre_L%C3%A9gionnaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Service d'Ordre Légionnaire">Service d'Ordre Légionnaire</a></i> (SOL), which consisted mostly of French supporters of the Nazis and was fully approved by Pétain.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_and_economic_history">Social and economic history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Social and economic history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_coins_zinc_%26_aluminum_World_War_II_1940s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/French_coins_zinc_%26_aluminum_World_War_II_1940s.jpg/220px-French_coins_zinc_%26_aluminum_World_War_II_1940s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/French_coins_zinc_%26_aluminum_World_War_II_1940s.jpg/330px-French_coins_zinc_%26_aluminum_World_War_II_1940s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/French_coins_zinc_%26_aluminum_World_War_II_1940s.jpg/440px-French_coins_zinc_%26_aluminum_World_War_II_1940s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1111" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>Vichy French zinc and aluminium coins made during the war circulated in both the German–occupied zone and Vichy's unoccupied zone.</figcaption></figure> <p>Vichy authorities strongly opposed "modern" social trends and promoted "national regeneration" to restore behaviour more in line with traditional Catholicism. Philip Manow argued that, "Vichy represents the authoritarian, antidemocratic solution that the French political right, in coalition with the national Church hierarchy, had sought repeatedly during the interwar period and almost put in place in 1934".<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calling for "National Regeneration", Vichy reversed many liberal policies and began tight supervision of the economy, with central planning as a key feature.<sup id="cite_ref-Debbie_Lackerstein_2013_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Debbie_Lackerstein_2013-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Labour unions came under tight government control. There were no elections. The independence of women was reversed, with an emphasis put on motherhood. Government agencies had to fire married women employees.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Conservative Catholics became prominent. Paris lost its avant-garde status in European art and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Hellman-2008_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellman-2008-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The media were tightly controlled and stressed virulent anti-Semitism and, after June 1941, anti-Bolshevism.<sup id="cite_ref-Debbie_Lackerstein_2013_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Debbie_Lackerstein_2013-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Petter_Graver" title="Hans Petter Graver">Hans Petter Graver</a> wrote that Vichy "is notorious for its enactment of anti-Semitic laws and decrees, and these were all loyally enforced by the judiciary".<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy">Economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeune_-_exerce_un_bon_metier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Jeune_-_exerce_un_bon_metier.jpg/220px-Jeune_-_exerce_un_bon_metier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Jeune_-_exerce_un_bon_metier.jpg/330px-Jeune_-_exerce_un_bon_metier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Jeune_-_exerce_un_bon_metier.jpg/440px-Jeune_-_exerce_un_bon_metier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="26428" data-file-height="39181" /></a><figcaption>Vichy-era poster calling for volunteers to work in Germany in exchange for French prisoners of war.</figcaption></figure> <p>Vichy rhetoric exalted the skilled labourer and small businessman. In practice, the needs of artisans for raw materials were neglected in favour of big businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The General Committee for the Organization of Commerce (CGOC) was a national program to modernise and professionalise small business.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1941 it also instituted the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobilisation_of_non-ferrous_metals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobilisation of non-ferrous metals (page does not exist)">mobilisation of non-ferrous metals</a> under the cover of supporting French agriculture but in fact to support flagging German armament production. </p><p>In 1940, the government took direct control of all production, which was synchronised with German demands. It replaced free trade unions with compulsory state unions that dictated labour policy without regard to the voice or needs of the workers. The centralised bureaucratic control of the French economy was not a success, as German demands grew heavier and more unrealistic, passive resistance and inefficiencies multiplied and Allied bombers hit the rail yards. Vichy made the first comprehensive long-range plans for the French economy, but the government had never attempted a comprehensive overview. De Gaulle's provisional government in 1944–45 quietly used the Vichy plans as a base for its own reconstruction program. The <a href="/wiki/Monnet_Plan" title="Monnet Plan">Monnet Plan</a> of 1946 reaped the heritage of previous efforts at planning in the 1930s, Vichy, the Resistance, and the Provisional Government.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monnet's plan to modernise the economy was designed to improve the country's competitive position so as to prepare it for participation in an open multilateral system and, thereby, to reduce the need for trade protection.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Forced_labour">Forced labour</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Forced labour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nazi Germany kept French prisoners-of-war as forced labourers throughout the war. They added compulsory and volunteer workers from occupied nations, especially in metal factories. The shortage of volunteers led the Vichy government to pass a law in September 1942 that effectively deported workers to Germany, where they were 15% of the labour force by August 1944. The largest number worked in the giant <a href="/wiki/Krupp" title="Krupp">Krupp</a> steel works in <a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a>. Low pay, long hours, frequent bombings and crowded air raid shelters added to the unpleasant conditions of poor housing, inadequate heating, limited food, and poor medical care, all compounded by harsh Nazi discipline. The workers finally returned home in the summer of 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The forced labour draft encouraged the French Resistance and undermined the Vichy government.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Food_shortages">Food shortages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Food shortages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Black_market_in_Vichy_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Black market in Vichy France">Black market in Vichy France</a></div> <p>Civilians suffered shortages of all varieties of consumer goods.<sup id="cite_ref-Diamond1999_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diamond1999-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rationing system was stringent and badly mismanaged, leading to malnourishment, <a href="/wiki/Black_market_in_wartime_France" title="Black market in wartime France">black markets</a> and hostility to state management of the food supply. The Germans seized about 20% of the French food production, causing severe disruption to the French household economy.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French farm production fell by half because of lack of fuel, fertiliser and workers. Even so, the Germans seized half the meat, 20% of the produce and 2% of the champagne.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supply problems quickly affected French stores, which lacked most items. The government answered by rationing, but German officials set the policies, and hunger prevailed, especially affecting youth in urban areas. The queues lengthened in front of shops. </p><p>Some people, including German soldiers, benefited from the black market, where food was sold without tickets at very high prices. Farmers especially diverted meat to the black market and so there was much less for the open market. Counterfeit food tickets were also in circulation. Direct buying from farmers in the countryside and barter against cigarettes became common although those activities were strictly forbidden and thus carried the risk of confiscation and fines. </p><p>Food shortages were most acute in the large cities. In the more remote country villages, clandestine slaughtering, vegetable gardens and the availability of milk products permitted better survival. The official ration provided starvation level diets of 1013 or fewer calories a day, supplemented by home gardens and especially black market purchases.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women">Women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two million French soldiers held as prisoners of war and forced labourers in Germany throughout the war were not at risk of death in combat, but the anxieties of separation for their 800,000 wives were high. The government provided a modest allowance, but one in ten became prostitutes to support their families.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the Vichy regime promoted a highly-traditional model of female roles.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Revolution's official ideology fostered the patriarchal family, headed by a man with a subservient wife, who was devoted to her many children. It gave women a key symbolic role to carry out the national regeneration and used propaganda, women's organisations and legislation to promote maternity; patriotic duty and female submission to marriage, home and children's education.<sup id="cite_ref-Diamond1999_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diamond1999-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The falling birth rate appeared to be a grave problem to Vichy, which introduced family allowances and opposed birth control and abortion. Conditions were very difficult for housewives, as food was short as well as most necessities.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mother's Day became a major date in the Vichy calendar, with festivities in the towns and schools featuring the award of medals to mothers of numerous children. Divorce laws were made much more stringent, and restrictions were placed on the employment of married women. Family allowances, which had begun in the 1930s, were continued and became a vital lifeline for many families as a monthly cash bonus for having more children. In 1942, the birth rate started to rise, and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_France#After_World_War_II" title="Demographics of France">by 1945, it was higher than it had been for a century</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2001331–332_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2001331–332-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other side, women of the Resistance, many of whom were associated with combat groups linked to the French Communist Party, broke the gender barrier by fighting side by side with men. After the war, this was considered to have been a mistake, but France did give women the vote in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="German_invasion,_November_1942"><span id="German_invasion.2C_November_1942"></span>German invasion, November 1942</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: German invasion, November 1942"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Case_Anton" title="Case Anton">Case Anton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Attila_(World_War_II)" title="Operation Attila (World War II)">Operation Attila (World War II)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation_evolution.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation_evolution.PNG/220px-France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation_evolution.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation_evolution.PNG/330px-France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation_evolution.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation_evolution.PNG/440px-France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation_evolution.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1896" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>Progressive end of the Vichy regime</figcaption></figure> <p>Hitler ordered <i>Case Anton</i> to occupy Corsica and then the rest of the unoccupied southern zone in immediate reaction to the landing of the Allies in North Africa (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a>) on 8 November 1942. Following the conclusion of the operation on 12 November, Vichy's remaining military forces were disbanded. Vichy continued to exercise its remaining jurisdiction over almost all of metropolitan France, with the residual power devolved into the hands of Laval, until the gradual collapse of the regime following the Allied invasion in June 1944. On 7 September 1944, following the Allied invasion of France, the remainders of the Vichy government cabinet fled to Germany and established a <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet government</a> in exile in the so-called <a href="/wiki/Sigmaringen_enclave" title="Sigmaringen enclave">Sigmaringen enclave</a>. That rump government finally fell when the city was taken by the Allied French army in April 1945. </p><p>Part of the residual legitimacy of the Vichy regime resulted from the continued ambivalence of U.S. and other leaders. President Roosevelt continued to cultivate Vichy, and promoted General <a href="/wiki/Henri_Giraud" title="Henri Giraud">Henri Giraud</a> as a preferable alternative to <span class="nowrap">de Gaulle</span>, despite the poor performance of Vichy forces in North Africa – Admiral <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan" title="François Darlan">François Darlan</a> had landed in <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> the day before Operation Torch. Algiers was headquarters of the Vichy French <a href="/wiki/19th_Army_Corps_(France)" title="19th Army Corps (France)">19th Army Corps</a>, which controlled Vichy military units in North Africa. Darlan was neutralised within 15 hours by a 400-strong French resistance force. Roosevelt and Churchill accepted Darlan, rather than <span class="nowrap">de Gaulle</span>, as the French leader in North Africa. De Gaulle had not even been informed of the landing in North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-LDHNorthAfrica_94-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LDHNorthAfrica-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States also resented the Free French taking control of <a href="/wiki/St_Pierre_and_Miquelon" class="mw-redirect" title="St Pierre and Miquelon">St Pierre and Miquelon</a> on 24 December 1941, because, Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a> believed, it interfered with a U.S.–Vichy agreement to maintain the status quo with respect to French territorial possessions in the western hemisphere. </p><p>Following the invasion of France via Normandy and Provence (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Operation Dragoon</a>) and the departure of the Vichy leaders, the U.S., the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union finally recognised the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government of the French Republic</a> (GPRF) headed by <span class="nowrap">de Gaulle</span> as the legitimate government of France on 23 October 1944. Before that, the first return of democracy to <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan France</a> since 1940 had occurred with the declaration of the <a href="/wiki/Maquis_du_Vercors" class="mw-redirect" title="Maquis du Vercors">Free Republic of Vercors</a> on 3 July 1944, at the behest of the <a href="/wiki/Free_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French">Free French government</a> – but that act of <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">resistance</a> was quashed by an overwhelming German attack by the end of July. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline_of_the_regime">Decline of the regime</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Decline of the regime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_of_the_SOL">Independence of the SOL</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Independence of the SOL"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milice_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Milice_poster.jpg/170px-Milice_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Milice_poster.jpg/255px-Milice_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Milice_poster.jpg/340px-Milice_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="1040" /></a><figcaption>A recruitment poster for the Milice. The text says "<a href="/wiki/Anti-Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Communism">Against Communism</a> / French Militia / <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-General">Secretary-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Darnand" title="Joseph Darnand">Joseph Darnand</a>".</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1943 the <i><a href="/wiki/Service_d%27ordre_l%C3%A9gionnaire" title="Service d'ordre légionnaire">Service d'ordre légionnaire</a></i> (SOL) collaborationist militia, headed by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Darnand" title="Joseph Darnand">Joseph Darnand</a>, became independent and was transformed into the "<i><a href="/wiki/Milice_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Milice française">Milice française</a></i>" (French Militia). Officially directed by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a> himself, the SOL was led by Darnand, who held an <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a> rank and pledged an oath of loyalty to <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>. Under Darnand and his sub-commanders, such as <a href="/wiki/Paul_Touvier" title="Paul Touvier">Paul Touvier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Bernonville" title="Jacques de Bernonville">Jacques de Bernonville</a>, the Milice was responsible for helping the German forces and police in the repression of the <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Maquis_(World_War_II)" title="Maquis (World War II)">Maquis</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sigmaringen_commission">Sigmaringen commission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Sigmaringen commission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sigmaringen_enclave" title="Sigmaringen enclave">Sigmaringen enclave</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sigmaringen_schloss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sigmaringen_schloss.jpg/220px-Sigmaringen_schloss.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sigmaringen_schloss.jpg/330px-Sigmaringen_schloss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sigmaringen_schloss.jpg/440px-Sigmaringen_schloss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3643" data-file-height="2770" /></a><figcaption>The Sigmaringen operation was based in the city's ancient castle.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photo-le-molay-littry-4-1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Photo-le-molay-littry-4-1944.jpg/220px-Photo-le-molay-littry-4-1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Photo-le-molay-littry-4-1944.jpg/330px-Photo-le-molay-littry-4-1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Photo-le-molay-littry-4-1944.jpg/440px-Photo-le-molay-littry-4-1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2994" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>Liberation of France, 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">liberation of Paris</a> on 25 August 1944, Pétain and his ministers were taken to <a href="/wiki/Sigmaringen" title="Sigmaringen">Sigmaringen</a> by the German forces. After both Pétain and Laval refused to cooperate, <a href="/wiki/Fernand_de_Brinon" title="Fernand de Brinon">Fernand de Brinon</a> was selected by the Germans to establish a pseudo-government in exile at Sigmaringen. Pétain refused to participate further and the Sigmaringen operation had little to no authority. The offices used the official title "French Government Commission for the Defense of National Interests" (French: <i lang="fr">Commission gouvernementale française pour la défense des intérêts nationaux</i>) and informally was known as the "French Delegation" (French: <i lang="fr">Délégation française</i>). The enclave had its own radio station (Radio-patrie, Ici la France) and official press (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La France</i></span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Petit_Parisien" title="Le Petit Parisien">Le Petit Parisien</a></i>), and hosted the embassies of <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> Germany and Japan, as well as an Italian consulate. The population of the enclave was about 6,000, including known collaborationist journalists, the writers <a href="/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline">Louis-Ferdinand Céline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Rebatet" title="Lucien Rebatet">Lucien Rebatet</a>, the actor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Le_Vigan" title="Robert Le Vigan">Robert Le Vigan</a>, and their families, as well as 500 soldiers, 700 French SS, prisoners of war and <a href="/wiki/Service_du_travail_obligatoire" title="Service du travail obligatoire">French civilian forced labourers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2001567–568_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2001567–568-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Commission lasted for seven months, surviving Allied bombing runs, poor nutrition and housing, and a bitterly cold winter where temperatures plunged to −30 °C (−22 °F), while residents nervously watched the advancing Allied troops drawing closer and discussed rumours.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBéglé2014_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBéglé2014-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 April 1945 <a href="/wiki/General_de_Lattre" class="mw-redirect" title="General de Lattre">General de Lattre</a> ordered his forces to take Sigmaringen. The end came within days, and by the 26th, Pétain was in the hands of French authorities in Switzerland while Laval had fled to Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAron196248–49_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron196248–49-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAron196281–82_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron196281–82-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brinon,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECointet2014426_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECointet2014426-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luchaire, and Darnand were captured, tried, and executed by 1947. Other members escaped to Italy or Spain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provisional_government">Provisional government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Provisional government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government of the French Republic</a></div> <p>The Free French, concerned that the Allies might decide to put France under administration of the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Military_Government_for_Occupied_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories">Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories</a>, strove to establish the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government of the French Republic</a> quickly. The first action of the Provisional Government was to reestablish republican legality throughout Metropolitan France. </p><p>The provisional government considered the Vichy government to have been unconstitutional and all of its actions therefore without legitimate authority. All "constitutional acts, legislative or regulatory" taken by the Vichy government, as well as decrees taken to implement them, were declared null and void by the <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_9_August_1944" title="Ordinance of 9 August 1944">Ordinance of 9 August 1944</a>. In as much as blanket rescission of all acts taken by Vichy, including measures that might have been taken by a legitimate republican government, was deemed impractical, the order provided that acts not expressly noted as nullified in the order were to continue to receive "provisional application". Many acts were explicitly repealed, including all acts that Vichy had called "constitutional acts", all acts that discriminated against Jews, all acts related to so-called "secret societies" (such as <a href="/wiki/Freemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemason">Freemasons</a>), and all acts that established special tribunals.<sup id="cite_ref-Ord_1944-08-09_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ord_1944-08-09-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Collaborationist paramilitary and political organisations, such as the Milice and the <i><a href="/wiki/Service_d%27ordre_l%C3%A9gionnaire" title="Service d'ordre légionnaire">Service d'ordre légionnaire</a></i>, were also dissolved.<sup id="cite_ref-Ord_1944-08-09_171-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ord_1944-08-09-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Provisional Government also took steps to replace local governments, including governments that had been suppressed by the Vichy regime through new elections or by extending the terms of those who had been elected not later than 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purges">Purges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Purges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pursuit_of_Nazi_collaborators" title="Pursuit of Nazi collaborators">Pursuit of Nazi collaborators</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89puration_l%C3%A9gale" title="Épuration légale">Épuration légale</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Vichy_France" title="Special:EditPage/Vichy France">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After the liberation, France was swept for a short period with a wave of executions of collaborationists. Some were brought to the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9lodrome_d%27hiver" class="mw-redirect" title="Vélodrome d'hiver">Vélodrome d'hiver</a>, Fresnes prison or the Drancy internment camp. Women who were suspected of having romantic liaisons with Germans or more often<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of being prostitutes who had entertained German customers were publicly humiliated by having their heads shaved. Those who had engaged in the <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a> were also stigmatised as "war profiteers" (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">profiteurs de guerre</i></span>), and popularly called "BOF" (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Beurre Oeuf Fromage</i></span>, or Butter Eggs Cheese, because of the products sold at outrageous prices during the Occupation). The <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government of the French Republic</a> (GPRF, 1944–46) quickly reestablished order, and brought collaborationists before the courts. Many convicted collaborationists were then given amnesty under the <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a> (1946–54). </p><p>Four different periods are distinguished by historians: </p> <ul><li>the first phase of mob justice (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">épuration sauvage</i></span> – wild purge): extrajudicial executions and shaving of women's heads. Estimations by <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9fecture_de_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Préfecture de police">police prefects</a> made in 1948 and 1952 counted as many as 6,000 executions before the Liberation and 4,000 afterward.</li> <li>the second phase (<i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89puration_l%C3%A9gale" title="Épuration légale">épuration légale</a></i> or legal purge), which began with Charles <span class="nowrap">de Gaulle</span>'s 26 and 27 June 1944 purge <i><a href="/wiki/Ordonnance" title="Ordonnance">ordonnances</a></i> (<span class="nowrap">de Gaulle</span>'s first ordonnance instituting purge Commissions was enacted on 18 August 1943): judgements of collaborationists by the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Commissions d'épuration</i></span>, who condemned approximately 120,000 persons (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Charles Maurras</a>, the leader of the royalist <i><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></i>, was thus condemned to a life sentence on 25 January 1945), including 1,500 death sentences (<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Darnand" title="Joseph Darnand">Joseph Darnand</a>, head of the Milice, and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a>, head of the French government, were executed after trial on 4 October 1945, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Robert Brasillach</a>, executed on 6 February 1945, etc.), but many of those who survived that phase were later given amnesty.</li> <li>the third phase, more lenient towards collaborationists (the trial of Philippe Pétain or of writer <a href="/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline">Louis-Ferdinand Céline</a>).</li> <li>finally came the period for amnesty and <a href="/wiki/Graces" class="mw-redirect" title="Graces">graces</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Esteva" title="Jean-Pierre Esteva">Jean-Pierre Esteva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Vallat" title="Xavier Vallat">Xavier Vallat</a>, creator of the General Commission for Jewish Affairs, René Bousquet, head of French police)</li></ul> <p>Other historians have distinguished the purges against intellectuals (Brasillach, Céline, etc.), industrialists, fighters (<a href="/wiki/Legion_of_French_Volunteers_Against_Bolshevism" title="Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism">LVF</a> etc.) and civil servants (Papon etc.). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-041-10,_Paris,_der_Kollaboration_beschuldigte_Franz%C3%B6sinnen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-041-10%2C_Paris%2C_der_Kollaboration_beschuldigte_Franz%C3%B6sinnen.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-041-10%2C_Paris%2C_der_Kollaboration_beschuldigte_Franz%C3%B6sinnen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-041-10%2C_Paris%2C_der_Kollaboration_beschuldigte_Franz%C3%B6sinnen.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-041-10%2C_Paris%2C_der_Kollaboration_beschuldigte_Franz%C3%B6sinnen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-041-10%2C_Paris%2C_der_Kollaboration_beschuldigte_Franz%C3%B6sinnen.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-041-10%2C_Paris%2C_der_Kollaboration_beschuldigte_Franz%C3%B6sinnen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption>Paris 1944: Women accused of collaboration with Nazis are paraded through the streets; they often had their hair cut off as a form of humiliation.</figcaption></figure> <p>Philippe Pétain was charged with treason in July 1945. He was convicted and sentenced to death by firing squad, but Charles <span class="nowrap">de Gaulle</span> commuted the sentence to life imprisonment. In the police, some collaborators soon resumed official responsibilities. This continuity of the administration was pointed out,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in particular concerning the events of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_massacre_of_1961" title="Paris massacre of 1961">Paris massacre of 1961</a>, executed under the orders of Paris Police Chief <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Papon" title="Maurice Papon">Maurice Papon</a> while Charles <span class="nowrap">de Gaulle</span> was head of state. Papon was tried and convicted for crimes against humanity in 1998. </p><p>The French members of the Waffen-SS <a href="/wiki/SS_Division_Charlemagne" class="mw-redirect" title="SS Division Charlemagne"><i>Charlemagne</i> Division</a> who survived the war were regarded as traitors. Some of the more prominent officers were executed, while the rank-and-file were given prison terms. Some of them were given the option of doing time in <a href="/wiki/Indochina_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina War">Indochina</a> (1946–54) with the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Légion étrangère">Foreign Legion</a> instead of prison.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Among artists, singer <a href="/wiki/Tino_Rossi" title="Tino Rossi">Tino Rossi</a> was detained in <a href="/wiki/Fresnes_Prison" title="Fresnes Prison">Fresnes Prison</a>; according to the newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Combat_(newspaper)" title="Combat (newspaper)">Combat</a></i>, prison guards asked him for autographs. <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beno%C3%AEt_(novelist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Benoît (novelist)">Pierre Benoit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arletty" title="Arletty">Arletty</a> were also detained. </p><p>Executions without trials and other forms of "mob justice" were harshly criticised immediately after the war, with circles close to <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A9tainist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pétainist (page does not exist)">Pétainists</a> advancing the figures of 100,000 and denouncing the "<a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a>", "anarchy", or "blind vengeance".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Four preceding phrases are in double quotes, but what source are they quoting? (August 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The writer and Jewish internee <a href="/wiki/Robert_Aron" title="Robert Aron">Robert Aron</a> estimated the mob executions to a number of 40,000 in 1960. This surprised <span class="nowrap">de Gaulle</span>, who estimated the number to be around 10,000, which is also the figure accepted today by mainstream historians. Approximately 9,000 of these 10,000 refer to <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary executions</a> in the whole of the country, which occurred during battle.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some imply that France did too little to deal with collaborators at this stage by selectively pointing out that in absolute value (numbers), there were fewer legal executions in France than in its smaller neighbour Belgium, and fewer internments than in Norway or the Netherlands<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, but the situation in Belgium was not comparable as it mixed collaboration with elements of a war of secession. The 1940 invasion prompted the Flemish population to generally side with the Germans in the hope of gaining national recognition, and relative to national population, a much higher proportion of Belgians than French thus ended up collaborating with the Germans or volunteering to fight alongside them.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Walloon population, in turn, led massive anti-Flemish retribution after the war, some of which, such as the execution of <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irma_Laplasse" class="extiw" title="nl:Irma Laplasse">Irma Swertvaeger Laplasse</a>, were controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The proportion of collaborators was also higher in Norway, and collaboration occurred on a larger scale in the Netherlands (as in Flanders), based partly on linguistic and cultural commonality with Germany. The internments in Norway and the Netherlands, meanwhile, were <a href="/wiki/Legal_purge_in_Norway_after_World_War_II#Process" title="Legal purge in Norway after World War II">highly temporary</a> and rather indiscriminate: there was a brief internment peak in these countries since internment was used partly for the purpose of separating collaborationists from others.<sup id="cite_ref-Andenæs_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andenæs-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norway ended up <a href="/wiki/Legal_purge_in_Norway_after_World_War_II#People_executed_as_part_of_the_legal_purge" title="Legal purge in Norway after World War II">executing only 37 collaborationists</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s_trials">1980s trials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: 1980s trials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some accused war criminals were judged, some for a second time, from the 1980s onwards: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Touvier" title="Paul Touvier">Paul Touvier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Papon" title="Maurice Papon">Maurice Papon</a>, René Bousquet (the head of the French police during the war) and his deputy <a href="/wiki/Jean_Leguay" title="Jean Leguay">Jean Leguay</a>. Bousquet and Leguay were both convicted for their responsibilities in the <a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vel' d'Hiv Roundup</a> of July 1942. Among others, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_hunter" title="Nazi hunter">Nazi hunters</a> <a href="/wiki/Serge_and_Beate_Klarsfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Serge and Beate Klarsfeld">Serge and Beate Klarsfeld</a> spent part of their postwar effort trying to bring them before the courts. Some collaborationists then joined the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_de_l%27arm%C3%A9e_secr%C3%A8te" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation de l'armée secrète">OAS</a> terrorist movement during the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> (1954–62). <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Bernonville" title="Jacques de Bernonville">Jacques de Bernonville</a> escaped to Quebec, then Brazil. <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ploncard_d%27Assac" title="Jacques Ploncard d'Assac">Jacques Ploncard d'Assac</a> became counsellor to the Portuguese dictator <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">António de Oliveira Salazar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1993, former Vichy official <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Bousquet" title="René Bousquet">René Bousquet</a> was assassinated while he awaited prosecution in Paris following a 1991 inculpation for <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>. He had been prosecuted but partially acquitted and immediately amnestied in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1994, former Vichy official <a href="/wiki/Paul_Touvier" title="Paul Touvier">Paul Touvier</a> (1915–1996) was convicted of crimes against humanity. <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Papon" title="Maurice Papon">Maurice Papon</a> was likewise convicted in 1998 but was released three years later due to ill health and died in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiographical_debates_and_"Vichy_syndrome""><span id="Historiographical_debates_and_.22Vichy_syndrome.22"></span>Historiographical debates and "Vichy syndrome"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Historiographical debates and "Vichy syndrome""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Vichy_syndrome" title="Vichy syndrome">Vichy syndrome</a></div> <p>As the historian <a href="/wiki/Henry_Rousso" title="Henry Rousso">Henry Rousso</a> put it in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Vichy_Syndrome" title="The Vichy Syndrome">The Vichy Syndrome</a></i> (1987), Vichy and the state collaboration of France remains a "past that doesn't pass away".<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historiographical debates are still passionate and oppose different views on the nature and legitimacy of Vichy's collaborationism with Germany in the implementation of the Holocaust. Three main periods have been distinguished in the historiography of Vichy. Firstly, the Gaullist period aimed at national reconciliation and unity under the figure of Charles <span class="nowrap">de Gaulle</span>, who conceived himself above political parties and divisions. Then, the 1960s had <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Oph%C3%BCls" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcel Ophüls">Marcel Ophüls</a>'s film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sorrow_and_the_Pity" title="The Sorrow and the Pity">The Sorrow and the Pity</a></i> (1971). Finally, in the 1990s, the trial of <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Papon" title="Maurice Papon">Maurice Papon</a>, a civil servant in Bordeaux who had been in charge of "Jewish affairs" during the war and was convicted after a very long trial (1981–1998) for crimes against humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though it is certain that the Vichy government and many of its top administration collaborated in the implementation of the Holocaust, the exact level of such co-operation is still debated. Compared with the Jewish communities established in other countries invaded by Germany, French Jews suffered proportionately lighter losses, but in 1942, repression and deportations started to strike French Jews, not just foreign Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-Cite_112-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cite-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Robert Paxton has denuded this weak defence of crimes against humanity in his book Vichy France: Old Guard, New Order (1972) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_figures">Notable figures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Notable figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:French_collaborators_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Category:French collaborators with Nazi Germany">Category:French collaborators with Nazi Germany</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:183px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pucheu,_Pierre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pucheu%2C_Pierre.jpg/146px-Pucheu%2C_Pierre.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pucheu%2C_Pierre.jpg/219px-Pucheu%2C_Pierre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pucheu%2C_Pierre.jpg/292px-Pucheu%2C_Pierre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="716" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pucheu" title="Pierre Pucheu">Pierre Pucheu</a> in 1941, who was executed in 1944</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:183px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xavier_Vallat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Xavier_Vallat.jpg/138px-Xavier_Vallat.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Xavier_Vallat.jpg/207px-Xavier_Vallat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Xavier_Vallat.jpg/276px-Xavier_Vallat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2399" data-file-height="3198" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Vallat" title="Xavier Vallat">Xavier Vallat</a></div></div></div></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Bousquet" title="René Bousquet">René Bousquet</a>, head of the French police.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan" title="François Darlan">François Darlan</a>, Prime Minister (1941–1942).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Darquier_de_Pellepoix" title="Louis Darquier de Pellepoix">Louis Darquier de Pellepoix</a>, Commissioner for Jewish Affairs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Marcel Déat</a>, founder of the <i><a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_national_populaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rassemblement national populaire">Rassemblement national populaire</a></i> (RNP) in 1941. Joined the government in the last months of the Occupation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Pierre-Étienne Flandin</a>, Prime Minister (1940–1941).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Henriot" title="Philippe Henriot">Philippe Henriot</a>, State Secretary of Information and Propaganda.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Henry-Haye" title="Gaston Henry-Haye">Gaston Henry-Haye</a>, Vichy ambassador to the United States of America.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Huntziger" title="Charles Huntziger">Charles Huntziger</a>, general and Minister of Defense.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a>, Prime Minister (1940, 1942–1944).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Leguay" title="Jean Leguay">Jean Leguay</a>, delegate of Bousquet in the "free zone", charged with crimes against humanity for his role in the July 1942 <i><a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vel' d'Hiv Roundup</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a>, later President of the French Republic (1981–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Papon" title="Maurice Papon">Maurice Papon</a>, head of the Jewish Questions Service in the prefecture of Bordeaux. Condemned for crimes against humanity in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a>, Head of State.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pucheu" title="Pierre Pucheu">Pierre Pucheu</a>, Minister of the Interior.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Sabiani" title="Simon Sabiani">Simon Sabiani</a>, head of the <i><a href="/wiki/Parti_Populaire_Fran%C3%A7ais" class="mw-redirect" title="Parti Populaire Français">Parti Populaire Français</a></i> in Marseille.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Touvier" title="Paul Touvier">Paul Touvier</a>, condemned in 1995 for crimes against humanity for his role as head of the <i>Milice</i> in Lyon.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Vallat" title="Xavier Vallat">Xavier Vallat</a>, Commissioner General for Jewish Questions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxime_Weygand" title="Maxime Weygand">Maxime Weygand</a>, Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces and Minister of Defense.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-Vichy_collaborationists">Non-Vichy collaborationists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Non-Vichy collaborationists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bonny" title="Pierre Bonny">Pierre Bonny</a>, also known as Pierre Bony.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Robert Brasillach</a>, writer, executed for collaboration after the war.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Bucard" title="Marcel Bucard">Marcel Bucard</a>, founder of the far-right <i><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_franciste" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouvement franciste">Mouvement franciste</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Legion_des_volontaires_francais_contre_le_bolchevisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Legion des volontaires francais contre le bolchevisme">Legion des volontaires francais contre le bolchevisme</a></i> (LVF).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline">Louis-Ferdinand Céline</a>, writer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Deloncle" title="Eugène Deloncle">Eugène Deloncle</a>, co-founder of the right-wing terrorist group <i><a href="/wiki/La_Cagoule" title="La Cagoule">La Cagoule</a></i> in 1935 and fascist <i><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_social_r%C3%A9volutionnaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouvement social révolutionnaire">Mouvement social révolutionnaire</a></i> in 1940.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Doriot" title="Jacques Doriot">Jacques Doriot</a>, founder of the <i><a href="/wiki/Parti_Populaire_Fran%C3%A7ais" class="mw-redirect" title="Parti Populaire Français">Parti Populaire Français</a></i> (PPF) and member of the LVF.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Drieu_La_Rochelle" title="Pierre Drieu La Rochelle">Pierre Drieu La Rochelle</a>, writer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lafont" title="Henri Lafont">Henri Lafont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Leandri" class="mw-redirect" title="Étienne Leandri">Étienne Leandri</a>, wore the Gestapo uniform during the war and participated in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Gaullist" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaullist">Gaullist</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Service_d%27Action_Civique" title="Service d'Action Civique">Service d'Action Civique</a></i> (SAC) in the 1960s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Le_Vigan" title="Robert Le Vigan">Robert Le Vigan</a>, actor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Charles Maurras</a>, writer and founder of royalist movement <i><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Rebatet" title="Lucien Rebatet">Lucien Rebatet</a>, writer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Taittinger" title="Pierre Taittinger">Pierre Taittinger</a>, chairman of the municipal council of Paris 1943–1944.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_of_Septfonds" title="Camp of Septfonds">Camp of Septfonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadix" title="Cadix">Cadix</a>, Allied intelligence center in <a href="/wiki/Uz%C3%A8s" title="Uzès">Uzès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_France_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of France during World War II">German occupation of France during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vichy_France" title="Government of Vichy France">Government of Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_France_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian occupation of France during World War II">Italian occupation of France during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_possessions_and_colonies" title="List of French possessions and colonies">List of French possessions and colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of France during World War II">Military history of France during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oradour-sur-Glane" title="Oradour-sur-Glane">Oradour-sur-Glane</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ordre_Nouveau_(1940s)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordre Nouveau (1940s)">Ordre Nouveau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_workers_in_Vichy_France" title="Refugee workers in Vichy France">Refugee workers in Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Todt" title="Organisation Todt">Organisation Todt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Elizabeth_Thorpe" title="Amy Elizabeth Thorpe">Amy Elizabeth Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(Frankreich)_Area_(Luftflotte_3,_France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Front (Frankreich) Area (Luftflotte 3, France)">Western Front (Frankreich) Area (Luftflotte 3, France)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Basque_Country" title="World War II in the Basque Country">World War II in the Basque Country</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Given full constituent powers in the <a href="/wiki/French_Constitutional_Law_of_1940" title="French Constitutional Law of 1940">law of 10 July 1940</a>, Pétain never promulgated a new constitution. A draft was written in 1941 and signed by Pétain in 1944 but was never submitted or ratified.<sup id="cite_ref-Beigbeder-2006_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beigbeder-2006-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">French: Pétain: "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">J'entre aujourd'hui dans la voie de la collaboration.</i></span>"</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-law-1944-08-09-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-law-1944-08-09_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-law-1944-08-09_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-law-1944-08-09_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-law-1944-08-09_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090716040542/http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006071212&dateTexte=20090620">"Ordonnance du 9 août 1944 relative au rétablissement de la légalité républicaine sur le territoire continental – Version consolidée au 10 août 1944"</a> [Law of 9 August 1944 Concerning the reestablishment of the legally constituted Republic on the mainland – consolidated version of 10 August 1944]. <i>gouv.fr</i>. Legifrance. 9 August 1944. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006071212&dateTexte=20090620">the original</a> on 16 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2015</span>. <q>Article 1: The form of the government of France is and remains the Republic. By law, it has not ceased to exist. <br /> Article 2: The following are therefore null and void: all legislative or regulatory acts as well as all actions of any description whatsoever taken to execute them, promulgated in Metropolitan France after 16 June 1940 and until the restoration of the Provisional Government of the French Republic. This nullification is hereby expressly declared and must be noted.<br />Article 3. The following acts are hereby expressly nullified and held invalid: The so-called "Constitutional Law of 10 July 1940; as well as any laws called 'Constitutional Law';...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gouv.fr&rft.atitle=Ordonnance+du+9+ao%C3%BBt+1944+relative+au+r%C3%A9tablissement+de+la+l%C3%A9galit%C3%A9+r%C3%A9publicaine+sur+le+territoire+continental+%E2%80%93+Version+consolid%C3%A9e+au+10+ao%C3%BBt+1944&rft.date=1944-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%2FaffichTexte.do%3FcidTexte%3DLEGITEXT000006071212%26dateTexte%3D20090620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NDompnier-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NDompnier_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDompnier2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dompnier, Nathalie (2001). "Entre <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La Marseillaise</i></span> et <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Maréchal, nous voilà!</i></span> quel hymne pour le régime de Vichy ?". In Chimènes, Myriam (ed.). <i>La vie musicale sous Vichy</i>. Histoire du temps présent (in French). Bruxelles: Éditions Complexe – IRPMF-CNRS, coll. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87027-864-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87027-864-2"><bdi>978-2-87027-864-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Entre+%3Cspan+title%3D%22French-language+text%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22fr%22%3ELa+Marseillaise%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+French-language+text+et+%3Cspan+title%3D%22French-language+text%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22fr%22%3EMar%C3%A9chal%2C+nous+voil%C3%A0%21%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+French-language+text+quel+hymne+pour+le+r%C3%A9gime+de+Vichy+%3F&rft.btitle=La+vie+musicale+sous+Vichy&rft.place=Bruxelles&rft.series=Histoire+du+temps+pr%C3%A9sent&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Complexe+%E2%80%93+IRPMF-CNRS%2C+coll.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-2-87027-864-2&rft.aulast=Dompnier&rft.aufirst=Nathalie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Julian_T._Jackson" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian T. Jackson">Julian T. Jackson</a>, <i>France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944</i> (2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pet-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pet_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pet_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/28011">"Allocution Radiodiffusée [Broadcast Speech]"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Allocution+Radiodiffus%C3%A9e+%5BBroadcast+Speech%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwm.org.uk%2Fcollections%2Fitem%2Fobject%2F28011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_O._Paxton1972" class="citation book cs1">Robert O. Paxton (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-WYMngEACAAJ"><i>Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940-44</i></a>. Barrie and Jenkins. <q>Simultaneously, the French delegates at Wiesbaden were working to reach endurable levels of occupation costs, the early release of prisoners of war, and the return of the government to Paris.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vichy+France%3A+Old+Guard+and+New+Order%2C+1940-44&rft.pub=Barrie+and+Jenkins&rft.date=1972&rft.au=Robert+O.+Paxton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-WYMngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bseditions.fr-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bseditions.fr_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedie.bseditions.fr/article.php?pArticleId=158&pChapitreId=23982&pArticleLib=Le+Bilan+de+la+Shoah+en+France+%5BLe+r%E9gime+de+Vichy%5D">"Le Bilan de la Shoah en France [Le régime de Vichy]"</a>. <i>bseditions.fr</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bseditions.fr&rft.atitle=Le+Bilan+de+la+Shoah+en+France+%5BLe+r%C3%A9gime+de+Vichy%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedie.bseditions.fr%2Farticle.php%3FpArticleId%3D158%26pChapitreId%3D23982%26pArticleLib%3DLe%2BBilan%2Bde%2Bla%2BShoah%2Ben%2BFrance%2B%255BLe%2Br%25E9gime%2Bde%2BVichy%255D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levieux_1999-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Levieux_1999_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevieux1999" class="citation book cs1">Levieux, Eleanor (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insidersfrenchbe00levi"><i>Insiders' French : beyond the dictionary</i></a></span>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insidersfrenchbe00levi/page/239">239</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-47502-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-47502-8"><bdi>978-0-226-47502-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insiders%27+French+%3A+beyond+the+dictionary&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-226-47502-8&rft.aulast=Levieux&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsidersfrenchbe00levi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_Kitson" class="citation web cs1">Simon Kitson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011034645/http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/vichy/occupiers.htm#trust">"Vichy Web – The Occupiers and Their Policies"</a>. <i>French Studies, University of Birmingham</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/vichy/occupiers.htm#trust">the original</a> on 11 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=French+Studies%2C+University+of+Birmingham&rft.atitle=Vichy+Web+%E2%80%93+The+Occupiers+and+Their+Policies&rft.au=Simon+Kitson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fartsweb.bham.ac.uk%2Fvichy%2Foccupiers.htm%23trust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroener2000iii-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroener2000iii_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKroener2000">Kroener 2000</a>, p. iii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroener2000160–162-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroener2000160–162_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKroener2000">Kroener 2000</a>, pp. 160–162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crimefiction-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-crimefiction_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton2016" class="citation book cs1">Hutton, Margaret-Anne (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ofQFDAAAQBAJ"><i>French Crime Fiction, 1945–2005 Investigating World War II</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317132691" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317132691"><bdi>978-1317132691</bdi></a>. <q>The <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Malgré nous</i></span> (literally 'in spite of us' or 'against our wishes') was the name given to those inhabitants of the Alsace-Lorraine region forcibly conscripted into the Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Crime+Fiction%2C+1945%E2%80%932005+Investigating+World+War+II&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1317132691&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Margaret-Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DofQFDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Jackson & Simon Kitson ‘The paradoxes of foreign policy in Vichy France’ in Jonathan Adelman(ed), <i>Hitler and his Allies</i>, London, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanger,_William1947" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Langer" title="William L. Langer">Langer, William</a> (1947). <i>Our Vichy gamble</i>. Knopf. pp. 364–376.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Vichy+gamble&rft.pages=364-376&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1947&rft.au=Langer%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060927043815/http://www.ambafrance-au.org/article.php3?id_article=1491">"Historique des relations franco-australiennes"</a>. 27 September 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ambafrance-au.org/article.php3?id_article=1491">the original</a> on 27 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historique+des+relations+franco-australiennes&rft.date=2006-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ambafrance-au.org%2Farticle.php3%3Fid_article%3D1491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.international.gc.ca/history-histoire/world-monde/1939-1945.aspx?lang=eng#france">Canada's diplomatic relationships with Vichy: Foreign Affairs Canada</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811114324/http://www.international.gc.ca/history-histoire/world-monde/1939-1945.aspx?lang=eng#france">Archived</a> 2011-08-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2013" class="citation cs2">Young, Ernest (2013), <i>Ecclesiastical Colony: China's Catholic Church and the French Religious Protectorate</i>, Oxford University Press, pp. 250–251, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992462-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992462-2"><bdi>978-0-19-992462-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecclesiastical+Colony%3A+China%27s+Catholic+Church+and+the+French+Religious+Protectorate&rft.pages=250-251&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-992462-2&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2001134-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2001134_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson2001">Jackson 2001</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_G._Nord2010" class="citation book cs1">Philip G. Nord (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oyC7tl0ny40C&pg=PA12"><i>France's New Deal: From the Thirties to the Postwar Era</i></a>. Princeton U.P. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14297-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14297-5"><bdi>978-0-691-14297-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151024221808/https://books.google.com/books?id=oyC7tl0ny40C&pg=PA12">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France%27s+New+Deal%3A+From+the+Thirties+to+the+Postwar+Era&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Princeton+U.P.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14297-5&rft.au=Philip+G.+Nord&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoyC7tl0ny40C%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKocherLawrenceMonteiro2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kocher, Matthew Adam; Lawrence, Adria K.; Monteiro, Nuno P. (1 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fisec_a_00329">"Nationalism, Collaboration, and Resistance: France under Nazi Occupation"</a>. <i>International Security</i>. <b>43</b> (2): 117–150. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fisec_a_00329">10.1162/isec_a_00329</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0162-2889">0162-2889</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57561272">57561272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Security&rft.atitle=Nationalism%2C+Collaboration%2C+and+Resistance%3A+France+under+Nazi+Occupation&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=117-150&rft.date=2018-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57561272%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0162-2889&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fisec_a_00329&rft.aulast=Kocher&rft.aufirst=Matthew+Adam&rft.au=Lawrence%2C+Adria+K.&rft.au=Monteiro%2C+Nuno+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1162%252Fisec_a_00329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Debbie_Lackerstein_2013-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Debbie_Lackerstein_2013_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debbie_Lackerstein_2013_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debbie_Lackerstein_2013_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Debbie Lackerstein, <i>National Regeneration in Vichy France: Ideas and Policies, 1930–1944</i> (2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley_G._Payne1983" class="citation book cs1">Stanley G. Payne (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HvqRDWVyIcEC&pg=PA137"><i>Fascism: A Comparative Approach Toward a Definition</i></a>. U. of Wisconsin Press. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-08064-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-08064-8"><bdi>978-0-299-08064-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151024213648/https://books.google.com/books?id=HvqRDWVyIcEC&pg=PA137">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism%3A+A+Comparative+Approach+Toward+a+Definition&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=U.+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-299-08064-8&rft.au=Stanley+G.+Payne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHvqRDWVyIcEC%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaqueur1978" class="citation book cs1">Laqueur, Walter (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2s8OaLD7y_oC&pg=PA298"><i>Fascism: A Reader's Guide</i></a>. U. of California Press. p. 298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03642-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03642-0"><bdi>978-0-520-03642-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150927165554/https://books.google.com/books?id=2s8OaLD7y_oC&pg=PA298">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism%3A+A+Reader%27s+Guide&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=U.+of+California+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03642-0&rft.aulast=Laqueur&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2s8OaLD7y_oC%26pg%3DPA298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiewiorka2019" class="citation book cs1">Wiewiorka, Olivier (2019). "Vichy, a Fascist State?". In <a href="/wiki/Ismael_Saz" title="Ismael Saz">Saz, Ismael</a>; Box, Zira; Morant, Toni; Sanz, Julián (eds.). <i>Reactionary Nationalists, Fascists and Dictatorships in the Twentieth Century</i>. Palgrave Studies in Political History. Springer International Publishing. pp. 311–326. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-22411-0_17">10.1007/978-3-030-22411-0_17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-22411-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-22411-0"><bdi>978-3-030-22411-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:200108437">200108437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vichy%2C+a+Fascist+State%3F&rft.btitle=Reactionary+Nationalists%2C+Fascists+and+Dictatorships+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.series=Palgrave+Studies+in+Political+History&rft.pages=311-326&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A200108437%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-22411-0_17&rft.isbn=978-3-030-22411-0&rft.aulast=Wiewiorka&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-karlsgodt-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-karlsgodt_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-karlsgodt_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-karlsgodt_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarlsgodt2011" class="citation book cs1">Karlsgodt, Elizabeth (2011). <i>Defending National Treasures: French Art and Heritage Under Vichy</i>. Stanford University Press. pp. 126–128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7018-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7018-7"><bdi>978-0-8047-7018-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defending+National+Treasures%3A+French+Art+and+Heritage+Under+Vichy&rft.pages=126-128&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-7018-7&rft.aulast=Karlsgodt&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flood, Christopher "Pétain and de Gaulle" pp. 88–110 from <i>France At War In the Twentieth Century</i> edited by Valerie Holman and Debra Kelly, Oxford: Berghahan Books, 2000 pp. 92–93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200096–98-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200096–98_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmanKelly2000">Holman & Kelly 2000</a>, pp. 96–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200099-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200099_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200099_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200099_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmanKelly2000">Holman & Kelly 2000</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly2000101-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly2000101_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmanKelly2000">Holman & Kelly 2000</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJennings1994712–714-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJennings1994712–714_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJennings1994">Jennings 1994</a>, pp. 712–714.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJennings1994716-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJennings1994716_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJennings1994">Jennings 1994</a>, p. 716.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJennings1994717-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJennings1994717_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJennings1994717_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJennings1994">Jennings 1994</a>, p. 717.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJennings1994725-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJennings1994725_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJennings1994">Jennings 1994</a>, p. 725.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJennings1994724-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJennings1994724_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJennings1994">Jennings 1994</a>, p. 724.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cornick, Martyn "Fighting Myth with Reality: The Fall of France, Anglophobia, and the BBC" pp. 65–87 from <i>France At War In the Twentieth Century</i> edited by Valerie Holman and Debra Kelly, Oxford: Berghahan Books, 2000 pp. 69–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200069–70-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200069–70_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmanKelly2000">Holman & Kelly 2000</a>, pp. 69–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200069-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200069_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmanKelly2000">Holman & Kelly 2000</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200070-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200070_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200070_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmanKelly2000">Holman & Kelly 2000</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200071–76-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200071–76_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmanKelly2000">Holman & Kelly 2000</a>, pp. 71–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200097-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200097_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200097_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmanKelly2000">Holman & Kelly 2000</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200072-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200072_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmanKelly2000">Holman & Kelly 2000</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200072–73-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200072–73_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmanKelly2000">Holman & Kelly 2000</a>, pp. 72–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200075-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200075_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmanKelly2000">Holman & Kelly 2000</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200075–76-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200075–76_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmanKelly2000">Holman & Kelly 2000</a>, pp. 75–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200076-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmanKelly200076_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmanKelly2000">Holman & Kelly 2000</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Doughty" title="Robert A. Doughty">Robert A. Doughty</a>, <i>The Breaking Point: Sedan and the Fall of France, 1940</i> (1990)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2001121–126-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2001121–126_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson2001">Jackson 2001</a>, pp. 121–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger2008" class="citation book cs1">Singer, Barnett (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0VZeIHEv3FkC&pg=PA111"><i>Maxime Weygand: A Biography of the French General in Two World Wars</i></a>. McFarland. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3571-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3571-5"><bdi>978-0-7864-3571-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151101104418/https://books.google.com/books?id=0VZeIHEv3FkC&pg=PA111">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maxime+Weygand%3A+A+Biography+of+the+French+General+in+Two+World+Wars&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-3571-5&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Barnett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0VZeIHEv3FkC%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/19409261">"Spying for Germany in Vichy France"</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spying+for+Germany+in+Vichy+France&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconnection.ebscohost.com%2Fc%2Farticles%2F19409261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holocaust_Encyclopedia-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holocaust_Encyclopedia_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/france">"France"</a>. <i>Holocaust Encyclopedia</i>. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=France&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Ffrance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVinen2006" class="citation book cs1">Vinen, Richard (2006). <i>The Unfree French: Life under the Occupation</i>. pp. 183–214.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unfree+French%3A+Life+under+the+Occupation&rft.pages=183-214&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Vinen&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">French Colonial Soldiers in German Prisoner-of-War Camps (1940–1945), Raffael Scheck, 2010, French History, p. 421</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Joseph_Golsan2000" class="citation book cs1">Richard Joseph Golsan (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3g6pUzgXeQsC&pg=PA14"><i>The Papon Affair: Memory and Justice on Trial</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92365-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92365-1"><bdi>978-0-415-92365-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151102063642/https://books.google.com/books?id=3g6pUzgXeQsC&pg=PA14">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papon+Affair%3A+Memory+and+Justice+on+Trial&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-92365-1&rft.au=Richard+Joseph+Golsan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3g6pUzgXeQsC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2001142-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2001142_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson2001">Jackson 2001</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-loi-1940-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-loi-1940_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean-Pierre_Maury" class="citation web cs1">Jean-Pierre Maury. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/france/co1940lc.htm">"Loi constitutionnelle du 10 Juillet 1940"</a>. Mjp.univ-perp.fr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010723063501/http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/france/co1940lc.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Loi+constitutionnelle+du+10+Juillet+1940&rft.pub=Mjp.univ-perp.fr&rft.au=Jean-Pierre+Maury&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmjp.univ-perp.fr%2Ffrance%2Fco1940lc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beigbeder-2006-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beigbeder-2006_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeigbeder2006" class="citation book cs1">Beigbeder, Yves (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JEywCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA140"><i>Judging War Crimes and Torture: French Justice and International Criminal Tribunals and Commissions (1940–2005)</i></a>. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff/Brill. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-1070-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-1070-6"><bdi>978-90-474-1070-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1058436580">1058436580</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judging+War+Crimes+and+Torture%3A+French+Justice+and+International+Criminal+Tribunals+and+Commissions+%281940%E2%80%932005%29&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff%2FBrill&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1058436580&rft.isbn=978-90-474-1070-6&rft.aulast=Beigbeder&rft.aufirst=Yves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJEywCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-loi2-1940-07-11-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-loi2-1940-07-11_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1940/1940-07-10b.html">"Constitutional act no. 2, defining the authority of the chief of the French state"</a>. Journal Officiel de la République française. 11 July 1940. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208195717/http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1940/1940-07-10b.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitutional+act+no.+2%2C+defining+the+authority+of+the+chief+of+the+French+state&rft.pub=Journal+Officiel+de+la+R%C3%A9publique+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.date=1940-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fpha%2Fpolicy%2F1940%2F1940-07-10b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-christofferson2006-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-christofferson2006_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-christofferson2006_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristofferson,_Thomas_R.Christofferson,_Michael_S.2006" class="citation book cs1">Christofferson, Thomas R.; Christofferson, Michael S. (2006). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/franceduringworl00chri"><i>France during World War II: From Defeat to Liberation</i></a></span>. Fordham University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/franceduringworl00chri/page/n53">37</a>–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-2562-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-2562-0"><bdi>978-0-8232-2562-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France+during+World+War+II%3A+From+Defeat+to+Liberation&rft.pages=37-40&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8232-2562-0&rft.au=Christofferson%2C+Thomas+R.&rft.au=Christofferson%2C+Michael+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffranceduringworl00chri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean-Pierre Azéma, <i>De Munich à la Libération</i>, Le Seuil, 1979, p. 82 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-02-005215-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-02-005215-6">2-02-005215-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">French: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">L'Assemblée Nationale donne les plein pouvoirs au gouvernement de la République, sous l'autorité et la signature du maréchal Pétain, à l'effet de promulguer par un ou plusieurs actes une nouvelle Constitution de l'État français. Cette Constitution doit garantir les droits du travail, de la famille et de la patrie. Elle sera ratifiée par la nation et appliquée par les Assemblées qu'elle aura créées.</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.histecon.magd.cam.ac.uk/coins_feb2016.html">"Centre for History and Economics"</a>. <i>www.histecon.magd.cam.ac.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.histecon.magd.cam.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Centre+for+History+and+Economics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.histecon.magd.cam.ac.uk%2Fcoins_feb2016.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean-Pierre_Maury" class="citation web cs1">Jean-Pierre Maury. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/france/co1940.htm">"Actes constitutionnels du Gouvernement de Vichy, 1940–1944, France, MJP, université de Perpignan"</a>. Mjp.univ-perp.fr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130329150837/http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/france/co1940.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Actes+constitutionnels+du+Gouvernement+de+Vichy%2C+1940%E2%80%931944%2C+France%2C+MJP%2C+universit%C3%A9+de+Perpignan&rft.pub=Mjp.univ-perp.fr&rft.au=Jean-Pierre+Maury&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmjp.univ-perp.fr%2Ffrance%2Fco1940.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ratcliffe-2011-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ratcliffe-2011_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRatcliffe2011" class="citation book cs1">Ratcliffe, Susan, ed. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KRiFmlT2cdIC&pg=PA291"><i>Concise Oxford Dictionary of Quotations</i></a>. OUP Oxford. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956707-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956707-2"><bdi>978-0-19-956707-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/706628672">706628672</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Quotations&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F706628672&rft.isbn=978-0-19-956707-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKRiFmlT2cdIC%26pg%3DPA291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John F. Sweets, Choices in Vichy France: The French Under Nazi Occupation (New York, 1986), p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ousby, Ian <i>Occupation The Ordeal of France, 1940–1944</i>, New York: CooperSquare Press, 2000 p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William L. Langer, <i>Our Vichy Gamble</i> (1947)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lacroix-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lacroix_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lacroix_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lacroix_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lacroix_67-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mondediplo.com/2003/05/05lacroix">When the US wanted to take over France</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101127123523/http://mondediplo.com/2003/05/05lacroix">Archived</a> 27 November 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annie_Lacroix-Riz" title="Annie Lacroix-Riz">Annie Lacroix-Riz</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde_diplomatique" title="Le Monde diplomatique">Le Monde diplomatique</a></i>, May 2003 (English, French, etc.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811114324/http://www.international.gc.ca/history-histoire/world-monde/1939-1945.aspx?lang=eng#junior">"Canada and the World: A History"</a>. International.gc.ca. 31 January 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.international.gc.ca/history-histoire/world-monde/1939-1945.aspx?lang=eng#junior">the original</a> on 11 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canada+and+the+World%3A+A+History&rft.pub=International.gc.ca&rft.date=2011-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.international.gc.ca%2Fhistory-histoire%2Fworld-monde%2F1939-1945.aspx%3Flang%3Deng%23junior&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burrin, Philippe (1997). <i>La France à l'heure allemande 1940–1944</i>. Paris: Seuil. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-02-031477-0" title="Special:BookSources/2-02-031477-0">2-02-031477-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2199&dat=19440822&id=GPplAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-b0MAAAAIBAJ&pg=5227,5878166&hl=en">Lawrence Journal-World – Aug 22, 1944</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160126054329/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2199&dat=19440822&id=GPplAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-b0MAAAAIBAJ&pg=5227,5878166&hl=en">Archived</a> 26 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 17 January 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Toland_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Toland (author)">Toland</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rising_Sun" title="The Rising Sun">The Rising Sun</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jouin1965-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jouin1965_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJouin1965" class="citation journal cs1">Jouin, Yves (1965). "La Nouvelle-Calédonie et la Polynésie Française dans la Guerre du Pacifique". <i>Revue Historique des Armées</i>. <b>21</b> (3): 155–164.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+Historique+des+Arm%C3%A9es&rft.atitle=La+Nouvelle-Cal%C3%A9donie+et+la+Polyn%C3%A9sie+Fran%C3%A7aise+dans+la+Guerre+du+Pacifique&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=155-164&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Jouin&rft.aufirst=Yves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110817222523/http://histoire.itereva.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=114&Itemid=67&limit=1&limitstart=3">"Les ÉFO dans la Seconde Guerre Mondiale : la question du ralliement et ses conséquences"</a>. Itereva Histoire-Géographie. 5 November 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://histoire.itereva.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=114&Itemid=67&limit=1&limitstart=3">the original</a> on 17 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+%C3%89FO+dans+la+Seconde+Guerre+Mondiale+%3A+la+question+du+ralliement+et+ses+cons%C3%A9quences&rft.pub=Itereva+Histoire-G%C3%A9ographie&rft.date=2006-11-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistoire.itereva.net%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D114%26Itemid%3D67%26limit%3D1%26limitstart%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Triest, Willard G. "Gearing up for Operation Bobcat" in Mason, John T., editor, <i>The Pacific War Remembered.</i> U.S. Naval Institute Press, 2003, pp. 41–51 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1591144786" title="Special:BookSources/978-1591144786">978-1591144786</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deuxiemeguerremondia.forumactif.com/t8009-la-polynesie-francaise-pendant-la-seconde-guerre-mondiale">"Citation of the <i>bataillon d'infanterie de marine et du Pacifique</i> for valor during the fourth battle of Monte Cassino"</a>. 22 July 1944. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110711020806/http://deuxiemeguerremondia.forumactif.com/t8009-la-polynesie-francaise-pendant-la-seconde-guerre-mondiale">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Citation+of+the+bataillon+d%27infanterie+de+marine+et+du+Pacifique+for+valor+during+the+fourth+battle+of+Monte+Cassino&rft.date=1944-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeuxiemeguerremondia.forumactif.com%2Ft8009-la-polynesie-francaise-pendant-la-seconde-guerre-mondiale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723131803/http://www.france-libre.net/1ere-dfl/unites/bimp.php">"Le Bataillon d'infanterie de marine et du Pacifique (BIMP)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france-libre.net/1ere-dfl/unites/bimp.php">the original</a> on 23 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+Bataillon+d%27infanterie+de+marine+et+du+Pacifique+%28BIMP%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france-libre.net%2F1ere-dfl%2Funites%2Fbimp.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OL-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OL_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OL_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ordredelaliberation.fr/fr/compagnons/henri-sautot">Henri Sautot</a> Order of Liberation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928032450/http://www.ac-noumea.nc/histoire-geo/spip/spip.php?article129&lang=fr">"Document 3: le choix des Nouvelles-Hébrides"</a>. 17 July 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ac-noumea.nc/histoire-geo/spip/spip.php?article129&lang=fr">the original</a> on 28 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Document+3%3A+le+choix+des+Nouvelles-H%C3%A9brides&rft.date=2010-07-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ac-noumea.nc%2Fhistoire-geo%2Fspip%2Fspip.php%3Farticle129%26lang%3Dfr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegnaultKurtovitch2002" class="citation journal cs1">Regnault, Jean-Marc; Kurtovitch, Ismet (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Frhmc.494.0071">"Les ralliements du Pacifique en 1940: Entre légende gaulliste, enjeux stratégiques mondiaux et rivalités Londres/Vichy"</a>. <i>Revue d'Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine</i>. <b>49</b> (4): 71–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Frhmc.494.0071">10.3917/rhmc.494.0071</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20530880">20530880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+d%27Histoire+Moderne+et+Contemporaine&rft.atitle=Les+ralliements+du+Pacifique+en+1940%3A+Entre+l%C3%A9gende+gaulliste%2C+enjeux+strat%C3%A9giques+mondiaux+et+rivalit%C3%A9s+Londres%2FVichy&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=71-90&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Frhmc.494.0071&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20530880%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Regnault&rft.aufirst=Jean-Marc&rft.au=Kurtovitch%2C+Ismet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3917%252Frhmc.494.0071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ChyilRml0hcC&pg=PA71"><i>World War II Pacific Island Guide</i>, p. 71</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319130955/http://books.google.com/books?id=ChyilRml0hcC&pg=PA71">Archived</a> 19 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Gordon L. Rottman, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLestrade1997" class="citation journal cs1">Lestrade, Claude (1997). "Le ralliement de Wallis à la " France libre " (1942)". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_de_la_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_Oc%C3%A9anistes" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal de la Société des Océanistes">Journal de la Société des Océanistes</a></i>. <b>105</b> (2): 199–203. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fjso.1997.2029">10.3406/jso.1997.2029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+des+Oc%C3%A9anistes&rft.atitle=Le+ralliement+de+Wallis+%C3%A0+la+%22+France+libre+%22+%281942%29&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=199-203&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fjso.1997.2029&rft.aulast=Lestrade&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Intrepid-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Intrepid_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intrepid_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson1976" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, William (1976). <i>A man called Intrepid</i>. Macmillan London Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-19377-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-19377-6"><bdi>0-333-19377-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+man+called+Intrepid&rft.pub=Macmillan+London+Limited&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-333-19377-6&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GUSO-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GUSO_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GUSO_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GUSO_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/Guard-US/ch16.htm"><i>Guarding the United States and Its Outposts</i></a>. Center of Military History United States Army. 1964.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guarding+the+United+States+and+Its+Outposts&rft.pub=Center+of+Military+History+United+States+Army&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fwwii%2FGuard-US%2Fch16.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/48904674">"Eight Allied Ships Sunk Off French Guiana"</a>. The Advertiser. 12 March 1943.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Eight+Allied+Ships+Sunk+Off+French+Guiana&rft.date=1943-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F48904674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Guadeloupe">"Encyclopedia Britannica – Guadeloupe"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica+%E2%80%93+Guadeloupe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FGuadeloupe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/page/affichecitoyennete.php?idLang=en&idCitoyen=25">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaugh199375–76-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaugh199375–76_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaugh1993">Raugh 1993</a>, pp. 75–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair_et_al.195489-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair_et_al.195489_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair_et_al.1954">Playfair et al. 1954</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMockler1984241-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMockler1984241_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMockler1984">Mockler 1984</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004322–323-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004322–323_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair2004">Playfair 2004</a>, pp. 322–323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004323–324-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004323–324_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair2004">Playfair 2004</a>, pp. 323–324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunk1973" class="citation journal cs1">Funk, Arthur L. (April 1973). "Negotiating the 'Deal with Darlan'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 81–117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200947300800205">10.1177/002200947300800205</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/259995">259995</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159589846">159589846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Negotiating+the+%27Deal+with+Darlan%27&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=81-117&rft.date=1973-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159589846%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F259995%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200947300800205&rft.aulast=Funk&rft.aufirst=Arthur+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur L. Funk, <i>The Politics of Torch</i> (1974)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LDHNorthAfrica-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LDHNorthAfrica_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LDHNorthAfrica_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LDHNorthAfrica_94-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LDHNorthAfrica_94-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LDHNorthAfrica_94-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ldh-toulon.net/spip.php?article285">Extraits de l'entretien d'Annie Rey-Goldzeiguer</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131001080355/http://www.ldh-toulon.net/spip.php?article285">Archived</a> 1 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [1, avec Christian Makarian et Dominique Simonnet, publié dans <i>l'Express</i> du 14 mars 2002], on the <a href="/wiki/Ligue_des_droits_de_l%27homme" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligue des droits de l'homme">LDH</a> website <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2006" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Edmund (2006). "Vichy government". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192807007.001.0001/acref-9780192807007-e-3831"><i>A Dictionary of World History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280700-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280700-7"><bdi>978-0-19-280700-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vichy+government&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+World+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280700-7&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192807007.001.0001%2Facref-9780192807007-e-3831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Julian_T._Jackson" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian T. Jackson">Julian T. Jackson</a>, "The Republic and Vichy." in <i>The French Republic: History, Values, Debates</i> (2011): 65–73 quoting p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon Kitson, <i>The Hunt for Nazi Spies, Fighting Espionage in Vichy France.</i> University of Chicago Press, 2008; the French edition appeared in 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.Lee Ready (1995), <i>World War Two. Nation by Nation</i>, London, Cassell, p. 86. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85409-290-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85409-290-1">1-85409-290-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2001139-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2001139_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson2001">Jackson 2001</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ordremoral143-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ordremoral143_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoninchi2005" class="citation book cs1">Boninchi, Marc (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cairn.info/vichy-et-l-ordre-moral--9782130553397-page-143.htm"><i>Vichy et l'ordre moral</i></a></span>. Paris: PUF. pp. 143–193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-055339-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-13-055339-7"><bdi>978-2-13-055339-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/420826274">420826274</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160815081238/http://www.cairn.info/vichy-et-l-ordre-moral--9782130553397-page-143.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2016</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Cairn.info" title="Cairn.info">Cairn.info</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vichy+et+l%27ordre+moral&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=143-193&rft.pub=PUF&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F420826274&rft.isbn=978-2-13-055339-7&rft.aulast=Boninchi&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairn.info%2Fvichy-et-l-ordre-moral--9782130553397-page-143.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZalc2020" class="citation journal cs1">Zalc, Claire (16 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/711477">"Discretionary Power in the Hands of an Authoritarian State: A Study of Denaturalizations under the Vichy Regime (1940–1944)"</a>. <i>The Journal of Modern History</i>. <b>92</b> (4): 817–858. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F711477">10.1086/711477</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2801">0022-2801</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226968304">226968304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Discretionary+Power+in+the+Hands+of+an+Authoritarian+State%3A+A+Study+of+Denaturalizations+under+the+Vichy+Regime+%281940%E2%80%931944%29&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=817-858&rft.date=2020-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A226968304%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-2801&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F711477&rft.aulast=Zalc&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F711477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">François Masure, "<i>État et identité nationale. Un rapport ambigu à propos des naturalisés</i>", in <i>Journal des anthropologues</i>, hors-série 2007, pp. 39–49 (see p. 48) <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNahum2008" class="citation journal cs1">Nahum, Henri (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cairn.info/revue-archives-juives1-2008-1-page-41.htm">"L'éviction des médecins juifs dans la France de Vichy"</a>. <i>Archives Juives</i>. <b>41</b> (1): 41–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Faj.411.0041">10.3917/aj.411.0041</a>. <q>Dès juillet 1940, paraissent donc de nouveaux textes qui vont constituer un arsenal législatif antijuif visant en particulier les médecins juifs : la loi du 17 juillet 1940 stipule que, désormais, pour être employé par une administration publique, il faut posséder la nationalité française à titre originaire ; la loi du 22 juillet 1940 établit un processus de révision des naturalisations acquises depuis 1927 ; enfin, la loi du 16 août 1940 réorganise la profession médicale et stipule que « nul ne peut exercer la profession de médecin en France s'il ne possède la nationalité française à titre originaire comme étant né de père français ».</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+Juives&rft.atitle=L%27%C3%A9viction+des+m%C3%A9decins+juifs+dans+la+France+de+Vichy&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41-58&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Faj.411.0041&rft.aulast=Nahum&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairn.info%2Frevue-archives-juives1-2008-1-page-41.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dominique Rémy, <i>Les Lois de Vichy</i>, Romillat, 2004, p. 91, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-87894-026-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-87894-026-1">2-87894-026-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7ORlIpHKLEC&pg=PA368">Vichy France and the Jews</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151024234432/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7ORlIpHKLEC&pg=PA368&dq&hl=en">Archived</a> 24 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Michael Robert Marrus, Robert O. Paxton (1995). <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. pp. 367–368. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-2499-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-2499-7">0-8047-2499-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Rajsfus" title="Maurice Rajsfus">Maurice Rajsfus</a>, <i>Drancy, un camp de concentration très ordinaire</i>, Cherche Midi éditeur (2005).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein1979" class="citation book cs1">Stein, Louis (1979). <i>Beyond Death and Exile; the Spanish Republicans in France, 1939-1955</i> (1st ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-06888-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-06888-2"><bdi>0-674-06888-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Death+and+Exile%3B+the+Spanish+Republicans+in+France%2C+1939-1955&rft.pages=124&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-674-06888-2&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060714215544/http://www.aloufok.net/article.php3?id_article=551">"Aincourt, camp d'internement et centre de tri"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aloufok.net/article.php3?id_article=551">the original</a> on 14 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aincourt%2C+camp+d%27internement+et+centre+de+tri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aloufok.net%2Farticle.php3%3Fid_article%3D551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/page/affichelieu.php?idLang=fr&idLieu=1207">"Saline royale d'Arc et Senans (25) – L'internement des Tsiganes"</a>. Cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110521092121/http://www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/page/affichelieu.php?idLang=fr&idLieu=1207">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saline+royale+d%27Arc+et+Senans+%2825%29+%E2%80%93+L%27internement+des+Tsiganes&rft.pub=Cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr%2Fpage%2Faffichelieu.php%3FidLang%3Dfr%26idLieu%3D1207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722112044/http://www.jewishtraces.org/recherche.php">"Listes des internés du camp des Milles 1941"</a>. Jewishtraces.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishtraces.org/recherche.php">the original</a> on 22 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Listes+des+intern%C3%A9s+du+camp+des+Milles+1941&rft.pub=Jewishtraces.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishtraces.org%2Frecherche.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cite-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cite_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cite_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cite_112-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cite_112-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cite_112-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.histoire-immigration.fr/index.php?lg=fr&nav=20&flash=0">Film documentary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128001311/http://www.histoire-immigration.fr/index.php?lg=fr&nav=20&flash=0">Archived</a> 28 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on the website of the <i><a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_nationale_de_l%27histoire_de_l%27immigration" title="Cité nationale de l'histoire de l'immigration">Cité nationale de l'histoire de l'immigration</a></i> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007311">"Vichy discrimination against Jews in North Africa"</a>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (ushmm.org). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506100608/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007311">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vichy+discrimination+against+Jews+in+North+Africa&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum+%28ushmm.org%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Farticle.php%3Flang%3Den%26ModuleId%3D10007311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007310">"Jewish population of French North Africa"</a>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (ushmm.org). 6 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506062430/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007310">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jewish+population+of+French+North+Africa&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum+%28ushmm.org%29&rft.date=2011-01-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Farticle.php%3Flang%3Den%26ModuleId%3D10007310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007312">"Jews in North Africa: Oppression and Resistance"</a>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (ushmm.org). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090803073149/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007312">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jews+in+North+Africa%3A+Oppression+and+Resistance&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum+%28ushmm.org%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Farticle.php%3Flang%3Den%26ModuleId%3D10007312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007313">"Jews in North Africa after the Allied Landings"</a>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (ushmm.org). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506095038/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007313">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jews+in+North+Africa+after+the+Allied+Landings&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum+%28ushmm.org%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Farticle.php%3Flang%3Den%26ModuleId%3D10007313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/people/s/shaked-edith/re-examining-wannsee.html">"The Holocaust: Re-examining The Wannsee Conference, Himmler's Appointments Book, and Tunisian Jews"</a>. Nizkor.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604110519/http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/people/s/shaked-edith/re-examining-wannsee.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust%3A+Re-examining+The+Wannsee+Conference%2C+Himmler%27s+Appointments+Book%2C+and+Tunisian+Jews&rft.pub=Nizkor.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nizkor.org%2Fhweb%2Fpeople%2Fs%2Fshaked-edith%2Fre-examining-wannsee.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christoph Buchheim, 'Die besetzten Lander im Dienste der Deutschen Kriegswirtschaft', <i>VfZ</i>, 32, (1984), p. 119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reggiani-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reggiani_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reggiani_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See Reggiani, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/reprint/25/2/331">Alexis Carrel, the Unknown: Eugenics and Population Research under Vichy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070204110007/http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/reprint/25/2/331">Archived</a> 4 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/French_Historical_Studies" title="French Historical Studies">French Historical Studies</a></i>, 2002; 25: 331–356</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-telegraph.co.uk_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-telegraph.co.uk_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-telegraph.co.uk_120-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroughton2003" class="citation news cs1">Broughton, Philip Delves (16 October 2003). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/1444434/Vichy-mentally-ill-patients-were-not-murdered.html">"Vichy mentally ill patients 'were not murdered'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/1444434/Vichy-mentally-ill-patients-were-not-murdered.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vichy+mentally+ill+patients+%27were+not+murdered%27&rft.date=2003-10-16&rft.aulast=Broughton&rft.aufirst=Philip+Delves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Ffrance%2F1444434%2FVichy-mentally-ill-patients-were-not-murdered.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gwen Terrenoire, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ong-comite-liaison.unesco.org/ongpho/acti/3/2/document/8/pdfen.pdf">Eugenics in France (1913–1941) : a review of research findings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060218180717/http://ong-comite-liaison.unesco.org/ongpho/acti/3/2/document/8/pdfen.pdf">Archived</a> 18 February 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Joint Programmatic Commission <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>-ONG Science and Ethics, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Andrés Horacio Reggiani. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/reprint/25/2/331">Alexis Carrel, the Unknown: Eugenics and Population Research under Vichy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070204110007/http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/reprint/25/2/331">Archived</a> 4 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/French_Historical_Studies" title="French Historical Studies">French Historical Studies</a></i>, 25:2 Spring 2002), p. 339. Also quoted in French by <a href="/wiki/Didier_Daeninckx" title="Didier Daeninckx">Didier Daeninckx</a> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070316220837/http://www.amnistia.net/news/enquetes/negauniv/carrel/carrel.htm">"Quand le négationnisme s'invite à l'université"</a>. <i>amnistia.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amnistia.net/news/enquetes/negauniv/carrel/carrel.htm">the original</a> on 16 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=amnistia.net&rft.atitle=Quand+le+n%C3%A9gationnisme+s%27invite+%C3%A0+l%27universit%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnistia.net%2Fnews%2Fenquetes%2Fnegauniv%2Fcarrel%2Fcarrel.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Szasz" title="Thomas Szasz">Szasz, Thomas</a>. <i>The Theology of Medicine</i> New York: Syracuse University Press, 1977.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">French: « ce fichier se subdivise en fichier simplement alphabétique, les Juifs de nationalité française et étrangère ayant respectivement des fiches de couleur différentes, et des fichiers professionnels par nationalité et par rue. »</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/03/marshal-petain-nazi-zealous-anti-semitism">The Guardian: <i>Disclosed: the zealous way Marshal Pétain enforced Nazi anti-Semitic laws</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161201173012/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/03/marshal-petain-nazi-zealous-anti-semitism">Archived</a> 1 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 3 October 2010, last accessed 3 October 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Remy-1992-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Remy-1992_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRémy1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rémy, Dominique (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Id6RAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA87"><i>Les lois de Vichy: actes dits 'lois' de l'autorité de fait se prétendant 'gouvernement de l'Etat français'<span></span></i></a> [<i>The Vichy laws: acts called 'laws' of the de facto authority claiming to be the 'government of the French state'<span></span></i>] (in French). Editions Romillat. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87894-026-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87894-026-8"><bdi>978-2-87894-026-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1038535440">1038535440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+lois+de+Vichy%3A+actes+dits+%27lois%27+de+l%27autorit%C3%A9+de+fait+se+pr%C3%A9tendant+%27gouvernement+de+l%27Etat+fran%C3%A7ais%27&rft.pub=Editions+Romillat&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1038535440&rft.isbn=978-2-87894-026-8&rft.aulast=R%C3%A9my&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DId6RAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/drancy">"Drancy"</a>. <i>encyclopedia.ushmm.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=encyclopedia.ushmm.org&rft.atitle=Drancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fdrancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Einaudi_2001_p.-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Einaudi_2001_p._128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinaudi2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Einaudi (2001). <i>Les silences de la police : 16 juillet 1942–17 octobre 1961</i> (in French). Paris: L'Esprit frappeur. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84405-173-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84405-173-8"><bdi>978-2-84405-173-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+silences+de+la+police+%3A+16+juillet+1942%E2%80%9317+octobre+1961&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=L%27Esprit+frappeur&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-2-84405-173-8&rft.au=Einaudi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Rajsfus" title="Maurice Rajsfus">Maurice Rajsfus</a>, <i>La Police de Vichy. Les Forces de l'ordre françaises au service de la Gestapo, 1940/1944</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Cherche_midi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Cherche midi (page does not exist)">Le Cherche midi</a>, 1995. Chapter XIV, <i>La Bataille de Marseille</i>, pp. 209–217. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005429">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"France" in U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum online Holocaust Encyclopedia"</a>. Ushmm.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120902073244/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22France%22+in+U.S.+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum+online+Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Ushmm.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Farticle.php%3Flang%3Den%26ModuleId%3D10005429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Azéma, Jean-Pierre and Bédarida, François (dir.), <i>La France des années noires</i>, 2 vol., Paris, Seuil, 1993 [rééd. Seuil, 2000 (Points Histoire)]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paxtonnotes-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paxtonnotes_132-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paxtonnotes_132-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paxtonnotes_132-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memoirenet.pagesperso-orange.fr/articlee507.html?id_article=132">Le rôle du gouvernement de Vichy dans la déportation des juifs</a>, notes taken by Evelyne Marsura during a conference of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Paxton" title="Robert Paxton">Robert Paxton</a> at Lyon on 4 November 2000 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah#Les_victimes_françaises" class="extiw" title="fr:Shoah">Summary from data compiled by the Association des Fils et Filles des déportés juifs de France, 1985.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoly2019" class="citation journal cs1">Joly, Laurent (23 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0022009419839774">"The Parisian Police and the Holocaust: Control, Round-ups, Hunt, 1940–4"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_History" title="Journal of Contemporary History">Journal of Contemporary History</a></i>. <b>55</b> (3): 557–578. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022009419839774">10.1177/0022009419839774</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:181982155">181982155</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=The+Parisian+Police+and+the+Holocaust%3A+Control%2C+Round-ups%2C+Hunt%2C+1940%E2%80%934&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=557-578&rft.date=2019-05-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022009419839774&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A181982155%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Joly&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1177%2F0022009419839774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimons1995" class="citation news cs1">Simons, Marlise (17 July 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/17/world/chirac-affirms-france-s-guilt-in-fate-of-jews.html">"Chirac Affirms France's Guilt In Fate of Jews"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171207075618/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/17/world/chirac-affirms-france-s-guilt-in-fate-of-jews.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Chirac+Affirms+France%27s+Guilt+In+Fate+of+Jews&rft.date=1995-07-17&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=Marlise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F07%2F17%2Fworld%2Fchirac-affirms-france-s-guilt-in-fate-of-jews.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAuley2017" class="citation news cs1">McAuley, James (10 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/04/10/marine-le-pen-doesnt-deny-that-french-jews-were-handed-over-to-nazis-but-she-claims-france-is-not-to-blame/">"Marine Le Pen: France 'not responsible' for deporting Jews during Holocaust"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180113160619/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/04/10/marine-le-pen-doesnt-deny-that-french-jews-were-handed-over-to-nazis-but-she-claims-france-is-not-to-blame/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Marine+Le+Pen%3A+France+%27not+responsible%27+for+deporting+Jews+during+Holocaust&rft.date=2017-04-10&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=McAuley&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2017%2F04%2F10%2Fmarine-le-pen-doesnt-deny-that-french-jews-were-handed-over-to-nazis-but-she-claims-france-is-not-to-blame%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35188755">"France opens WW2 Vichy regime files"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 28 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171109073634/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35188755">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=France+opens+WW2+Vichy+regime+files&rft.date=2015-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-35188755&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elysee.fr/elysee/elysee.fr/francais/interventions/discours_et_declarations/1995/juillet/allocution_de_m_jacques_chirac_president_de_la_republique_prononcee_lors_des_ceremonies_commemorant_la_grande_rafle_des_16_et_17_juillet_1942-paris.2503.html">Allocution de M. Jacques CHIRAC Président de la République prononcée lors des cérémonies commémorant la grande rafle des 16 et 17 juillet 1942 (Paris)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090413170546/http://elysee.fr/elysee/elysee.fr/francais/interventions/discours_et_declarations/1995/juillet/allocution_de_m_jacques_chirac_president_de_la_republique_prononcee_lors_des_ceremonies_commemorant_la_grande_rafle_des_16_et_17_juillet_1942-paris.2503.html">Archived</a> 13 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Président de la république</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jacqueschirac-asso.fr/fr/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Allocution-Vel-dhiv.pdf">"Allocution de M. Jacques CHIRAC Président de la République prononcée lors des cérémonies commémorant la grande rafle des 16 et 17 juillet 1942 (Paris)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.jacqueschirac-asso</i> (in French). 16 July 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140724134623/http://www.jacqueschirac-asso.fr/fr/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Allocution-Vel-dhiv.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jacqueschirac-asso&rft.atitle=Allocution+de+M.+Jacques+CHIRAC+Pr%C3%A9sident+de+la+R%C3%A9publique+prononc%C3%A9e+lors+des+c%C3%A9r%C3%A9monies+comm%C3%A9morant+la+grande+rafle+des+16+et+17+juillet+1942+%28Paris%29&rft.date=1995-07-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jacqueschirac-asso.fr%2Ffr%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F02%2FAllocution-Vel-dhiv.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto2_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/17/france-macron-denounces-state-role-holocaust-atrocity-paris-1942">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'France organised this': Macron denounces state role in Holocaust atrocity"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 17 July 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171024143216/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/17/france-macron-denounces-state-role-holocaust-atrocity-paris-1942">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27France+organised+this%27%3A+Macron+denounces+state+role+in+Holocaust+atrocity&rft.date=2017-07-17&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Fjul%2F17%2Ffrance-macron-denounces-state-role-holocaust-atrocity-paris-1942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto3_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman2017" class="citation news cs1">Goldman, Russell (17 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/17/world/europe/macron-israel-holocaust-antisemitism.html">"Macron Denounces Anti-Zionism as 'Reinvented Form of Anti-Semitism'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180128202318/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/17/world/europe/macron-israel-holocaust-antisemitism.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Macron+Denounces+Anti-Zionism+as+%27Reinvented+Form+of+Anti-Semitism%27&rft.date=2017-07-17&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F07%2F17%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fmacron-israel-holocaust-antisemitism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAuley2017" class="citation news cs1">McAuley, James (16 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/macron-hosts-netanyahu-condemns-anti-zionism-as-anti-semitism/2017/07/16/dfba544a-ca1f-40f9-82e6-98575393798c_story.html">"Macron hosts Netanyahu, condemns anti-Zionism as anti-Semitism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180201185333/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/macron-hosts-netanyahu-condemns-anti-zionism-as-anti-semitism/2017/07/16/dfba544a-ca1f-40f9-82e6-98575393798c_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Macron+hosts+Netanyahu%2C+condemns+anti-Zionism+as+anti-Semitism&rft.date=2017-07-16&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=McAuley&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fmacron-hosts-netanyahu-condemns-anti-zionism-as-anti-semitism%2F2017%2F07%2F16%2Fdfba544a-ca1f-40f9-82e6-98575393798c_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-40622845">"Israel PM mourns France's deported Jews"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 16 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171205143331/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-40622845">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Israel+PM+mourns+France%27s+deported+Jews&rft.date=2017-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-40622845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S_H-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S_H_144-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S_H_144-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmann1974" class="citation book cs1">Hoffmann, Stanley (1974). "La droite à Vichy". <i>Essais sur la France: déclin ou renouveau?</i>. Paris: Le Seuil.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=La+droite+%C3%A0+Vichy&rft.btitle=Essais+sur+la+France%3A+d%C3%A9clin+ou+renouveau%3F&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Le+Seuil&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Hoffmann&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boshyk-1986-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boshyk-1986_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaschukCanadian_Institute_of_Ukrainian_Studies1986" class="citation book cs1">Waschuk, Roman; Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies (20 June 1986). Boshyk, Yury; Wynnyckyj, Andriy (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YMk8366ZFQcC&pg=PA45"><i>Ukraine During World War II: History and Its Aftermath</i></a>. CIUS Press. pp. 45–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-920862-36-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-920862-36-0"><bdi>978-0-920862-36-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1065422517">1065422517</a>. <q>In France, collaborationists were committed to the victory of the Third Reich and actively worked toward that end.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukraine+During+World+War+II%3A+History+and+Its+Aftermath&rft.pages=45-&rft.pub=CIUS+Press&rft.date=1986-06-20&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1065422517&rft.isbn=978-0-920862-36-0&rft.aulast=Waschuk&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft.au=Canadian+Institute+of+Ukrainian+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYMk8366ZFQcC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gordon-1980-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gordon-1980_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertram_M._Gordon1980" class="citation book cs1">Bertram M. Gordon (1980). <a href="/wiki/Collaborationism_in_France_during_the_Second_World_War" title="Collaborationism in France during the Second World War"><i>Collaborationism in France During the Second World War</i></a>. Cornell University Press. pp. 20, 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-1263-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-1263-9"><bdi>978-0-8014-1263-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1004807892">1004807892</a>. <q>Collaborationists openly embraced fascism. ...They had to continue to believe in German victory or cease to be collaborationists.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collaborationism+in+France+During+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=20%2C+143&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1004807892&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-1263-9&rft.au=Bertram+M.+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzémaWiewiorka2004" class="citation book cs1">Azéma, Jean-Pierre; Wiewiorka, Olivier (2004). <i>Vichy 1940–44</i>. Perrin. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-262-02229-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-262-02229-7"><bdi>978-2-262-02229-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vichy+1940%E2%80%9344&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=Perrin&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-2-262-02229-7&rft.aulast=Az%C3%A9ma&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft.au=Wiewiorka%2C+Olivier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Manow, "Workers, farmers and Catholicism: A history of political class coalitions and the south-European welfare state regime". Journal of European Social Policy 25.1 (2015): 32–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hellman-2008-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hellman-2008_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellman2008" class="citation book cs1">Hellman, John (2008) [1st pub. 1993]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8qjcu1H6uZgC&pg=PA5"><i>Knight-Monks of Vichy France: Uriage, 1940–1945</i></a>. Montreal: McGill-Queen. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-0973-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-0973-3"><bdi>978-0-7735-0973-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/757514437">757514437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knight-Monks+of+Vichy+France%3A+Uriage%2C+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=McGill-Queen&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F757514437&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-0973-3&rft.aulast=Hellman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8qjcu1H6uZgC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Petter Graver, "The Opposition", in <i>Judges Against Justice</i> (Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015) pp. 91–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZdatny1986" class="citation journal cs1">Zdatny, Steven M. (1986). "The Corporatist Word and the Modernist Deed: Artisans and Political Economy in Vichy France". <i><a href="/wiki/European_History_Quarterly" title="European History Quarterly">European History Quarterly</a></i>. <b>16</b> (2): 155–179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F026569148601600202">10.1177/026569148601600202</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145622142">145622142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+History+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Corporatist+Word+and+the+Modernist+Deed%3A+Artisans+and+Political+Economy+in+Vichy+France&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=155-179&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F026569148601600202&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145622142%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zdatny&rft.aufirst=Steven+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1982" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Joseph (1982). "Vichy France and Postwar Economic Modernization: The Case of the Shopkeepers". <i><a href="/wiki/French_Historical_Studies" title="French Historical Studies">French Historical Studies</a></i>. <b>12</b> (4): 541–563. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F286424">10.2307/286424</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/286424">286424</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Vichy+France+and+Postwar+Economic+Modernization%3A+The+Case+of+the+Shopkeepers&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=541-563&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F286424&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F286424%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrinkley1992" class="citation book cs1">Brinkley, Douglas; et al. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jeanmonnetpathto00brin_0/page/87"><i>Jean Monnet: The Path to European Unity</i></a>. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jeanmonnetpathto00brin_0/page/87">87</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-04773-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-04773-3"><bdi>978-0-312-04773-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jean+Monnet%3A+The+Path+to+European+Unity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-312-04773-3&rft.aulast=Brinkley&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjeanmonnetpathto00brin_0%2Fpage%2F87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch1997" class="citation book cs1">Lynch, Frances M. B. (1997). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/franceinternatio00lync"><i>France and the international economy: from Vichy to the Treaty of Rome</i></a></span>. London: Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/franceinternatio00lync/page/n205">185</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14219-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14219-9"><bdi>978-0-415-14219-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France+and+the+international+economy%3A+from+Vichy+to+the+Treaty+of+Rome&rft.place=London&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-14219-9&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Frances+M.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffranceinternatio00lync&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2003" class="citation journal cs1">Berger, Françoise (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00147417/document">"L'exploitation de la Main-d'oeuvre Française dans l'industrie Siderurgique Allemande pendant la Seconde Guerre Mondiale"</a> [The Exploitation of French Labor in the German Iron and Steel Industry During World War II]. <i>Revue d'Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine</i>. <b>50</b> (3): 148–181. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Frhmc.503.0148">10.3917/rhmc.503.0148</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20530987">20530987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+d%27Histoire+Moderne+et+Contemporaine&rft.atitle=L%27exploitation+de+la+Main-d%27oeuvre+Fran%C3%A7aise+dans+l%27industrie+Siderurgique+Allemande+pendant+la+Seconde+Guerre+Mondiale&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=148-181&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Frhmc.503.0148&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20530987%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7oise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-00147417%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitson2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kitson, Simon (2009). "The Marseille Police and the German Forced Labour Draft (1943–1944)". <i>French History</i>. <b>23</b> (2): 241–260. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ffh%2Fcrp006">10.1093/fh/crp006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+History&rft.atitle=The+Marseille+Police+and+the+German+Forced+Labour+Draft+%281943%E2%80%931944%29&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=241-260&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ffh%2Fcrp006&rft.aulast=Kitson&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diamond1999-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diamond1999_157-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diamond1999_157-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamond1999" class="citation book cs1">Diamond, Hanna (1999). <i>Women and the Second World War in France, 1939–1948: Choices and Constraints</i>. New York: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-29909-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-29909-2"><bdi>978-0-582-29909-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+the+Second+World+War+in+France%2C+1939%E2%80%931948%3A+Choices+and+Constraints&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-582-29909-2&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Hanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollingham2011" class="citation book cs1">Collingham, E. M. (2011). <i>The Taste of War: World War Two and the Battle for Food</i>. London: Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9964-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9964-8"><bdi>978-0-7139-9964-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Taste+of+War%3A+World+War+Two+and+the+Battle+for+Food&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9964-8&rft.aulast=Collingham&rft.aufirst=E.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMouré2010" class="citation journal cs1">Mouré, Kenneth (2010). "Food Rationing and the Black Market in France (1940–1944)". <i>French History</i>. <b>24</b> (2): 262–282 [pp. 272–273]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ffh%2Fcrq025">10.1093/fh/crq025</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20672479">20672479</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+History&rft.atitle=Food+Rationing+and+the+Black+Market+in+France+%281940%E2%80%931944%29&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=262-282+pp.+272-273&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ffh%2Fcrq025&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20672479&rft.aulast=Mour%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMouré2010" class="citation journal cs1">Mouré, Kenneth (2010). "Food Rationing and the Black Market in France (1940–1944)". <i>French History</i>. <b>24</b> (2): 262–282. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ffh%2Fcrq025">10.1093/fh/crq025</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20672479">20672479</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+History&rft.atitle=Food+Rationing+and+the+Black+Market+in+France+%281940%E2%80%931944%29&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=262-282&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ffh%2Fcrq025&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20672479&rft.aulast=Mour%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFishman1991" class="citation book cs1">Fishman, Sarah (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wewillwaitwiveso0000fish"><i>We Will Wait: Wives of French Prisoners of War, 1940–1945</i></a></span>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04774-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04774-5"><bdi>978-0-300-04774-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Will+Wait%3A+Wives+of+French+Prisoners+of+War%2C+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-300-04774-5&rft.aulast=Fishman&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwewillwaitwiveso0000fish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollard1998" class="citation book cs1">Pollard, Miranda (1998). <i>Reign of Virtue: Mobilizing Gender in Vichy France</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-67349-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-67349-3"><bdi>978-0-226-67349-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reign+of+Virtue%3A+Mobilizing+Gender+in+Vichy+France&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-226-67349-3&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=Miranda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuel-DreyfusJohnson2001" class="citation book cs1">Muel-Dreyfus, Francine; Johnson, Kathleen A. (2001). <i>Vichy and the Eternal Feminine: A Contribution to a Political-Sociology of Gender</i>. Durham: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2777-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2777-6"><bdi>978-0-8223-2777-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vichy+and+the+Eternal+Feminine%3A+A+Contribution+to+a+Political-Sociology+of+Gender&rft.place=Durham&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-2777-6&rft.aulast=Muel-Dreyfus&rft.aufirst=Francine&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Kathleen+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2001331–332-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2001331–332_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson2001">Jackson 2001</a>, pp. 331–332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz1989" class="citation journal cs1">Schwartz, Paula (1989). "Partisianes and Gender Politics in Vichy France". <i>French Historical Studies</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 126–151. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F286436">10.2307/286436</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/286436">286436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Partisianes+and+Gender+Politics+in+Vichy+France&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=126-151&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F286436&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F286436%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Paula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2001567–568-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2001567–568_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson2001">Jackson 2001</a>, pp. 567–568.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBéglé2014-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBéglé2014_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBéglé2014">Béglé 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron196248–49-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAron196248–49_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAron1962">Aron 1962</a>, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron196281–82-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAron196281–82_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAron1962">Aron 1962</a>, pp. 81–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECointet2014426-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECointet2014426_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCointet2014">Cointet 2014</a>, p. 426.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ord_1944-08-09-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ord_1944-08-09_171-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ord_1944-08-09_171-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean-Pierre_Maury" class="citation web cs1">Jean-Pierre Maury. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/france/co1944-1.htm">"Ordonnance du 9 août 1944 relative au rétablissement de la légalité républicaine sur le territoire continental"</a>. Mjp.univ-perp.fr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120208122602/http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/france/co1944-1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ordonnance+du+9+ao%C3%BBt+1944+relative+au+r%C3%A9tablissement+de+la+l%C3%A9galit%C3%A9+r%C3%A9publicaine+sur+le+territoire+continental&rft.pub=Mjp.univ-perp.fr&rft.au=Jean-Pierre+Maury&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmjp.univ-perp.fr%2Ffrance%2Fco1944-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean-Pierre_Maury" class="citation web cs1">Jean-Pierre Maury. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/france/co1944-2.htm">"Ordonnance du 21 avril 1944 relative à l'organisation des pouvoirs publics en France après la Libération"</a>. Mjp.univ-perp.fr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512104438/http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/france/co1944-2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ordonnance+du+21+avril+1944+relative+%C3%A0+l%27organisation+des+pouvoirs+publics+en+France+apr%C3%A8s+la+Lib%C3%A9ration&rft.pub=Mjp.univ-perp.fr&rft.au=Jean-Pierre+Maury&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmjp.univ-perp.fr%2Ffrance%2Fco1944-2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://axis101.bizland.com/FlemishFeldpost.htm">"Flemish Legion Military and Feldpost History"</a>. Axis and Foreign Volunteer Legion Military Awards & Postal History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090224152106/http://axis101.bizland.com/FlemishFeldpost.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flemish+Legion+Military+and+Feldpost+History&rft.pub=Axis+and+Foreign+Volunteer+Legion+Military+Awards+%26+Postal+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faxis101.bizland.com%2FFlemishFeldpost.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.german-foreign-policy.com/en/fulltext/56118/print?PHPSESSID=8vchae88fotkvc6tbv2ngjb717">"Accession Plans"</a>. german-foreign-policy.com. 11 December 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723112313/http://www.german-foreign-policy.com/en/fulltext/56118/print?PHPSESSID=8vchae88fotkvc6tbv2ngjb717">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Accession+Plans&rft.pub=german-foreign-policy.com&rft.date=2007-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.german-foreign-policy.com%2Fen%2Ffulltext%2F56118%2Fprint%3FPHPSESSID%3D8vchae88fotkvc6tbv2ngjb717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelm1996" class="citation news cs1">Helm, Sarah (16 February 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/war-memories-widen-belgiums-communal-rift-1319199.html">"War memories widen Belgium's communal rift"</a>. <i>The Independent on Sunday</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120131210215/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/war-memories-widen-belgiums-communal-rift-1319199.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent+on+Sunday&rft.atitle=War+memories+widen+Belgium%27s+communal+rift&rft.date=1996-02-16&rft.aulast=Helm&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fwar-memories-widen-belgiums-communal-rift-1319199.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andenæs-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andenæs_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndenæs1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Johs._Anden%C3%A6s" class="mw-redirect" title="Johs. Andenæs">Andenæs, Johs</a> (1980) [1979]. <i>Det vanskelige oppgjøret</i> (in Norwegian) (2nd ed.). Oslo: Tanum-Norli. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-518-0917-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-518-0917-7"><bdi>978-82-518-0917-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Det+vanskelige+oppgj%C3%B8ret&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pages=59&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Tanum-Norli&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-82-518-0917-7&rft.aulast=Anden%C3%A6s&rft.aufirst=Johs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwar2facts.org/vichy-france-facts.html">"Vichy France Facts"</a>. <i>World War 2 Facts</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140113055940/http://www.worldwar2facts.org/vichy-france-facts.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+War+2+Facts&rft.atitle=Vichy+France+Facts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwar2facts.org%2Fvichy-france-facts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crdp.ac-reims.fr/memoire/enseigner/rene_bousquet/05_proces.htm">René Bousquet devant la Haute Cour de Justice</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021203191545/http://crdp.ac-reims.fr/memoire/enseigner/rene_bousquet/05_proces.htm">Archived</a> 3 December 2002 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitson" class="citation web cs1">Kitson, Simon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.port.ac.uk/special/france1815to2003/chapter8/interviews/filetodownload,27676,en.pdf">"Bousquet, Touvier and Papon: Three Vichy personalities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110520113939/http://www.port.ac.uk/special/france1815to2003/chapter8/interviews/filetodownload,27676,en.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bousquet%2C+Touvier+and+Papon%3A+Three+Vichy+personalities&rft.aulast=Kitson&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.port.ac.uk%2Fspecial%2Ffrance1815to2003%2Fchapter8%2Finterviews%2Ffiletodownload%2C27676%2Cen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTraverso2016" class="citation book cs1">Traverso, Enzo (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wAJiCAAAQBAJ&q=the+Vichy+Syndrome++past+that+doesn't+pass&pg=PT57"><i>Fire and Blood: The European Civil War, 1914–1945</i></a>. Verso Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78478-134-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78478-134-7"><bdi>978-1-78478-134-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+and+Blood%3A+The+European+Civil+War%2C+1914%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-78478-134-7&rft.aulast=Traverso&rft.aufirst=Enzo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwAJiCAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dthe%2BVichy%2BSyndrome%2B%2Bpast%2Bthat%2Bdoesn%27t%2Bpass%26pg%3DPT57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitney2007" class="citation news cs1">Whitney, Craig R. (18 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/18/world/europe/18papon.html">"Maurice Papon, Convicted Vichy Official, 96, Dies"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171216201126/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/18/world/europe/18papon.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Maurice+Papon%2C+Convicted+Vichy+Official%2C+96%2C+Dies&rft.date=2007-02-18&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Whitney&rft.aufirst=Craig+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F02%2F18%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F18papon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitney1998" class="citation news cs1">Whitney, Craig R. (3 April 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/03/world/ex-vichy-aide-is-convicted-and-reaction-ranges-wide.html">"Ex-Vichy Aide Is Convicted And Reaction Ranges Wide"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202130555/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/03/world/ex-vichy-aide-is-convicted-and-reaction-ranges-wide.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ex-Vichy+Aide+Is+Convicted+And+Reaction+Ranges+Wide&rft.date=1998-04-03&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Whitney&rft.aufirst=Craig+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F04%2F03%2Fworld%2Fex-vichy-aide-is-convicted-and-reaction-ranges-wide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Atkin" title="Nicholas Atkin">Atkin, Nicholas</a>, <i>Pétain</i>, (Longman, 1997)</li> <li>Azema, Jean-Pierre. <i>From Munich to Liberation 1938–1944</i> (The Cambridge History of Modern France) (1985)</li> <li>Azema, Jean-Pierre, ed. <i>Collaboration and Resistance: Images of Life in Vichy France 1940–1944</i> (2000) 220pp; photographs</li> <li>Boyd, Douglas. <i>Voices from the Dark Years: The Truth About Occupied France 1940–1945</i> (The History Press, 2015)</li> <li>Burrin, Philippe. <i>France Under the Germans: Collaboration and Compromise</i> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Callil" title="Carmen Callil">Carmen Callil</a> <i>Bad Faith. A Forgotten History of Family, Fatherland and Vichy France</i>. New York: Knopf. 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-41131-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-41131-3">0-375-41131-3</a>; Biography of Louis Darquier de Pellepoix, the Commissioner for Jewish Affairs</li> <li>Campbell, Caroline. "Gender and Politics in Interwar and Vichy France." <i>Contemporary European History</i> 27.3 (2018): 482–499. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200227200547/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/cbfc/e83478bf04a60fe7fb8edfae72cc2c98db64.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Christofferson, Thomas R., and Michael S. Christofferson. <i>France during World War II: From Defeat to Liberation</i> (2nd ed. 2006) 206pp; brief introduction <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/117259687/france-during-world-war-ii-from-defeat-to-liberation">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191214211130/https://www.questia.com/read/117259687/france-during-world-war-ii-from-defeat-to-liberation">Archived</a> 14 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Davies, Peter. <i>France and the Second World War: Resistance, Occupation and Liberation</i> (Introduction to History) (2000) 128pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/France-Second-World-War-Introduction/dp/0415238978/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Diamond, Hanna. <i>Women and the Second World War in France, 1939–1948: Choices and Constraints</i> (1999)</li> <li>Diamond, Hanna, and Simon Kitson, eds. <i>Vichy, Resistance, Liberation: New Perspectives on Wartime France</i> (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/118215376/vichy-resistance-liberation-new-perspectives-on">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805143457/https://www.questia.com/read/118215376/vichy-resistance-liberation-new-perspectives-on">Archived</a> 5 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/148">online review</a></li> <li>Fogg, Shannon Lee. <i>The Politics of Everyday Life in Vichy France: Foreigners, Undesirables, and Strangers</i> (2009), 226pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Politics-Everyday-Life-Vichy-France/dp/0521269504/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Gildea, Robert. <i>Marianne in Chains: Daily Life in the Heart of France During the German Occupation</i> (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Marianne-Chains-France-During-Occupation/dp/0312423594/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Glass" title="Charles Glass">Glass, Charles</a>, <i>Americans in Paris: Life and Death Under Nazi Occupation</i> (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Americans-Paris-Death-Occupation-1940-1944/dp/0007228538/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Gordon, B. <i>Historical Dictionary of World War Two France: The Occupation, Vichy and the Resistance, 1938–1946</i> (Westport, Conn., 1998)</li> <li>Halls, W. D. <i>Politics, Society and Christianity in Vichy France</i> (1995) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/77437072/politics-society-and-christianity-in-vichy-france">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191213212018/https://www.questia.com/read/77437072/politics-society-and-christianity-in-vichy-france">Archived</a> 13 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmanKelly2000" class="citation book cs1">Holman, Valerie; Kelly, Debra (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HqeQ3zN18JEC"><i>France at War in the Twentieth Century: Propaganda, Myth, and Metaphor</i></a>. Contemporary France (Providence, R.I.). New York: Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-701-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-701-3"><bdi>978-1-57181-701-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41497185">41497185</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France+at+War+in+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+Propaganda%2C+Myth%2C+and+Metaphor&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Contemporary+France+%28Providence%2C+R.I.%29&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41497185&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-701-3&rft.aulast=Holman&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rft.au=Kelly%2C+Debra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHqeQ3zN18JEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2001" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Julian T. (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/france00juli"><i>France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820706-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820706-1"><bdi>978-0-19-820706-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France%3A+The+Dark+Years%2C+1940%E2%80%931944&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820706-1&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Julian+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrance00juli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennings1994" class="citation journal cs1">Jennings, Eric (1994). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Reinventing Jeanne': The Iconology of Joan of Arc in Vichy Schoolbooks, 1940–44". <i>The Journal of Contemporary History</i>. <b>29</b> (4): 711–734. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200949402900406">10.1177/002200949402900406</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159656095">159656095</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=%27Reinventing+Jeanne%27%3A+The+Iconology+of+Joan+of+Arc+in+Vichy+Schoolbooks%2C+1940%E2%80%9344&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=711-734&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200949402900406&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159656095%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jennings&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kedward, H. R. <i>Occupied France: Collaboration and Resistance</i> (Oxford, 1985), short survey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kitson" title="Simon Kitson">Kitson, Simon</a>, <i>The Hunt for Nazi Spies: Fighting Espionage in Vichy France</i>, (University of Chicago Press, 2008). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-43893-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-43893-1">978-0-226-43893-1</a>.</li> <li>Kocher, Adam, Adria K. Lawrence and Nuno P. Monteiro. 2018. "Nationalism, Collaboration, and Resistance: France under Nazi Occupation." <i>International Security</i> 43(2): 117–150.</li> <li>Kooreman, Megan. <i>The Expectation of Justice: France, 1944–1946</i>. (Duke University Press. 1999)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroener2000" class="citation book cs1">Kroener, Bernhard R.; Muller, Rolf-Dieter; Umbreit, Hans (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rlX4rT-GGtEC&pg=PR3-IA1"><i>Germany and the Second World War: Volume 5: Organization and Mobilization of the German Sphere of Power. Part I: Wartime Administration, Economy, and Manpower Resources, 1939–1941</i></a>. Germany & Second World War. OUP Oxford. p. iii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-160683-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-160683-0"><bdi>978-0-19-160683-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1058510505">1058510505</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+and+the+Second+World+War%3A+Volume+5%3A+Organization+and+Mobilization+of+the+German+Sphere+of+Power.+Part+I%3A+Wartime+Administration%2C+Economy%2C+and+Manpower+Resources%2C+1939%E2%80%931941&rft.series=Germany+%26+Second+World+War.&rft.pages=iii&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1058510505&rft.isbn=978-0-19-160683-0&rft.aulast=Kroener&rft.aufirst=Bernhard+R.&rft.au=Muller%2C+Rolf-Dieter&rft.au=Umbreit%2C+Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrlX4rT-GGtEC%26pg%3DPR3-IA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lackerstein, Debbie. <i>National Regeneration in Vichy France: Ideas and Policies, 1930–1944</i> (2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/National-Regeneration-Vichy-France-1930-1944/dp/0754667219/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Langer" title="William L. Langer">Langer, William</a>, <i>Our Vichy gamble</i>, (1947); U.S. policy 1940–42</li> <li>Larkin, Maurice. <i>France since the Popular Front: Government and People 1936–1996</i> (Oxford U P 1997). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-873151-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-873151-5">0-19-873151-5</a></li> <li>Lemmes, Fabian. "Collaboration in wartime France, 1940–1944", <i>European Review of History</i> (2008), 15#2 pp 157–177</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevieux1999" class="citation book cs1">Levieux, Eleanor (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insidersfrenchbe00levi"><i>Insiders' French : beyond the dictionary</i></a></span>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-47502-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-47502-8"><bdi>978-0-226-47502-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insiders%27+French+%3A+beyond+the+dictionary&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-226-47502-8&rft.aulast=Levieux&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsidersfrenchbe00levi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Manow, Philip. "Workers, farmers and Catholicism: A history of political class coalitions and the south-European welfare state regime". <i>Journal of European Social Policy</i> (2015) 25#1 pp: 32–49.</li> <li>Marrus, Michael R. and Robert Paxton. <i>Vichy France and the Jews</i>. (Stanford University Press, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/100397037/vichy-france-and-the-jews">online 1981 edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011035924/https://www.questia.com/read/100397037/vichy-france-and-the-jews">Archived</a> 11 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Martin Mauthner. <i>Otto Abetz and His Paris Acolytes – French Writers Who Flirted with Fascism, 1930–1945</i>. (Sussex Academic Press, 2016). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-784-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-784-1">978-1-84519-784-1</a></li> <li>Melton, George E. <i>Darlan: Admiral and Statesman of France, 1881–1942</i>. (Praeger, 1998). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-95973-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-95973-2">0-275-95973-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMockler1984" class="citation book cs1">Mockler, Anthony (1984). <i>Haile Selassie's War: The Italian−Ethiopian Campaign, 1935–1941</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-54222-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-54222-5"><bdi>978-0-394-54222-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haile+Selassie%27s+War%3A+The+Italian%E2%88%92Ethiopian+Campaign%2C+1935%E2%80%931941&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-394-54222-5&rft.aulast=Mockler&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Nord, Philip. <i>France's New Deal: From the Thirties to the Postwar Era</i> (Princeton U.P., 2010)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichel2014" class="citation book cs1">Michel, Alain (2014) [1st pub. 2011]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fYPFBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT280">"10 Collaboration and collaborators in Vichy France: An unfinished debate"</a>. In Stauber, Roni (ed.). <i>Collaboration with the Nazis: Public Discourse after the Holocaust</i>. Routledge Jewish Studies series. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138788770" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138788770"><bdi>978-1138788770</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/876293139">876293139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10+Collaboration+and+collaborators+in+Vichy+France%3A+An+unfinished+debate&rft.btitle=Collaboration+with+the+Nazis%3A+Public+Discourse+after+the+Holocaust&rft.place=London&rft.series=Routledge+Jewish+Studies+series&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F876293139&rft.isbn=978-1138788770&rft.aulast=Michel&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfYPFBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Paxton, Robert O. <i> Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940–1944</i> (2nd ed. 2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Vichy-France-Guard-Order-1940-1944/dp/0231124694/">excerpt and text search</a>; influential survey</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlayfair_et_al.1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Stanley_Ord_Playfair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Stanley Ord Playfair">Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.</a>; with Stitt, Commander G. M. S.; Molony, Brigadier C. J. C. & Toomer, Air Vice-Marshal S. E. (1954). <a href="/wiki/James_Ramsay_Montagu_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="James Ramsay Montagu Butler">Butler, J. R. M.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-Med-I/index.html"><i>The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)</i></a>. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I. <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/494123451">494123451</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+and+Middle+East%3A+The+Early+Successes+Against+Italy+%28to+May+1941%29&rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War%2C+United+Kingdom+Military+Series&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F494123451&rft.aulast=Playfair&rft.aufirst=Major-General+I.+S.+O.&rft.au=with+Stitt%2C+Commander+G.+M.+S.&rft.au=Molony%2C+Brigadier+C.+J.+C.&rft.au=Toomer%2C+Air+Vice-Marshal+S.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUN%2FUK%2FUK-Med-I%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlayfair2004" class="citation book cs1">Playfair, I. S. O.; et al. (2004) [1956]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). <i>The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Germans Come to the Help of their Ally (1941)</i>. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. II (pbk. repr. Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). London: HMSO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84574-066-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84574-066-5"><bdi>978-1-84574-066-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+and+Middle+East%3A+The+Germans+Come+to+the+Help+of+their+Ally+%281941%29&rft.place=London&rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War%2C+United+Kingdom+Military+Series&rft.edition=pbk.+repr.+Naval+%26+Military+Press%2C+Uckfield&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84574-066-5&rft.aulast=Playfair&rft.aufirst=I.+S.+O.&rft.au=Flynn%2C+F.+C.&rft.au=Molony%2C+C.+J.+C.&rft.au=Toomer%2C+S.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pollard, Miranda. <i>Reign of virtue: mobilising gender in Vichy France</i> (University of Chicago Press, 2012)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaugh1993" class="citation book cs1">Raugh, H. E. (1993). <i>Wavell in the Middle East, 1939–1941: A Study in Generalship</i>. London: Brassey's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-040983-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-040983-2"><bdi>978-0-08-040983-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wavell+in+the+Middle+East%2C+1939%E2%80%931941%3A+A+Study+in+Generalship&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Brassey%27s&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-08-040983-2&rft.aulast=Raugh&rft.aufirst=H.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Smith, Colin. <i>England's Last War Against France: Fighting Vichy, 1940–1942</i>, London, Weidenfeld, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-85218-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-85218-6">978-0-297-85218-6</a></li> <li>Sutherland, Jonathan, and Diane Canwell. <i>Vichy Air Force at War: The French Air Force that Fought the Allies in World War II</i> (Pen & Sword Aviation, 2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Sweets" title="John F. Sweets">Sweets, John F.</a>, <i>Choices in Vichy France: The French Under Nazi Occupation</i> (New York, 1986) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Choices-Vichy-France-French-Occupation/dp/0195090527/">excerpt and text search</a>, focus on city of <a href="/wiki/Clermont-Ferrand" title="Clermont-Ferrand">Clermont-Ferrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Thomas_(historian)" title="Martin Thomas (historian)">Thomas, Martin</a>, <i>The French Empire at War, 1940–45</i>, Manchester University Press, 1998, paperback 2007.</li> <li>Vinen, Richard. <i>The Unfree French: Life Under the Occupation</i> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Weisberg" title="Richard H. Weisberg">Weisberg, Richard H.</a> <i>Vichy Law and the Holocaust in France</i>. New York University Press. 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-9336-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-9336-3">0-8147-9336-3</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Conan, Eric, and Henry Rousso. <i>Vichy: An ever-present past</i> (UP of New England, 1998)</li> <li>Fishman, Sarah, et al. <i>France at War: Vichy and the Historians</i> (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/102314051/france-at-war-vichy-and-the-historians">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805220733/https://www.questia.com/read/102314051/france-at-war-vichy-and-the-historians">Archived</a> 5 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Golsan, Richard J. <i>Vichy's Afterlife: History & Counterhistory in Postwar France</i> (2000)</li> <li>Gordon, Bertram M. "The 'Vichy Syndrome' problem in history", <i>French Historical Studies</i> (1995) 19#2 pp 495–518, on the denial of the realities of Vichy <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/286785">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Munholland, Kim. "Wartime France: Remembering Vichy", <i>French Historical Studies</i> (1994) 18#3 pp. 801–820 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/286693">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Poznanski, Renée. "Rescue of the Jews and the Resistance in France: From History to Historiography", <i>French Politics, Culture and Society</i> (2012) 30#2 pp 8–32.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Rousso" title="Henry Rousso">Rousso, Henry</a>. <i>The Vichy Syndrome: History and Memory in France since 1944</i>. (2nd ed. 2006). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-93539-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-93539-X">0-674-93539-X</a></li> <li>Singer, Barnett. "The Changing Image of Vichy in France", <i>Contemporary Review</i> Summer 2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-205755180/the-changing-image-of-vichy-in-france">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808213948/https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-205755180/the-changing-image-of-vichy-in-france">Archived</a> 8 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French">French</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Amouroux" title="Henri Amouroux">Henri Amouroux</a>, <i>La grande histoire des Français sous l'Occupation</i>, 8 volumes, Laffont, 1976</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAron1962" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Aron" title="Robert Aron">Aron, Robert</a> (1962). "Pétain : sa carrière, son procès" [Pétain: his career, his trial]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L88fAAAAMAAJ"><i>Grands dossiers de l'histoire contemporaine</i></a> [<i>Major issues in contemporary history</i>] (in French). Paris: Librairie Académique Perrin. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1356008">1356008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=P%C3%A9tain+%3A+sa+carri%C3%A8re%2C+son+proc%C3%A8s&rft.btitle=Grands+dossiers+de+l%27histoire+contemporaine&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Librairie+Acad%C3%A9mique+Perrin&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1356008&rft.aulast=Aron&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL88fAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Az%C3%A9ma" title="Jean-Pierre Azéma">Jean-Pierre Azéma</a> & François Bedarida, <i>Vichy et les Français</i>, Paris, Fayard, 1996.</li> <li><i>Le régime de Vichy et les Français</i> (dir. Jean-Pierre Azéma & François Bédarida, Institut d'histoire du temps présent), Fayard, 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-213-02683-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-213-02683-1">2-213-02683-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBéglé2014" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Béglé, Jérôme (20 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lepoint.fr/livres/rentree-litteraire-avec-pierre-assouline-sigmaringen-c-est-la-vie-de-chateau-20-01-2014-1782076_37.php">"Rentrée littéraire – Avec Pierre Assouline, Sigmaringen, c'est la vie de château !"</a> [Autumn publishing season launch – With Pierre Assouline, Sigmaringen, That's life in the castle]. <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Point" title="Le Point">Le Point</a></i> (in French). Le Point Communications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Point&rft.atitle=Rentr%C3%A9e+litt%C3%A9raire+%E2%80%93+Avec+Pierre+Assouline%2C+Sigmaringen%2C+c%27est+la+vie+de+ch%C3%A2teau+%21&rft.date=2014-01-20&rft.aulast=B%C3%A9gl%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lepoint.fr%2Flivres%2Frentree-litteraire-avec-pierre-assouline-sigmaringen-c-est-la-vie-de-chateau-20-01-2014-1782076_37.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBentégeat2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bentégeat, Hervé (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CEk8EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT93"><i>Et surtout, pas un mot à la Maréchale ... : Pétain et ses femmes</i></a> [<i>And above all, not a word to the Maréchale ... : Pétain and his women</i>] (in French). Paris: Albin Michel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2226256911" title="Special:BookSources/978-2226256911"><bdi>978-2226256911</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1015992303">1015992303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Et+surtout%2C+pas+un+mot+%C3%A0+la+Mar%C3%A9chale+...+%3A+P%C3%A9tain+et+ses+femmes&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Albin+Michel&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1015992303&rft.isbn=978-2226256911&rft.aulast=Bent%C3%A9geat&rft.aufirst=Herv%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCEk8EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Michèle Cointet. <i>Dictionnaire historique de la France sous l'Occupation</i> (2nd ed. 2000) 732pp</li> <li>Michèle Cointet. <i>L'Eglise sous Vichy. 1940–1945. La repentance en question.</i>, Perrin, Paris, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-262-01231-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-262-01231-8">2-262-01231-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCointet2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Cointet" title="Jean-Paul Cointet">Cointet, Jean-Paul</a> (2014). <i>Sigmaringen</i>. Tempus (in French). Paris: Perrin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-262-03300-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-262-03300-2"><bdi>978-2-262-03300-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sigmaringen&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Tempus&rft.pub=Perrin&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-2-262-03300-2&rft.aulast=Cointet&rft.aufirst=Jean-Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Eric Conan et <a href="/wiki/Henry_Rousso" title="Henry Rousso">Henry Rousso</a>. <i>Vichy, un passé qui ne passe pas</i>, Fayard, Paris, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-213-59237-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-213-59237-3">2-213-59237-3</a></li> <li>Yves Maxime Danan, <i>La vie politique à Alger, de 1940 à 1944</i>, L.G.D.J., Paris 1963.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean-Luc_Einaudi2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jean-Luc Einaudi (2001). <i>Les silences de la police : 16 juillet 1942–17 octobre 1961</i> (in French). Paris: L'Esprit frappeur. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84405-173-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84405-173-8"><bdi>978-2-84405-173-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+silences+de+la+police+%3A+16+juillet+1942%E2%80%9317+octobre+1961&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=L%27Esprit+frappeur&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-2-84405-173-8&rft.au=Jean-Luc+Einaudi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelporteMoine2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Delporte, Christian; Moine, Caroline (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2dsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT137"><i>Culture, médias, pouvoirs aux Etats-Unis et en Europe occidentale, France, Italie, RFA, Royaume-Uni, 1945–1991</i></a> [<i>Culture, Media, Power in the United States and Western Europe, 1945–1991</i>] (in French). Malakoff: Armand Colin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2200624187" title="Special:BookSources/978-2200624187"><bdi>978-2200624187</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1191067431">1191067431</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture%2C+m%C3%A9dias%2C+pouvoirs+aux+Etats-Unis+et+en+Europe+occidentale%2C+France%2C+Italie%2C+RFA%2C+Royaume-Uni%2C+1945%E2%80%931991&rft.place=Malakoff&rft.pub=Armand+Colin&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1191067431&rft.isbn=978-2200624187&rft.aulast=Delporte&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft.au=Moine%2C+Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ2dsDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>André Kaspi. <i>Les Juifs pendant l'Occupation</i>, Seuil, Paris, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-02-013509-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-02-013509-4">2-02-013509-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Klarsfeld" title="Serge Klarsfeld">Serge Klarsfeld</a>. <i>Vichy-Auschwitz. Le rôle de Vichy dans la solution finale de la question juive en France. 1943–1944.</i>, Fayard, Paris, 1985, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-213-01573-2" title="Special:BookSources/2-213-01573-2">2-213-01573-2</a></li> <li>Launay, Jacques de. <i>Le Dossier de Vichy</i>, in series, <i>Collection Archives</i>, [Éditions] Julliard, [Paris], 1967. <i>N.B</i>.: A documentary history.</li> <li>Herbert R. Lottman. <i>Pétain.</i> Seuil, 1984, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-02-006763-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-02-006763-3">2-02-006763-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRousso2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Rousso" title="Henry Rousso">Rousso, Henry</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F3sKCwAAQBAJ"><i>Le régime de Vichy</i></a> [<i>The Vichy Regime</i>]. <a href="/wiki/Que_sais-je" class="mw-redirect" title="Que sais-je">Que sais-je</a> ? n° 1720 (in French). Paris: <a href="/wiki/Presses_Universitaires_de_France" title="Presses Universitaires de France">Presses Universitaires de France</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-054077-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-13-054077-9"><bdi>978-2-13-054077-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/777999316">777999316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+r%C3%A9gime+de+Vichy&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Que+sais-je+%3F+n%C2%B0+1720&rft.pub=Presses+Universitaires+de+France&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F777999316&rft.isbn=978-2-13-054077-9&rft.aulast=Rousso&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF3sKCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jacques Sabille. "Les Juifs de Tunisie sous Vichy et l'Occupation". Paris: Edition du <a href="/wiki/CDJC" class="mw-redirect" title="CDJC">Centre de Documentation Juive Contemporaine</a>, 1954</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSémelin2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sémelin, Jacques (2013). <i>Persécutions et entraides dans la France occupée : comment 75 % des juifs de France ont échappé à la mort</i> (in French). Paris: Seuil Arènes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35204-235-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35204-235-8"><bdi>978-2-35204-235-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pers%C3%A9cutions+et+entraides+dans+la+France+occup%C3%A9e+%3A+comment+75+%25+des+juifs+de+France+ont+%C3%A9chapp%C3%A9+%C3%A0+la+mort&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Seuil+Ar%C3%A8nes&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-2-35204-235-8&rft.aulast=S%C3%A9melin&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German">German</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: German"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eberhard_J%C3%A4ckel" title="Eberhard Jäckel">Eberhard Jäckel</a>: <i>Frankreich in Hitlers Europa: die deutsche Frankreichpolitik im 2. Weltkrieg</i>, Stuttgart 1966.</li> <li>Martin Jungius: <i>Der verwaltete Raub. Die "Arisierung" der Wirtschaft in Frankreich 1940–1944</i>. Thorbecke, Ostfildern 2008, Beiheft der Francia Nr. 67, hrsg. von Deutschen Historischen Institut Paris.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Mayer_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Mayer (historian) (page does not exist)">Michael Mayer</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Mayer_(Historiker)" class="extiw" title="de:Michael Mayer (Historiker)">de</a>]</span>: <i>Staaten als Täter. Ministerialbürokratie und 'Judenpolitik' in NS-Deutschland und Vichy-Frankreich. Ein Vergleich. Preface by Horst Möller and Georges-Henri Soutou</i> München, Oldenbourg, 2010 (Studien zur Zeitgeschichte; 80). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-486-58945-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-486-58945-0">978-3-486-58945-0</a>. (Comparative study of anti-Jewish policy implemented by the government in Nazi-Germany, by German occupational forces in France and by the semi-autonomic French government in Vichy)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRousso2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Rousso" title="Henry Rousso">Rousso, Henry</a> (2009) [1st pub. 2007 <a href="#CITEREFRousso2007">Le Régime de Vichy</a>]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dprN2vGyktAC"><i>Vichy: Frankreich unter deutscher Besatzung ; 1940–1944</i></a> [<i>Vichy: France under the Occupation: 1940–1944</i>]. Beck'sche Reihe (in German). Munich: <a href="/wiki/C.H._Beck" class="mw-redirect" title="C.H. Beck">C.H. Beck</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-58454-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-58454-1"><bdi>978-3-406-58454-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/316118163">316118163</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vichy%3A+Frankreich+unter+deutscher+Besatzung+%3B+1940%E2%80%931944&rft.place=Munich&rft.series=Beck%27sche+Reihe&rft.pub=C.H.+Beck&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F316118163&rft.isbn=978-3-406-58454-1&rft.aulast=Rousso&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdprN2vGyktAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films">Films</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Oph%C3%BCls" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcel Ophüls">Marcel Ophüls</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sorrow_and_the_Pity" title="The Sorrow and the Pity">The Sorrow and the Pity</a></i> (1969).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chabrol" title="Claude Chabrol">Claude Chabrol</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Eye_of_Vichy" title="The Eye of Vichy">The Eye of Vichy</a></i> (1993).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoissoneault2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Boissoneault, Lorraine (9 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/vichy-government-france-world-war-ii-willingly-collaborated-nazis-180967160/">"Was Vichy France a Puppet Government or a Willing Nazi Collaborator?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian</a></i>. Washington D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-7333">0037-7333</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=Was+Vichy+France+a+Puppet+Government+or+a+Willing+Nazi+Collaborator%3F&rft.date=2017-11-09&rft.issn=0037-7333&rft.aulast=Boissoneault&rft.aufirst=Lorraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fvichy-government-france-world-war-ii-willingly-collaborated-nazis-180967160%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConanRousso1998" class="citation book cs1">Conan, Eric; Rousso, Henry (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=svjEWDsVMlEC"><i>Vichy: An Ever-present Past</i></a>. UPNE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-795-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-795-8"><bdi>978-0-87451-795-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1137403989">1137403989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vichy%3A+An+Ever-present+Past&rft.pub=UPNE&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1137403989&rft.isbn=978-0-87451-795-8&rft.aulast=Conan&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Rousso%2C+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsvjEWDsVMlEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRousso1991" class="citation book cs1">Rousso, Henry (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-n2uAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Vichy Syndrome: History and Memory in France Since 1944</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-93538-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-93538-9"><bdi>978-0-674-93538-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1034576435">1034576435</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vichy+Syndrome%3A+History+and+Memory+in+France+Since+1944&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1034576435&rft.isbn=978-0-674-93538-9&rft.aulast=Rousso&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-n2uAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVichy+France" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">French <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="fr" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:Loi_constitutionnelle_du_10_juillet_1940" class="extiw" title="s:fr:Loi constitutionnelle du 10 juillet 1940">Constitutional law of 10 July 1940 giving full powers to Marshall Pétain</a></b> (in French)</div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_Appeal_to_the_French_People_on_the_Entry_of_German_Troops_into_Unoccupied_France" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Adolf Hitler's Appeal to the French People on the Entry of German Troops into Unoccupied France">Adolf Hitler's Appeal to the French People on the Entry of German Troops into Unoccupied France</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_Letter_to_Marshal_Petain_Announcing_Complete_German_Occupation_of_France" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Adolf Hitler's Letter to Marshal Petain Announcing Complete German Occupation of France">Adolf Hitler's Letter to Marshal Petain Announcing Complete German Occupation of France</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_Letter_to_Marshal_Petain_Announcing_Decision_to_Occupy_Toulon" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Adolf Hitler's Letter to Marshal Petain Announcing Decision to Occupy Toulon">Adolf Hitler's Letter to Marshal Petain Announcing Decision to Occupy Toulon</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kitson" title="Simon Kitson">Simon Kitson</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140911225053/http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/vichy/">Vichy web-page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1940/400710a.html">Original "Establishment of the Vichy government" constitutional act</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hist-geo.com/Carte/France/1940-1942/Armistice-22-Juin-1940-11.png">Map of the "free" and "occupied" French zones</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050413220209/http://www.hist-geo.com/Carte/France/1940-1942/Armistice-22-Juin-1940-11.png">Archived</a> 13 April 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hist-geo.com/Carte/France/1940-1942/Armistice-22-Juin-1940-Analyse.php"><i>National Geographic</i> coverage of the armistice</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927215628/http://www.hist-geo.com/Carte/France/1940-1942/Armistice-22-Juin-1940-Analyse.php">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090206005856/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,764199,00.html">"Obituary of a Republic"</a>, <i>Time</i>, 22 July 1940</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/vica/">Vica Nazi Propaganda Comics – Duke University Libraries Digital Collections</a> – Pro-Nazi comics produced in Vichy France</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://histclo.com/essay/war/ww2/camp/eur/ger/dip/nd40m.html">NAZI diplomacy: Vichy, 1940</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/france/deportations.asp">The Holocaust in France</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190222115305/https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/france/deportations.asp">Archived</a> 22 February 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%202026.pdf">Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, But Not for All: France and the "Alien" Jews, 1933–1942</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vichy_France" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vichy_France" title="Template:Vichy France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vichy_France" title="Template talk:Vichy France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vichy_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vichy France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vichy_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vichy France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>World War II collaboration in:</i> <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania" title="German occupation of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_collaboration_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Wartime collaboration in the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Byelorussian collaboration with Nazi Germany">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Luxembourgish collaboration with Nazi Germany">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisling_regime" title="Quisling regime">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Collaboration in German-occupied Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Salvation" title="Government of National Salvation">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_in_the_German-occupied_Soviet_Union" title="Collaboration in the German-occupied Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Ukrainian collaboration with Nazi Germany">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger" title="Georges Ernest Boulanger">Boulangism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camelots_du_Roi" title="Camelots du Roi">Camelots du Roi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Fall of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">History of the Jews in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_231_of_the_Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles">Article 231</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_guilt_question" title="War guilt question">War guilt question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dorg%C3%A8res" title="Henry Dorgères">Henry Dorgères</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Beginnings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_22_June_1940" title="Armistice of 22 June 1940">Armistice of 22 June 1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitutional_Law_of_1940" title="French Constitutional Law of 1940">French Constitutional Law of 1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eighty_(Vichy_France)" title="The Eighty (Vichy France)">The Eighty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_du_Parc" title="Hôtel du Parc">Hôtel du Parc</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zone_libre" title="Zone libre">Zone libre</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Antignac" title="Joseph Antignac">Joseph Antignac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Marie_Bergeret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Marie Bergeret (page does not exist)">Jean-Marie Bergeret</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bergeret_(militaire)" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean Bergeret (militaire)">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Bousquet" title="René Bousquet">René Bousquet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Bourgain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Bourgain (page does not exist)">Louis Bourgain</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Bourgain" class="extiw" title="fr:Louis Bourgain">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Broc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André Broc (page does not exist)">André Broc</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Broc" class="extiw" title="fr:André Broc">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Alexis Carrel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Charpentier_(lawyer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Charpentier (lawyer) (page does not exist)">Jacques Charpentier</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Charpentier_(avocat)" class="extiw" title="fr:Jacques Charpentier (avocat)">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Coston" title="Henry Coston">Henry Coston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Antoine_Cousteau" title="Pierre-Antoine Cousteau">Pierre-Antoine Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan" title="François Darlan">François Darlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Darquier_de_Pellepoix" title="Louis Darquier de Pellepoix">Louis Darquier de Pellepoix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Marcel Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_du_Paty_de_Clam" title="Charles du Paty de Clam">Charles du Paty de Clam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Pierre-Étienne Flandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Henriot" title="Philippe Henriot">Philippe Henriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Henry-Haye" title="Gaston Henry-Haye">Gaston Henry-Haye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Huntziger" title="Charles Huntziger">Charles Huntziger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Leguay" title="Jean Leguay">Jean Leguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Luchaire" title="Jean Luchaire">Jean Luchaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_M%C3%A9n%C3%A9trel" title="Bernard Ménétrel">Bernard Ménétrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Montandon" title="George Montandon">George Montandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Papon" title="Maurice Papon">Maurice Papon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pucheu" title="Pierre Pucheu">Pierre Pucheu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Sabiani" title="Simon Sabiani">Simon Sabiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Touvier" title="Paul Touvier">Paul Touvier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tulard" title="André Tulard">André Tulard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Vallat" title="Xavier Vallat">Xavier Vallat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxime_Weygand" title="Maxime Weygand">Maxime Weygand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carltheo_Zeitschel" title="Carltheo Zeitschel">Carltheo Zeitschel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vichy_France" title="Government of Vichy France">Government of Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vichy_France#Pétain_and_the_French_State" title="Government of Vichy France">Pétain government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vichy_France#First_Laval_administration_(1940)" title="Government of Vichy France">First Laval government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vichy_France#Flandin_regime" title="Government of Vichy France">Flandin government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vichy_France#Darlan_regime" title="Government of Vichy France">Darlan government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vichy_France#Second_Laval_administration_(1942-1944)" title="Government of Vichy France">Second Laval government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Parties and<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_League" title="French League">French League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_National-Collectivist_Party" title="French National-Collectivist Party">French National-Collectivist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party" title="French Popular Party">French Popular Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jeunesse_Populaire_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Jeunesse Populaire Française">Jeunesse Populaire Française</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_Franciste" title="Mouvement Franciste">Mouvement Franciste</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_Fran%C3%A7aise_des_Combattants" title="Légion Française des Combattants">Légion Française des Combattants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Rally" title="National Popular Rally">National Popular Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Social_Movement" title="Revolutionary Social Movement">Revolutionary Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_Corporation" title="Peasant Corporation">Peasant Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Legal and<br />treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_anti-Jewish_legislation" title="Vichy anti-Jewish legislation">Anti-Jewish laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Saint_Jean_d%27Acre" title="Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre">Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_constitutional_laws_of_the_Vichy_regime&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of constitutional laws of the Vichy regime (page does not exist)">List of constitutional laws of the Vichy regime</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actes_constitutionnels_du_r%C3%A9gime_de_Vichy" class="extiw" title="fr:Actes constitutionnels du régime de Vichy">fr</a>]</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitutional_Law_of_1940" title="French Constitutional Law of 1940">French Constitutional Law of 1940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Protocols" title="Paris Protocols">Paris Protocols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riom_Trial" title="Riom Trial">Riom Trial</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Service_du_travail_obligatoire" title="Service du travail obligatoire">Service du travail obligatoire</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Policy &<br />politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Imperial_Japan" title="Collaboration with Imperial Japan">Collaboration with Imperial Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Vichy_France" title="Foreign relations of Vichy France">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Foundation_for_the_Study_of_Human_Problems" title="French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems">French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_jeune_France" title="La jeune France">La jeune France</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_collaboration_in_Vichy_France" title="Police collaboration in Vichy France">Police collaboration in Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_situation_in_French_Africa_under_Vichy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Political situation in French Africa under Vichy (page does not exist)">Political situation in French Africa</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situation_politique_en_Afrique_fran%C3%A7aise_lib%C3%A9r%C3%A9e" class="extiw" title="fr:Situation politique en Afrique française libérée">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Sections" title="Special Sections">Special Sections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_Holocaust_collaboration_timeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy Holocaust collaboration timeline">Vichy Holocaust collaboration timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Press and<br />propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_publications_in_France" title="Antisemitic publications in France">Antisemitic publications</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_under_the_German_occupation_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Censorship under the German occupation in France (page does not exist)">Censorship under the occupation</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censure_sous_l%27occupation_allemande_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Censure sous l'occupation allemande en France">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_media_in_German-occupied_France" title="Underground media in German-occupied France">Underground media in German-occupied France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_Press_Ordinances_of_1944&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom of the Press Ordinances of 1944 (page does not exist)">Freedom of the Press Ordinances of 1944</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordonnances_de_1944_sur_la_libert%C3%A9_de_la_presse" class="extiw" title="fr:Ordonnances de 1944 sur la liberté de la presse">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Juif_et_la_France" title="Le Juif et la France">Le Juif et la France</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%A9chal,_nous_voil%C3%A0_!" title="Maréchal, nous voilà !">Maréchal, nous voilà !</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_newspapers_confiscated_for_collaboration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French newspapers confiscated for collaboration (page does not exist)">Newspapers confiscated for collaboration</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journaux_confisqu%C3%A9s_pour_collaboration" class="extiw" title="fr:Journaux confisqués pour collaboration">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_fran%C3%A7ais_d%27information" title="Office français d'information">Office français d'information</a><br /></li> <li><b><span style="color:gray">Press:</span></b> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Alerte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Alerte (page does not exist)">L'Alerte</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Alerte" class="extiw" title="fr:L'Alerte">fr</a>]</sup></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Appel" title="L'Appel">L'Appel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aujourd%27hui" title="Aujourd'hui">Aujourd'hui</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Cahier_jaune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Cahier jaune (page does not exist)">Le Cahier jaune</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Cahier_jaune" class="extiw" title="fr:Le Cahier jaune">fr</a>]</sup></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Cri_du_peuple&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Cri du peuple (page does not exist)">Le Cri du peuple</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Cri_du_peuple_(journal,_1940-1944)" class="extiw" title="fr:Le Cri du peuple (journal, 1940-1944)">fr</a>; <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Cri_du_Peuple" class="extiw" title="it:Le Cri du Peuple">it</a>]</sup></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combats_(Vichy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Combats (Vichy) (page does not exist)">Combats</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combats" class="extiw" title="fr:Combats">fr</a>]</sup></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documents_ma%C3%A7onniques&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Documents maçonniques (page does not exist)">Documents maçonniques</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documents_ma%C3%A7onniques" class="extiw" title="fr:Documents maçonniques">fr</a>]</sup></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27%C3%89mancipation_nationale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Émancipation nationale (page does not exist)">L'Émancipation nationale</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27%C3%89mancipation_nationale" class="extiw" title="fr:L'Émancipation nationale">fr</a>]</sup></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_France_(Sigmaringen)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La France (Sigmaringen) (page does not exist)">La France</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_France_(Sigmaringen)" class="extiw" title="fr:La France (Sigmaringen)">fr</a>]</sup></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=France,_revue_de_l%27%C3%89tat_nouveau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="France, revue de l'État nouveau (page does not exist)">France, revue de l'État nouveau</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/France,_revue_de_l%27%C3%89tat_nouveau" class="extiw" title="fr:France, revue de l'État nouveau">fr</a>]</sup></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ici_la_France_(radio)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ici la France (radio) (page does not exist)">Ici la France</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ici_la_France_(Radio_Sigmaringen)" class="extiw" title="fr:Ici la France (Radio Sigmaringen)">fr</a>]</sup></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Id%C3%A9es_(revue,_1941-1944)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idées (revue, 1941-1944) (page does not exist)">Idées</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id%C3%A9es_(revue,_1941-1944)" class="extiw" title="fr:Idées (revue, 1941-1944)">fr</a>]</sup></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Je_suis_partout" title="Je suis partout">Je suis partout</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revivre_(periodical)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revivre (periodical) (page does not exist)">Revivre</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revivre_(p%C3%A9riodique)" class="extiw" title="fr:Revivre (périodique)">fr</a>]</sup></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9volution_nationale_(newspaper)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Révolution nationale (newspaper) (page does not exist)"><i>Révolution nationale</i></a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale_(journal)" class="extiw" title="fr:Révolution nationale (journal)">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Semaine_(weekly)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Semaine (weekly) (page does not exist)">La Semaine</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Semaine_(hebdomadaire_de_spectacles)" class="extiw" title="fr:La Semaine (hebdomadaire de spectacles)">fr</a>]</sup></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Union_fran%C3%A7aise_(hebdomadaire)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Union française (hebdomadaire) (page does not exist)">L'Union française</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Union_fran%C3%A7aise_(hebdomadaire)" class="extiw" title="fr:L'Union française (hebdomadaire)">fr</a>]</sup></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zone_libre" title="Zone libre">Zone libre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II#Occupation_zones" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">Occupied zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Syria and Lebanon mandate</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="French_North_Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="French protectorate in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Tunisia" title="French protectorate of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ivory_Coast#French_colonial_era" title="History of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Dahomey" title="French Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sudan" title="French Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guinea" title="French Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Mauritania" title="Colonial Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Niger" title="Colony of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Senegal#French_period" title="History of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Upper_Volta" title="French Upper Volta">Upper Volta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Togoland" title="French Togoland">Togoland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa" title="French Equatorial Africa">French Equatorial Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Chad" title="French Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Congo" title="French Congo">Middle Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubangi-Shari" title="Ubangi-Shari">Ubangi-Shari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Cameroon" title="French Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia & Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Cambodia" title="French protectorate of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Laos" title="French protectorate of Laos">French protectorate of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Cochinchina" title="French Cochinchina">Cochinchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">Annam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkin_(French_protectorate)" title="Tonkin (French protectorate)">Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leased_Territory_of_Guangzhouwan" title="Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan">Kouang-Tchéou-Wan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_France" title="Antisemitism in France">Jewish<br />affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_anti-Jewish_legislation" title="Vichy anti-Jewish legislation">Laws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_on_the_status_of_Jews" title="Law on the status of Jews">Law on the status of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_regarding_foreign_nationals_of_the_Jewish_race" title="Law regarding foreign nationals of the Jewish race">Law regarding foreign nationals of the Jewish race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_law_on_the_status_of_Jews" title="Second law on the status of Jews">Second law on the status of Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissariat-General_for_Jewish_Affairs" title="Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs">Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Council_of_the_Order_of_Physicians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Council of the Order of Physicians (page does not exist)">Order of Physicians</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conseil_national_de_l%27ordre_des_m%C3%A9decins" class="extiw" title="fr:Conseil national de l'ordre des médecins">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_isra%C3%A9lites_de_France" title="Union générale des israélites de France">UGIF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roundup_(police_action)#France" title="Roundup (police action)">Roundups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundups_of_Jews_on_the_French_Riviera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roundups of Jews on the French Riviera (page does not exist)">French Riviera</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Brunner#Les_rafles_de_Juifs_de_la_Côte_d'Azur" class="extiw" title="fr:Alois Brunner">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_ticket_roundup" title="Green ticket roundup">Green ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clermont-Ferrand_Roundup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clermont-Ferrand Roundup (page does not exist)">Clermont-Ferrand</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafle_du_25_novembre_1943" class="extiw" title="fr:Rafle du 25 novembre 1943">fr</a>; <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastrellamento_di_Clermont-Ferrand" class="extiw" title="it:Rastrellamento di Clermont-Ferrand">it</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izieu#Site_of_World_War_II_Jewish_orphanage" title="Izieu">Izieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille_roundup" title="Marseille roundup">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Sainte-Catherine_Roundup" title="Rue Sainte-Catherine Roundup">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vel' d'Hiv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villeurbanne_Roundup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villeurbanne Roundup (page does not exist)">Villeurbanne</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafle_des_Villeurbannais" class="extiw" title="fr:Rafle des Villeurbannais">fr</a>; <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastrellamento_di_Villeurbanne" class="extiw" title="it:Rastrellamento di Villeurbanne">it</a>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discrimination<br />and plunder</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryanization#France" title="Aryanization">Aryanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow badge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yellow_badge_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yellow badge in France (page does not exist)">Yellow badge in France</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampon_%22JUIF%22_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Tampon "JUIF" en France">fr</a>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internment_camps_in_France#Second_World_War_camps" title="Internment camps in France">Camps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaune-la-Rolande_internment_camp" title="Beaune-la-Rolande internment camp">Beaune-la-Rolande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drancy_internment_camp" title="Drancy internment camp">Drancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurs_internment_camp" title="Gurs internment camp">Gurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_des_Milles" title="Camp des Milles">Milles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natzweiler-Struthof_concentration_camp" title="Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp">Natzweiler-Struthof</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Natzweiler-Struthof" title="List of subcamps of Natzweiler-Struthof">subcamps</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_de_No%C3%A9" title="Camp de Noé">Noé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pithiviers_internment_camp" title="Pithiviers internment camp">Pithiviers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_du_R%C3%A9c%C3%A9b%C3%A9dou" title="Camp du Récébédou">Récébédou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rieucros_Camp" title="Rieucros Camp">Rieucros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_de_Romainville" title="Fort de Romainville">Romainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royallieu-Compi%C3%A8gne_internment_camp" title="Royallieu-Compiègne internment camp">Royallieu-Compiègne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_de_Rivesaltes" title="Camp de Rivesaltes">Rivesaltes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_of_Septfonds" title="Camp of Septfonds">Septfonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Vernet" title="Camp Vernet">Vernet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convoys_of_the_deportation_of_Jews_from_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Convoys of the deportation of Jews from France (page does not exist)">Deportation convoys</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convois_de_la_d%C3%A9portation_des_Juifs_de_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Convois de la déportation des Juifs de France">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_deportations_of_French_Jews_to_death_camps" title="Timeline of deportations of French Jews to death camps">Deportation timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_Holocaust_collaboration_timeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy Holocaust collaboration timeline">Holocaust timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">The Holocaust in France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France_during_World_War_II#Vichy_Army_(1940–1944)" title="Military history of France during World War II">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Regiment_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Regiment of France (page does not exist)">1st Regiment</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_r%C3%A9giment_de_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Premier régiment de France">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Military_Division_(Vichy_France)" title="7th Military Division (Vichy France)">7th Military Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Military_Division_(Vichy_France)" title="14th Military Division (Vichy France)">14th Military Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Military_Division_(Vichy_France)" title="15th Military Division (Vichy France)">15th Military Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_Army" title="Armistice Army">Armistice Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Levant" title="Army of the Levant">Army of the Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_French_Air_Force" title="Vichy French Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_French_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy French Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_(Vichy_France)" title="Guard (Vichy France)">Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Militia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Service_d%27ordre_l%C3%A9gionnaire" title="Service d'ordre légionnaire">Service d'ordre légionnaire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Groupe_mobile_de_r%C3%A9serve" title="Groupe mobile de réserve">Groupe mobile de réserve</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milice" title="Milice">Milice</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Franc-Garde" title="Franc-Garde">Franc-Garde</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Brigades" title="Special Brigades">Special Brigades</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Auxiliary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/33rd_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_Charlemagne" title="33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne">SS Charlemagne division</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carlingue" title="Carlingue">Carlingue</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_imp%C3%A9riale" title="Légion impériale">Légion impériale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_French_Volunteers_Against_Bolshevism" title="Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism">Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>1940</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir" title="Attack on Mers-el-Kébir">Mers-el-Kébir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II#Vichy_French_attacks:_1940" title="Military history of Gibraltar during World War II">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dakar" title="Battle of Dakar">Dakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gabon" title="Battle of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">Franco-Thai War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ko_Chang" title="Battle of Ko Chang">Ko Chang</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>1941</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><b>1942</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Operation Bright Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna#World_War_II" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch"><i>Torch</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Anton" title="Case Anton"><i>Anton</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scuttling_of_the_French_fleet_at_Toulon" title="Scuttling of the French fleet at Toulon">Toulon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Battle of Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Officers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan" title="François Darlan">François Darlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Giraud" title="Henri Giraud">Henri Giraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Dissolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Line_campaign" title="Siegfried Line campaign">Siegfried Line campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmaringen_enclave" title="Sigmaringen enclave">Sigmaringen enclave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_de_Brinon" title="Fernand de Brinon">Fernand de Brinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Darnand" title="Joseph Darnand">Joseph Darnand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Luchaire" title="Jean Luchaire">Jean Luchaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Bridoux" title="Eugène Bridoux">Eugène Bridoux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Marcel Déat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Aftermath<br />& Impact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_9_August_1944" title="Ordinance of 9 August 1944">Ordinance of 9 August 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89puration_l%C3%A9gale" title="Épuration légale">Épuration légale</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pursuit_of_Nazi_collaborators#France" title="Pursuit of Nazi collaborators">Épuration sauvage</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France#Elections_of_May_1945" title="Liberation of France">Municipal elections of 1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1946_French_legislative_election" title="November 1946 French legislative election">1946 legislative election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain#Trial_in_High_Court" title="Philippe Pétain">Trial of Philippe Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Barbie#Extradition,_trial_and_death" title="Klaus Barbie">Klaus Barbie trial</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_denial_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holocaust denial in France (page does not exist)">Holocaust denial in France</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9gation_de_la_Shoah_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Négation de la Shoah en France">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Matt%C3%A9oli" title="Mission Mattéoli">Mission Mattéoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_syndrome" title="Vichy syndrome">Vichy syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">History<br />& Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Destruction_of_the_European_Jews" title="The Destruction of the European Jews">The Destruction of the European Jews</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strange_Defeat" title="Strange Defeat">Strange Defeat</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bombing_the_Nazis" title="Bombing the Nazis">Bombing the Nazis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Eye_of_Vichy" title="The Eye of Vichy">The Eye of Vichy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milice,_film_noir" title="Milice, film noir">Milice, film noir</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sorrow_and_the_Pity" title="The Sorrow and the Pity">The Sorrow and the Pity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uranus_(film)" title="Uranus (film)">Uranus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Castle_to_Castle" title="Castle to Castle">Castle to Castle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Special_Section_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Section (film)">Section spéciale</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Silence_de_la_mer" title="Le Silence de la mer">Le Silence de la mer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suite_fran%C3%A7aise_(N%C3%A9mirovsky_novel)" title="Suite française (Némirovsky novel)">Suite française</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">Occupied France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a></li> <li>Year in France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_in_France" title="1940 in France">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_in_France" title="1941 in France">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_in_France" title="1942 in France">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_in_France" title="1943 in France">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_in_France" title="1944 in France">1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vichy_France" title="Category:Vichy France">Category:Vichy France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany,_Fascist_Italy_and_Imperial_Japan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template talk:Collaboration with Axis Powers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany,_Fascist_Italy_and_Imperial_Japan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaboration with Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Imperial_Japan" title="Collaboration with Imperial Japan">Imperial Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists by <a href="/wiki/Axis_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis forces">Axis forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Italian</a> collaborationists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Albanian collaborators <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Fascist_Militia" title="Albanian Fascist Militia">Albanian Fascist Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balli_Komb%C3%ABtar" title="Balli Kombëtar">Balli Kombëtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanian_collaboration_with_the_Axis" title="Cham Albanian collaboration with the Axis">Cham Albanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_Army" title="Armistice Army">Armistice Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battaglione_Azad_Hindoustan" title="Battaglione Azad Hindoustan">Battaglione Azad Hindoustan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Home_Defence" title="Belarusian Home Defence">Belarusian Home Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Division" title="Blue Division">Blue Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Armed_Forces_(Independent_State_of_Croatia)" title="Croatian Armed Forces (Independent State of Croatia)">Croatian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Forces" title="Finnish Defence Forces">Finnish Defence Forces</a> <small>(until 1944)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Square_(Iraq)" title="Golden Square (Iraq)">Golden Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiwi_(volunteer)" title="Hiwi (volunteer)">Hiwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmykian_Cavalry_Corps" title="Kalmykian Cavalry Corps">Kalmykian Cavalry Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Latvian Auxiliary Police">Latvian Auxiliary Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Committee_of_Azerbaijan" title="National Committee of Azerbaijan">National Committee of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Army" title="National Republican Army">National Republican Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Armed_Forces" title="Romanian Armed Forces">Romanian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungarian_Army" title="Royal Hungarian Army">Royal Hungarian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Iraqi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Iraqi Army">Royal Iraqi Army</a></li> <li>Russian collaborators <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Liberation_Army" title="Russian Liberation Army">Russian Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Russian People's Liberation Army">Russian People's Liberation Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Battalions" title="Security Battalions">Security Battalions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Expeditionary_Army_Group" title="Slovak Expeditionary Army Group">Slovak Expeditionary Army Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Home_Guard" title="Slovene Home Guard">Slovene Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" title="Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists">Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS_foreign_volunteers_and_conscripts" title="Waffen-SS foreign volunteers and conscripts">Waffen-SS foreign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht_foreign_volunteers_and_conscripts" title="Wehrmacht foreign volunteers and conscripts">Wehrmacht foreign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrika_Korps" title="Afrika Korps">Afrika Korps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_enrolment_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Military enrolment in German-occupied Poland">Polish Wehrmacht Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostlegionen" title="Ostlegionen">Ostlegionen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a> collaborationists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Arakan Defense Army</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_Army" title="Armistice Army">Armistice Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Columns" title="Black Columns">Black Columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_Independence_Army" title="Burma Independence Army">Burma Independence Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Wars" title="Xinjiang Wars">Central Asian collaborators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">East Turkestan independence movement</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chin Defense Army</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborationist_Chinese_Army" title="Collaborationist Chinese Army">Collaborationist Chinese Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defenders_of_the_Homeland" title="Defenders of the Homeland">Defenders of the Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gakutotai" title="Gakutotai">Gakutotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gando_Special_Force" title="Gando Special Force">Gando Special Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Square_(Iraq)" title="Golden Square (Iraq)">Golden Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiho" title="Heiho">Heiho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Indian_National_Army" title="First Indian National Army">First Indian National Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_Army" title="Inner Mongolian Army">Inner Mongolian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_collaborators_with_Imperial_Japan" title="Korean collaborators with Imperial Japan">Korean collaborators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanka_Sama_Samaja_Party" title="Lanka Sama Samaja Party">Lanka Sama Samaja Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makapili" title="Makapili">Makapili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defenders_of_the_Homeland" title="Defenders of the Homeland">Malayan Volunteer Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo_Imperial_Army" title="Manchukuo Imperial Army">Manchukuo Imperial Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Thai Armed Forces">Royal Thai Armed Forces</a></li> <li>Russian collaborators <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo_Imperial_Army" title="Manchukuo Imperial Army">Asano Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Party" title="Russian Fascist Party">Russian Fascist Party</a></li></ul></li> <li>Taiwanese collaborators <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Imperial_Japan_Serviceman" title="Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman">Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takasago_Volunteers" title="Takasago Volunteers">Takasago Volunteers</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vietnamese collaborators <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Quang_Ph%E1%BB%A5c_H%E1%BB%99i" title="Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội">Association for the Restoration of Great Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_Youth_(Vietnam)" title="Vanguard Youth (Vietnam)">Vanguard Youth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists by <a href="/wiki/Axis_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis countries">Axis countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania#Collaboration" title="German occupation of Albania">German Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Italian Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_collaboration_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Wartime collaboration in the Baltic states">Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War II">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Latvia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Latvia during World War II">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian collaboration with Nazi Germany">Lithuania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_II#Collaboration" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Islands_mutiny" title="Cocos Islands mutiny">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mongolia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> <small>(until 1944)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">Indochina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kampuchea_(1945)" title="Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luang_Prabang_(Japanese_puppet_state)" title="Kingdom of Luang Prabang (Japanese puppet state)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1941 Iraqi coup d'état">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Luxembourgish collaboration with Nazi Germany">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II#Collaboration" title="Netherlands in World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisling_regime" title="Quisling regime">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Collaboration in German-occupied Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Salvation" title="Government of National Salvation">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_in_the_German-occupied_Soviet_Union" title="Collaboration in the German-occupied Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Byelorussian collaboration with Nazi Germany">Byelorussia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Central_Council" title="Belarusian Central Council">Belarus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940%E2%80%931944_insurgency_in_Chechnya" title="1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya">Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Ukrainian collaboration with Nazi Germany">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a> <small>(limited)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Administrative_divisions_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German_occupations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Administrative_divisions_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German_occupations" title="Template:Administrative divisions in Nazi Germany and German occupations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Administrative_divisions_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German_occupations" title="Template talk:Administrative divisions in Nazi Germany and German occupations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative_divisions_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German_occupations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative divisions in Nazi Germany and German occupations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Administrative_divisions_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German_occupations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative divisions in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and German occupations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Administrative divisions of Nazi Germany">Administrative<br />divisions of<br />Nazi Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gau_(territory)" title="Gau (territory)">Gaus</a></i></span> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Altreich_(pre-1938_Nazi_Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Altreich (pre-1938 Nazi Germany)">Altreich</a></i></span>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Founded" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Baden" title="Gau Baden">Baden-Alsace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Bayreuth" title="Gau Bayreuth">Bayreuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Berlin" title="Gau Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Cologne-Aachen" title="Gau Cologne-Aachen">Cologne–Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Gau Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Eastern_Hanover" title="Gau Eastern Hanover">Eastern Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_East_Prussia" title="Gau East Prussia">East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Electoral_Hesse" title="Gau Electoral Hesse">Electoral Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Essen" title="Gau Essen">Essen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Franconia" title="Gau Franconia">Franconia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Halle-Merseburg" title="Gau Halle-Merseburg">Halle-Merseburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Hamburg" title="Gau Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Hesse-Nassau" title="Gau Hesse-Nassau">Hesse-Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Lower_Silesia" title="Gau Lower Silesia">Lower Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Magdeburg-Anhalt" title="Gau Magdeburg-Anhalt">Magdeburg-Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Main_Franconia" title="Gau Main Franconia">Main Franconia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_March_of_Brandenburg" title="Gau March of Brandenburg">March of Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Mecklenburg" title="Gau Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Moselland" title="Gau Moselland">Moselland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Munich-Upper_Bavaria" title="Gau Munich-Upper Bavaria">Munich–Upper Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP/AO" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP/AO">NSDAP/AO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Pomerania" title="Gau Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Saxony" title="Gau Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Gau Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Silesia" title="Gau Silesia">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Swabia" title="Gau Swabia">Swabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Southern_Hanover-Brunswick" title="Gau Southern Hanover-Brunswick">Southern Hanover–Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Thuringia" title="Gau Thuringia">Thuringia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Upper_Silesia" title="Gau Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Weser-Ems" title="Gau Weser-Ems">Weser-Ems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Westphalia-North" title="Gau Westphalia-North">Westphalia-North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Westphalia-South" title="Gau Westphalia-South">Westphalia-South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Westmark" title="Gau Westmark">Westmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Gau Württemberg-Hohenzollern">Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prinz-Eugen_Gau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prinz-Eugen Gau (page does not exist)">Prinz-Eugen</a> (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsfestung_Belgrad" class="extiw" title="de:Reichsfestung Belgrad">Reichsfestung Belgrad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gau_Holland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gau Holland (page does not exist)">Holland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau" title="Reichsgau">Reichsgaus</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Founded" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Danzig-West_Prussia" title="Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia">Danzig–West Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Sudetenland" title="Reichsgau Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Wartheland" title="Reichsgau Wartheland">Wartheland</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austria_within_Nazi_Germany" title="Austria within Nazi Germany">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_K%C3%A4rnten" title="Reichsgau Kärnten">Carinthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Niederdonau" title="Reichsgau Niederdonau">Lower Danube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Oberdonau" title="Reichsgau Oberdonau">Upper Danube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Salzburg" title="Reichsgau Salzburg">Salzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Steiermark" title="Reichsgau Steiermark">Styria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Tirol-Vorarlberg" title="Reichsgau Tirol-Vorarlberg">Tyrol–Vorarlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Wien" title="Reichsgau Wien">Vienna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Banat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Banat (page does not exist)">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Beskidenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Beskidenland (page does not exist)">Beskidland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Brabant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Brabant (page does not exist)">Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Burgund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Burgund (page does not exist)">Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Flandern" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsgau Flandern">Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Galizien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Galizien (page does not exist)">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Gotenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Gotenland (page does not exist)">Gothland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Nordmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Nordmark (page does not exist)">Nordmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Vandalenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Vandalenland (page does not exist)">Vandalland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich#Role_of_Northern_Italy" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Weichselland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Weichselland (page does not exist)">Vistulaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Wallonien" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsgau Wallonien">Wallonia</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)" title="Westland (Nazi propaganda)">Westland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)" title="Westland (Nazi propaganda)">Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)" title="Westland (Nazi propaganda)">Gelderland and Overijssel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)" title="Westland (Nazi propaganda)">North Holland and Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)" title="Westland (Nazi propaganda)">South Holland and Zeeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)" title="Westland (Nazi propaganda)">North Brabant and Limburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Areas annexed by Nazi Germany">Partial annexations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Founded" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Bohemia and Moravia</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General_Government" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Galicia" title="District of Galicia">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_District" title="Kraków District">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_District" title="Lublin District">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radom_District" title="Radom District">Radom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_District" title="Warsaw District">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Nazism)#SS_State_of_Burgundy" title="New Order (Nazism)">Burgundy (SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS_Province_of_Holland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS Province of Holland (page does not exist)">Holland (SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich#Role_of_Northern_Italy" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Lombardy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German<br />occupations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Civil_Administration" title="Chief of Civil Administration">Civil Administration Areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Alsace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of Alsace (page does not exist)">Alsace</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Carinthia_and_Carniola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of Carinthia and Carniola (page does not exist)">Carinthia and Carniola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Gebiet_Bialystok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of Gebiet Bialystok (page does not exist)">Gebiet Bialystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Administration_Area_of_Lorraine" title="Civil Administration Area of Lorraine">Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Lower_Styria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of Lower Styria (page does not exist)">Lower Styria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Administration_Area_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Administration Area of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Posen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of Posen (page does not exist)">Posen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_the_Sudetenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of the Sudetenland (page does not exist)">Sudetenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_West_Prussia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of West Prussia (page does not exist)">West Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Zichenau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of Zichenau (page does not exist)">Zichenau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bezirk" title="Bezirk">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Founded" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bialystok_District" title="Bialystok District">Bialystok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Brussels" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Brussels">Brussels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_Administration_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Military Administration (Nazi Germany)">Military administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Rear_Area_Command" title="Army Group Rear Area Command">Army Group Rear Area Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Administration_in_Belgium_and_Northern_France" title="Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France">Belgium and Northern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia#Zones_of_influence" title="Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zone_interdite#Coastal_military_zone" title="Zone interdite">Atlantic Wall</a> ‧ <a href="/wiki/Zone_interdite#Zone_of_intended_German_settlement" title="Zone interdite">zone réservée</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Zone_of_Protection_in_Slovakia" title="German Zone of Protection in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece#The_German_occupation_zone" title="Axis occupation of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Administration_of_Luxembourg" title="Military Administration of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Administration_in_Poland" title="Military Administration in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banat_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Banat (1941–1944)">Banat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operational Zones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Zone_of_the_Adriatic_Littoral" title="Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral">Adriatic Littoral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Ljubljana#The_German_period_(1943–1945)" title="Province of Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Zone_of_the_Alpine_Foothills" title="Operational Zone of the Alpine Foothills">Alpine Foothills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Puppet administrations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania" title="German occupation of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1#19th–20th_centuries" title="Aš">Asch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyss-Inquart_government" title="Seyss-Inquart government">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Central_Council" title="Belarusian Central Council">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Second Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flemish_Liberation_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flemish Liberation Committee (page does not exist)">Flanders</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(Hungary)" title="Government of National Unity (Hungary)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepel_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lepel Republic (page does not exist)">Lepel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokot_Autonomy" title="Lokot Autonomy">Lokot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Mussert" title="Anton Mussert">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nias#World_War_II" title="Nias">Nias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisling_regime#1940_coup" title="Quisling regime">Norway (Quisling I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_Council_(Norway)" title="Administrative Council (Norway)">Norway (Administrative Council)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisling_regime" title="Quisling regime">Norway (Quisling II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent State of Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupied_territory_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupied territory of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_Government" title="Commissioner Government">Serbia (Commissioner Government)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Salvation" title="Government of National Salvation">Serbia (Council of Ministers)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_national_government_(1941)" title="Ukrainian national government (1941)">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walloon_Liberation_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walloon Liberation Committee (page does not exist)">Wallonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuyev_Republic" title="Zuyev Republic">Zuyev Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Exiled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Central_Council#Exile" title="Belarusian Central Council">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_government-in-exile" title="Bulgarian government-in-exile">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cossack_Central_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cossack Central Office (page does not exist)">Cossackia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmaringen_enclave" title="Sigmaringen enclave">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)#Exile_and_trial" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(Hungary)" title="Government of National Unity (Hungary)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-occupied_territory_of_Montenegro" title="German-occupied territory of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima#Exile" title="Horia Sima">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Liberation_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Liberation Movement">Russia (ODNR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Liberation_of_the_Peoples_of_Russia" title="Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia">Russia (KONR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Salvation#After_the_war" title="Government of National Salvation">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)#End" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiesta%C5%84ski_Komitet_Narodowy" class="extiw" title="pl:Turkiestański Komitet Narodowy">Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Committee" title="Ukrainian National Committee">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlaamsche_Landsleiding" class="extiw" title="nl:Vlaamsche Landsleiding">Wallonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism_and_World_War_II" title="Breton nationalism and World War II">Brittany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat" title="Reichskommissariat">Reichskommissariats</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_of_Belgium_and_Northern_France" title="Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France">Belgium and Northern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Niederlande" title="Reichskommissariat Niederlande">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Norwegen" title="Reichskommissariat Norwegen">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland" title="Reichskommissariat Ostland">Ostland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Kaukasien" title="Reichskommissariat Kaukasien">Caucasia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichskommissariat_Don-Wolga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichskommissariat Don-Wolga (page does not exist)">Don-Volga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Moskowien" title="Reichskommissariat Moskowien">Muscovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Turkestan" title="Reichskommissariat Turkestan">Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichskommissariat_Ural&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichskommissariat Ural (page does not exist)">Ural</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_and_occupation_of_Monaco_during_World_War_II#The_German_occupation_(September_9,_1943_-_September_3,_1944)" title="Invasion and occupation of Monaco during World War II">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marino" title="Battle of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_Station_Kurt" title="Weather Station Kurt">Weather Station Kurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schatzgr%C3%A4ber_(weather_station)" title="Schatzgräber (weather station)">Schatzgräber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holzauge" title="Holzauge">Holzauge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bassgeiger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bassgeiger (page does not exist)">Bassgeiger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelweiss_base&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edelweiss base (page does not exist)">Edelweiss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordstern_(city)" title="Nordstern (city)">Nordstern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strength_Through_Joy" title="Strength Through Joy">Strength Through Joy</a> <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">holiday resorts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Leaders</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul"><i>Keelhaul</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim"><i>Osoaviakhim</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip"><i>Paperclip</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Sexual violence</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vichy France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Vietnam</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">German prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Soviet prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a></i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch"><i>Torch</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage"><i>Cottage</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest"><i>Tempest</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go"><i>Ichi-Go</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord"><i>Overlord</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings"><i>Neptune</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration"><i>Bagration</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon"><i>Dragoon</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden"><i>Market Garden</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow"><i>Crossbow</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive"><i>Pointblank</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte"><i>Bodenplatte</i></a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="France_topics" 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title="France">France</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_France" title="Outline of France">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_French_history" title="Timeline of French history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_France" title="Political history of France">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France" title="Military history of France">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French" title="History of French">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_foreign_relations" title="History of French foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_journalism" title="History of French journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">Liberalism and radicalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brittany" title="History of Brittany">History of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Normandy" title="History of Normandy">History of Normandy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_France" title="Prehistory of France">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greek colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Celtic Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_laws_of_the_Kingdom_of_France" title="Fundamental laws of the Kingdom of France">Fundamental laws</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy_in_France" title="Absolute monarchy in France">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Second Hundred Years' War">Second Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Revolution_of_1756" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic Revolution of 1756">Diplomatic Revolution of 1756</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_era" title="Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Late_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Modern">Late Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_long_nineteenth_century" title="France in the long nineteenth century">Long nineteenth century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1851_French_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1851 French coup d'état">Coup of 2 December 1851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Defense" title="Government of National Defense">Government of National Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_France" title="Interwar France">Interwar</a> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_folles" title="Années folles">Années folles</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France_(1900_to_present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of France (1900 to present)">1900 to present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_French_riots" title="2005 French riots">2005 riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Europe#France,_Benelux_countries" title="Great Recession in Europe">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks" title="November 2015 Paris attacks">2015 Paris attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election" title="2017 French presidential election">2017 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France" title="COVID-19 pandemic in France">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_French_labor_protests" title="2021 French labor protests">2021 labor protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_French_presidential_election" title="2022 French presidential election">2022 presidential election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_France" title="Geography of France">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_France" title="Administrative divisions of France">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_in_France_with_over_20,000_inhabitants" title="List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_France" title="Climate change in France">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_France" title="Borders of France">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_France" title="List of islands of France">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_France" title="List of lakes of France">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_mountains_by_prominence" title="List of French mountains by prominence">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_France" title="List of national parks of France">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_France" title="List of rivers of France">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_France" title="List of World Heritage Sites in France">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutions_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutions of France">Constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_France" title="Elections in France">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_France" title="Presidential elections in France">presidential</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_France" title="Foreign relations of France">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_France" title="Human rights in France">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_France" title="Intersex rights in France">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in France">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_France" title="Judiciary of France">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_France" title="Law of France">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_France" title="Legal history of France">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_France" title="Law enforcement in France">enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_criminal_law" title="French criminal law">criminal law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_France" title="List of political parties in France">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France" title="Economy of France">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France#Agriculture" title="Economy of France">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_France" title="Automotive industry in France">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_France" title="Banking in France">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_France" title="Bank of France">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_France" title="Energy in France">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_France" title="List of exports of France">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">Franc (former currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_regions_and_overseas_collectivities_by_GDP" title="List of French regions and overseas collectivities by GDP">French subdivisions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_France" title="Mining in France">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronext_Paris" title="Euronext Paris">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_France" title="Science and technology in France">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_France" title="Taxation in France">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_France" title="Telecommunications in France">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_France" title="Tourism in France">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_France" title="List of trade unions in France">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_France" title="Transport in France">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_France" title="Category:Society of France">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_France" title="Abortion in France">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_France" title="Birth control in France">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_France" title="Crime in France">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_France" title="Demographics of France">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_France" title="Education in France">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_France" title="Health care in France">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_France" title="Homelessness in France">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_France" title="Immigration to France">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_departments_by_life_expectancy" title="List of French departments by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_France" title="Poverty in France">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_France" title="Secularism in France">secularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_France" title="Racism in France">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_protection_in_France" title="Social protection in France">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_architecture" title="French architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_art" title="French art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_France" title="Coat of arms of France">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fashion" title="French fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Remarkable_Gardens_of_France" title="List of Remarkable Gardens of France">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of France">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_philosophy" title="French philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_France" title="Public holidays in France">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_France" title="Sport in France">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of France">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_France" title="Theatre of France">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqFRHqgDqdxG9vGMrryVC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12064507f">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12064507f">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="vichystický režim (1940-1944 : Francie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph986826&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007387950705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&oldid=1259313549">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vichy_France&oldid=1259313549</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vichy_France" title="Category:Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1940_establishments_in_Europe" title="Category:1940 establishments in Europe">1940 establishments in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1940_establishments_in_France" title="Category:1940 establishments in France">1940 establishments in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1940s_in_France" title="Category:1940s in France">1940s in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1944_disestablishments_in_Europe" title="Category:1944 disestablishments in Europe">1944 disestablishments in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1944_disestablishments_in_France" title="Category:1944 disestablishments in France">1944 disestablishments in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-communism_in_France" title="Category:Anti-communism in France">Anti-communism in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitism_in_France" title="Category:Antisemitism in France">Antisemitism in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-Marxism" title="Category:Anti-Marxism">Anti-Marxism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-Masonry" 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[\"CITEREFDelporteMoine2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiamond1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDompnier2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinaudi2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFishman1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFunk1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHellman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelm1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffmann1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmanKelly2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutton2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJean-Luc_Einaudi2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJean-Pierre_Maury\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFJennings1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoly2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJouin1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarlsgodt2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKitson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKitson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKocherLawrenceMonteiro2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKroener2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLanger,_William1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaqueur1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLestrade1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevieux1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLynch1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcAuley2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMichel2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMockler1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMouré2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMuel-DreyfusJohnson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNahum2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilip_G._Nord2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlayfair2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlayfair_et_al.1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPollard1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRatcliffe2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaugh1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRegnaultKurtovitch2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_Joseph_Golsan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_O._Paxton1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRousso1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRousso2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRousso2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRémy1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartz1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon_Kitson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimons1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinger2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanley_G._Payne1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStein1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevenson1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSémelin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTraverso2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVinen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaschukCanadian_Institute_of_Ukrainian_Studies1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitney1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitney2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiewiorka2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZalc2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZdatny1986\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 6,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 56,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 35,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Collaboration with Axis Powers by country\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Duplicated citations\"] = 1,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"France topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 11,\n [\"HMS\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 3,\n [\"History of France\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 21,\n [\"Ill\"] = 4,\n [\"In lang\"] = 7,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 61,\n [\"Langx\"] = 4,\n [\"Legend\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 13,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 4,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Native name\"] = 1,\n [\"Nazi Germany occupations\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Notetag\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 36,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 3,\n [\"Pp-move-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"R\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect2\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 5,\n [\"Refend\"] = 5,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 40,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 9,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Vichy France\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 22,\n [\"When\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource\"] = 3,\n [\"Wikisourcelang\"] = 1,\n [\"World War II\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","760","31.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","360","15.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","200","8.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","180","7.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","100","4.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","2.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","2.5"],["type","60","2.5"],["[others]","460","19.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-5dksd","timestamp":"20241125143419","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Vichy France","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vichy_France","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q69808","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q69808","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-05-03T04:34:31Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T13:50:42Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/c\/c3\/Flag_of_France.svg","headline":"Client state of Nazi Germany, administering the Free Zone in southern France and French colonial possessions (1940\u20131944)"}</script> </body> </html>