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It explores the consequences of the historic changes made to the German federal order through detailed analysis of a set of unique case study areas. It also evaluates the handling of the Covid-19 pandemic on German federalism, and the relationship between party politics and federalism in Germany. The authors investigate what happens when policy responsibility is decentralized. The reforms undertaken in Germany fundamentally altered the roles played by the federal and state-level governments in several policy fields, and the question as to what kind of impact this has for policy itself is a global one. In a world that sees an increasing trend towards the decentralization of political authority, this book offers insights and lessons that have a practical application on a global scale. It will find the interest of students and scholars in countries worldwide which are grappling with the nature of policy responsibility across levels of political authority. 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Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=cIy8EAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PR4\u0026vq=tion"},{"page_id":"PR5","page_number":"v","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e that drew on expertise from across the levels of territorial authority in order to redraft a revised federal framework that would “modernise” the constitution—the “Basic Law”. The difficulties experienced in trying to achieve such\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=cIy8EAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PR5\u0026vq=tion"},{"page_id":"PA6","page_number":"6","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e. The level will be set in order to gain a competitive advantage for the territory in question; for instance, taxes will be set lower in order to attract new inward investment (McKenzie, 2006: 28; Oates, 1972: 142); environmental\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=cIy8EAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA6\u0026vq=tion"},{"page_id":"PA7","page_number":"7","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e and policy learning (Osborne, 1998), which may have the effect of driving up standards. • Partisan influence on politics: In this account, political parties will shape policy (classically, Garrett \u0026amp; Lange, 1986; Hibbs, 1977)\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=cIy8EAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA7\u0026vq=tion"},{"page_id":"PA11","page_number":"11","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e (see Chapter 2, in this volume). Subsequent reforms were actually introduced, many of them based on the proposals that had been devel- oped within this Commission forum, quietly, and with much less fanfare, after a short review\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=cIy8EAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA11\u0026vq=tion"},{"page_id":"PA18","page_number":"18","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e of harshness” in penal policy. The extent to which these fears have proved to be founded is complex. What this chapter does is walk the reader through the major areas where the reforms have brought about a new approach, and assess\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA21","page_number":"21","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e with a successful reform (Behnke et al., 2011). In order to move beyond this, the present volume unpacks the reforms across a series of policy areas and analyses the extent to which constitutional reform matters. Have we witnessed\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA22","page_number":"22","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e, institutional constraints and the nature of party competition in that Land. References. Auel, K. (2008). Still no exit from the joint decision trap: The German federal reform(s). German Politics, 17 (4), 424–439. Beer, S. (1973)\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA23","page_number":"23","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e in Germany: The diversity of living conditions in a \u0026#39;unitary federal state.\u0026#39; Journal of European Public Policy, 21(9), 1350–1366. Keating, M. (2009). Social citizenship, solidarity and welfare in regionalized and plurinational\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA25","page_number":"25","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e of powers would necessitate . While on the surface , the 2006 reforms to higher education policy in Germany brought some clarification of roles and competences within an increasingly “ interlocked \u0026quot; policy area , without the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA26","page_number":"26","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e regulation relates to the social and economic position of this issue area, sitting somewhere between, and indeed linking, education policy and research policy, and with this, national issues of economic growth (Pasternack, 2011: 23)\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA28","page_number":"28","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e as an area in which the Länder could legislate autonomously, the legal framework for cooperation between levels of authority had changed markedly over the years, complicating the way in which higher education was governed\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA29","page_number":"29","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e laws was patchy ( Pasternack , 2011 : 29 ) . It also solved problems for the Länder in the light of financing challenges caused by the rapid rise in student numbers . Further , a federal - level framework power was also seen as the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA32","page_number":"32","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e including the CDU or the FDP. Those Länder helmed by the SPD did not, ever, introduce tuition fees. The year 2007 proved to be the peak of the tuition fee framework in Germany, however. By 2008, the first Länder were legislating to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA33","page_number":"33","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e between higher education and school-level education. At a symbolic level, education was a red line for the Länder, with their demands that they take back control over all aspects of this policy field, “from the Kindergarten through\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA34","page_number":"34","snippet_text":"... on the issue of higher educa- \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e, the demands of the Länder were not addressed to any extent during the first 6 months of deliberation. Party Political Views on Proposed Changes Then , in June 34 C. ROWE AND E. TURNER."},{"page_id":"PA40","page_number":"40","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e in the degree to which state authorities retained some element of managerial control over universities, while facilitating the shift towards institutional autonomy for the universities themselves that was seen as so fundamental to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA41","page_number":"41","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e of university bodies, or the extent to which this is undertaken by the university senate (see for instance Burgi \u0026amp; Gräf, 2011). Analysis of the legal status of universities shows how CDU-led Lower Saxony, for instance, allowed\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA45","page_number":"45","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e provision, yet benefitting from a highly qualified graduate workforce pursuing careers in their Land economy, despite the cost of their training having been borne by a different Bundesland. Bavaria, with its successful, high skill\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA48","page_number":"48","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e environment. Thus, while the federal reforms of 2006 were clearly a marker of change and of political intent, they were by no means the end of the story; what has happened since helps to shed light on the significance and impact of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA49","page_number":"49","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e system in Germany. This hindered in particular long-term financing, i.e. financial support which is independent of any specified programme or initiative. The Hochschulpakt could address this deficit, but it nonethe- less did also\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA50","page_number":"50","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e, encouraged Land ministries to initiate their own competitive grant programmes and led to new networks between universities and research centres outside of universities (Welsh, 2010: 60). These in themselves have created new forms\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA52","page_number":"52","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e, the federal government can, together with the Länder develop new measures to improve conditions for future scientific research. Cooperation between non-university research institutions and universities are as a result of this\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA65","page_number":"65","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e legislation and other laws that would continue to be a federal responsibility. In the end, switching responsibility for care home law, but leaving concurrent legislation in place for other public welfare matters, repre- sented a\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA71","page_number":"71","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e as before : the revisions were principally to extend the scope of the law to cover more aspects of mobile care , and to make terminological changes ( cf. Freie Hansestadt Bremen , 2019 ) . In the case of Baden - Württemberg , the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA75","page_number":"75","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e to federal law around social care payments ( Bundesministerium für Gesundheit , 2017 : 191 ) . Room Requirements The next important area of variation concerns room requirements — both in terms of size , and also whether single\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA84","page_number":"84","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e between the Länder, although as noted above, SPD politicians with an interest did meet at the time when they were considering what should be in new laws. Interviews with civil servants,25 especially in smaller Länder, did say that\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA93","page_number":"93","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e effectively, it was understood that in practice, the federal government cannot provide direct support here but instead, on this, the Basic Law had transferred responsibility for this to the Länder themselves.2 It was still, however\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA94","page_number":"94","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e to the proposals from the ruling CDU / CSU - SPD coalition in the Bundestag and Bundesrat , notwithstanding the opposition of the SPD\u0026#39;s former Federal Justice Minister , who explicitly mentioned prisons policy as one reason for\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA95","page_number":"95","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e on Human Rights (and the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, which gained legal force with the Lisbon Treaty in 2009) also shape the parameters in which justice policy operates. 3. Developing. and. Implementing. the. New. Legislation. on."},{"page_id":"PA98","page_number":"98","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e in Berlin . In all of this , though , it is important to consider not only the legislation , but also whether it is implemented , with one senior offi- cial cautioning that single cells were never likely to be fully implemented in\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA99","page_number":"99","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e; however, this is stronger in Rhineland Palatinate, where the draft law was amended by parliamentarians to say that prisoners “should” have an entitlement to therapy; in Bavaria, Hamburg and Lower Saxony, there is a legal\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA105","page_number":"105","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e in the broader area of prisons and justice policy since 2006 has been evident in relation to preventative detention (Sicherungsverwahrung). In a decision on 4 May 2011 (2 BvR 2365/09), the Federal Constitutional Court struck down\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA112","page_number":"112","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e. Dünkel and Pruin (2015) note that in practice, all the legal texts give sufficient room for manoeuvre for a more or less liberal course to be taken, and their view is that there is “insufficient political will” to move in this\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA118","page_number":"118","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e policy , where the Länder had sought greater powers , Germany lives up to its name as a “ Federal Republic ” . Once given the opportunity to produce their own prison laws , several Länder , those who tended to be Interview with dbb\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA123","page_number":"123","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e . Oxford University Press . Spiegel ( 2006 , June 15 ) Wettlauf der Schäbigkeit Der Spiegel https : //www.spi egel.de/spiegel/print/d-46925774.html Statistisches Bundesamt ( no date ) : Fachserie 10.2.3 - Rechtspflege\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA132","page_number":"132","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e paper developed in late 2004, in parallel to the Commission, by the then Federal Interior Minister Otto Schily (SPD), along with the leaders of the dbb and ver.di unions. This suggested that: • Remuneration was too closely linked\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA135","page_number":"135","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e in detail and draws out potential explanations for both the direction and the pace of change. Levels of Pay Since the 2006 Reforms As became evident during deliberations over the decentralisation of Beamtenrecht, cost-saving\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA143","page_number":"143","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e on this issue in 2010 , with its new Leistungslaufbahngesetz ( Law on performance - based Career Pathways ) . This removed the system of service classes entirely and created instead one single framework for the manage- ment of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA172","page_number":"172","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e of the Constitution announced that , in addition to the parties in Thuringia and Brandenburg ( where the Flügel had been dominant ) , Saxony - Anhalt\u0026#39;s and Saxony\u0026#39;s state parties were also being placed under observation\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA174","page_number":"174","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e and possessing the ability to promote local political concerns and also flex their policy appeal according to circumstances in the state, has been a growing phenomenon in German federalism in the 2000s. By contrast, there have also\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA175","page_number":"175","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e and to form coalitions which reflect the alignment of manifestos at a regional level . Coalition politics testifies to and also strengthens the territorial diver- sity of the German party system and indeed the wider federal system\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA176","page_number":"176","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e, but the existing coalition between Left Party, SPD and Greens fell short of a parliamentary majority (the AfD was the second-largest party, highlighting its effect of blocking the formation of other coalitions). Negotiations\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA179","page_number":"179","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e with the Greens and Left Party and remain in office. There were a number of interesting exceptions, too. In Saxony-Anhalt in 2021, the CDU gained ground substantially, perhaps as a result of anti-AfD tactical voting. Rhineland\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA186","page_number":"186","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e, coordination on a particular issues is often led by a representative of a particular Land in the Bund—who can be a minister, state secretary or other officials (Schmedes, 2019: 51). Representatives of the Länder meet weekly\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA194","page_number":"194","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e of political power, constrain the ability of the state to enact change. Münch also argues that regional administrations might have greater expe- rience in handling disaster situations, so giving them responsibility in a pandemic\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA215","page_number":"215","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e , and also extending 2G rules to shops . Gatherings were to be banned at a new year , and traditional fireworks were not to be sold ( Bundesregierung , 2021g ) . On 21 December , the Minister Presidents met again , this time\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA217","page_number":"217","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e, therefore, whether the pandemic shifted attitudes in the population towards the federal system. In particular, it might be expected that the period of disharmony would lead to dissatisfaction with the system as a whole, while it\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA233","page_number":"233","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e institutions have become less of a rallying cry in the face of external pressures to which universities themselves have had to drive a response. In the area of social policy which we examined, that of care homes provision, we find\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA235","page_number":"235","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e between the level of pay and the amount of budgetary pressure . This is unsurprising , and budgetary pressures have intensified further since the introduction of a \u0026quot; debt brake \u0026quot; for the Länder . This differentia- \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e , however\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA239","page_number":"239","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etion\u003c/b\u003e between the Länder is a marginal force. Of more significance are the contextual factors which serve to inform new legislative practice and the implementation of the new federal order. 4. Understanding. Pressures. for. Diversity. in. a."}],"search_query_escaped":"tion"},{});</script></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>