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<span>Reign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panchayat_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panchayat_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Panchayat era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panchayat_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democratic_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Democratic era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Murder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Murder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Murder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Murder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_works_and_improvements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_works_and_improvements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notable works and improvements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_works_and_improvements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable works and improvements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_works_and_improvements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diplomatic_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomatic_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Diplomatic campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomatic_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Promotion_of_peace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Promotion_of_peace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Promotion of peace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Promotion_of_peace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Environmental protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Economic reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roads_and_transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads_and_transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Roads and transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads_and_transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Promotion_of_agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Promotion_of_agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Promotion of agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Promotion_of_agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_achievements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_achievements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Political achievements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_achievements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Social reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Development policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stagnant_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stagnant_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Stagnant economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stagnant_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_failure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_failure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Administrative failure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_failure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failed_development_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failed_development_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Failed development efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failed_development_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_the_Panchayat_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_the_Panchayat_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Fall of the Panchayat system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_the_Panchayat_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Memorial</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Memorial-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Memorial subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Memorial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Statues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Statues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-School" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#School"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>School</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-School-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-College" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#College"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>College</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-College-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Birendra of Nepal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84" title="بيراندرا ملك نيبال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيراندرا ملك نيبال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC" title="বীরেন্দ্র বীর বিক্রম শাহ দেব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বীরেন্দ্র বীর বিক্রম শাহ দেব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rei_Birendra_del_Nepal" title="Rei Birendra del Nepal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rei Birendra del Nepal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir%C3%A9ndra" title="Biréndra – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Biréndra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birendra" title="Birendra – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Birendra" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9" title="वीरेन्द्र वीर विक्रम शाह – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="वीरेन्द्र वीर विक्रम शाह" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birendra" title="Birendra – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Birendra" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Μπιρέντρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπιρέντρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birendra_de_Nepal" title="Birendra de Nepal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Birendra de Nepal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birendra_de_Nepalo" title="Birendra de Nepalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Birendra de Nepalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birendra_Nepalgoa" title="Birendra Nepalgoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Birendra Nepalgoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84" title="بیرندرای نپال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیرندرای نپال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birendra_Bir_Bikram_Shah_Dev" title="Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%A0%8C%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC" title="비렌드라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비렌드라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Բիրենդրա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բիրենդրա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5" title="बीरेंद्र बीर बिक्रम शाह देव – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बीरेंद्र बीर बिक्रम शाह देव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birendra_dari_Nepal" title="Birendra dari Nepal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Birendra dari Nepal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birendra_del_Nepal" title="Birendra del Nepal – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Birendra del Nepal" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%94,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C" title="בירנדרה, מלך נפאל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בירנדרה, מלך נפאל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ბირენდრა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბირენდრა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birendra" title="Birendra – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Birendra" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADrendra_nep%C3%A1li_kir%C3%A1ly" title="Bírendra nepáli király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bírendra nepáli király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9" title="वीरेन्द्र वीर विक्रम शाह – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="वीरेन्द्र वीर विक्रम शाह" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D" title="ബീരേന്ദ്ര രാജാവ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബീരേന്ദ്ര രാജാവ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9" title="वीरेंद्र वीर विक्रम शाह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वीरेंद्र वीर विक्रम शाह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84" title="بيراندرا ملك نيبال – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيراندرا ملك نيبال" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birendra_Bir_Bikram_Shah_Dev" title="Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birendra" title="Birendra – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Birendra" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9" title="वीरेन्द्र वीरविक्रम शाह – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="वीरेन्द्र वीरविक्रम शाह" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%93%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%8F" title="ビレンドラ・ビール・ビクラム・シャハ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビレンドラ・ビール・ビクラム・シャハ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birendra_Bir_Bikram_Shah_Dev" title="Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AE_%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BE" title="ବୀରେନ୍ଦ୍ର ବୀର ବିକ୍ରମ ଶାହା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବୀରେନ୍ଦ୍ର ବୀର ବିକ୍ରମ ଶାହା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birendra_Bir_Bikram_Shah_Dev" title="Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birendra_do_Nepal" title="Birendra do Nepal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Birendra do Nepal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бирендра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бирендра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A_%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8_%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9A" title="ᱵᱤᱨᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱵᱤᱠᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱦᱚ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱤᱨᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱵᱤᱠᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱦᱚ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birendra_of_Nepal" title="Birendra of Nepal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Birendra of Nepal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birendra" title="Birendra – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Birendra" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birendra_av_Nepal" title="Birendra av Nepal – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Birendra av Nepal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE" title="பிரேந்திரா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரேந்திரா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5" title="สมเด็จพระราชาธิบดีพีเรนทระแห่งเนปาล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมเด็จพระราชาธิบดีพีเรนทระแห่งเนปาล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бірендра – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бірендра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%85_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81_(%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84)" title="بریندرا بکرم شاہ (نیپال) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بریندرا بکرم شاہ (نیپال)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birendra_c%E1%BB%A7a_Nepal" title="Birendra của Nepal – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Birendra của Nepal" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%85%B0%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89" title="比兰德拉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="比兰德拉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%A2%E8%98%AD%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89" title="畢蘭德拉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="畢蘭德拉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q162306#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Birendra_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Birendra (disambiguation)">Birendra (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Birendra_Bir_Bikram_Shah_c._1967_(restoration).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Birendra_Bir_Bikram_Shah_c._1967_%28restoration%29.jpg/220px-Birendra_Bir_Bikram_Shah_c._1967_%28restoration%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Birendra_Bir_Bikram_Shah_c._1967_%28restoration%29.jpg/330px-Birendra_Bir_Bikram_Shah_c._1967_%28restoration%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Birendra_Bir_Bikram_Shah_c._1967_%28restoration%29.jpg/440px-Birendra_Bir_Bikram_Shah_c._1967_%28restoration%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1658" data-file-height="2476" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Birendra <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1967</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Nepal" title="King of Nepal">King of Nepal</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">31 January 1972 – 1 June 2001</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Nepalese_monarch" title="Coronation of the Nepalese monarch">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">24 February 1975</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mahendra_of_Nepal" title="Mahendra of Nepal">Mahendra</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dipendra_of_Nepal" title="Dipendra of Nepal">Dipendra</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1945-12-29</span>)</span>29 December 1945<br /><a href="/wiki/Narayanhiti_Palace" title="Narayanhiti Palace">Narayanhiti Royal Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1 June 2001<span style="display:none">(2001-06-01)</span> (aged 55)<br />Narayanhiti Royal Palace, Kathmandu, Nepal <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_royal_massacre" title="Nepalese royal massacre">Assassination</a> (gunshot wounds)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Aishwarya_of_Nepal" title="Queen Aishwarya of Nepal">Queen Aishwarya</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1970)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dipendra_of_Nepal" title="Dipendra of Nepal">King Dipendra</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Princess_Shruti_of_Nepal" title="Princess Shruti of Nepal">Princess Shruti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Prince_Nirajan_of_Nepal" title="Prince Nirajan of Nepal">Prince Nirajan</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Shree Paanch Maharajadhiraj Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev (श्री ५ महाराजाधिराज वीरेन्द्र वीर विक्रम शाह देव)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Shah</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mahendra_of_Nepal" title="Mahendra of Nepal">Mahendra</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indra,_Crown_Princess_of_Nepal" title="Indra, Crown Princess of Nepal">Indra Rajya Lakshmi Devi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev</b> (<a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: <span lang="ne">श्री ५ महाराजाधिराज वीरेन्द्र वीर विक्रम शाह देव</span>), (29 December 1945 – 1 June 2001) was <a href="/wiki/King_of_Nepal" title="King of Nepal">King of Nepal</a> from 1972 until <a href="/wiki/Nepalese_royal_massacre" title="Nepalese royal massacre">his assassination</a> in 2001. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birendra_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birendra was born at the <a href="/wiki/Narayanhiti_Palace" title="Narayanhiti Palace">Narayanhiti Royal Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a> as the eldest son of the then <a href="/wiki/Mahendra_of_Nepal" title="Mahendra of Nepal">Crown Prince Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev</a> and his first wife, Crown Princess <a href="/wiki/Indra,_Crown_Princess_of_Nepal" title="Indra, Crown Princess of Nepal">Indra Rajya Lakshmi Devi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DT_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birendra spent eight years studying at <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_School,_Darjeeling" title="St. Joseph's School, Darjeeling">St Joseph's School</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> school in <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a>, with his brother <a href="/wiki/Gyanendra_of_Nepal" title="Gyanendra of Nepal">Gyanendra</a>. On 13 March 1955, their grandfather <a href="/wiki/Tribhuvan_of_Nepal" title="Tribhuvan of Nepal">King Tribhuvan</a> died and their father succeeded the Nepalese throne. With his father's ascension, Birendra became the <a href="/wiki/Crown_prince" title="Crown prince">crown prince</a> of Nepal. </p><p>In 1959, Birendra was enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. After studying at Eton until 1964, he returned to Nepal where he began to explore the country by traveling on foot to the remote parts of the country where he lived humbly with what was available in the villages.<sup id="cite_ref-DT_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later completed his education by spending some time at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tokyo" title="University of Tokyo">University of Tokyo</a>, before studying political theory at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> from 1967 to 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birendra enjoyed travelling in his youth, and went on trips to <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, Africa, many parts of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and a number of other Asian countries. He was also an art collector and supporter of Nepalese craftspeople and artists and learned to fly helicopters.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birendra was <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Birendra_and_Aishwarya" title="Wedding of Birendra and Aishwarya">married</a> to <a href="/wiki/Queen_Aishwarya_of_Nepal" title="Queen Aishwarya of Nepal">Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Rana_dynasty" title="Rana dynasty">Rana family</a>, his second cousin, on 27 February 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wedding, which was billed as one of the most lavish Hindu nuptial ceremonies in history, cost $9.5 million to stage.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birendra was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">coronary artery disease</a> and had undergone <a href="/wiki/Angioplasty" title="Angioplasty">angioplasty</a> in United Kingdom as per reports in the late 1990s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birendra_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birendra_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birendra ascended to the Nepalese throne on 31 January 1972, at the age of 26, after the death of his father, <a href="/wiki/Mahendra_of_Nepal" title="Mahendra of Nepal">King Mahendra</a>. However, his <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Nepalese_monarch" title="Coronation of the Nepalese monarch">coronation</a> was delayed until 24 February 1975, when he was 29, since the first year was considered to be a mourning period for death of king's father and the second year was deemed to be inauspicious by <a href="/wiki/Hindu_astrology" title="Hindu astrology">religious astrologers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> monarch, he had to follow Nepalese tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panchayat_era">Panchayat era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birendra_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Panchayat era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Panchayat_(Nepal)" title="Panchayat (Nepal)">Panchayat (Nepal)</a></div><p>On his ascension to the throne, Birendra was effectively an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute monarch">absolute monarch</a>, as he inherited a country where political parties were banned and he ruled through a system of local and regional councils known as <a href="/wiki/Panchayat_(Nepal)" title="Panchayat (Nepal)">panchayats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an attempt to maintain the <i>panchayat</i> system of government, prominent leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Nepali_Congress_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali Congress Party">Nepali Congress Party</a> were arrested frequently.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1980s the restraints that had been imposed on political organizations were eased, and liberal student-led groups started to demand constitutional change in Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the growing pro-democracy movement Birendra announced that a referendum to decide between a party-less or a multi-party system would be held. During, referendum options were given for a multi-party system or a Panchayati system. The referendum was held in May 1980 with the party-less system winning by a margin of 55% to 45%.<sup id="cite_ref-Malhotra_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malhotra-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result of the election led the king to make mass restructuring of country both economically and politically. After the national referendum, he divided the nation into 5 development regions in order to create balanced development and visited each division once a year; the visits were discontinued after his status as a constitutional monarchy in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic_era">Democratic era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birendra_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Democratic era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birendra_of_Nepal_with_Rajiv_Gandhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Birendra_of_Nepal_with_Rajiv_Gandhi.jpg/220px-Birendra_of_Nepal_with_Rajiv_Gandhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Birendra_of_Nepal_with_Rajiv_Gandhi.jpg/330px-Birendra_of_Nepal_with_Rajiv_Gandhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Birendra_of_Nepal_with_Rajiv_Gandhi.jpg/440px-Birendra_of_Nepal_with_Rajiv_Gandhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1931" data-file-height="1241" /></a><figcaption>Birendra shaking hands with Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a>, 1985</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1990, a series of strikes and pro-democracy riots broke out in Nepal. Due to the riots, Birendra lifted the ban on political parties and agreed to become a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional monarch">constitutional monarch</a> in April 1990. He appointed an independent Constitution Recommendation Commission to represent the main opposition factions and to prepare a new constitution to accommodate their demands for political reform.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commission presented him with the draft of the proposed constitution on 10 September 1990. The new constitution would make Birendra head of state of a constitutional monarchy with a system of multiparty democracy. The draft constitution was approved by the Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Prasad_Bhattarai" title="Krishna Prasad Bhattarai">Krishna Prasad Bhattarai</a> and his cabinet and so, on 9 November 1990, Birendra <a href="/wiki/Promulgation" title="Promulgation">promulgated</a> the new constitution transformed Nepal into a constitutional monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a constitutional monarch, Birendra became more popular than he had been as an autocratic ruler attributing to his democratic views and behaviors as well as the inability of the political parties.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birendra, however, could not prevent the <a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a>, a conflict between <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoist</a> rebels and government forces, which lasted from 1996 until 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Murder">Murder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birendra_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Murder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nepalese_royal_massacre" title="Nepalese royal massacre">Nepalese royal massacre</a></div> <p>Birendra and members of his immediate family were massacred by a perpetrator who looked like Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Dipendra_of_Nepal" title="Dipendra of Nepal">Dipendra</a> on 1 June 2001 at the <a href="/wiki/Narayanhiti_Palace" title="Narayanhiti Palace">Narayanhiti Palace</a>, the residence of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepali monarchy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After shooting himself, the comatose Dipendra was proclaimed King. He failed to regain consciousness and was declared dead a few days later.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With no other royal wanting to take the throne, Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev was made the king.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_works_and_improvements">Notable works and improvements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birendra_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notable works and improvements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomatic_campaign">Diplomatic campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birendra_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Diplomatic campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_with_King_Birendra_Bir_Kikram_Shah_Dev_of_Nepal_and_Joan_Rivers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/President_Ronald_Reagan_with_King_Birendra_Bir_Kikram_Shah_Dev_of_Nepal_and_Joan_Rivers.jpg/220px-President_Ronald_Reagan_with_King_Birendra_Bir_Kikram_Shah_Dev_of_Nepal_and_Joan_Rivers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/President_Ronald_Reagan_with_King_Birendra_Bir_Kikram_Shah_Dev_of_Nepal_and_Joan_Rivers.jpg/330px-President_Ronald_Reagan_with_King_Birendra_Bir_Kikram_Shah_Dev_of_Nepal_and_Joan_Rivers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/President_Ronald_Reagan_with_King_Birendra_Bir_Kikram_Shah_Dev_of_Nepal_and_Joan_Rivers.jpg/440px-President_Ronald_Reagan_with_King_Birendra_Bir_Kikram_Shah_Dev_of_Nepal_and_Joan_Rivers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2635" /></a><figcaption>Birendra with US President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, 1983</figcaption></figure> <p>He managed to maintain Nepal's independence despite encroaching influences by India, China, and the Soviet Union. His first trips abroad as king were to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> in October 1973 and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> two months later.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He prevented the breaking up of Mustang from Nepal and Tibet from China during the Mustang revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disarmament of Khampas rebellions working against China brought Nepal-China relations to a new height.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-premBasnyat_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-premBasnyat-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His compatriots remember him for his extensive campaign and contribution for the establishment of <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</a> and South Asian food reserve. During his reign, he was also able to set up the SAARC Secretariat in Kathmandu.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was able to establish diplomatic relations with additional 46 countries taking the total number of countries for diplomatic relations from 49 to 96. He further strengthened Nepal's policy of neutrality by promoting Nepal as zone of Peace in the UN.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed that Nepal, sandwiched between the two Asian powers, should have good relationship with both.<sup id="cite_ref-Malhotra_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malhotra-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Promotion_of_peace">Promotion of peace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birendra_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Promotion of peace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Zone_of_Peace_Proposition" title="Nepal Zone of Peace Proposition">Nepal Zone of Peace Proposition</a></div> <p>He proposed Nepal to be declared a zone of Peace in the United Nations meeting, taking into consideration Nepal's historic peace status, birth of Gautam Buddha and its historical policy of Non-alignment to any foreign powers.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This proposal was supported by 116 countries in the UNO.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later established a "Peace Keeping Training Camp" in 1986. This was later restructured into a training institute in 2001 for training peace keeping forces. It was later renamed as <a href="/wiki/Birendra_Peace_Operations_Training_Centre" title="Birendra Peace Operations Training Centre">Birendra Peace Operations Training Centre</a>. This institute, was later restructured as the training organization through which Nepal started sending trained, peace-keeping forces in cooperation with the UN and became an active member of it.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1974, <a href="/wiki/King_Birendra" class="mw-redirect" title="King Birendra">King Birendra</a> was successful in peacefully disarming the <a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Khampas</a> rebellions, settled in the northern Himalayan region, by giving land, money and citizenship to those who surrendered their arms, and by confiscating weapons as well. Thus who did not surrender would be prohibited from moving toward the Tibetan region.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birendra is also credited with blocking the use of the army for suppressing the Maoist revolution in the country, which would've further aggravated the situation and disturbed the peace in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_protection">Environmental protection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birendra_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Environmental protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tibetan_Snowcock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tibetan_Snowcock.jpg/220px-Tibetan_Snowcock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tibetan_Snowcock.jpg/330px-Tibetan_Snowcock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tibetan_Snowcock.jpg/440px-Tibetan_Snowcock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_snowcock" title="Tibetan snowcock">Tibetan snowcock</a> at Sagarmatha National Park</figcaption></figure> <p>King Birendra was regarded as a lover of nature and a great supporter of nature conservation. The trend of nature conservation from the government started during his reign. The dramatic decline of the rhinoceros population due to massive Terai migration and the extent of poaching prompted the government to institute the Rhino Patrol force (Nepali: <i>गैडा गस्ती</i> ) of 130 armed men and a network of guard posts all over Chitwan. To prevent the extinction of rhinos through a legal system, National park law was introduced which gazetted the <a href="/wiki/Chitwan_National_Park" title="Chitwan National Park">Chitwan National Park</a> in December 1970, with borders delineated the following year and established in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-Gurung1983_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gurung1983-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-adhikari_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adhikari-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_one-horned_rhinoceros_at_Chitwan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Greater_one-horned_rhinoceros_at_Chitwan.jpg/220px-Greater_one-horned_rhinoceros_at_Chitwan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Greater_one-horned_rhinoceros_at_Chitwan.jpg/330px-Greater_one-horned_rhinoceros_at_Chitwan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Greater_one-horned_rhinoceros_at_Chitwan.jpg/440px-Greater_one-horned_rhinoceros_at_Chitwan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Indian_rhinoceros" title="Indian rhinoceros">Indian rhinoceros</a> at Chitwan National Park</figcaption></figure> <p>For the purpose of conservation of Tigers in the nation, an area of 368 km<sup>2</sup> was gazetted as <i>Royal Karnali Wildlife Reserve</i> in 1976 which was later proclaimed as <a href="/wiki/Bardiya_National_Park" title="Bardiya National Park">Royal Bardiya Wildlife Reserve</a> in 1982. The <a href="/wiki/Babai_River" title="Babai River">Babai River</a> Valley was further added to this reserved area in 1984. A flourishing ecosystem in the reserve later led to the proclamation of the area as national park in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-mk98_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mk98-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country's fourth protected area was established in 1976 from the Himalayan area of Langtang and named as <a href="/wiki/Langtang_National_Park" title="Langtang National Park">Langtang National Park</a>. For this purpose, an area of 1,710 km<sup>2</sup> was reserved in the district of <a href="/wiki/Nuwakot_District" title="Nuwakot District">Nuwakot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rasuwa_District" title="Rasuwa District">Rasuwa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sindhulpalchok_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhulpalchok District">Sindhulpalchok</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nbrb2007_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbrb2007-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also gazetted another wildlife reserve in 1976 as <a href="/wiki/Koshi_Tappu_Wildlife_Reserve" title="Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve">Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve</a>. In the same year, he also established <a href="/wiki/Shuklaphanta_National_Park" title="Shuklaphanta National Park">Royal Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve</a> in the Terai region of far-western province which was later enlarged and converted to national park in the late 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-majupuria1998_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-majupuria1998-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Basnet_al2019_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basnet_al2019-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, another protected area, <a href="/wiki/Rara_National_Park" title="Rara National Park">Rara National Park</a> was established in the same year in order to protect the unique flora and fauna of <a href="/wiki/Humla_District" title="Humla District">Humla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mugu_District" title="Mugu District">Mugu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jumla_District" title="Jumla District">Jumla</a> regions and to fulfil his father, <a href="/wiki/Mahendra_of_Nepal" title="Mahendra of Nepal">King Mahendra's</a> dream of creating a pristine nature reserve with a reserved area of 106 km<sup>2</sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Mugu_District" title="Mugu District">Mugu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jumla_District" title="Jumla District">Jumla</a> districts which also includes the famous Rara Lake.<sup id="cite_ref-nbrb2007_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbrb2007-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last National Park to be established as part of the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Himalayan_Landscape" title="Sacred Himalayan Landscape">Sacred Himalayan Landscape</a> in the same year was <a href="/wiki/Sagarmatha_National_Park" title="Sagarmatha National Park">Sagarmatha National Park</a> in with reservation of area of 1,148 km<sup>2</sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Solukhumbu_District" title="Solukhumbu District">Solukhumbu District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1984, a 225 km<sup>2</sup> area of <a href="/wiki/Bajhang_District" title="Bajhang District">Bajhang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bajura_District" title="Bajura District">Bajura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achham_District" title="Achham District">Achham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doti" title="Doti">Doti</a> was set aside as a protected area in the <a href="/wiki/Far-Western_Region,_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-Western Region, Nepal">Far-Western Region, Nepal</a> and was named <a href="/wiki/Khaptad_National_Park" title="Khaptad National Park">Khaptad National Park</a>. In the same year, he also established <a href="/wiki/Parsa_National_Park" title="Parsa National Park">Parsa Wildlife Reserve</a> which was later extended to a National Park. Similarly, the nation's only trans-<a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayan</a> national park, <a href="/wiki/Shey_Phoksundo_National_Park" title="Shey Phoksundo National Park">Shey Phoksundo National Park</a>, was established in 1984 with an area of 3,555 square Kilometers in the districts of <a href="/wiki/Dolpa_District" title="Dolpa District">Dolpa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mugu_District" title="Mugu District">Mugu</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Karnali_Province" title="Karnali Province">Karnali Province</a> which also included the famous <a href="/wiki/Phoksundo_Lake" title="Phoksundo Lake">Phoksundo Lake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nbrb2007_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbrb2007-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to preserve the royal tradition of hunting as a hobby, but also to prevent the depleting wild life resource he established <a href="/wiki/Dhorpatan_Hunting_Reserve" title="Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve">Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve</a> in 1987 AD. <a href="/wiki/King_Mahendra_Trust_for_Nature_Conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="King Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation">King Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation</a> as a memorial to his father, with the then prince <a href="/wiki/Gyanendra_of_Nepal" title="Gyanendra of Nepal">Gyanendra</a> as the chairman, was also established in 1990. With the establishment of Mahendra trust, he declared <a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Conservation_Area" title="Annapurna Conservation Area">Annapurna Conservation Area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, with his efforts, Nepal was able to enlist <a href="/wiki/Sagarmatha_National_Park" title="Sagarmatha National Park">Sagarmatha National Park</a> in 1979<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Chitwan_National_Park" title="Chitwan National Park">Chitwan National Park</a> in 1984<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World heritage sites</a>. Similarly, monument zones such as the Durbar squares of <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_Durbar_Square" title="Kathmandu Durbar Square">Kathmandu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patan_Durbar_Square" title="Patan Durbar Square">Lalitpur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhaktapur_Durbar_Square" title="Bhaktapur Durbar Square">Bhaktapur</a> and religious sites such as <a href="/wiki/Swayambhunath" title="Swayambhunath">Swayambhunath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boudhanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Boudhanath">Boudhanath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashupatinath_Temple" title="Pashupatinath Temple">Pashupatinath Temple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Changu_Narayan_Temple" title="Changu Narayan Temple">Changu Narayan</a> was also enlisted in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_reforms">Economic reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birendra_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economic reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TUTH_Emergency_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/TUTH_Emergency_Hall.jpg/220px-TUTH_Emergency_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/TUTH_Emergency_Hall.jpg/330px-TUTH_Emergency_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/TUTH_Emergency_Hall.jpg/440px-TUTH_Emergency_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption>One of the blocks of Tribhuwan University Teaching Hospital, the oldest teaching hospital in Nepal.</figcaption></figure> <p>Focusing on sustainability and environmental conservation, on 28 December 1975<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1975-12-28</span>)</span>, trolley bus system was established in Nepal from the aid of <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>. He followed in the path of his father to establish industrial estates by establishing Nepalgunj Industrial Area(1973), Pokhara Industrial Area(1974), Butwal Industrial Area(1976), Bhaktapur Industrial Area(1979), Dhankuta Industrial Area(1980), Birendranagar Industrial Area(1981), Gajendranarayan Industrial Area(1986) respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birendra is initially credited for devising the plan of Melamchi water project to Kathmandu.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gorakhali Tires Industries, Udayapur Cement Industries Limited, Nepal Metal company, Nepal Pharmaceuticals were all established during his time. King Birendra, was the patron of <a href="/wiki/Pashupati_Area_Development_Trust" title="Pashupati Area Development Trust">Pashupati Area Development Trust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1979, Nepal Oriental Magnesite factory was established with a joint investment of Nepal government and Orissa Industries, India at <a href="/wiki/Lakuri_Danda" title="Lakuri Danda">Lakuri Danda</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dolakha_District" title="Dolakha District">Dolakha District</a> with the objective of producing dead burnt magnesite and talc powder.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1983 he was able to establish a <a href="/wiki/Nepal-Pakistan_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal-Pakistan relations">Nepal-Pakistan Joint Economic Commission</a> bringing in significant foreign investments in the country. </p><p>A 60 Megawatt <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a> project at Kulekhani began operation in 1982 with economic aid from the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/TU_Teaching_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="TU Teaching Hospital">TU Teaching Hospital</a> was established in 1982 with the economic support from <a href="/wiki/Japan_International_Cooperation_Agency" title="Japan International Cooperation Agency">Japan International Cooperation Agency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nardevi Ayurvedic Hospital was established in 1974. Nepal Police Hospital was established by the king on the 27th of Chaitra, 2040 BS with an intention to provide free health services to in- service policemen and, their families. </p><p>He established Securities Exchange Center Ltd in 1976 to manage, promote and support the growth of trade of stocks and capitals in the nation. This center was later developed to what we know today as <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Stock_Exchange" title="Nepal Stock Exchange">Nepal Stock Exchange</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He is also credited for establishing the first television channel of Nepal <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Television" title="Nepal Television">Nepal Television</a> in 1984 which started its first channel in 1985 with French aid. Due to these economic reforms, by 1986, there were 2,054 industrial establishments employing about 125 thousand workers in the nation. By 1990, reach of people for television meant that video rental services and satellite dishes were commonly available. </p><p>King Birendra in the advice and consent of Rastriya Panchayat in 1986 established Mahendra Sanskrit University to manage <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> education in Nepal in Dang which at the time of its commencement was the second university of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads_and_transportation">Roads and transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birendra_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Roads and transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various Studies in 1972 showed that building road connectivity in hilly and rural areas were more expensive than air connectivity.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So, the then government took the policy of connecting rural areas with airports and build roads only when there was a high amount of traffic flow. Under this policy, <a href="/wiki/Baglung_Airport" title="Baglung Airport">Baglung Airport</a> (<a href="/wiki/Balewa_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Balewa Airport">Balewa Airport</a>), Dhorpatan Airport, <a href="/wiki/Mahendranagar_Airport" title="Mahendranagar Airport">Mahendranagar Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rukum_Chaurjahari_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Rukum Chaurjahari Airport">Rukum Chaurjahari Airport</a> was established in the year 1973. <a href="/wiki/Sanphebagar_Airport" title="Sanphebagar Airport">Sanphebagar airport</a> was established in 1975. <a href="/wiki/Simikot_Airport" title="Simikot Airport">Simikot Airport</a> was established on 18 March 1977, <a href="/wiki/Dolpa_Airport" title="Dolpa Airport">Dolpa Airport</a>, was established in 1978 and <a href="/wiki/Ramechhap_Airport" title="Ramechhap Airport">Ramechhap airport</a> in 1979. <a href="/wiki/Doti_Airport" title="Doti Airport">Doti Airport</a>, also known as Silgadhi Airport was established in 1973 with the blacktopped runway. <a href="/wiki/Talcha_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Talcha Airport">Talcha Airport</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Rara_Airport" title="Rara Airport">Rara Airport</a> was built in 1975.<a href="/wiki/Taplejung_Airport" title="Taplejung Airport">Taplejung Airport</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Phungling_Municipality" title="Phungling Municipality">Phungling</a>, also called <a href="/wiki/Suketar_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Suketar Airport">Suketar Airport</a>, Jiri Airport and <a href="/wiki/Phaplu_Airport" title="Phaplu Airport">Phaplu Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bajhang_Airport" title="Bajhang Airport">Bajhang Airport</a> was built in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rolpa_Airport" title="Rolpa Airport">Rolpa Airport</a> in 1980, <a href="/wiki/Manang_Airport" title="Manang Airport">Manang Airport</a> in 1981, <a href="/wiki/Bajura_Airport" title="Bajura Airport">Bajura airport</a> in 1984 and Darchula Airport in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, The Lamosangu-Jiri road leading to Solukhumbu was commissioned in 1985 with Swiss government aid.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Promotion_of_agriculture">Promotion of agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birendra_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Promotion of agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The government, during Birendra's reign, focused highly on agriculture promotion. As a result, almost 90% of the population was directly or indirectly involved in agriculture by 1990. Bhrikuti Pulp and Paper was established in 1985 under the Companies Act 2021 (<a href="/wiki/Bikram_Sambat" class="mw-redirect" title="Bikram Sambat">Bikram Sambat</a>) with support from the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increase in agricultural lands and agricultural workforce provided increased supplies of food, resulting in better nutrition. Corn production was increased to over 1 million tons in 1991 from 500,000 tons in 1961. Lumbini Sugar Mills at Sunwal, <a href="/wiki/Nawalparasi_District" title="Nawalparasi District">Nawalparasi</a> was built with the technical assistance from China in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The establishment of Gorakhali rubber Industries led to the cultivation of rubber for the first time in <a href="/wiki/Jhapa_District" title="Jhapa District">Jhapa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilam,_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilam, Nepal">Illam</a> and many other places of eastern Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly. establishment of agriculture based industries such as Bhrikuti Pulp and Paper, Hetauda Textile and huge number of carpet and garment industry were established to convert raw agricultural produce which contributed greatly to the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_achievements">Political achievements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birendra_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Political achievements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nepal_development_regions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Nepal_development_regions.png/220px-Nepal_development_regions.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Nepal_development_regions.png/330px-Nepal_development_regions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Nepal_development_regions.png/440px-Nepal_development_regions.png 2x" data-file-width="1281" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>Administrative division of Nepal with 5 development regions</figcaption></figure> <p>During the reign of King Birendra, referendum was held in 2037 BS for democracy wherein options were a multi-party system or a Panchayati system. During the Panchayat era and after the national referendum, he divided the nation into 5 development regions in order to create balanced development, and visited each division once a year; the visits were discontinued after 1990 democracy movement.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite previously being an autocratic rule and constant pressure from the supporters and royal members, the king always played the role of constitutional monarch by the book and never overstepped his boundaries. King Birendra was always there when there was some political crisis in the nation. Mid-term elections, 2051 and General Election, 2056 can be attributed to his good governance. The King regularly asked the Supreme Court for its advice on any political matters that could concern the constitution so that he would never overstep the boundaries of the constitution. He created a culture where the king and prime minister would meet every Thursday at his palace to discuss matters of state.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_reforms">Social reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birendra_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Social reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recognizing low literacy levels as the main hindrance to national progress, King Birendra made development of education system his national priority. The five year plan starting from 1971 was mainly focused in building new educational institutions and upgrading the efficiency of the current education system. On the auspicious occasion of his coronation, King Birendra declared primary education to be free for all Nepalese citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, in 1978 with a royal approval all educational material started to be distributed free of costs to educational institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Birendra became the patron of <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Nepal Academy of Science and Technology">Royal Nepal Academy of Science and Technology</a> which worked in the field of developing science and technology in the nation. He established <a href="/wiki/Mahendra_Sanskrit_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahendra Sanskrit University">Mahendra Sanskrit University</a> in 1986 to preserve the language and culture in the region. Dowry system was criminalized in Nepal in 1976 under the Social Practices Reform Act (2033 B.S). Under the five year plan, King Birendra started the policy of National Service which required the post-graduate students to contribute their one-year of service to the development works in the rural areas. He initiated the process of preserving the history by establishing <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum_of_Nepal" title="Natural History Museum of Nepal">Natural History Museum</a> in 1975. On 22 September 1976 he enacted Narcotic Drugs (Control) Act, 2033 prohibiting the trade, smuggling or any kind of drug trafficking in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_policy">Development policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birendra_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Development policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birendra took the policy of road development according to the population and daily road traffic and connecting the rural areas with airports. He restructured many governmental organization for the purpose of achieving developmental goals. He stressed roadbuilding, sanitation and scientific as well as technical trainings.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A comprehensive study performed regarding the central planning agency triggered the restructuring of the National Planning Commission in 1972 and minor changes in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government policy focused mainly on environment conservation, agriculture and education. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birendra_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stagnant_economy">Stagnant economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birendra_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Stagnant economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though King Birendra is remembered as a development-friendly king, he is also criticized for his inability to drive the country towards rapid development efforts like his father <a href="/wiki/Mahendra_of_Nepal" title="Mahendra of Nepal">King Mahendra</a>. He had the political will but simply not the skill through which development efforts could be rapidly gained. His policy of sustainable development, shown by his nature conservation efforts, culture, and history became hindrances for economic development. The Panchayat regime created a stagnant economy during his reign as an autocratic ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_failure">Administrative failure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birendra_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Administrative failure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historians point out that the Panchayat Regime under King Birendra was a failure. He was not able to bring in much direct foreign investment during his reign, and all the programs he brought, or all the reforms he made were the continuation of his father's legacy. He restructured various organization previously established by his father, and implemented various development plan envisioned by his father.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Failed_development_efforts">Failed development efforts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birendra_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Failed development efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birendra restructured various organization and brought many development plans, but his development efforts were mostly a failure; which hindered any radical change in the country. Many airports and roads built during his era were rarely used, and eventually had to be closed down. Moreover, the reason the newly-built roads were rarely used was due to very low vehicle ownership or access to vehicles; so rarely contributing to economic development.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_of_the_Panchayat_system">Fall of the Panchayat system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birendra_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Fall of the Panchayat system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some historians and anti-democrats blame Birendra solely for the fall of Panchayat regime. During the 1980s, the restraints that he had eased against political organizations provided a breeding ground for political parties which had previously been powerless and virtually non-existent until then.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personality">Personality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birendra_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Personality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From a very young age, Birendra was described by his <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton</a> teachers as a kind prince.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was remembered by his Eton classmates as a "very, very nice bloke who was embarrassed when his full title was read out at the school assembly."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Very famous Nepalese media personality, <a href="/wiki/Neer_Shah" title="Neer Shah">Neer Shah</a> describe Birendra as kind and development loving king.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Royalist around the king and various scholars define him as a simple king who was able to listen to others view.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also criticize him for his weakness of not being able to deny the requests of people around him and his habit to act like a clerk and work himself rather than order others.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birendra allowed the 2036 B.S. <i>Janmat Sangraha</i> (1980 <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">Referendum</a>) which was considered a move towards democracy. However, the leaders advocating for democracy and historians have claimed that the referendum was rigged.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/1990_People%27s_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 People's Movement">People's Movement I</a> that resulted in few hundred deaths, he established a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> in Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some historians have speculated that Birendra's democratic views and simple nature may have led to the success of the People's Movement I (1990).<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is credited for introducing <a href="/wiki/SAARC" class="mw-redirect" title="SAARC">SAARC</a> in Asia in order to strengthen the foreign relations of Nepal with the other South Asian countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorial">Memorial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birendra_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Memorial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many structures, institutions and honors have been built in the memory of King Birendra. Monuments erected in his name were renamed after the restoration of the parliament in 2063 BS and the end of the monarchy in 2065 BS. After the political changes of 2063 BS, an attempt was made to rename the highway built in the name of the king as Lok Marg. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Birendra_and_Queen_Aishwarya_Statue_20180227_GDK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/King_Birendra_and_Queen_Aishwarya_Statue_20180227_GDK.jpg/300px-King_Birendra_and_Queen_Aishwarya_Statue_20180227_GDK.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/King_Birendra_and_Queen_Aishwarya_Statue_20180227_GDK.jpg/450px-King_Birendra_and_Queen_Aishwarya_Statue_20180227_GDK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/King_Birendra_and_Queen_Aishwarya_Statue_20180227_GDK.jpg/600px-King_Birendra_and_Queen_Aishwarya_Statue_20180227_GDK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>King Birendra and Queen Aishwarya Statue</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statues">Statues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birendra_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Statues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>Birendra statue, Dhamboji Chowk, (<a href="/wiki/Nepalgunj" title="Nepalgunj">Nepalgunj</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Birendra statue (<a href="/wiki/Dang_District,_Nepal" title="Dang District, Nepal">Dang</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Birendra statue, <a href="/wiki/Birendranagar" title="Birendranagar">Birendranagar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Surkhet_District" title="Surkhet District">Surkhet</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Birendra statue, Swargapuri (<a href="/wiki/Shivapuri_Nagarjun_National_Park" title="Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park">Shivapuri</a>)</li> <li>Birendra statue, <a href="/wiki/Jawalakhel" title="Jawalakhel">Jawalakhel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lalitpur,_Nepal" title="Lalitpur, Nepal">Lalitpur</a>)</li> <li>Birendra statue, <a href="/wiki/Bindhyabasini_Temple" title="Bindhyabasini Temple">Bindhyabasini Temple</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pokhara" title="Pokhara">Pokhara</a>)</li> <li>Birendra statue, <a href="/wiki/Pashupatinath_Temple" title="Pashupatinath Temple">Pashupatinath Temple</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a>)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="School">School</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birendra_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: School"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>Shree Birendra Higher Secondary School, <a href="/wiki/Bhadrapur_Municipality" title="Bhadrapur Municipality">Bhadrapur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhapa_District" title="Jhapa District">Jhapa</a></li> <li>Shree Birendra Higher Secondary School, <a href="/wiki/Charghare" title="Charghare">Charghare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuwakot_District" title="Nuwakot District">Nuwakot</a></li> <li>Shree Birendra Sarwajanik Higher Secondary School, <a href="/wiki/Morang_District" title="Morang District">Morang</a></li> <li>Shree Birendra secondary school, <a href="/wiki/Lakhantari" title="Lakhantari">Lakhantari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morang_District" title="Morang District">Morang</a></li> <li>Shree Birendra secondary school, <a href="/wiki/Belbari_Municipality" title="Belbari Municipality">Belbari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morang_District" title="Morang District">Morang</a></li> <li>Shree Birendra Madhyamik Bidhyalaya, <a href="/wiki/Jhorahat" title="Jhorahat">Jhorahat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morang_District" title="Morang District">Morang</a></li> <li>Birendra Secondary School, <a href="/wiki/Katahari" title="Katahari">Katahari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morang_District" title="Morang District">Morang</a></li> <li>Birendra Secondary School, <a href="/wiki/Arghakhanchi_District" title="Arghakhanchi District">Argakhanchi</a></li> <li>Birendra Secondary School, <a href="/wiki/Dasharathchand" title="Dasharathchand">Dasharathchanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baitadi_District" title="Baitadi District">Baitadi</a></li> <li>Birendra secondary school, <a href="/wiki/Badikedar_Rural_Municipality" title="Badikedar Rural Municipality">Badikedar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doti_District" title="Doti District">Doti</a></li> <li>Birendra Secondary School, <a href="/wiki/Syangja_District" title="Syangja District">Syangja</a></li> <li>Birendra Secondary School, <a href="/wiki/Nuwakot_District" title="Nuwakot District">Nuwakot</a></li> <li>Birendra Secondary School, <a href="/wiki/Parbat_District" title="Parbat District">Parbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birendra_Sainik_Awasiya_Mahavidyalaya" title="Birendra Sainik Awasiya Mahavidyalaya">Birendra Sainik Awasiya Mahavidyalaya</a>, Bhaktapur</li> <li>Birendra jyoti Secondary School, Solukhumbu Sotang</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="College">College</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birendra_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: College"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>Birendara Bidhya Mandir Campus, <a href="/wiki/Tikapur" title="Tikapur">Tikapur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kailali_District" title="Kailali District">Kailali</a><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birendra_Multiple_Campus" title="Birendra Multiple Campus">Birendra Multiple Campus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bharatpur,_Nepal" title="Bharatpur, Nepal">Bharatpur</a></li> <li>Birendra Memorial College, <a href="/wiki/Dharan" title="Dharan">Dharan</a><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birendra_Multiple_Campus" title="Birendra Multiple Campus">Birendra Multiple Campus</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birendra_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Birendranagar" title="Birendranagar">Birendranagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surkhet_District" title="Surkhet District">Surkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birendranagar,_Chitwan" title="Birendranagar, Chitwan">Birendranagar, Chitwan</a></li> <li>Birendra Chowk, (<a href="/wiki/Birendranagar" title="Birendranagar">Birendranagar</a>)</li> <li>Birendra chowk, <a href="/wiki/Kageshwari-Manohara" title="Kageshwari-Manohara">Kageshwari-Manohara</a> Municipality</li> <li>Birendra chowk, <a href="/wiki/Phungling_Municipality" title="Phungling Municipality">Phungling Municipality</a></li> <li>Birendra Chowk, <a href="/wiki/Dharan" title="Dharan">Dharan</a></li> <li>Birendra Chowk, <a href="/wiki/Tulsipur,_Dang" title="Tulsipur, Dang">Tulsipur</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Dang_District,_Nepal" title="Dang District, Nepal">Dang</a>)</li> <li>Birendra Chowk, (<a href="/wiki/Birendranagar" title="Birendranagar">Nepalgunj</a>)</li> <li>Birendra Chowk, (<a href="/wiki/Itahari" title="Itahari">Itahari</a>)</li> <li>Birendra Chowk, (<a href="/wiki/Beni,_Myagdi" title="Beni, Myagdi">Beni, Myagdi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birendra_Lake" title="Birendra Lake">Birendra Lake</a> (Birendra Tal), <a href="/wiki/Gorkha_District" title="Gorkha District">Gorkha</a></li> <li>Birendra Aishwarya Park, <a href="/wiki/Dhangadhi" title="Dhangadhi">Dhangadi</a></li> <li>Birendra Aishwarya Park, <a href="/wiki/Baglung" title="Baglung">Baglung</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birendra_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Birendra_Museum" title="Birendra Museum">Birendra Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_Durbar_Square" title="Kathmandu Durbar Square">Kathmandu Durbar Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birendra_Hospital" title="Birendra Hospital">Birendra Army Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surkhet_Airport" title="Surkhet Airport">Birendranagar Airport</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birendra_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>Birendra Beer, <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birendra_Memorial_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Birendra Memorial Cup">Birendra Memorial Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birendra_Peace_Operations_Training_Centre" title="Birendra Peace Operations Training Centre">Birendra Peace Operations Training Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birendranagar_Jaycees" class="mw-redirect" title="Birendranagar Jaycees">Birendranagar Jaycees</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Narayanhiti_Palace_Museum,_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Narayanhiti_Palace_Museum%2C_crop.jpg/220px-Narayanhiti_Palace_Museum%2C_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Narayanhiti_Palace_Museum%2C_crop.jpg/330px-Narayanhiti_Palace_Museum%2C_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Narayanhiti_Palace_Museum%2C_crop.jpg/440px-Narayanhiti_Palace_Museum%2C_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3647" data-file-height="2290" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Narayanhiti_Palace" title="Narayanhiti Palace">Narayanhiti Palace</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Nepalese_royal_massacre" title="Nepalese royal massacre">Nepalese royal massacre</a> occurred.</figcaption></figure></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birendra_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>National orders</dt></dl> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nepal_Pratap_Bhaskara.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Nepal_Pratap_Bhaskara.svg/70px-Nepal_Pratap_Bhaskara.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Nepal_Pratap_Bhaskara.svg/105px-Nepal_Pratap_Bhaskara.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Nepal_Pratap_Bhaskara.svg/140px-Nepal_Pratap_Bhaskara.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Sovereign of the <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Pratap_Bhaskara" title="Nepal Pratap Bhaskara">Order of Nepal Pratap Bhaskara</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Ojaswi_Rajanya_(Nepal)_-_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Order_of_Ojaswi_Rajanya_%28Nepal%29_-_ribbon.svg/70px-Order_of_Ojaswi_Rajanya_%28Nepal%29_-_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Order_of_Ojaswi_Rajanya_%28Nepal%29_-_ribbon.svg/105px-Order_of_Ojaswi_Rajanya_%28Nepal%29_-_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Order_of_Ojaswi_Rajanya_%28Nepal%29_-_ribbon.svg/140px-Order_of_Ojaswi_Rajanya_%28Nepal%29_-_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Sovereign of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Ojaswi_Rajanya" title="Order of Ojaswi Rajanya">Order of Ojaswi Rajanya</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Most_Refulgent_Order_of_the_Star_of_Nepal.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Most_Refulgent_Order_of_the_Star_of_Nepal.PNG/70px-Most_Refulgent_Order_of_the_Star_of_Nepal.PNG" decoding="async" width="70" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Most_Refulgent_Order_of_the_Star_of_Nepal.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> Sovereign of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_Nepal" title="Order of the Star of Nepal">Order of Nepal Taradisha</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Tri_Shakti_Patta_-_ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Order_of_Tri_Shakti_Patta_-_ribbon_bar.svg/70px-Order_of_Tri_Shakti_Patta_-_ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Order_of_Tri_Shakti_Patta_-_ribbon_bar.svg/105px-Order_of_Tri_Shakti_Patta_-_ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Order_of_Tri_Shakti_Patta_-_ribbon_bar.svg/140px-Order_of_Tri_Shakti_Patta_-_ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Sovereign of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Tri_Shakti_Patta" title="Order of Tri Shakti Patta">Order of Tri Shakti Patta</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Gorkha_Dakshina_Bahu.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Order_of_Gorkha_Dakshina_Bahu.svg/70px-Order_of_Gorkha_Dakshina_Bahu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Order_of_Gorkha_Dakshina_Bahu.svg/105px-Order_of_Gorkha_Dakshina_Bahu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Order_of_Gorkha_Dakshina_Bahu.svg/140px-Order_of_Gorkha_Dakshina_Bahu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Sovereign of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Gorkha_Dakshina_Bahu" title="Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu">Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahendra_Chain" title="Mahendra Chain">Most Glorious Mahendra Chain</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Mahendra_Investiture_Medal_1956.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/King_Mahendra_Investiture_Medal_1956.gif/70px-King_Mahendra_Investiture_Medal_1956.gif" decoding="async" width="70" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/King_Mahendra_Investiture_Medal_1956.gif/105px-King_Mahendra_Investiture_Medal_1956.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/King_Mahendra_Investiture_Medal_1956.gif/140px-King_Mahendra_Investiture_Medal_1956.gif 2x" data-file-width="153" data-file-height="43" /></a></span> Recipient of the King Mahendra Investiture Medal (02/05/1956)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Foreign orders</dt></dl> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>: Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rajamitrabhorn" title="Order of the Rajamitrabhorn">Order of the Rajamitrabhorn</a>, (1979)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>: Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Elephant" title="Order of the Elephant">Order of the Elephant</a>, (17 October 1989)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>: Knight Grand Cordon with Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Chrysanthemum" title="Order of the Chrysanthemum">Order of the Chrysanthemum</a>, (1975)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>: Grand Cross with Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Makarios_III_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Makarios III of Cyprus">Order of Makarios III of Cyprus</a>, (1980)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Kingdom of Laos</a>: Knight Grand Cordon with Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Million_Elephants_and_the_White_Parasol" title="Order of the Million Elephants and the White Parasol">Order of the Million Elephants and the White Parasol</a>, (1970)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Gold_Lion_of_the_House_of_Nassau" title="Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau">Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau</a>, (22 March 1975)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Order of the Legion of Honour</a>, (02/05/1983)<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>: Grand Cross Special Class of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany">Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany</a>, (1986)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Charles_III" title="Order of Charles III">Order of Carlos III</a>, (19 September 1983)<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nishan-e-Pakistan" title="Nishan-e-Pakistan">Nishan-e-Pakistan</a>, (1983)<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_Romania" title="Order of the Star of Romania">Order of the Star of Romania</a>, (1975)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>: Grand Cross with Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_(Chile)" title="Order of Merit (Chile)">Order of Merit of Chile</a> (1989)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>: Grand Cross with Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Rose_of_Finland" title="Order of the White Rose of Finland">Order of the White Rose</a>, (1988)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>: Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Nile" title="Order of the Nile">Order of the Nile</a>, (1974)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>: Great Star of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Yugoslav_Star" title="Order of the Yugoslav Star">Order of the Yugoslav Star</a>, (2 February 1974)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a>: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of 23 August (1987)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: Recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Chain" title="Royal Victorian Chain">Royal Victorian Chain</a> (23 February 1975)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Association honours</dt></dl> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Golden_Pheasant_Award" title="Golden Pheasant Award">Golden Pheasant Award</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Scout_Association_of_Japan" title="Scout Association of Japan">Scout Association of Japan</a>, (1978)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birendra_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268078990">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Birendra of Nepal</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Prithvi_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Prithvi of Nepal">King Prithvi of Nepal</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Tribhuvan_of_Nepal" title="Tribhuvan of Nepal">King Tribhuvan of Nepal</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Queen_Divyeshwari_of_Nepal" title="Queen Divyeshwari of Nepal">Divyeshwari Rajya Lakshmi Devi</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Mahendra_of_Nepal" title="Mahendra of Nepal">King Mahendra of Nepal</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">10. Arjan Singh Sahib, Raja of <a href="/wiki/Chatra_district" title="Chatra district">Chhatara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saharanpur_district" title="Saharanpur district">Barhgaon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh">Oudh</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Queen_Kanti_of_Nepal" title="Queen Kanti of Nepal">Kanti Rajya Lakshmi Devi</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">11. Krishnavati Devi Sahiba</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>King Birendra of Nepal</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="24" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Juddha_Shumsher_Jang_Bahadur_Rana" class="mw-redirect" title="Juddha Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana">Juddha Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana, Maharaja of Lambjang and Kaski</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">6. Hari Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">13. Padma Kumari</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Indra,_Crown_Princess_of_Nepal" title="Indra, Crown Princess of Nepal">Indra Rajya Lakshmi Devi</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="9"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="8" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">14. N. Bikram Shah</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">7. Megha Kumari Rajya Lakshmi</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birendra_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_visits_made_by_Birendra" class="mw-redirect" title="List of state visits made by Birendra">List of state visits made by Birendra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Birendra_and_Aishwarya" title="Wedding of Birendra and Aishwarya">Wedding of Birendra and Aishwarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Birendra" title="Coronation of Birendra">Coronation of Birendra</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birendra_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DT-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DT_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DT_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1309622/King-Birendra-of-Nepal.html">"King Birendra of Nepal"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Swadesh+Nepal&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1+%3A+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88+%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9+%21&rft.date=2020-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swadeshnepal.com%2F2020%2F01%2F15628%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirendra+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFदेवकी_विष्ट" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">देवकी विष्ट. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.breaknlinks.com/nepali/news/2593">"खम्पा विद्रोह' मा लिपुलेक नजिक लडाईं लडेका एक प्रहरीको संस्मरण"</a>. <i>Breaknlinks</i> (in Nepali). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220810183457/https://www.breaknlinks.com/nepali/news/2593">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Breaknlinks&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%27+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3&rft.au=%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.breaknlinks.com%2Fnepali%2Fnews%2F2593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirendra+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasnyat" class="citation web cs1">Basnyat, Prem Singh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/67819/">"A forgotten history"</a>. <i>My Republica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220723021548/https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/67819/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=My+Republica&rft.atitle=A+forgotten+history&rft.aulast=Basnyat&rft.aufirst=Prem+Singh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmyrepublica.nagariknetwork.com%2Fnews%2F67819%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirendra+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-premBasnyat-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-premBasnyat_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasnyāta2007" class="citation book cs1">Basnyāta, P. (2007). <i>Nepalese Army in Tibetan Khampa Disarming Mission</i>. Sarwochcha Man Singh Basnyat. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99946-2-863-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-99946-2-863-6"><bdi>978-99946-2-863-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nepalese+Army+in+Tibetan+Khampa+Disarming+Mission&rft.pub=Sarwochcha+Man+Singh+Basnyat&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-99946-2-863-6&rft.aulast=Basny%C4%81ta&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirendra+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/06/02/diplomatic-achievements-of-king-birendra-from-peace-zone-proposal-to-expansion-of-foreign-relations/">"Diplomatic achievements of King Birendra: From Peace Zone Proposal to expansion of foreign relations"</a>. <i>Nepal Press</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221001182551/https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/06/02/diplomatic-achievements-of-king-birendra-from-peace-zone-proposal-to-expansion-of-foreign-relations/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nepal+Press&rft.atitle=Diplomatic+achievements+of+King+Birendra%3A+From+Peace+Zone+Proposal+to+expansion+of+foreign+relations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.nepalpress.com%2F2021%2F06%2F02%2Fdiplomatic-achievements-of-king-birendra-from-peace-zone-proposal-to-expansion-of-foreign-relations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirendra+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nipore.org/nrc0015-nepali-foreign-policy-and-zone-of-peace-an-attempt-at-neutrality/">"NRC0015 – Nepali foreign policy and Zone of Peace: an attempt at neutrality? – NIPoRe"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220707073318/https://nipore.org/nrc0015-nepali-foreign-policy-and-zone-of-peace-an-attempt-at-neutrality/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NRC0015+%E2%80%93+Nepali+foreign+policy+and+Zone+of+Peace%3A+an+attempt+at+neutrality%3F+%E2%80%93+NIPoRe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnipore.org%2Fnrc0015-nepali-foreign-policy-and-zone-of-peace-an-attempt-at-neutrality%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirendra+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagazine" class="citation web cs1">Magazine, New Spolight. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spotlightnepal.com/2019/05/15/late-king-birendra-and-his-demand-peace-zonestatus-nepal/">"Late King Birendra And His Demand For "Peace Zone"Status For Nepal"</a>. <i>SpotlightNepal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220716202712/https://www.spotlightnepal.com/2019/05/15/late-king-birendra-and-his-demand-peace-zonestatus-nepal/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SpotlightNepal&rft.atitle=Late+King+Birendra+And+His+Demand+For+%22Peace+Zone%22Status+For+Nepal.&rft.aulast=Magazine&rft.aufirst=New+Spolight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spotlightnepal.com%2F2019%2F05%2F15%2Flate-king-birendra-and-his-demand-peace-zonestatus-nepal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirendra+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bpotc.nepalarmy.mil.np/">"BPOTC | वीरेन्द्र शान्ति कार्य तालिम केन्दर"</a>. <i>bpotc.nepalarmy.mil.np</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220716232532/https://bpotc.nepalarmy.mil.np/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bpotc.nepalarmy.mil.np&rft.atitle=BPOTC+%7C+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbpotc.nepalarmy.mil.np%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirendra+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaxena2008" class="citation web cs1">Saxena, Shobhan (30 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/the-legion-of-betrayed-warriors/articleshow/2910662.cms">"The legion of Betrayed Warriors"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220723013041/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/the-legion-of-betrayed-warriors/articleshow/2910662.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=The+legion+of+Betrayed+Warriors&rft.date=2008-03-30&rft.aulast=Saxena&rft.aufirst=Shobhan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fhome%2Fsunday-times%2Fdeep-focus%2Fthe-legion-of-betrayed-warriors%2Farticleshow%2F2910662.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirendra+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNepal_Insight" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nepal Insight, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ca2FHjNR-z0"><i>Why didn't birendra use the army against Maoist? | Nepal History</i></a> (in Nepali), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220717231824/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ca2FHjNR-z0">archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+didn%27t+birendra+use+the+army+against+Maoist%3F+%7C+Nepal+History&rft.au=Nepal+Insight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DCa2FHjNR-z0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirendra+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gurung1983-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gurung1983_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gurung, K. K. (1983). <i>Heart of the Jungle: the Wildlife of Chitwan, Nepal</i>. André Deutsch, London.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adhikari-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-adhikari_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adhikari, T. R. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sosrhino.org/news/Updatepoaching.pdf"><i>The curse of success</i>.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324130119/http://www.sosrhino.org/news/Updatepoaching.pdf">Archived</a> 24 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Habitat Himalaya – A Resources Himalaya Factfile, Volume IX, Number 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mk98-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mk98_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Majupuria, T. C., Kumar, R. (1998). <i>Wildlife, National Parks and Reserves of Nepal.</i> S. Devi, Saharanpur and Tecpress Books, Bangkok. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/974-89833-5-8" title="Special:BookSources/974-89833-5-8">974-89833-5-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nbrb2007-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nbrb2007_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbrb2007_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbrb2007_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhuju,_U._R.Shakya,_P._R.Basnet,_T._B.Shrestha,_S.2007" class="citation book cs1">Bhuju, U. R.; Shakya, P. R.; Basnet, T. B.; Shrestha, S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.icimod.org/record/7560/files/Nepal%20Biodiversity%20Resource%20Book.pdf"><i>Nepal Biodiversity Resource Book. Protected Areas, Ramsar Sites, and World Heritage Sites</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Kathmandu: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology, in cooperation with United Nations Environment Programme, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-9115-033-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-9115-033-5"><bdi>978-92-9115-033-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726170342/http://books.icimod.org/demo/uploads/ftp/Nepal%20Biodiversity%20Resource%20Book.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1998). "Royal Sukla Phanta Wildlife Reserve". <i>Wildlife, National Parks and Reserves of Nepal</i>. Bangkok: S. 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(2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340730965">"Recent records of threatened birds in the Sukilaphanta Grassland, Suklaphanta National Park, Nepal, with particular focus on White-throated Bushchat <i>Saxicola insignis</i> and Finn's Weaver <i>Ploceus megarhynchus</i>"</a>. <i>Birding Asia</i> (32): <span class="nowrap">93–</span>96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Birding+Asia&rft.atitle=Recent+records+of+threatened+birds+in+the+Sukilaphanta+Grassland%2C+Suklaphanta+National+Park%2C+Nepal%2C+with+particular+focus+on+White-throated+Bushchat+Saxicola+insignis+and+Finn%27s+Weaver+Ploceus+megarhynchus&rft.issue=32&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Basnet%2C+H.&rft.au=Thakuri%2C+D.C.&rft.au=Bhetwal%2C+K.&rft.au=Joshi%2C+D.&rft.au=Poudyal%2C+L.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F340730965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirendra+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nepalitimes.com/blogs/thebrief/2017/10/02/remembering-rara/">"Nepali Times | The Brief » Blog Archive » Remembering Rara"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923021550/https://nepalitimes.com/blogs/thebrief/2017/10/02/remembering-rara">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nepali+Times+%7C+The+Brief+%C2%BB+Blog+Archive+%C2%BB+Remembering+Rara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nepalitimes.com%2Fblogs%2Fthebrief%2F2017%2F10%2F02%2Fremembering-rara%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirendra+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurung,_C._P.Maskey,_T._M.Poudel,_N.Lama,_Y.2006" class="citation book cs1">Gurung, C. P.; Maskey, T. M.; Poudel, N.; Lama, Y.; Wagley, M. P.; Manandhar, A.; Khaling, S.; Thapa, G.; Thapa, S. & Wikramanayake, E. D. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://conbio.org/images/content_groups/Asia/Chapter%201_Gurung_Himalayan%20Landscape.pdf">"The Sacred Himalayan Landscape: Conceptualizing, Visioning, and Planning for Conservation of Biodiversity, Culture and Livelihoods in the Eastern Himalaya"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In McNeely, J. A.; McCarthy, T. M.; Smith, A.; Whittaker, O. L. & Wikramanayake, E. D. (eds.). <i>Conservation Biology in Asia</i>. Kathmandu: Nepal Society for Conservation Biology, Asia Section and Resources Himalaya Foundation. pp. <span class="nowrap">10–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99946-996-9-5" title="Special:BookSources/99946-996-9-5"><bdi>99946-996-9-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128232904/https://conbio.org/images/content_groups/Asia/Chapter%201_Gurung_Himalayan%20Landscape.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PakMcqs&rft.atitle=How+many+Foreign+Personalities+got+Nishan-e-Pakistan%3F&rft.date=2019-05-27&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Sami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpakmcqs.com%2Fpakistan-current-affairs-mcqs%2Fhow-many-foreign-personalities-got-nishan-e-pakistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirendra+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mahendra_of_Nepal" title="Mahendra of Nepal">Mahendra</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Prince">Crown Prince</a> of Nepal </b><br />1955–1972 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Dipendra_of_Nepal" title="Dipendra of Nepal">Dipendra</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Nepal" title="List of monarchs of Nepal">King of Nepal</a> </b><br />1972–2001 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Bahadur Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girvan_Yuddha_Bikram_Shah" title="Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah">Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Bikram_Shah" title="Rajendra Bikram Shah">Rajendra Bikram Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surendra_Bikram_Shah" title="Surendra Bikram Shah">Surendra Bikram Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Bir_Bikram_Shah" title="Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah">Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribhuvan_of_Nepal" title="Tribhuvan of Nepal">Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyanendra_of_Nepal" title="Gyanendra of Nepal">Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribhuvan_of_Nepal" title="Tribhuvan of Nepal">Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahendra_of_Nepal" title="Mahendra of Nepal">Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Birendra Bir Bikram Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipendra_of_Nepal" title="Dipendra of Nepal">Dipendra Bir Bikram Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyanendra_of_Nepal" title="Gyanendra of Nepal">Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal"><img alt="Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/75px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/113px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/150px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Nepal" title="President of Nepal">Presidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Girija_Prasad_Koirala" title="Girija Prasad Koirala">Girija Prasad Koirala</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Baran_Yadav" title="Ram Baran Yadav">Ram Baran Yadav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidya_Devi_Bhandari" title="Bidya Devi Bhandari">Bidya Devi Bhandari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Chandra_Poudel" title="Ram Chandra Poudel">Ram Chandra Poudel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup>*</sup>acting head of state</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162306#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1804" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162306#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1804" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162306#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122777679">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/28005924">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/11456/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjM7gbR8bfWTqDM7ybBvDy">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/124485308">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50034008">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb167380551">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb167380551">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an49860119">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p094862958">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007601507405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14232506">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500173885">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1497443">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/124485308">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/112210155">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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