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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Official language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chavacano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chavacano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Chavacano</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chavacano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spanish_colonial_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_colonial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Spanish colonial period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_colonial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filipino_nationalism_and_19th-century_revolutionary_governments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filipino_nationalism_and_19th-century_revolutionary_governments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Filipino nationalism and 19th-century revolutionary governments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filipino_nationalism_and_19th-century_revolutionary_governments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippine–American_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippine–American_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Philippine–American War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippine–American_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_colonial_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_colonial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>American colonial period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_colonial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_of_Spanish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_of_Spanish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Decline of Spanish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_of_Spanish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st-century_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st-century_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>21st-century developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st-century_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Current status</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current status subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_the_languages_of_the_Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_the_languages_of_the_Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Influence on the languages of the Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_the_languages_of_the_Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Spanish_words_of_Philippine_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Spanish_words_of_Philippine_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>List of Spanish words of Philippine origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Spanish_words_of_Philippine_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Spanish language in the Philippines</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86" title="اللغة الإسبانية في الفلبين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الإسبانية في الفلبين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_espa%C3%B1ol_en_Filipines" title="Idioma español en Filipines – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma español en Filipines" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Espanyol_sa_Filipinas" title="Tataramon na Espanyol sa Filipinas – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Espanyol sa Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espa%C3%B1ol_na_Filipinas" title="Español na Filipinas – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Español na Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_espa%C3%B1ol_en_Filipinas" title="Idioma español en Filipinas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma español en Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispana_lingvo_en_Filipinoj" title="Hispana lingvo en Filipinoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hispana lingvo en Filipinoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86" title="زبان اسپانیایی در فیلیپین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان اسپانیایی در فیلیپین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espagnol_des_Philippines" title="Espagnol des Philippines – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Espagnol des Philippines" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_nga_Espaniol_iti_Filipinas" title="Pagsasao nga Espaniol iti Filipinas – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao nga Espaniol iti Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Spanyol_di_Filipina" title="Bahasa Spanyol di Filipina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Spanyol di Filipina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_spagnola_nelle_Filippine" title="Lingua spagnola nelle Filippine – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua spagnola nelle Filippine" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Испанский язык на Филиппинах – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Испанский язык на Филиппинах" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Spanish language in the Philippines – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Spanish language in the Philippines" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Kastila_sa_Pilipinas" title="Wikang Kastila sa Pilipinas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Kastila sa Pilipinas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Іспанська мова на Філіппінах – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іспанська мова на Філіппінах" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Status of the Spanish language in the Philippines</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a general overview of Spanish in the Philippines. For the specific dialect of Spanish spoken in the country, see <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine Spanish</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippine_independence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Philippine_independence.jpg/220px-Philippine_independence.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Philippine_independence.jpg/330px-Philippine_independence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Philippine_independence.jpg/440px-Philippine_independence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Official copy of the <i>"Acta de la proclamación de independencia del pueblo Filipino"</i>, the Philippine Declaration of Independence</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> was the sole <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> throughout its more than three centuries of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish colonization of the Philippines">Spanish rule</a>, from the late 16th century to 1898, then a co-official language (with <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>) under its <a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">American rule</a>, a status it retained (now alongside <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a> and English) after independence in 1946. Its status was initially removed in 1973 by a constitutional change, but after a few months it was once again designated an official language by a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_decree" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential decree">presidential decree</a>. However, with the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/1987_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1987 Constitution">present Constitution</a>, in 1987, Spanish became designated as an auxiliary or "optional and voluntary language".<sup id="cite_ref-official_languages_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-official_languages-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-voluntary_and_optional_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voluntary_and_optional-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the period of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">Spanish viceroyalty</a> (1565–1898), it was the language of government, trade, education, and the arts. With the establishment of a free public education system set up by the viceroyalty government in the mid-19th century, a class of native Spanish-speaking intellectuals called the <i><a href="/wiki/Ilustrados" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilustrados">Ilustrados</a></i> was formed, which included historical figures such as <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Luna" title="Antonio Luna">Antonio Luna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_del_Pilar" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcelo del Pilar">Marcelo del Pilar</a>. By the end of Spanish rule, a significant number of urban and elite populations were conversant in Spanish, although only a minority of the total population had knowledge of the language.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.com_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It served as the country's first official language as proclaimed in the <a href="/wiki/Malolos_Constitution" title="Malolos Constitution">Malolos Constitution</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a> in 1899 and continued to be widely used during the first few decades of U.S. rule (1898–1946). Gradually however, the American government began promoting the use of English at the expense of Spanish, characterizing it as a negative influence of the past. By the 1920s, English became the primary language of administration and education.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it continued to serve as an official language after independence in 1946, the state of Spanish continued to decline until its removal from official status in 1973. Today, the language is no longer present in daily life and despite interest in some circles to learn or revive it, it continues to see dwindling numbers of speakers and influence. Roughly 400,000 Filipinos (less than 0.5% of the population) were estimated to be proficient in Spanish in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-El_español_resiste_en_Filipinas_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-El_español_resiste_en_Filipinas-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spanish language is regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Academy_of_the_Spanish_Language" title="Philippine Academy of the Spanish Language">Academia Filipina de la Lengua Española</a>, the main Spanish-language regulating body in the Philippines, and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Asociaci%C3%B3n_de_Academias_de_la_Lengua_Espa%C3%B1ola" class="mw-redirect" title="Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española">Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española</a>, the entity which regulates the Spanish language worldwide. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Spain_(1785%E2%80%931873,_1875%E2%80%931931).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Spain (1785–1873 and 1875–1931)</figcaption></figure> <p>Spanish was the language of government, education and trade throughout the three centuries of Spanish rule and continued as the country's <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> until the first half of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-florentino_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-florentino-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish was the official language of the <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">Malolos Republic</a>, "for the time being", according to the <a href="/wiki/Malolos_Constitution" title="Malolos Constitution">Malolos Constitution</a> of 1899.<sup id="cite_ref-1897and1899_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1897and1899-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish was also the official language of the <a href="/wiki/Cantonal_Republic_of_Negros" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonal Republic of Negros">Cantonal Republic of Negros</a> of 1898 and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Zamboanga" title="Republic of Zamboanga">Republic of Zamboanga</a> of 1899.<sup id="cite_ref-zamboanga_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zamboanga-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Spanish was introduced through the colonial public education system, it was never spoken on a wide scale in the Philippines. Only populations in urban areas or in places with a significant Spanish presence used the language on a daily basis or learned it as a second or third language.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.com_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the early part of the U.S. administration of the Philippine Islands, Spanish was widely spoken and relatively well maintained throughout the American colonial period.<sup id="cite_ref-florentino_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-florentino-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-statistics_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistics-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-libradaavelino_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-libradaavelino-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even so, Spanish was a language that bound leading men in the Philippines like Trinidad Hermenegildo Pardo de Tavera y Gorricho to <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Sergio Osmeña">Sergio Osmeña</a> and his successor, President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas">Manuel Roxas</a>. As a senator, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a> (later President), delivered a speech in the 1920s entitled "Message to My People" in English and in Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_language">Official language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Official language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Academy_of_the_Spanish_Language" title="Philippine Academy of the Spanish Language">Philippine Academy of the Spanish Language</a></div> <p>Spanish remained an official language of government until a new constitution ratified on January 17, 1973, designated English and <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Pilipino</a>, spelled in that draft of the constitution with a "P" instead of the more modern "F", as official languages. Shortly thereafter, Presidential Proclamation No. 155 dated March 15, 1973 ordered that the Spanish language should continue to be recognized as an official language so long as government documents in that language remained untranslated. A later constitution ratified in 1987 designated <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a> and English as official languages.<sup id="cite_ref-official_languages_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-official_languages-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, under this Constitution, Spanish, together with Arabic, was designated an optional and voluntary language.<sup id="cite_ref-voluntary_and_optional_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voluntary_and_optional-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence">Influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are thousands of Spanish <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> in 170 native <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a>, and Spanish orthography has influenced the spelling system used for writing most of these languages.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chavacano">Chavacano</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chavacano"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a></div> 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#DDDDDD; border-bottom:1px solid #fefefe;"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish language</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cantar_de_mio_Cid_f74r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Cantar_de_mio_Cid_f74r.jpg/175px-Cantar_de_mio_Cid_f74r.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Cantar_de_mio_Cid_f74r.jpg/263px-Cantar_de_mio_Cid_f74r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Cantar_de_mio_Cid_f74r.jpg/350px-Cantar_de_mio_Cid_f74r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1504" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="padding:0.4em;line-height:1.3em;">A manuscript of the <span title="Old Spanish-language text"><i lang="osp"><a href="/wiki/Cantar_de_mio_Cid" title="Cantar de mio Cid">Cantar de mio Cid</a></i></span>, 13th century</div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DDDDDD;"> Overview</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_phonology" title="Spanish phonology">Pronunciation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stress_in_Spanish" title="Stress in Spanish">stress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_given_to_the_Spanish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Names given to the Spanish language">Names</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DDDDDD;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Spanish_language" title="History of the Spanish language">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Spanish" title="Early Modern Spanish">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influences_on_the_Spanish_language" title="Influences on the Spanish language">Influences</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DDDDDD;"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_grammar" title="Spanish grammar">Grammar</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_determiners" title="Spanish determiners">Determiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nouns" title="Spanish nouns">Nouns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender_in_Spanish" title="Grammatical gender in Spanish">gender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_pronouns" title="Spanish pronouns">Pronouns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_personal_pronouns" title="Spanish personal pronouns">personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_object_pronouns" title="Spanish object pronouns">object</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_adjectives" title="Spanish adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_prepositions" title="Spanish prepositions">Prepositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_verbs" title="Spanish verbs">Verbs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conjugation" title="Spanish conjugation">conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_irregular_verbs" title="Spanish irregular verbs">irregular verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DDDDDD;"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">Dialects</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Spanish" title="Andean Spanish">Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine Spanish">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Spanish" title="Belizean Spanish">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Spanish" title="Bolivian Spanish">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Spanish" title="Canarian Spanish">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Spanish" title="Caribbean Spanish">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Spanish" title="Central American Spanish">Central American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Spanish" title="Chilean Spanish">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Spanish" title="Colombian Spanish">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Spanish" title="Costa Rican Spanish">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Spanish" title="Cuban Spanish">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Spanish" title="Dominican Spanish">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Spanish" title="Ecuadorian Spanish">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Spanish" title="Equatoguinean Spanish">Equatoguinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Spanish" title="Guatemalan Spanish">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Spanish" title="Honduran Spanish">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcian_Spanish" title="Murcian Spanish">Murcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_Spanish" title="New Mexican Spanish">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Spanish" title="Nicaraguan Spanish">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Spanish" title="Paraguayan Spanish">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Spanish" title="Panamanian Spanish">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Spanish" title="Peruvian Spanish">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Spanish" title="Puerto Rican Spanish">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_Spanish" title="Saharan Spanish">Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Spanish" title="Salvadoran Spanish">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Spanish" title="Standard Spanish">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Spanish" title="Uruguayan Spanish">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Spanish" title="Venezuelan Spanish">Venezuelan</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DDDDDD;"> <a href="/wiki/Dialectology" title="Dialectology">Dialectology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Spanish_coronal_fricatives" title="Phonological history of Spanish coronal fricatives">Seseo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye%C3%ADsmo" title="Yeísmo">Yeísmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voseo" title="Voseo">Voseo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%ADsmo" title="Leísmo">Leísmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%ADsmo" title="Loísmo">Loísmo</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DDDDDD;"> <a href="/wiki/Interlanguage" title="Interlanguage">Interlanguages</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jopara" title="Jopara">Jopara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portu%C3%B1ol" title="Portuñol">Portuñol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanglish" title="Spanglish">Spanglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Castrapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish-based_creole_languages" title="Spanish-based creole languages">Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roquetas_Pidgin_Spanish" title="Roquetas Pidgin Spanish">Roquetas Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano or Chabacano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palenquero" title="Palenquero">Palenquero or Palenque</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DDDDDD;"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_as_a_second_or_foreign_language" title="Spanish as a second or foreign language">Teaching</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanism" title="Hispanism">Hispanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academy" title="Royal Spanish Academy">RAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Cervantes" title="Instituto Cervantes">Instituto Cervantes</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-bottom:0.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_language_sidebar" title="Template:Spanish language sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_language_sidebar" title="Template talk:Spanish language sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_language_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish language sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Chavacano (also called Zamboangueño) is a Spanish-based creole language spoken mainly in the southern province of Zamboanga and, to a much lesser extent, in the province of Cavite in the northern region of <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An estimated 689,000 people speak Chavacano.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cervantes_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cervantes-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Cervantes" title="Instituto Cervantes">Instituto Cervantes</a> de Manila estimated the number of Spanish speakers in the Philippines in the area of three million,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which included the native and the non-native Chavacano and Spanish speakers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_colonial_period">Spanish colonial period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Spanish colonial period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lopez_de_Legazpi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Lopez_de_Legazpi.jpg/220px-Lopez_de_Legazpi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Lopez_de_Legazpi.jpg/330px-Lopez_de_Legazpi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Lopez_de_Legazpi.jpg/440px-Lopez_de_Legazpi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a> just outside <a href="/wiki/Fort_San_Pedro" title="Fort San Pedro">Fort San Pedro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu City</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">History of the Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">History of the Philippines (1521–1898)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">History of Spain</a></div> <p>Spanish was the language of government, education and trade throughout the three centuries (333 years) of the Philippines being part of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> and continued to serve as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> until the first half of the 20th century. It was first introduced to the Philippines in 1565, when the conquistador <a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a> founded the first Spanish settlement on the island of <a href="/wiki/Cebu_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Cebu Island">Cebú</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Philippines, ruled first from <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> and later from <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, was a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish territory</a> for 333 years (1565–1898).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schooling was a priority, however. The <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a> opened a school immediately upon arriving in Cebú in 1565. The <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscans</a> followed suit when they arrived in 1577, as did the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a> when they arrived in 1587. Besides religious instruction, these schools taught how to read and write and imparted industrial and agricultural techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-Arcilla1994p50_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arcilla1994p50-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, the stance of the Roman Catholic Church and its <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a> was to preach to the natives in local languages, not in Spanish. The priests learned the native languages and sometimes employed indigenous peoples as <a href="/wiki/Translator" class="mw-redirect" title="Translator">translators</a>, creating a bilingual class known as Ladinos.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the 19th century, few natives were taught Spanish. However, there were notable bilingual individuals such as poet-translator <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Aquino_de_Bel%C3%A9n" title="Gaspar Aquino de Belén">Gaspar Aquino de Belén</a>. Gaspar produced Christian devotional poetry written in the Roman script in <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pasyon" title="Pasyon">Pasyon</a></i> is a narrative of the passion, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ begun by Gaspar Aquino de Belén, which has circulated in many versions. Later, the Spanish-Mexican ballads of chivalry, the <a href="/wiki/Corrido" title="Corrido">corrido</a>, provided a model for secular literature. Verse narratives, or komedya, were performed in the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">regional languages</a> for the illiterate majority. </p><p>In the early 17th century, a Tagalog printer, Tomás Pinpin, set out to write a book in romanized phonetic script to teach the Tagalogs how to learn <a href="/wiki/Names_given_to_the_Spanish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Names given to the Spanish language">Castilian</a>. His book, published by the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican order">Dominican</a> press in which he worked, appeared in 1610, the same year as Blancas's <i>Arte</i>. Unlike the missionary's grammar, which Pinpin had set in type, the Tagalog native's book dealt with the language of the dominant, rather than the subordinate, other. Pinpin's book was the first such work ever written and published by a Philippine native. As such, it is richly instructive for what it tells us about the interests that animated Tagalog translation and, by implication, conversion during the early colonial period. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Illustracion_Filipina_(1892).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/La_Illustracion_Filipina_%281892%29.jpg/220px-La_Illustracion_Filipina_%281892%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/La_Illustracion_Filipina_%281892%29.jpg/330px-La_Illustracion_Filipina_%281892%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/La_Illustracion_Filipina_%281892%29.jpg/440px-La_Illustracion_Filipina_%281892%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Juan_Luna" title="Juan Luna">Juan Luna</a> featured on the cover of a Philippine periodical in Spanish</figcaption></figure> <p>By law, each town had to build two schools, one for boys and the other for girls, to teach the Spanish language and the <a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Christian catechism</a>. There were never enough trained teachers, however, and several provincial schools were mere sheds open to the rain. That discouraged the attendance at school, and illiteracy was high in the provinces until the 19th century, when public education was introduced. The conditions were better in larger towns. To qualify as an independent civil town, a <a href="/wiki/Barrio" title="Barrio">barrio</a> or group of barrios had to have a priest's residence, a town hall, boys' and girls' schools; streets had to be straight and at right angles to one another so that the town could grow in size; and the town had to be near a good water source and land for farming and grazing.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Better school conditions in towns and cities led to more effective instruction in the Spanish language and in other subjects. Between 1600 and 1865, a number of colleges and universities were established, which graduated many important colonial officials and church prelates, bishops, and archbishops, several of whom served the churches in <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic America</a>. The increased level of education eventually led to the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Ilustrados" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilustrados">Ilustrados</a>. In 1846, French traveler <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Baptiste_Mallat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Baptiste Mallat (page does not exist)">Jean Baptiste Mallat</a> was surprised at how advanced Philippine schools were.<sup id="cite_ref-Arcilla1994p50_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arcilla1994p50-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1865, the government inaugurated the Escuela Normal (<i>Normal School</i>), an institute to train future primary school teachers. At the same time, primary schooling was made compulsory for all children. In 1869, a new Spanish constitution brought to the Philippines universal suffrage and a free press.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>El Boletín de Cebú</i>, the first Spanish newspaper in <a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu City</a>, was published in 1886.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Manila, the Spanish language had been more or less widespread to the point that it has been estimated at 50% of the population knew Spanish in the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodríguez-Ponga_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodríguez-Ponga-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1898 book "Yesterdays in the Philippines", covering a period beginning in 1893, the American <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Earle_Stevens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Earle Stevens (page does not exist)">Joseph Earle Stevens</a>, an American who resided in Manila from 1893 to 1894, wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Spanish, of course, is the court and commercial language and, except among the uneducated native who have a lingua of their own or among the few members of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> colony, it has a monopoly everywhere. No one can really get on without it, and even the Chinese come in with their peculiar <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a> variety.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p><span class="anchor" id="bamboo"></span>Long contact between Spanish and the local languages, Chinese dialects, and later Japanese produced a series of pidgins, known as <i>Bamboo Spanish</i>, and the Spanish-based creole <a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a>. At one point, they were the language of a substantial proportion of the Philippine population.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unsurprisingly, since the Philippines was administrated for centuries from <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, Philippine Spanish is broadly similar to <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Latin American Spanish</a> not only in vocabulary but also in pronunciation and grammar.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spanish language was the official language used by the civil and judicial administration, and it was spoken by the majority of the population in the main cities and understood by many, especially after the passing of the Education Decree of 1863. By the end of the 19th century, Spanish was either a mother tongue or a strong second language among the educated elite of the Philippine society, having been learned in childhood either directly from parents and grandparents or in school, or through tutoring.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Schools">Schools</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines_during_Spanish_rule" title="Education in the Philippines during Spanish rule">Education in the Philippines during Spanish rule</a></div> <p>In the 16th and the 17th centuries, the oldest educational institutions in the country were set up by Spanish religious orders. The schools and universities played a crucial role in the development of the Spanish language in the islands. Colegio de Manila in <a href="/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros">Intramuros</a> was founded in 1590. The Colegio formally opened in 1595, and was one of the first schools in the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-ateneo_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ateneo-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_San_Carlos" title="University of San Carlos">University of San Carlos</a> in Cebú, was established as the Colegio de San Ildefonso by the Jesuits. In 1611, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tom%C3%A1s" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Santo Tomás">University of Santo Tomás</a>, considered as the oldest existing university in Asia, was inaugurated in Manila by the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a>. In the 18th century, fluent male Spanish-speakers in the Philippines were generally the graduates of those schools or of the <a href="/wiki/Colegio_de_San_Juan_de_Letr%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Colegio de San Juan de Letrán">Colegio de San Juan de Letrán</a>, established in 1620. In 1706, a convent school for Philippine women, Beaterios, was established. It admitted both Spanish and native girls, and taught religion, reading, writing and arithmetic with music and embroidery. Female graduates from Beaterios were fluent in Spanish as well. In 1859, <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University" title="Ateneo de Manila University">Ateneo de Manila University</a> was established by the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> as the Escuela Municipal.<sup id="cite_ref-ateneo_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ateneo-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1863, Queen <a href="/wiki/Isabel_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabel II of Spain">Isabel II of Spain</a> decreed the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public school (government funded)">public school</a> system, following the requests of the islands' Spanish authorities, who saw the need of teaching Spanish to the wider population. The primary instruction and the teaching of Spanish was compulsory. The Educational Decree provided for the establishment of at least one primary school for boys and girls in each town and governed by the municipal government. A Normal School for male teachers was established and was supervised by the Jesuits.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1866, the total population of the Philippines was only 4,411,261. The total public schools was 841 for boys and 833 for girls and the total number of children attending the schools was 135,098 boys and 95,260 girls. In 1892, the number of schools had increased to 2,137, 1,087 of which were for boys and 1,050 for girls.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The measure was at the vanguard of contemporary Asian countries and led to an important class of educated natives that sometimes continued their studies abroad, like the national hero <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a>, who studied in Europe. That class of writers, poets and intellectuals is often referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Ilustrados" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilustrados">Ilustrados</a></i>. Ironically, it was during the initial years of American occupation in the early 20th century that Spanish literature and press flourished, partially due to the freedom of the press allowed following the transition to American rule. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Filipino_nationalism_and_19th-century_revolutionary_governments">Filipino nationalism and 19th-century revolutionary governments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Filipino nationalism and 19th-century revolutionary governments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La-solidaridad2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/La-solidaridad2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> in Spanish</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandera_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bandera_03.jpg/220px-Bandera_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bandera_03.jpg/330px-Bandera_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bandera_03.jpg/440px-Bandera_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Early flag of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolutionary_Army" title="Philippine Revolutionary Army">Filipino revolutionaries</a> ("Long live the Philippine Republic!"). The first two constitutions were written in Spanish.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Filipino_nationalism" title="Filipino nationalism">Filipino nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_revolts_against_Spain" title="Philippine revolts against Spain">Philippine revolts against Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Movement" title="Propaganda Movement">Propaganda Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Solidaridad" title="La Solidaridad">La Solidaridad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a></div> <p>Before the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_revolts_against_Spain" title="Philippine revolts against Spain">Philippine revolts</a> were small-scale. Since they did not extend beyond linguistic boundaries, they were easily neutralized by Spanish forces.<sup id="cite_ref-firstfilipino_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firstfilipino-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the small period of the spread of Spanish through a free public school system (1863) and the rise of an educated class, nationalists from different parts of the archipelago were able to communicate in a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">common language</a>. José Rizal's novels, <a href="/wiki/Graciano_L%C3%B3pez_Jaena" title="Graciano López Jaena">Graciano López Jaena</a>'s satirical articles, <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar" title="Marcelo H. del Pilar">Marcelo H. del Pilar</a>'s anti-clerical manifestos, the bi-weekly <i><a href="/wiki/La_Solidaridad" title="La Solidaridad">La Solidaridad</a></i>, which was published in Spain, and other materials in awakening nationalism were written in Spanish. The <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a> fought for reforms and later for independence from Spain. However, it opposed neither Spain's <a href="/wiki/Spanish_influence_on_Filipino_culture" title="Spanish influence on Filipino culture">cultural legacy</a> in the islands nor the Spanish language.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even Graciano López Jaena's <i>La Solidaridad</i>, an 1889 article that praised the young women of <a href="/wiki/Malolos" title="Malolos">Malolos</a> who petitioned to <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines#Spanish_Colonial_Government_(1764–1898)" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Governor-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Valeriano_Weyler,_1st_Duke_of_Rub%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Valeriano Weyler, 1st Duke of Rubí">Valeriano Weyler</a> to open a night school to teach the Spanish language.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, the <a href="/wiki/Malolos_Congress" title="Malolos Congress">Malolos Congress</a> of 1899 chose Spanish as the official language. According to <a href="/wiki/Horacio_de_la_Costa" title="Horacio de la Costa">Horacio de la Costa</a>, nationalism would not have been possible without the Spanish language.<sup id="cite_ref-firstfilipino_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firstfilipino-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By then, the people were increasingly aware of nationalistic ideas and independence movements in other countries. </p><p>During the Philippine Revolution, many of the Filipino patriots were fluent in Spanish, though <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a>, the eventual <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">first president of the Philippines</a>, was more comfortable speaking Tagalog.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1897 Biak-na-Bato Constitution and the 1898 Malolos Constitution were both written in Spanish. Neither specified a national language, but both recognised the continuing use of Spanish in Philippine life and legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-1897and1899_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1897and1899-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-andrewgonzalez_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrewgonzalez-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish was used to write the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Biak-na-Bato" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Biak-na-Bato">Constitution of Biak-na-Bato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malolos_Constitution" title="Malolos Constitution">Malolos Constitution</a>, the original <a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">national anthem</a>, <i>Himno Nacional Filipino</i>, as well as nationalistic propaganda material and literature. </p><p>In 1863, the Spanish language was taught freely when a primary public school system was set up for the entire population. The Spanish-speaking <a href="/wiki/Ilustrados" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilustrados">Ilustrados</a> (Enlightened Ones) were the educated elite who promoted and propagated nationalism and a modern Filipino consciousness. The Ilustrados and later writers formed the basis of <a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature_in_Spanish" title="Philippine literature in Spanish">Philippine Classical Literature</a>, which developed in the 19th century. </p><p>José Rizal propagated Filipino consciousness and identity in Spanish. Highly instrumental in developing nationalism were his novels, <i><a href="/wiki/Noli_Me_Tangere_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Noli Me Tangere (novel)">Noli Me Tangere</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/El_Filibusterismo" class="mw-redirect" title="El Filibusterismo">El Filibusterismo</a></i> which exposed the abuses of the colonial government and clergy, composed of "Peninsulares." The novels' very own notoriety propelled its popularity even more among Filipinos. Reading them was forbidden because they exposed and parodied the Peninsulares.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippine–American_War"><span id="Philippine.E2.80.93American_War"></span>Philippine–American War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Philippine–American War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a></div> <p>The revolutionary <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">Malolos Republic</a> of 1899 designated the Spanish language for official use in its <a href="/wiki/Malolos_Constitution" title="Malolos Constitution">constitution</a>, drawn up during the Constitutional Convention in <a href="/wiki/Malolos" title="Malolos">Malolos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1897and1899_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1897and1899-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-statistics_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistics-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nascent republic published a number of laws, acts, decrees, and other official issuances. They were published variously in the Spanish, English, and Tagalog, with Spanish predominating.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish was also designated the official language of the <a href="/wiki/Cantonal_Republic_of_Negros" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonal Republic of Negros">Cantonal Republic of Negros</a> of 1898 and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Zamboanga" title="Republic of Zamboanga">Republic of Zamboanga</a> of 1899.<sup id="cite_ref-zamboanga_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zamboanga-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Spanish-speaking Filipino families perished during the Philippine–American War. According to the historian James B. Goodno, author of the <i>Philippines: Land of Broken Promises</i> (New York, 1998), one-sixth of the total population of Filipinos, or about 1.5 million, died as a direct result of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-statistics_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistics-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_colonial_period">American colonial period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: American colonial period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">History of the Philippines (1898–1946)</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jones_Law_poster_Philippines_1916.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Jones_Law_poster_Philippines_1916.jpeg/220px-Jones_Law_poster_Philippines_1916.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Jones_Law_poster_Philippines_1916.jpeg/330px-Jones_Law_poster_Philippines_1916.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Jones_Law_poster_Philippines_1916.jpeg/440px-Jones_Law_poster_Philippines_1916.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="822" /></a><figcaption> A poster advertising the <a href="/wiki/Jones_Law_(Philippines)" title="Jones Law (Philippines)">Jones Law</a> of 1916 in Spanish, <i>The Glorious Jones Law</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Emilio_Aguinaldo_Speech_in_Spanish_%281929%29.webm/220px--Emilio_Aguinaldo_Speech_in_Spanish_%281929%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="273" data-mwtitle="Emilio_Aguinaldo_Speech_in_Spanish_(1929).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Emilio_Aguinaldo_Speech_in_Spanish_(1929).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/Emilio_Aguinaldo_Speech_in_Spanish_%281929%29.webm/Emilio_Aguinaldo_Speech_in_Spanish_%281929%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/Emilio_Aguinaldo_Speech_in_Spanish_%281929%29.webm/Emilio_Aguinaldo_Speech_in_Spanish_%281929%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Emilio_Aguinaldo_Speech_in_Spanish_%281929%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/Emilio_Aguinaldo_Speech_in_Spanish_%281929%29.webm/Emilio_Aguinaldo_Speech_in_Spanish_%281929%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/Emilio_Aguinaldo_Speech_in_Spanish_%281929%29.webm/Emilio_Aguinaldo_Speech_in_Spanish_%281929%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AEmilio_Aguinaldo_Speech_in_Spanish_%281929%29.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AEmilio_Aguinaldo_Speech_in_Spanish_%281929%29.webm&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AEmilio_Aguinaldo_Speech_in_Spanish_%281929%29.webm&lang=tl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tl" label="Tagalog ‪(tl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> delivers a speech in Spanish (1929)</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a> and the subsequent incorporation of the Philippine archipelago to the dominion of the United States, one of the policies implemented by the new rulers was to institute the English language as the primary language of the country, designating it as the <a href="/wiki/Medium_of_instruction" title="Medium of instruction">medium of instruction</a>, with the goal of bolstering the annual increase of the number of English-speaking population in the Philippines. However, in spite of this, the Spanish language maintained its hold in the educational system, as many private educational institutions, particularly those administered by religious orders, persisted in using the Spanish language. Only after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> did the American authorities started to press more and more for the private schools to teach in English, leading to important Catholic universities such as the <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Ateneo de Manila">Ateneo de Manila</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas" title="University of Santo Tomas">University of Santo Tomas</a> to phase out Spanish in favor of English.<sup id="cite_ref-florentino_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-florentino-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 95–96">: 95–96 </span></sup> </p><p>The census of 1903 did not inquire the respondents regarding the language they spoke and understood,<sup id="cite_ref-maurofernandez2015_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maurofernandez2015-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 368">: 368 </span></sup> but it was asked in the 1918 census, in which it was reported that from a total population of 10,314,310, the number of Filipinos capable of speaking Spanish was 757,463 (or 7.34% of the total population), with 511,721 belonging to the male population and 245,742 belonging to the female population. In contrast, the number of English-speaking Filipinos was 896,258 (or 8.69% of the total population). Greater percentage of Spanish-speaking males compared to their English-speaking counterparts were found in Zamboanga, Manila, Isabela, Cotabato, Marinduque, Cagayan, Iloilo, Cavite, Albay, Leyte, Batangas, and Sorsogon. The province with the greater percentage of Spanish-speaking females compared to their English-speaking counterparts were found in Zamboanga, Cotabato, Manila, Davao, Ambos Camarines, Iloilo, and Sorsogon. The rest of the provinces had greater percentages of English-speaking people, with the provinces of Ifugao, Bontoc, Benguet, and Kalinga registering the greatest percentage of English-speaking males. The census also affirmed that those who learned to speak Spanish or English also possessed the ability to read and write in those languages.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the 1918 census confirmed the great boost in the position of the English language in the Philippines since the arrival of the first <a href="/wiki/Thomasites" title="Thomasites">Thomasites</a>, Spanish still retained its privileged position in society, as was made clear by Henry Jones Ford, a professor from Princeton who was sent to the Philippines by the then American President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> for a "fact-finding mission".<sup id="cite_ref-maurofernandez2015_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maurofernandez2015-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 369">: 369 </span></sup> In his 1916 report, Ford wrote that the "Filipino gentry speak Spanish and the masses speak native dialects which are not low languages, but are refined and capable instruments of thought",<sup id="cite_ref-revistafilipinavol2no1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revistafilipinavol2no1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 45">: 45 </span></sup> adding later on the following observations: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As a matter of fact Spanish is more than ever the language of polite society, of judicial proceedings and of legislation. More people are speaking Spanish than when American occupation began and indirectly the American schools have promoted that result, inasmuch as educational advance of any kind incites desire to attain the language spoken in good society and thus establish one's position in the <i><a href="/wiki/Ilustrado" title="Ilustrado">ilustrado</a></i> class.<sup id="cite_ref-revistafilipinavol2no1_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revistafilipinavol2no1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 47">: 47 </span></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Henry Jones Ford</cite></div></blockquote> <p>He also made note of the increasing usage of the native vernacular languages through which the literature of Filipino politics reached the masses, with the native newspapers and magazines in the Philippines tending to be bilingual and with the regular form being a Spanish section and a section written in the local vernacular language, while none of them was published in English. Additionally, the most widely circulated American newspaper has a Spanish section.<sup id="cite_ref-revistafilipinavol2no1_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revistafilipinavol2no1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 47">: 47 </span></sup> </p><p>Antonio Checa Godoy assessed that between the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation of the Philippines</a>, more than 220 periodical publications were written in Spanish or, in case of bilingual and even trilingual publications, Spanish was one of the languages used. They are published and disseminated not only in Manila but also in different parts of the country, with more than 30 of them published daily. Checa Godoy also identified the first two decades of the American rule in the Philippines as the "Silver Age" of the Philippine press in Spanish, with number of copies of Spanish language periodical publications being sold daily reaching 30,000 towards the end of the 1920s, more so than the other publications written in other languages. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Renacimiento" title="El Renacimiento">El Renacimiento</a></i>, a Spanish-Tagalog bilingual newspaper established in 1901, was one of the most influential and widely distributed newspapers of the first decade of American colonial period. It was forced to close in 1908 due to a libel suit brought against it by then Secretary of Interior <a href="/wiki/Dean_C._Worcester" class="mw-redirect" title="Dean C. Worcester">Dean C. Worcester</a> after the publication of an editorial titled <i>Aves de Rapiña</i> ("Birds of Prey"), which Worcester took to be an insult against his honor and goodwill. Worcester was awarded $30,000 in damages, while the editor and publisher (<a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Kalaw" title="Teodoro Kalaw">Teodoro Kalaw</a> and Martín Ocampo) were given jail sentences. It was then re-established by Martín Ocampo in 1910 under the name of <i>La Vanguardia</i>, although it did not prosper until its purchase in 1916 by <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Roces" title="Alejandro Roces">Alejandro Roces</a>, after which it continued publishing until the days of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Another important newspaper was <i>El Ideal</i>, which was established in 1910 and served as an official organ of the Nationalist Party created by <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Sergio Osmeña">Sergio Osmeña</a>, although it was allowed to die in 1916 due to financial reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-checaprensafilipina_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-checaprensafilipina-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Silver Age came the period of decadence of the Philippine press written in Spanish, which Checa Godoy identified in the years of the 1920s and the 1930s. During this period, the number of Spanish-language newspapers and their circulation declined, while the presence of newspapers written in English and indigenous languages, especially Tagalog, increased and even overtook Spanish from its dominant position. The decline continued until the events of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, which effectively ended the Spanish-language press in the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-checaprensafilipina_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-checaprensafilipina-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20–21">: 20–21 </span></sup> </p><p>The census of 1939 showed the decline of the Spanish-speaking population in the Philippines, with the numbers slashed almost in half compared to the previous 1918 census: in a total population of approximately 16 million Filipinos, only 417,375 of them (or 2.6% of the population) are literate in the Spanish language.<sup id="cite_ref-florentino_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-florentino-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 96">: 96 </span></sup> The census also remarked regarding the declining use of Spanish in the Philippines: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In another generation, unless there is a decided increase in the use of Spanish, the persons able to speak it will have dropped to about one percent of the population.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Census of the Philippines: 1939 (page 330)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The need for a national language other than Spanish or English began to emerge from the late 1920s onwards, as President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Quezon" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Quezon">Manuel Quezon</a> complained that almost as soon as he left Manila his speeches would need to be translated, as neither Spanish nor English could be used as a medium of successful communication throughout the national territory.<sup id="cite_ref-maurofernandez2015_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maurofernandez2015-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 370">: 370 </span></sup> Inés Villa, the 1932 <a href="/wiki/Premio_Zobel" title="Premio Zobel">Premio Zobel</a> awardee, wrote in her prize-winning work <i>"Filipinas en el camino de la cultura"</i> that the educational system during the American period succeeded in its objective of widely disseminating the English language and making it an official language of the government, legislature, courts, commerce and private life, adding that the United States managed to achieve with English for only three decades what Spain failed to achieve with the Spanish language during its approximately four centuries of rule in the Philippines, further noting that as of the writing of her work, for every Filipino that speaks Spanish, there are approximately ten others that can speak English.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 98">: 98 </span></sup> In 1934, the <a href="/wiki/Tydings-McDuffie_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Tydings-McDuffie Act">Tydings-McDuffie Act</a> excluded Spanish entirely from the curriculum of public schools, while the <a href="/wiki/1934_Philippine_Constitutional_Convention_election" title="1934 Philippine Constitutional Convention election">1934 Constitutional Convention</a> set 1940 as the expiry date of the usage of Spanish as the official language of the legislature and of the courts.<sup id="cite_ref-paulapark2019_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paulapark2019-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 325">: 325 </span></sup> </p><p>The years of the American colonial period have been identified as the Golden Age of Philippine Literature in Spanish by numerous scholars such as Estanislao Alinea, Luis Mariñas and Lourdes Brillantes. One explanation given to such a designation was the rich volume of literary output produced during this era using the Spanish language. Among the great Filipino literary writers of the period were <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Mar%C3%ADa_Guerrero" title="Fernando María Guerrero">Fernando María Guerrero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Balmori" title="Jesús Balmori">Jesús Balmori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Bernabe" title="Manuel Bernabe">Manuel Bernabé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claro_M._Recto" title="Claro M. Recto">Claro M. Recto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Abad" title="Antonio Abad">Antonio Abad</a>. There were three reasons provided for this development, namely the relative freedom of expression during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">American period</a> compared to the previous <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">Spanish colonial era</a>, the publication venues provided by the Spanish language periodicals and periodicals written in other languages but with Spanish language sections, and the presence of the <a href="/wiki/Premio_Zobel" title="Premio Zobel">Premio Zobel</a>. However, Estanislao Alinea also referred to those years as the "Period of Efflorescence", highlighting the fact the behind the apparent vitality and productivity of these Spanish language writers lied the period of slow decadence and gradual decline of the language itself in the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, despite the relevance given to many of these writers in their social and nationalistic roles, even earning them an entry in the 1996 <i>Encyclopedia of the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP)</i>, most of their literary works received scarce public reception even during their lifetime. According to Rocío Ortuño, the failure of their literary endeavours can be seen in the fact that some of their works were either left unpublished or, in case of their works published in periodicals, never compiled in volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_of_Spanish">Decline of Spanish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Decline of Spanish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">Language shift</a> and <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">Language death</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manila_Walled_City_Destruction_May_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Manila_Walled_City_Destruction_May_1945.jpg/220px-Manila_Walled_City_Destruction_May_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Manila_Walled_City_Destruction_May_1945.jpg/330px-Manila_Walled_City_Destruction_May_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Manila_Walled_City_Destruction_May_1945.jpg/440px-Manila_Walled_City_Destruction_May_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="959" /></a><figcaption>The destruction of <a href="/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros">Intramuros</a> in May 1945 after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Spanish flourished in the first two decades of the 20th century because of the partial freedom of the press and as an act of defiance against the new rulers. However, it soon declined afterwards as the U.S. administration began a heavier imposition of English as the official language and medium of instruction in schools and universities.<sup id="cite_ref-forgotten_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forgotten-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-libradaavelino_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-libradaavelino-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Editorials and newspapers were increasingly forced to switch to English, leaving Spanish in a marginal position. </p><p>One of the first U.S. provisions in the Philippines, following the recommendations of the Schurman Commission, was the prohibition of Spanish as the language of instruction in public schools. Despite the fact that in 1934 it was established that American sovereignty would cease in 1946, the new Philippine Constitution stated the obligation to maintain English as the sole language of instruction. It is significant that the American language policy had among its main objectives to turn the Filipinos into "a people who can govern themselves", an end for which they would need a common language: English.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to preserve Spanish, <a href="/wiki/Zobel_de_Ayala_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Zobel de Ayala family">Enrique Zóbel de Ayala</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Academy_of_the_Spanish_Language" title="Philippine Academy of the Spanish Language">Academia Filipina de la Lengua Española</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Premio_Zobel" title="Premio Zobel">Premio Zóbel</a> in 1924 to help maintain and develop the use of Spanish by the Filipino people. </p><p>Filipino nationalists and nationalist <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiographers</a> during the American colonial period took their liberal ideas from the writings of the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Movement" title="Propaganda Movement">Filipino propaganda</a>, which portrayed Spain and all things Spanish as negative or evil. Therefore, Spanish as a language was <a href="/wiki/Black_Legend_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Legend (Spain)">demonized</a> as a sad reminder of the past.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those ideas gradually inculcated into the minds of the young generation of Filipinos (during and after the U.S. administration), which used those history textbooks at school that tended to generalize all Spaniards as villains because of lack of emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Filipino_people_of_Spanish_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino people of Spanish ancestry">Filipino people of Spanish ancestry</a>, who were also against the local Spanish government and clergy and also fought and died for the sake of freedom during the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_revolts_against_Spain#19th_century" title="Philippine revolts against Spain">19th-century revolts</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a>, and the Second World War.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1940s, as children educated in English became adults, the use of Spanish started to decline rapidly.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, a very significant community of Spanish-speakers lived in the largest cities, with a total population of roughly 300,000. However, with the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation</a> in the Second World War, the heart of Spanish in the Philippines had been dismantled.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Spanish-speaking Filipino families perished during the massacre and the bombing of the <a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines" title="Cities of the Philippines">cities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Philippines" title="Municipalities of the Philippines">municipalities</a> between 1942 and 1945. By the end of the war, an estimated 1 million Filipinos had died.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the Spanish-speakers who survived were forced to migrate in the later years. </p><p>After the war, Spanish became increasingly marginalized at an official level. As English- and American-influenced <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">pop culture</a> increased, the use of Spanish in all aspects gradually declined. In 1962, Philippine President <a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Macapagal" title="Diosdado Macapagal">Diosdado Macapagal</a> decreed that the Philippines would mark <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Philippines)" title="Independence Day (Philippines)">independence day</a> on June 12, instead of July 4, when the country gained complete <a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(Philippines)" title="Republic Day (Philippines)">independence from the United States</a>. This reflected a tendency to paint Spain as the villain and the United States as a more benevolent colonial power.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish language and culture were demonized again.<sup id="cite_ref-forgotten_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forgotten-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (January 2014)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1973, Spanish briefly lost its status as an official language of the Philippines, was quickly redesignated as an official language, and finally lost its official status by the ratification of a subsequent constitution in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-official_languages_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-official_languages-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st-century_developments">21st-century developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 21st-century developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 21st century has seen a small <a href="/wiki/Language_revitalization" title="Language revitalization">revival</a> of interest in the language among select circles, with the numbers of those studying it formally at college or taking private courses rising markedly in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-newprospects_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newprospects-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A great portion of Spanish learners in the Philippines are in the social sciences, as until recently, many land titles, contracts, newspapers, and <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of the Philippines">literature</a> were still written in Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <i><a href="/wiki/Panhispanism" title="Panhispanism">Hispanista</a></i> groups have even proposed making Spanish a compulsory subject again in school or having it used in administration, although the idea has elicited controversy among non-Spanish-speaking Filipinos.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the administration of <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a>, relations between Spain and the Philippines strengthened. <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93Spanish_Friendship_Day" title="Philippine–Spanish Friendship Day">Philippine–Spanish Friendship Day</a> was established to commemorate the cultural and historical ties, friendship, and co-operation between the Philippines and Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Philippines)" title="Department of Education (Philippines)">Department of Education</a> reintroduced Spanish as an elective course in secondary schools in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During her visit to the Philippines in July 2012, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Sof%C3%ADa_of_Spain" title="Queen Sofía of Spain">Queen Sofía of Spain</a> expressed her support for the Spanish language to be revived in Philippine schools, with 24 high school across the country offering the language as a subject.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2012, an agreement was made between the Philippine and <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chilean</a> governments to train Filipino schoolteachers in Spanish while in exchange, the Philippines would help train Chilean schoolteachers in English.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Kabataan" title="Sangguniang Kabataan">Sangguniang Kabataan</a> of Barangay Cagniog, <a href="/wiki/Surigao_City" title="Surigao City">Surigao City</a> passed a resolution declaring Spanish as one of the official working languages of the SK Barangay Cagniog which lead to enactment of an ordinance introduced by ex - SK Chairperson Frankie Salar and approved by <a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Barangay" title="Sangguniang Barangay">Sangguniang Barangay</a> in 2021. Further, the Sangguniang Panglungsod Surigao returning the ordinance to barangay for amendments, the said ordinance aim to include the teaching the Spanish in the said Barangay.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_status">Current status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Current status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Idioma_chabacano.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Idioma_chabacano.png/220px-Idioma_chabacano.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Idioma_chabacano.png/330px-Idioma_chabacano.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Idioma_chabacano.png/440px-Idioma_chabacano.png 2x" data-file-width="1976" data-file-height="3164" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Chabacano" class="mw-redirect" title="Chabacano">Chabacano</a> language in <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_(province)" title="Zamboanga (province)">Zamboanga</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Islands">Philippine Islands</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After Spain <a href="/wiki/Spanish-American_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish-American War">handed over control of the Philippines</a> to the United States in 1898, the local variety of Spanish has lost most of its speakers, and it might be now close to disappearing.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since a December 2007 directive signed by former President <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> for the teaching and learning of the Spanish language in the Philippine school system starting in 2008, the number of high schools offering Spanish as an elective course has grown to 80 schools spread across all regions of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Language assistance is provided from Spain to train and provide scholarships for Spanish language teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, interest in learning Spanish has largely been for economic purposes due to some demand for Spanish speakers from <a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing" title="Business process outsourcing">business process outsourcing</a> companies in the Philippines or job prospects abroad in the United States, which have made a number of Filipinos flock to language centers such as <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Cervantes" title="Instituto Cervantes">Instituto Cervantes</a> to learn Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics">Demographics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Filipino">Spanish Filipino</a></div> <p>According to the 1990 Philippine census, there were 2,660 native Spanish speakers in the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue1_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue1-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, there were also 3,325 Spanish citizens living in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Figures in 2020 showed about 400,000 Spanish speakers with at least proficient knowledge, which accounts for under 0.5% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-El_español_resiste_en_Filipinas_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-El_español_resiste_en_Filipinas-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a steep decline from 1998, when there were 1.8 million Spanish speakers, including those who spoke Spanish as a secondary language.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spanish-language media were present in the 2000s with one Spanish newspaper, <i>E-Dyario</i>, becoming the first Spanish digital newspaper published in the Philippines. Also, <i><a href="/wiki/Filipinas,_Ahora_Mismo" title="Filipinas, Ahora Mismo">Filipinas, Ahora Mismo</a></i> was a nationally syndicated, 60-minute, cultural radio magazine program in the Philippines that was broadcast daily in Spanish for two years in the 2000s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On September 15, 2020, a new online magazine <i>La Jornada Filipina</i> was launched by Arvyn Cerézo.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish#Phonology" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine Spanish § Phonology</a></div> <p>The main difference between Philippine Spanish and <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular Spanish</a> is that Filipinos speak with an accent inherited from local <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a>. In the Philippines, the <span class="nowrap">⟨ll⟩</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʎ/</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʝ/</span> sounds, as in <i>olla</i> ("pot") and <i>hoya</i> ("pit"), are often <a href="/wiki/Ye%C3%ADsmo#Extension_of_yeísmo" title="Yeísmo">distinguished</a>. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʎ/</span> prototypically occurs as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʎ]</span>, though it is sometimes realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[lj]</span>, especially among the most recent generation of speakers. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʝ/</span>, on the other hand, is typically realized as an approximant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span> in all positions, rarely ever occurring as a fricative or affricate <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʝ~ɟʝ]</span> like in other Spanish dialects. </p><p>Filipinos also often <a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Spanish_coronal_fricatives#Distinction" title="Phonological history of Spanish coronal fricatives">distinguish</a> between the <span class="nowrap">⟨z⟩</span>/<span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θ/</span> sound and the <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> sound. However, the non-learned population generally <a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Spanish_coronal_fricatives#Seseo" title="Phonological history of Spanish coronal fricatives">merges</a> the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θ/</span> sound, written <span class="nowrap">⟨z⟩</span>/<span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span>, with the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> sound, written <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span>. Others, especially more modern speakers, may <a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Spanish_coronal_fricatives#Ceseo_or_seceo" title="Phonological history of Spanish coronal fricatives">inconsistently distinguish</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span>, sometimes even in the same word. Moreover, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θ/</span>–<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> distinction does not occur in <a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a>; instead, Spanish words with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θ/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> are all loaned into Chavacano with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span> being used for both phonemes.<sup id="cite_ref-LOTSG_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOTSG-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The velar fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span>, known in Spanish as "jota", is strongly fricated <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span>, resembling Peninsular Spanish. It is also occasionally pronounced as glottal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span> due to most Philippine languages lacking a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span> phoneme but having <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>. Thus, names like "José" may be pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[xoˈse]</span> or, less commonly, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hoˈse]</span>. Realization of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span> is also found in <a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canarian_Spanish" title="Canarian Spanish">Canary Islands</a>, and some parts of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Latin America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_the_languages_of_the_Philippines">Influence on the languages of the Philippines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Influence on the languages of the Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Spanish language">Old Spanish language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic history of Spanish">Linguistic history of Spanish</a></div> <p>There are approximately 4,000 Spanish loan words in Tagalog (between 20% and 33% of Tagalog words),<sup id="cite_ref-newprospects_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newprospects-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and around 6,000 Spanish words in Visayan and other Philippine languages. The Spanish counting system, calendar, time, etc. are still in use with slight modifications. Archaic Spanish words have been preserved in Tagalog and the other Philippine vernaculars, such as <i lang="tl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pera#Tagalog" class="extiw" title="wikt:pera">pera</a></i> (from <i lang="es"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/perra#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:perra">perra</a></i>, meaning "cash"), <i lang="tl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sabon#Tagalog" class="extiw" title="wikt:sabon">sabon</a></i> ("soap", modern Spanish <i lang="es"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jab%C3%B3n#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:jabón">jabón</a></i>; at the beginning of Spanish rule, the <i>j</i> used to be pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span>, the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">voiceless postalveolar fricative</a> or the "sh" sound), <i><i lang="tl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/relos#Tagalog" class="extiw" title="wikt:relos">relos</a></i></i> ("watch", modern Spanish <i lang="es"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reloj#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:reloj">reloj</a></i>, with a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span> or [h] sound), and <i lang="gl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kuwarta#Galician" class="extiw" title="wikt:kuwarta">kuwarta</a></i> ("money", from <i lang="es"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cuarta#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:cuarta">cuarta</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Spanish_words_of_Philippine_origin">List of Spanish words of Philippine origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: List of Spanish words of Philippine origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Influences_on_the_Spanish_language" title="Influences on the Spanish language">Influences on the Spanish language</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <p>Although the greatest linguistic impact and <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> have been from Spanish to the languages of the Philippines, the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a> have also loaned some words to Spanish. </p><p>The following are some of the words of Philippine origin that can be found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Diccionario_de_la_lengua_espa%C3%B1ola_de_la_Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola" class="mw-redirect" title="Diccionario de la lengua española de la Real Academia Española">Diccionario de la lengua española de la Real Academia Española</a></i>, the dictionary published by the <a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Academia Española">Real Academia Española</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Spanish loan word </th> <th>Origin </th> <th>Tagalog </th> <th>English equivalent </th></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=abac%E1">abacá</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Old Tagalog</a>: abacá</td> <td>abaká</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Abaca">abaca</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=baguio">baguio</a></td> <td>Old Tagalog: baguio</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bagyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagyo">bagyo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">typhoon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane">hurricane</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=barangay">barangay</a></td> <td>Old Tagalog: balan͠gay</td> <td>baranggay/barangay</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">barangay</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=bolo">bolo</a></td> <td>Old Tagalog: bolo</td> <td>bolo</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bolo_knife" title="Bolo knife">bolo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=carabao">carabao</a></td> <td>Waray-Waray: carabáo</td> <td>kalabáw</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carabao" title="Carabao">carabao</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=caracoa">caracoa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Visayan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Visayan languages">Visayan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Karakoa" title="Karakoa">karakoa</a></td> <td>karakaw</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karakoa" title="Karakoa">karakoa</a>, a <a href="/wiki/War_canoe" title="War canoe">war canoe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=cog%F3n">cogón</a></td> <td>Old Tagalog: cogón</td> <td>kogón</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Imperata_cylindrica" title="Imperata cylindrica">cogon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=dalaga">dalaga</a></td> <td>Old Tagalog: dalagà</td> <td>dalaga</td> <td>single, young woman </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=gumamela">gumamela</a></td> <td>Old Tagalog: gumamela</td> <td>gumamela</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hibiscus_rosa-sinensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibiscus rosa-sinensis">Chinese hibiscus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=nipa">nipa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Visayan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Visayan languages">Visayan</a>: nipà</td> <td>nipa</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nipa_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Nipa palm">nipa palm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=paipay">paipay</a></td> <td>Old Tagalog: paypay or pay-pay</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pamaypay" title="Pamaypay">pamaypay</a></td> <td>a type of <a href="/wiki/Fan_(implement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fan (implement)">fan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=palay">palay</a></td> <td>Old Tagalog: palay</td> <td>palay</td> <td>unhusked rice </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=pantal%E1n">pantalán</a></td> <td>Cebuano: pantalán</td> <td>pantalán</td> <td>wooden <a href="/wiki/Pier" title="Pier">pier</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=salisipan">salisipan</a></td> <td>Old Tagalog: salicipan</td> <td>salisipan</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salisipan" title="Salisipan">salisipan</a>, a pirate ship </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=sampaguita">sampaguita</a></td> <td>Old Tagalog: sampaga</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jasminum_sambac" title="Jasminum sambac">sampagita</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jasmine" title="Jasmine">jasmine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=sawali">sawali</a></td> <td>Old Tagalog: sauali</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sawali" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawali">sawali</a></td> <td>sawali, a woven <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> mat </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=tuba">tuba</a></td> <td>Cebuano: tuba</td> <td>tuba</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">palm wine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=yoy%F3">yoyó</a></td> <td>Ilocano: yoyó</td> <td>yo-yó</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yo-yo" title="Yo-yo">yo-yo</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_influence_on_Filipino_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic influence on Filipino culture">Hispanic influence on Filipino culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Languages of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Union" title="Latin Union">Latin Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature_in_Spanish" title="Philippine literature in Spanish">Philippine literature in Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93Spanish_Friendship_Day" title="Philippine–Spanish Friendship Day">Philippine–Spanish Friendship Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_education_during_Spanish_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippines education during Spanish rule">Philippines education during Spanish rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Filipino">Spanish Filipino</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-official_languages-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-official_languages_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-official_languages_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-official_languages_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Article XIV, Section 3 of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/item/1935-constitution.html">1935 Philippine Constitution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615110313/http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/item/1935-constitution.html">Archived</a> June 15, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> provided, "[...] Until otherwise provided by law, English and Spanish shall continue as official languages." The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/item/1943-constitution.html">1943 Philippine Constitution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130614055346/http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/item/1943-constitution.html">Archived</a> June 14, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in effect during occupation by Japanese forces, and later repudiated) did not specify official languages. Article XV, Section 3(3) of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/item/1973-constitution.html">1973 Philippine constitution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615092015/http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/item/1973-constitution.html">Archived</a> June 15, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ratified on January 17, 1973 specified, "Until otherwise provided by law, English and Pilipino shall be the official languages. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chanrobles.com/presidentialdecrees/presidentialdecreeno155.html">Presidential Decree No. 155</a> dated March 15, 1973 ordered, "[...] that the Spanish language shall continue to be recognized as an official language in the Philippines while important documents in government files are in the Spanish language and not translated into either English or Pilipino language." Article XIV Section 7 of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-xiv/">1987 Philippine Constitution</a> specified, "For purposes of communication and instruction, the official languages of the Philippines are Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-voluntary_and_optional-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-voluntary_and_optional_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-voluntary_and_optional_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Article XIV, Sec 7</b>: For purposes of communication and instruction, the official languages of the Philippines are Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English. The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein. <b>Spanish</b> and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc.com-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc.com_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc.com_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-54724887">"Por qué Filipinas no es un país hispanoparlante si fue una colonia de España durante 300 años (y qué huellas quedan de la lengua de Cervantes)"</a>. <i>BBC News Mundo</i> (in Spanish). January 30, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210130181828/https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-54724887">Archived</a> from the original on January 30, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Mundo&rft.atitle=Por+qu%C3%A9+Filipinas+no+es+un+pa%C3%ADs+hispanoparlante+si+fue+una+colonia+de+Espa%C3%B1a+durante+300+a%C3%B1os+%28y+qu%C3%A9+huellas+quedan+de+la+lengua+de+Cervantes%29&rft.date=2021-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fmundo%2Fnoticias-54724887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOcampo2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ambeth_Ocampo" title="Ambeth Ocampo">Ocampo, Ambeth</a> (December 4, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120311211640/http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20071204-104897/The_loss_of_Spanish">"The loss of Spanish"</a>. Makati City, Philippines: Philippine Daily Inquirer (INQUIRER.net). Opinion. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20071204-104897/The_loss_of_Spanish">the original</a> on March 11, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+loss+of+Spanish&rft.place=Makati+City%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=Opinion&rft.pub=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer+%28INQUIRER.net%29&rft.date=2007-12-04&rft.aulast=Ocampo&rft.aufirst=Ambeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopinion.inquirer.net%2Finquireropinion%2Fcolumns%2Fview%2F20071204-104897%2FThe_loss_of_Spanish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-El_español_resiste_en_Filipinas-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-El_español_resiste_en_Filipinas_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-El_español_resiste_en_Filipinas_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGómez_Armas2021" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gómez Armas, Sara (May 19, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coolt.com/ideas/espanol-resiste-en-filipinas_24_102.html">"El español resiste en Filipinas"</a> [Spanish resists in the Philippines]. <i>COOLT</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=COOLT&rft.atitle=El+espa%C3%B1ol+resiste+en+Filipinas&rft.date=2021-05-19&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3mez+Armas&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coolt.com%2Fideas%2Fespanol-resiste-en-filipinas_24_102.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-florentino-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-florentino_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-florentino_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-florentino_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-florentino_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodao1997" class="citation journal cs1">Rodao, Florentino (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/view/505/509">"Spanish Language in the Philippines: 1900-1940"</a>. <i>Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints</i>. <b>45</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">94–</span>107. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2244-1638">2244-1638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Studies%3A+Historical+and+Ethnographic+Viewpoints&rft.atitle=Spanish+Language+in+the+Philippines%3A+1900-1940&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E94-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.date=1997&rft.issn=2244-1638&rft.aulast=Rodao&rft.aufirst=Florentino&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philippinestudies.net%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fps%2Farticle%2Fview%2F505%2F509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1897and1899-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1897and1899_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1897and1899_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1897and1899_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Malolos_Constitution" title="Malolos Constitution">Malolos Constitution</a> was written in Spanish, and no official English translation was released. Article 93 read, "<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es-PH">Artículo 93.° El empleo de las lenguas usadas en Filipinas es potestativo. No puede regularse sino por la ley y solamente para los actos de la autoridad pública y los asuntos judiciales. Para estos actos se usará por ahora la lengua castellana.</i></span>";<br />A literal translation originally printed as exhibit IV, Volume I, <i>Report of the Philippine Commission to the President</i>, January 31, 1900, Senate Document 188. Fifty-sixth Congress, first session.) read, "ART.93 The use of the languages spoken in the Philippines is optional. It can only be regulated by law, and solely as regards acts of public authority and judicial affairs. For these acts, the Spanish language shall be used for the time being.", <a href="#CITEREFKalaw1927">Kalaw 1927</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer;cc=philamer;idno=afj2233.0001.001;frm=frameset;view=image;seq=463;page=root;size=s">443</a>;<br /> In 1972, the Philippine Government <a href="/wiki/National_Historical_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="National Historical Institute">National Historical Institute</a> (NHI) published <a href="#CITEREFGuevara1972">Guevara 1972</a>, which contained a somewhat different English translation in which Article 93 read, "Article 93. The use of languages spoken in the Philippines shall be optional. Their use cannot be regulated except by virtue of law, and solely for acts of public authority and in the courts. For these acts the Spanish language may be used in the meantime." <a href="#CITEREFGuevara1972">Guevara 1972</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer;cc=philamer;idno=aab1246.0001.001;frm=frameset;view=image;seq=135;page=root;size=s">117</a>;<br /> Other translations also exist (e.g. <a href="#CITEREFRodriguez1997">Rodriguez 1997</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l8alSTTrk48C&pg=PA130">130</a>);<br /> As of 2008, the NHI translation seems to predominate in publication, with some sources describing it as "official" or "approved": <a href="#CITEREFRappaWee2006">Rappa & Wee 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KXQTIl2eox4C&pg=PA67">67</a>; <a href="#CITEREFWoods2005">Woods 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C&pg=PA218">218</a>; <a href="#CITEREFCorpus_Juris">Corpus Juris</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLawPhil">LawPhil</a>; (others).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zamboanga-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zamboanga_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zamboanga_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101201023553/http://zamboanga.com/history/republic_of_zamboanga.html">"History of The Republic of Zamboanga (May 1899 – March 1903)"</a>. Zamboanga City, Philippines: zamboanga.com. July 18, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zamboanga.com/history/republic_of_zamboanga.html">the original</a> on December 1, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+The+Republic+of+Zamboanga+%28May+1899+%E2%80%93+March+1903%29&rft.place=Zamboanga+City%2C+Philippines&rft.pub=zamboanga.com&rft.date=2009-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zamboanga.com%2Fhistory%2Frepublic_of_zamboanga.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-statistics-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-statistics_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statistics_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statistics_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGómez_Rivera" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_G%C3%B3mez_Rivera" title="Guillermo Gómez Rivera">Gómez Rivera, Guillermo</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027104021/http://de.geocities.com/hispanofilipino/Articles/EstadisticasEng.html">"Statistics: Spanish Language in the Philippines"</a>. Circulo Hispano-Filipino. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://de.geocities.com/hispanofilipino/Articles/EstadisticasEng.html">the original</a> on October 27, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics%3A+Spanish+Language+in+the+Philippines&rft.pub=Circulo+Hispano-Filipino&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3mez+Rivera&rft.aufirst=Guillermo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fde.geocities.com%2Fhispanofilipino%2FArticles%2FEstadisticasEng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-libradaavelino-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-libradaavelino_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-libradaavelino_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGómez_Rivera2001" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_G%C3%B3mez_Rivera" title="Guillermo Gómez Rivera">Gómez Rivera, Guillermo</a> (February 11, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100923201447/http://www.buscoenlaces.es/kaibigankastila/libradav_eng.html">"The Librada Avelino-Gilbert Newton Encounter (Manila, 1913)"</a>. Spain: buscoenlaces.es. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buscoenlaces.es/kaibigankastila/libradav_eng.html">the original</a> on September 23, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Librada+Avelino-Gilbert+Newton+Encounter+%28Manila%2C+1913%29&rft.place=Spain&rft.pub=buscoenlaces.es&rft.date=2001-02-11&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3mez+Rivera&rft.aufirst=Guillermo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buscoenlaces.es%2Fkaibigankastila%2Flibradav_eng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://filipinolibrarian.blogspot.com/2006/08/talumpati-manuel-l-quezon.html">"Talumpati: Manuel L. Quezon"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 26,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Talumpati%3A+Manuel+L.+Quezon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffilipinolibrarian.blogspot.com%2F2006%2F08%2Ftalumpati-manuel-l-quezon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGómez_Rivera2001" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_G%C3%B3mez_Rivera" title="Guillermo Gómez Rivera">Gómez Rivera, Guillermo</a> (April 10, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130919003751/http://emanila.com/news/opinion/ggrivera_2001_04_10_opinion_tagalog.html">"The evolution of the native Tagalog alphabet"</a>. Philippines: emanila.com. Views & Reviews. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emanila.com/news/opinion/ggrivera_2001_04_10_opinion_tagalog.html">the original</a> on September 19, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+evolution+of+the+native+Tagalog+alphabet&rft.place=Philippines&rft.pages=Views+%26+Reviews&rft.pub=emanila.com&rft.date=2001-04-10&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3mez+Rivera&rft.aufirst=Guillermo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femanila.com%2Fnews%2Fopinion%2Fggrivera_2001_04_10_opinion_tagalog.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipski" class="citation web cs1">Lipski, John M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090929122618/http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/j/m/jml34/chabacano.pdf">"Chabacano, Spanish and the Philippine Linguistic Identity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/j/m/jml34/chabacano.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 29, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines. p. 9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/asia/philippines/ical/papers/Villareal-Hiligaynon_lang_desire.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 11, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2010</span>. <q>But the real authors were really the Ladinos, natives from the Philippine who were the informants, translators, or even better, consultants of the missionaries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tenth+International+Conference+on+Austronesian+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Language+and+Desire+in+Hiligaynon&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2006-01-17%2F2006-01-20&rft.aulast=Villareal&rft.aufirst=Coraz%C3%B3n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.org%2Fasia%2Fphilippines%2Fical%2Fpapers%2FVillareal-Hiligaynon_lang_desire.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArcilla1994">Arcilla 1994</a>, p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck" class="citation web cs1">Beck, Sanderson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.san.beck.org/21-Summary.html#a6">"Summary and Evaluation"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Solidaridad+%3A+Our+purposes&rft.place=Barcelona%2C+Spain&rft.pub=La+Solidaridad&rft.date=1889-02-15&rft.aulast=L%C3%B3pez+Jaena&rft.aufirst=Graciano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filipiniana.net%2FArtifactView.do%3FartifactID%3DGVH200900002%26query%3Dla%2520solidaridad%26page%3D220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdel_Pilar1889" class="citation web cs1">del Pilar, Marcelo (February 15, 1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060820180839/http://www.thefreeman.com/opinion/index.php?fullstory=1&issue=articles_20040627&id=19361">"The teaching of Spanish in the Philippines"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+teaching+of+Spanish+in+the+Philippines&rft.place=Barcelona%2C+Spain&rft.pub=La+Solidaridad&rft.date=1889-02-15&rft.aulast=del+Pilar&rft.aufirst=Marcelo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreeman.com%2Fopinion%2Findex.php%3Ffullstory%3D1%26issue%3Darticles_20040627%26id%3D19361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdel_Pilar1889" class="citation web cs1">del Pilar, Marcelo H. (April 25, 1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120219010836/http://www.filipiniana.net/ArtifactView.do?artifactID=GVH200900006&query=la%20solidaridad&page=62">"The aspirations of the Filipinos"</a>. Barcelona, Spain: La Solidaridad. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filipiniana.net/ArtifactView.do?artifactID=GVH200900006&query=la%20solidaridad&page=62#">the original</a> on February 19, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+aspirations+of+the+Filipinos&rft.place=Barcelona%2C+Spain&rft.pub=La+Solidaridad&rft.date=1889-04-25&rft.aulast=del+Pilar&rft.aufirst=Marcelo+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filipiniana.net%2FArtifactView.do%3FartifactID%3DGVH200900006%26query%3Dla%2520solidaridad%26page%3D62%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLópez_Jaena1889" class="citation web cs1">López Jaena, Graciano (February 15, 1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120327132919/http://www.filipiniana.net/ArtifactView.do?artifactID=GVH201000017&query=La%20Solidaridad&page=234">"Congratulations to the young women of Malolos"</a>. Barcelona, Spain: La Solidaridad. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filipiniana.net/ArtifactView.do?artifactID=GVH201000017&query=La%20Solidaridad&page=234">the original</a> on March 27, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congratulations+to+the+young+women+of+Malolos&rft.place=Barcelona%2C+Spain&rft.pub=La+Solidaridad&rft.date=1889-02-15&rft.aulast=L%C3%B3pez+Jaena&rft.aufirst=Graciano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filipiniana.net%2FArtifactView.do%3FartifactID%3DGVH201000017%26query%3DLa%2520Solidaridad%26page%3D234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGonzalez1998">Gonzalez 1998</a>, p. 521 (Note 7)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andrewgonzalez-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-andrewgonzalez_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzalez1998" class="citation journal cs1">Gonzalez, Andrew (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114194404/http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jmmd/019/0487/jmmd0190487.pdf">"The Language Planning Situation in the Philippines"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development</i>. <b>19</b> (5&6): 513. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01434639808666365">10.1080/01434639808666365</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jmmd/019/0487/jmmd0190487.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 14, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Multilingual+and+Multicultural+Development&rft.atitle=The+Language+Planning+Situation+in+the+Philippines&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=5%266&rft.pages=513&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01434639808666365&rft.aulast=Gonzalez&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.multilingual-matters.net%2Fjmmd%2F019%2F0487%2Fjmmd0190487.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rizal, José: <i>Noli me tangere</i>, ed. of Isaac Donoso, trans. engl. of Charles E. Derbyshire, pref. of Ambeth Ocampo, il. of Juan Luna, Quezon, Vibal Foundation, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-0182-664" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-0182-664">978-971-0182-664</a>; Rizal, José: <i>Prosa selecta. Narraciones y Ensayos</i>, ed. of Isaac Donoso, Madrid, Verbum, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-847-962-741-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-847-962-741-6">978-847-962-741-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111009012818/http://thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/item/1899-constitution.html">"1899 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines Title XIV Article 93"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/item/1899-constitution.html">the original</a> on October 9, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1899+Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines+Title+XIV+Article+93&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthecorpusjuris.com%2Flaws%2Fconstitutions%2Fitem%2F1899-constitution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuevara1972">Guevara 1972</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer;cc=philamer;idno=aab1246.0001.001;size=S;frm=frameset;seq=12;page=root;view=image">Contents</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodno1991" class="citation book cs1">Goodno, James B. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p3RxAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Philippines: land of broken promises</i></a>. Zed Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p3RxAAAAMAAJ&q=estimated+one-sixth">33</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86232-862-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86232-862-7"><bdi>978-0-86232-862-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+land+of+broken+promises&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-86232-862-7&rft.aulast=Goodno&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp3RxAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Filipinos and Americans during the Philippine–American War (producer: fonsucu) (September 26, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SfLJQYuSZSk"><i>Forgotten Filipinos/The Filipino genocide</i></a>. YouTube (youtube.com). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/SfLJQYuSZSk">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Filipinos%2FThe+Filipino+genocide&rft.pub=YouTube+%28youtube.com%29&rft.date=2009-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DSfLJQYuSZSk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Filipinos and Americans during the Philippine–American War (producer: fonsucu) (September 26, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QqtXsZkWYkc"><i>El genocidio filipino/Los filipinos olvidados</i></a>. YouTube (youtube.com). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/QqtXsZkWYkc">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+genocidio+filipino%2FLos+filipinos+olvidados&rft.pub=YouTube+%28youtube.com%29&rft.date=2009-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DQqtXsZkWYkc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maurofernandez2015-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maurofernandez2015_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maurofernandez2015_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maurofernandez2015_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValle2015" class="citation book cs1">Valle, José del (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/958470778"><i>A political history of Spanish the making of a language</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-53365-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-53365-3"><bdi>978-1-107-53365-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/958470778">958470778</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+political+history+of+Spanish+the+making+of+a+language&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F958470778&rft.isbn=978-1-107-53365-3&rft.aulast=Valle&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+del&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F958470778&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/832813867"><i>Census of the Philippine Islands taken under the direction of the Philippine Legislature in the year 1918 ... Compiled and published by the Census Office of the Philippine Islands. [Vol. 1, no. 2]</i></a>. Manila,: Bureau of Printing Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/832813867">832813867</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+of+the+Philippine+Islands+taken+under+the+direction+of+the+Philippine+Legislature+in+the+year+1918+...+Compiled+and+published+by+the+Census+Office+of+the+Philippine+Islands.+%5BVol.+1%2C+no.+2%5D&rft.pub=Manila%2C%3A+Bureau+of+Printing+Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan%3A+University+of+Michigan+Library&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F832813867&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F832813867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-revistafilipinavol2no1-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-revistafilipinavol2no1_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-revistafilipinavol2no1_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-revistafilipinavol2no1_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNieva" class="citation book cs1">Nieva, Gregorio, ed. 1880-. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/701328541"><i>The Philippine review (Revista filipina) [Vol. 2, no. 1]</i></a>. 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Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/701328541">701328541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+review+%28Revista+filipina%29+%5BVol.+2%2C+no.+1%5D&rft.pub=Manila%2C+P.I.%2C%3A+G.+Nieva+%5Betc.%5D.+Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan%3A+University+of+Michigan+Library&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F701328541&rft.aulast=Nieva&rft.aufirst=Gregorio%2C+ed.+1880-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F701328541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-checaprensafilipina-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-checaprensafilipina_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-checaprensafilipina_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodoy2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Godoy, Antonio Checa (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5139632">"La prensa filipina en español entre dos guerras (1899-1941)"</a>. <i>Revista Internacional de Historia de la Comunicación</i> (in Spanish). <b>1</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">22–</span>51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12795%2FRiHC.2015.i04.02">10.12795/RiHC.2015.i04.02</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2255-5129">2255-5129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Internacional+de+Historia+de+la+Comunicaci%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=La+prensa+filipina+en+espa%C3%B1ol+entre+dos+guerras+%281899-1941%29&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12795%2FRiHC.2015.i04.02&rft.issn=2255-5129&rft.aulast=Godoy&rft.aufirst=Antonio+Checa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdialnet.unirioja.es%2Fservlet%2Farticulo%3Fcodigo%3D5139632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1927" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Carson (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3oE6AAAAMAAJ"><i>History of the Philippine Press</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=REAL+ACADEMIA+ESPA%C3%91OLA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rae.es%2Frae.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawPhil" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawphil.net/consti/consmalo.html"><i>1899 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines (Malolos Convention)</i></a>, Arellano Law Foundation: The LawPhil Project</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1899+Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines+%28Malolos+Convention%29&rft.pub=Arellano+Law+Foundation%3A+The+LawPhil+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawphil.net%2Fconsti%2Fconsmalo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorpus_Juris" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111009012818/http://thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/item/1899-constitution.html"><i>1899 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines (Malolos Convention)</i></a>, Corpus Juris Philippine Law Library, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/item/1899-constitution.html">the original</a> on October 9, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1899+Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines+%28Malolos+Convention%29&rft.pub=Corpus+Juris+Philippine+Law+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthecorpusjuris.com%2Flaws%2Fconstitutions%2Fitem%2F1899-constitution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgoncillo1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Agoncillo" title="Teodoro Agoncillo">Agoncillo, Teodoro C.</a> (1990) [1960]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoffilipin00teod"><i>History of the Filipino People</i></a></span> (8th ed.). Quezon City: Garotech Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-8711-06-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-8711-06-4"><bdi>978-971-8711-06-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Filipino+People&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Garotech+Publishing&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-971-8711-06-4&rft.aulast=Agoncillo&rft.aufirst=Teodoro+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoffilipin00teod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-8711-06-6" title="Special:BookSources/971-8711-06-6">971-8711-06-6</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-8711-06-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-8711-06-4">978-971-8711-06-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcilla1994" class="citation book cs1">Arcilla, José S. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uxEYobbU-D8C"><i>An Introduction to Philippine History</i></a> (Fourth ed.). Ateneo de Manila University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-550-261-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-550-261-0"><bdi>978-971-550-261-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Philippine+History&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-971-550-261-0&rft.aulast=Arcilla&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuxEYobbU-D8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-550-261-X" title="Special:BookSources/971-550-261-X">971-550-261-X</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-550-261-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-550-261-0">978-971-550-261-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEscalante2007" class="citation book cs1">Escalante, Rene R. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=obZwAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Bearer of Pax Americana: The Philippine Career of William H. Taft, 1900–1903</i></a>. Quezon City, Philippines: New Day Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-10-1166-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-10-1166-6"><bdi>978-971-10-1166-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bearer+of+Pax+Americana%3A+The+Philippine+Career+of+William+H.+Taft%2C+1900%E2%80%931903&rft.place=Quezon+City%2C+Philippines&rft.pub=New+Day+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-971-10-1166-6&rft.aulast=Escalante&rft.aufirst=Rene+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DobZwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-10-1166-2" title="Special:BookSources/971-10-1166-2">971-10-1166-2</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-10-1166-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-10-1166-6">978-971-10-1166-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuerrero1987" class="citation cs2">Guerrero, León María (1987), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EPw1AAAAIAAJ"><i>The First Filipino, a Biography of José Rizal</i></a>, National Heroes Commission</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Filipino%2C+a+Biography+of+Jos%C3%A9+Rizal&rft.pub=National+Heroes+Commission&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Guerrero&rft.aufirst=Le%C3%B3n+Mar%C3%ADa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEPw1AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuevara1972" class="citation book cs1">Guevara, Sulpico, ed. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=aab1246.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=122">"The Malolos Constitution (English translation)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=philamer;iel=1;view=toc;idno=aab1246.0001.001"><i>The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899</i></a>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Malolos+Constitution+%28English+translation%29&rft.btitle=The+laws+of+the+first+Philippine+Republic+%28the+laws+of+Malolos%29+1898%E2%80%931899.&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Library&rft.date=1972&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Fpageviewer-idx%3Fc%3Dphilamer%26cc%3Dphilamer%26idno%3Daab1246.0001.001%26frm%3Dframeset%26view%3Dimage%26seq%3D122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalaw1927" class="citation book cs1">Kalaw, Maximo M. (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=afj2233.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=450">"Appendix D, The Political Constitution of the Philippine Republic"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=philamer;idno=AFJ2233.0001.001"><i>The development of Philippine politics</i></a>. Oriental commercial.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+D%2C+The+Political+Constitution+of+the+Philippine+Republic&rft.btitle=The+development+of+Philippine+politics&rft.pub=Oriental+commercial&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Kalaw&rft.aufirst=Maximo+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Fpageviewer-idx%3Fc%3Dphilamer%26cc%3Dphilamer%26idno%3Dafj2233.0001.001%26frm%3Dframeset%26view%3Dimage%26seq%3D450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPennyPenny2002" class="citation book cs1">Penny, Ralph; Penny, Ralph John (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofspanish0000penn"><i>A history of the Spanish language</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01184-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01184-6"><bdi>978-0-521-01184-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Spanish+language&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-01184-6&rft.aulast=Penny&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft.au=Penny%2C+Ralph+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofspanish0000penn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008" class="citation book cs1">Quilis, Antonio; Casado-Fresnillo, Celia (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xq_Lr-47DVUC&q=quilis+casado+fresnillo+filipinas"><i>La lengua española en Filipinas: Historia, situación actual, el chabacano, antología de textos</i></a>. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Instituto de Lengua, Literatura y Antropología; Anejos de la Revista de Filología Española. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-00-08635-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-00-08635-0"><bdi>978-84-00-08635-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+lengua+espa%C3%B1ola+en+Filipinas%3A+Historia%2C+situaci%C3%B3n+actual%2C+el+chabacano%2C+antolog%C3%ADa+de+textos&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Consejo+Superior+de+Investigaciones+Cient%C3%ADficas%3B+Instituto+de+Lengua%2C+Literatura+y+Antropolog%C3%ADa%3B+Anejos+de+la+Revista+de+Filolog%C3%ADa+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-84-00-08635-0&rft.aulast=Quilis&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft.au=Casado-Fresnillo%2C+Celia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxq_Lr-47DVUC%26q%3Dquilis%2Bcasado%2Bfresnillo%2Bfilipinas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRappaWee2006" class="citation book cs1">Rappa, Antonio L.; Wee, Lionel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KXQTIl2eox4C"><i>Language Policy and Modernity in Southeast Asia: Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4510-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4510-3"><bdi>978-1-4020-4510-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Policy+and+Modernity+in+Southeast+Asia%3A+Malaysia%2C+the+Philippines%2C+Singapore%2C+and+Thailand&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-4510-3&rft.aulast=Rappa&rft.aufirst=Antonio+L.&rft.au=Wee%2C+Lionel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKXQTIl2eox4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4020-4510-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-4020-4510-7">1-4020-4510-7</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4510-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4510-3">978-1-4020-4510-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez1997" class="citation book cs1">Rodriguez, Rufus Bautista (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l8alSTTrk48C&pg=PA117">"The 1899 'Malolos' Constitution"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l8alSTTrk48C"><i>Constitutionalism in the Philippines: With Complete Texts of the 1987 Constitution and Other Previous Organic Acts and Constitutions</i></a>. Rex Bookstore, Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l8alSTTrk48C&pg=PA130">130</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-23-2193-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-23-2193-1"><bdi>978-971-23-2193-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+1899+%27Malolos%27+Constitution&rft.btitle=Constitutionalism+in+the+Philippines%3A+With+Complete+Texts+of+the+1987+Constitution+and+Other+Previous+Organic+Acts+and+Constitutions&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Rex+Bookstore%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-971-23-2193-1&rft.aulast=Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=Rufus+Bautista&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl8alSTTrk48C%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-23-2193-2" title="Special:BookSources/971-23-2193-2">971-23-2193-2</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-23-2193-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-23-2193-1">978-971-23-2193-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodríguez-Ponga" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rodríguez-Ponga, Rafael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010021732/http://descargas.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/bameric/01350553135573500088680/209438_0011.pdf">"Pero ¿cuántos hablan español en Filipinas?/But how many speak Spanish in the Philippines?"</a> [But how many speak Spanish in the Philippines?] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://descargas.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/bameric/01350553135573500088680/209438_0011.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 10, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pero+%C2%BFcu%C3%A1ntos+hablan+espa%C3%B1ol+en+Filipinas%3F%2FBut+how+many+speak+Spanish+in+the+Philippines%3F&rft.aulast=Rodr%C3%ADguez-Ponga&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdescargas.cervantesvirtual.com%2Fservlet%2FSirveObras%2Fbameric%2F01350553135573500088680%2F209438_0011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens1898" class="citation cs2">Stevens, Joseph Earle (1898), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yesterdaysinphi01goog"><i>Yesterdays in the Philippines</i></a>, Scribner</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yesterdays+in+the+Philippines&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Earle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyesterdaysinphi01goog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods2005" class="citation book cs1">Woods, Damon L. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C"><i>The Philippines: A Global Studies Handbook</i></a> (illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-675-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-675-6"><bdi>978-1-85109-675-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+A+Global+Studies+Handbook&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-675-6&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Damon+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Z-n_kDTxf0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-675-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85109-675-2">1-85109-675-2</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-675-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-675-6">978-1-85109-675-6</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>General</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes1945" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, William Cameron (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HBpbAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Philippine Islands</i></a>. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674282490" title="Special:BookSources/9780674282490"><bdi>9780674282490</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+Islands&rft.place=Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1945&rft.isbn=9780674282490&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=William+Cameron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHBpbAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Statistics</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGómez_Rivera" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_G%C3%B3mez_Rivera" title="Guillermo Gómez Rivera">Gómez Rivera, Guillermo</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027104021/http://de.geocities.com/hispanofilipino/Articles/EstadisticasEng.html">"Statistics: Spanish Language in the Philippines"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buscoenlaces.es/kaibigankastila/rivera4.html">the original</a> on October 27, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics%3A+Spanish+Language+in+the+Philippines&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3mez+Rivera&rft.aufirst=Guillermo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buscoenlaces.es%2Fkaibigankastila%2Frivera4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGómez_Rivera" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gómez Rivera, Guillermo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100923203902/http://www.buscoenlaces.es/kaibigankastila/rivera4.html">"Estadística: El Idioma español en Filipinas"</a> [Statistics: Spanish Language in the Philippines] (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buscoenlaces.es/kaibigankastila/rivera4.html">the original</a> on September 23, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estad%C3%ADstica%3A+El+Idioma+espa%C3%B1ol+en+Filipinas&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3mez+Rivera&rft.aufirst=Guillermo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuscoenlaces.es%2Fkaibigankastila%2Frivera4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Language Situation</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade_Jr.2001" class="citation web cs1">Andrade Jr., Pío (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726073441/http://www.galeondemanila.org/index.php/component/content/article/49/111">"Education and Spanish in the Philippines"</a>. Madrid, Spain: Asociación Cultural Galeón de Manila. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galeondemanila.org/index.php/component/content/article/49/111">the original</a> on July 26, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2010</span> – via galeondemanila.org/ galeondemanila.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Education+and+Spanish+in+the+Philippines&rft.place=Madrid%2C+Spain&rft.pub=Asociaci%C3%B3n+Cultural+Gale%C3%B3n+de+Manila&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Andrade+Jr.&rft.aufirst=P%C3%ADo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.galeondemanila.org%2Findex.php%2Fcomponent%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F49%2F111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCano2017" class="citation book cs1">Cano, Gloria (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36532126">"The Battle for Spanish as Official Language, 1899-1905"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WbPRuQEACAAJ"><i>Philippine Modernities: Music, Performing Arts, and Language, 1880 to 1941</i></a>. University of the Philippines Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">431–</span>576. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-542-849-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-542-849-1"><bdi>978-971-542-849-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Battle+for+Spanish+as+Official+Language%2C+1899-1905&rft.btitle=Philippine+Modernities%3A+Music%2C+Performing+Arts%2C+and+Language%2C+1880+to+1941&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E431-%3C%2Fspan%3E576&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philippines+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-971-542-849-1&rft.aulast=Cano&rft.aufirst=Gloria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36532126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Donoso, Isaac (ed,), <i>Historia cultural de la lengua española en Filipinas</i>, Madrid, Verbum, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-7962-812-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-7962-812-3">978-84-7962-812-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGómez_Rivera" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gómez Rivera, Guillermo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100923213030/http://www.buscoenlaces.es/kaibigankastila/filip_2005.html">"El Idioma español en Filipinas: Año 2005"</a> [The Spanish Language in the Philippines: Year 2005] (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buscoenlaces.es/kaibigankastila/filip_2005.html">the original</a> on September 23, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+Idioma+espa%C3%B1ol+en+Filipinas%3A+A%C3%B1o+2005&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3mez+Rivera&rft.aufirst=Guillermo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuscoenlaces.es%2Fkaibigankastila%2Ffilip_2005.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuescas_Baztán2010" class="citation web cs1">Ruescas Baztán, Javier (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cvc.cervantes.es/ensenanza/biblioteca_ele/aepe/congreso_45.htm">"La Lengua Española en Filipinas (Spanish)"</a>. Madrid, Spain: Centro Virtual Cervantes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131022054732/http://cvc.cervantes.es/ensenanza/biblioteca_ele/aepe/congreso_45.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 22, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 20,</span> 2020</span> – via cvc.cervantes.es.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Lengua+Espa%C3%B1ola+en+Filipinas+%28Spanish%29&rft.place=Madrid%2C+Spain&rft.pub=Centro+Virtual+Cervantes&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Ruescas+Bazt%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcvc.cervantes.es%2Fensenanza%2Fbiblioteca_ele%2Faepe%2Fcongreso_45.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodao1997" class="citation journal cs1">Rodao, Florentino (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120906205852/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=2877788">"Spanish language in the Philippines : 1900–1940"</a>. <i>Philippine Studies</i>. 12. <b>45</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">94–</span>107. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-7837">0031-7837</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/612174151">612174151</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=2877788">the original</a> on September 6, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Studies&rft.atitle=Spanish+language+in+the+Philippines+%3A+1900%E2%80%931940&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E94-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F612174151&rft.issn=0031-7837&rft.aulast=Rodao&rft.aufirst=Florentino&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcat.inist.fr%2F%3FaModele%3DafficheN%26cpsidt%3D2877788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0000/000086/008662EB.pdf">The Teaching of Spanish in the Philippines</a>, UNESCO, February 1968</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galeondemanila.org">Asociacion Cultural Galeon de Manila</a>, Spanish-Philippine cultural research group based in Madrid (in Spanish and English).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://manila.cervantes.es/en/default.shtm">Instituto Cervantes de Manila</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lacamaramanila.com">Spanish Chamber of Commerce in the Philippines</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_Philippines255" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:Languages of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Languages of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bikol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bikol language">Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibanag_language" title="Ibanag language">Ibanag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karay-a_language" title="Karay-a language">Karay-a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_language" title="Maguindanao language">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waray_language" title="Waray language">Waray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages<br />(by <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">region</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangutaran_Sama_language" title="Pangutaran Sama language">Pangutaran Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama language">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakan_language" title="Yakan language">Yakan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bicol_Region" title="Bicol Region">Bicol Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albay_Bikol_language" title="Albay Bikol language">Albay Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inagta_Partido_language" title="Inagta Partido language">Inagta Partido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manide_language" title="Manide language">Manide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masbate%C3%B1o_language" title="Masbateño language">Masbateño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Iraya_Agta_language" title="Mount Iraya Agta language">Mount Iraya Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Iriga_Agta_language" title="Mount Iriga Agta language">Mount Iriga Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sorsogon_language" title="Northern Sorsogon language">Northern Sorsogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandan_Bikol_language" title="Pandan Bikol language">Pandan Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinconada_Bikol_language" title="Rinconada Bikol language">Rinconada Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Catanduanes_Bikol_language" title="Southern Catanduanes Bikol language">Southern Catanduanes Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Sorsogon_language" title="Southern Sorsogon language">Southern Sorsogon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cagayan_Valley" title="Cagayan Valley">Cagayan Valley</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arta_language" title="Arta language">Arta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atta_language" title="Atta language">Atta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugkalot_language" title="Bugkalot language">Bugkalot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Cagayan_Agta_language" title="Central Cagayan Agta language">Central Cagayan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinapigue_Agta" title="Dinapigue Agta">Dinapigue Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dupaningan_Agta" title="Dupaningan Agta">Dupaningan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddang_language" title="Gaddang language">Gaddang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isinai_language" title="Isinai language">Isinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itawis_language" title="Itawis language">Itawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itbayat_language" title="Itbayat language">Itbayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivatan_language" title="Ivatan language">Ivatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanguya_language" title="Kalanguya language">Kalanguya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karao_language" title="Karao language">Karao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaweg_language" title="Malaweg language">Malaweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagtipunan_Agta" title="Nagtipunan Agta">Nagtipunan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranan_Agta_language" title="Paranan Agta language">Paranan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranan_language" title="Paranan language">Paranan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogad_language" title="Yogad language">Yogad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inagta_Alabat_language" title="Inagta Alabat language">Inagta Alabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manide_language" title="Manide language">Manide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatang_Kayi_language" title="Hatang Kayi language">Hatang Kayi</a> (Remontado)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Alta_language" title="Southern Alta language">Southern Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umiray_Dumaget_language" title="Umiray Dumaget language">Umiray Dumaget</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caraga" title="Caraga">Caraga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agusan_language" title="Agusan language">Agusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Manobo_language" title="Ata Manobo language">Ata Manobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuanon_language" title="Butuanon language">Butuanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higaonon_language" title="Higaonon language">Higaonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamayo_language" title="Kamayo language">Kamayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamanwa_language" title="Mamanwa language">Mamanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surigaonon_language" title="Surigaonon language">Surigaonon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abellen_language" title="Abellen language">Abellen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambala_language" title="Ambala language">Ambala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antsi_language" title="Antsi language">Antsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botolan_language" title="Botolan language">Botolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casiguran_Dumagat_Agta" title="Casiguran Dumagat Agta">Casiguran Dumagat Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indi_language" title="Indi language">Indi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasiguranin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasiguranin language">Kasiguranin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marivele%C3%B1o_language" title="Mariveleño language">Mariveleño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Alta_language" title="Northern Alta language">Northern Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambal_language" title="Sambal language">Sambal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Alta_language" title="Southern Alta language">Southern Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umiray_Dumaget_language" title="Umiray Dumaget language">Umiray Dumaget</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Visayas" title="Central Visayas">Central Visayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantayanon_language" title="Bantayanon language">Bantayanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_language" title="Eskayan language">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karolanos_language" title="Karolanos language">Karolanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magahat_language" title="Magahat language">Magahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porohanon_language" title="Porohanon language">Porohanon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region" title="Cordillera Administrative Region">Cordillera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atta_language" title="Atta language">Atta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangao_language" title="Balangao language">Balangao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bontoc_language" title="Bontoc language">Bontoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%27dang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ga'dang language">Ga'dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibaloi_language" title="Ibaloi language">Ibaloi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifugao_language" title="Ifugao language">Ifugao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isnag_language" title="Isnag language">Isnag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itawis_language" title="Itawis language">Itawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itneg_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Itneg language">Itneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaak_language" title="Iwaak language">Iwaak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanguya_language" title="Kalanguya language">Kalanguya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_language" title="Kalinga language">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankanaey_language" title="Kankanaey language">Kankanaey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaweg_language" title="Malaweg language">Malaweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuwali_language" title="Tuwali language">Tuwali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Davao_Region" title="Davao Region">Davao Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaan_language" title="Blaan language">Blaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davaoe%C3%B1o_language" title="Davaoeño language">Davaoeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalagan_language" title="Kalagan language">Kalagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klata_language" title="Klata language">Klata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaya_language" title="Mandaya language">Mandaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansaka_language" title="Mansaka language">Mansaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obo_language" title="Obo language">Obo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangirese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangirese language">Sangirese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarangani_language" title="Sarangani language">Sarangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagabawa_language" title="Tagabawa language">Tagabawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Visayas" title="Eastern Visayas">Eastern Visayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaknon_language" title="Abaknon language">Abaknon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybay_language" title="Baybay language">Baybay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabalian_language" title="Kabalian language">Kabalian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Region" title="Ilocos Region">Ilocos Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolinao_language" title="Bolinao language">Bolinao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taglish" title="Taglish">Taglish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mimaropa" title="Mimaropa">Mimaropa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agutaynen_language" title="Agutaynen language">Agutaynen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alangan_language" title="Alangan language">Alangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantoanon_language" title="Bantoanon language">Asi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_language_(Philippines)" title="Batak language (Philippines)">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_language" title="Buhid language">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamian_Tagbanwa_language" title="Calamian Tagbanwa language">Calamian Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tagbanwa_language" title="Central Tagbanwa language">Central Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyonon_language" title="Cuyonon language">Cuyonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_language" title="Hanunoo language">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraya_language" title="Iraya language">Iraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagayanen_language" title="Kagayanen language">Kagayanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molbog_language" title="Molbog language">Molbog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onhan_language" title="Onhan language">Onhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palawano_language" title="Palawano language">Palawano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratagnon_language" title="Ratagnon language">Ratagnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romblomanon_language" title="Romblomanon language">Romblomanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadyawan_language" title="Tadyawan language">Tadyawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawbuid_language" title="Tawbuid language">Tawbuid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindanao" title="Northern Mindanao">Northern Mindanao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukid_language" title="Bukid language">Bukid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higaonon_language" title="Higaonon language">Higaonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilianen_language" title="Ilianen language">Ilianen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamigin_language" title="Kamigin language">Kamigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matigsalug_language" title="Matigsalug language">Matigsalug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subanen_languages" title="Subanen languages">Subanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bukidnon_Manobo" title="Western Bukidnon Manobo">Western Bukidnon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soccsksargen" title="Soccsksargen">Soccsksargen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaan_language" title="Blaan language">Blaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotabato_Manobo_language" title="Cotabato Manobo language">Cotabato Manobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilianen_language" title="Ilianen language">Ilianen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obo_language" title="Obo language">Obo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tboli_language" title="Tboli language">Tboli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruray_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruray language">Tiruray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Visayas" title="Western Visayas">Western Visayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aklanon_language" title="Aklanon language">Aklanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language_(Negros)" title="Ata language (Negros)">Ata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati_language_(Philippines)" title="Ati language (Philippines)">Ati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caluyanon_language" title="Caluyanon language">Caluyanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capiznon_language" title="Capiznon language">Capiznon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulod_language" title="Sulod language">Sulod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="Zamboanga Peninsula">Zamboanga Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subanen_languages" title="Subanen languages">Subanen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese_in_the_Philippines" title="Mandarin Chinese in the Philippines">Mandarin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Malay language in the Philippines">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">status</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Filipino Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Philippine_language" title="Proto-Philippine language">Proto-Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Tagalog" title="Old Tagalog">Old Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Cebuano" title="Classical Cebuano">Old Cebuano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dialects_and_varieties_of_Spanish_by_continent242" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Template:Spanish dialects and varieties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Template talk:Spanish dialects and varieties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish dialects and varieties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dialects_and_varieties_of_Spanish_by_continent242" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">Dialects and varieties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> by continent</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Africa and Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Spanish" title="Canarian Spanish">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Spanish" title="Equatoguinean Spanish">Equatoguinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_Spanish" title="Saharan Spanish">Saharan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Americas<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Interamerican</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Spanish" title="Caribbean Spanish">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Spanish" title="Cuban Spanish">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Spanish" title="Dominican Spanish">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Spanish" title="Panamanian Spanish">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Spanish" title="Puerto Rican Spanish">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_Spanish" title="Trinidadian Spanish">Trinidadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Spanish" title="Central American Spanish">Central America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Spanish" title="Belizean Spanish">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Spanish" title="Costa Rican Spanish">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Spanish" title="Guatemalan Spanish">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Spanish" title="Honduran Spanish">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Spanish" title="Nicaraguan Spanish">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pachuco#Costa_Rica" title="Pachuco">Pachuco</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Spanish" title="Salvadoran Spanish">Salvadoran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/North_American_Spanish" title="North American Spanish">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States" title="Spanish language in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_(Chicano)" title="Caló (Chicano)"><i>Caló</i> <small>(<i>Chicano</i>)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_California" title="Spanish language in California">Californian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Isleño Spanish">Isleño</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_Spanish" title="New Mexican Spanish">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabine_River_Spanish" title="Sabine River Spanish">Sabine River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Mexican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_South_America" title="Spanish language in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonic_Spanish" title="Amazonic Spanish">Amazonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Spanish" title="Andean Spanish">Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Spanish" title="Bolivian Spanish">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Spanish" title="Chilean Spanish">Chilean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chilote_Spanish" title="Chilote Spanish">Chilote</a></i> <ul><li><small>Chiloé Archipelago</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Spanish" title="Colombian Spanish">Colombian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cordob%C3%A9s_Spanish" title="Cordobés Spanish">Cordobés</a></i> <ul><li><small>Central Argentina</small></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuyo_Spanish" title="Cuyo Spanish">Cuyano</a></i> <ul><li><small>Central western Argentina</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Spanish" title="Ecuadorian Spanish">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Spanish" title="Equatorial Spanish">Equatorial</a></i> <ul><li><small>Coastal Ecuador</small></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Llanero_Spanish" title="Llanero Spanish">Llanero</a></i> <ul><li><small>Los Llanos Colombia/Venezuela</small></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maracucho_Spanish" title="Maracucho Spanish">Maracucho</a></i> <ul><li><small>Zulia State</small></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paisa_Region#Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Paisa Region">Paisa</a></i> <ul><li><small>Paisa Region</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Spanish" title="Paraguayan Spanish">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Spanish#Pastuso_dialect" title="Colombian Spanish">Pastuso</a></i> <ul><li><small>Colombia-Ecuador border</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Spanish" title="Peruvian Spanish">Peruvian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Ribere%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Peruvian Ribereño Spanish">Ribereño</a></i> <ul><li><small>Coastal Peru</small></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense</a></i> <ul><li><small>Coastal Argentina</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Spanish" title="Uruguayan Spanish">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Spanish" title="Venezuelan Spanish">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Europe<br />(<a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Spanish" title="Canarian Spanish">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Castrapo</a></i> <small>(Galicia)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cast%C3%BAo" title="Castúo">Castúo</a></i> <small>(Extremadura)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcian_Spanish" title="Murcian Spanish">Murcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_features_of_Spanish_as_spoken_by_Catalan_speakers" title="Linguistic features of Spanish as spoken by Catalan speakers">spoken by Catalan speakers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Spanish" title="Standard Spanish">Standard</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani Ladino</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Para-Romani" title="Para-Romani">Para-Romani</a>)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spanglish" title="Spanglish">Spanglish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palenquero" title="Palenquero">Palenquero</a></i> <small>(creole)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a></i> <small>(creole)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Media_Lengua" title="Media Lengua">Media Lengua</a></i> <small>(mixed language)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a></i> <small>(Portuguese-based creole with Spanish influence)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cocoliche" title="Cocoliche">Cocoliche</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lunfardo" title="Lunfardo">Lunfardo</a></i> <ul><li><small>Coastal Argentina, Uruguay</small></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malesp%C3%ADn" title="Malespín">Malespín</a></i> <ul><li><small>Central America</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozal_Spanish" title="Bozal Spanish">Bozal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romance_languages_(classification)516" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romance_languages" title="Template:Romance languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romance_languages" title="Template talk:Romance languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romance_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romance languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romance_languages_(classification)516" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Romance_languages" title="Classification of Romance languages">classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Romance_languages" title="Southern Romance languages">Southern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Daco-Romanian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_dialects" title="Romanian dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Romanian_dialect" title="Banat Romanian dialect">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovinian_Romanian_dialect" title="Bukovinian Romanian dialect">Bukovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana_dialect" title="Crișana dialect">Crișana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_dialect" title="Maramureș dialect">Maramureș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_dialect" title="Moldavian dialect">Moldavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oltenian_dialect" title="Oltenian dialect">Oltenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_varieties_of_Romanian" title="Transylvanian varieties of Romanian">Transylvanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_dialect" title="Wallachian dialect">Wallachian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-<br />Dalmatian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Italian" title="Central Italian">Central Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Central Marchigiano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Ancona_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Fabriano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Fabriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Macerata_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Macerata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central-Northern_Latian_dialect" title="Central-Northern Latian dialect">Central−Northern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabino_dialect" title="Sabino dialect">Sabino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallurese" title="Gallurese">Gallurese</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Australian_dialect" title="Italo-Australian dialect">Italo-Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Italian" title="Maltese Italian">Maltese Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Swiss Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" title="Extreme Southern Italian">Extreme Southern Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Central-Southern_Calabrian" title="Languages of Calabria">Central−Southern Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salentino_dialect" title="Salentino dialect">Salentino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manduriano" title="Manduriano">Manduriano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantesco_dialect" title="Pantesco dialect">Pantesco</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>Neapolitan–Calabrese</b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barese_dialect" title="Barese dialect">Barese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benevento_dialect" title="Benevento dialect">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelmezzano_dialect" title="Castelmezzano dialect">Castelmezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilentan_dialect" title="Cilentan dialect">Cilentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpinian_dialect" title="Irpinian dialect">Irpinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianese_dialect" title="Arianese dialect">Arianese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molisan" title="Molisan">Molisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Latian_dialect" title="Southern Latian dialect">Southern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantino_dialect" title="Tarantino dialect">Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastese" title="Vastese">Vastese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Northern_Calabrian_(Cosentian)" title="Languages of Calabria">Northern Calabrian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages#Dalmatian_Romance" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Dalmatian Romance</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_language" title="Dalmatian language">Dalmatian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istriot_language" title="Istriot language">Istriot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian%E2%80%93Romagnol" title="Emilian–Romagnol">Emilian–Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialect" title="Emilian dialect">Emilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_dialect" title="Bolognese dialect">Bolognese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Mantuan" title="Judeo-Mantuan">Judeo-Mantuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmigiano_dialect" title="Parmigiano dialect">Parmigiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romagnol" title="Romagnol">Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Forlivese dialect">Forlivese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Romagnol" title="Old Romagnol">Old Romagnol</a></i></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_sammarinese" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto sammarinese">Sammarinese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrarese_dialect" title="Ferrarese dialect">Ferrarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Gallo-Italic of Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_gallo-piceno" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto gallo-piceno">Gallo-Picene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" title="Brigasc dialect">Brigasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_dialect" title="Genoese dialect">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_dialect" title="Monégasque dialect">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Royasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_dialects" title="Eastern Lombard dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergamasque_dialect" title="Bergamasque dialect">Bergamasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremish_dialect" title="Cremish dialect">Cremish</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Lombard_dialect" title="Old Lombard dialect">Old Lombard</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard dialect">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brianz%C3%B6%C3%B6_dialect" title="Brianzöö dialect">Brianzöö</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canz%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Canzés dialect">Canzés</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustocco_and_Legnanese_dialects" title="Bustocco and Legnanese dialects">Bustocco–Legnanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legnanese_dialect" title="Legnanese dialect">Legnanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comasco-Lecchese_dialects" title="Comasco-Lecchese dialects">Comasco–Lecchese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comasco_dialect" title="Comasco dialect">Comasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagh%C3%A9e_dialect" title="Laghée dialect">Laghée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecchese_dialect" title="Lecchese dialect">Lecchese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallassinese_dialect" title="Vallassinese dialect">Vallassinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milanese_dialect" title="Milanese dialect">Milanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossolano" title="Ossolano">Ossolano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Lombard" title="Southwestern Lombard">Southwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cremun%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Cremunés dialect">Cremunés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novarese_Lombard" title="Novarese Lombard">Novarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavese_dialect" title="Pavese dialect">Pavese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varesino_dialect" title="Varesino dialect">Varesino</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-<br />Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Languesd&#039;oïl38" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues<br />d'oïl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_dialect" title="Angevin dialect">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_dialects" title="Bourbonnais dialects">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennais_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Ardennais (dialecte)">Ardennais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9mois_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Rémois (dialecte)">Rémois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li>North American dialects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys_Bay_French" title="St. Marys Bay French">St. Marys Bay French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarians#Language" title="Franco-Ontarians">Franco-Ontarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people#Modern_era" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">Creoles</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaumais" class="extiw" title="fr:Gaumais">Gaumais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosgien" class="extiw" title="fr:Vosgien">Vosgien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welche" title="Welche">Welche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayennais" class="extiw" title="fr:Mayennais">Mayennais</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Romance" title="Moselle Romance">Moselle Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeron" title="Augeron">Augeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleanais_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Orleanais dialect">Orléanais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paydret" class="extiw" title="fr:Paydret">Paydret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin%E2%80%93Saintongeais" title="Poitevin–Saintongeais">Poitevin–Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouest-wallon" class="extiw" title="fr:Ouest-wallon">West Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" title="Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin Walloon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a>/Arpitan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Gallo-Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Gallo-Romance">Old Gallo-Romance</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Ibero-<br />Romance</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West<br />Iberian</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asturleonese_language" title="Asturleonese language">Asturleonese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asturian" title="East Asturian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Asturian" title="Western Asturian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantabrian dialect">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bercian_dialect" title="Bercian dialect">Bercian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%E1%B8%B7%E1%B8%B7uezu_dialect" title="Paḷḷuezu dialect">Paḷḷuezu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palra_d%27El_Rebollal" title="Palra d'El Rebollal">Palra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riberan_dialect" title="Riberan dialect">Riberan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riunorese_Leonese" title="Riunorese Leonese">Riunorese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Leonese_language" title="Old Leonese language">Old Leonese</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Portuguese" title="Galician–Portuguese">Galician–Portuguese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Asturian" title="Galician–Asturian">Galician–Asturian</a>/Eonavian</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_dialects" title="Portuguese dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Africa" title="Portuguese language in Africa">African</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Asia" title="Portuguese language in Asia">Asian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineiro" title="Mineiro">Mineiro</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alentejan_Portuguese" title="Alentejan Portuguese">Alentejan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliventine_Portuguese" title="Oliventine Portuguese">Oliventine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estremenho_dialect" title="Estremenho dialect">Estremenho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minderico_language" title="Minderico language">Minderico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Portuguese" title="Northern Portuguese">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Portuguese" title="Uruguayan Portuguese">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Creoles</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Portugis" title="Portugis">Portugis</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judeo-Portuguese</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages#Classification" title="West Iberian languages">Castilian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_language" title="Extremaduran language">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judeo-Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Spanish" title="Equatoguinean Spanish">Equatoguinean</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Latin American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Spanish" title="Chilean Spanish">Chilean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_Spanish" title="Chilote Spanish">Chilote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Spanish" title="Peruvian Spanish">Peruvian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Ribere%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Peruvian Ribereño Spanish">Peruvian Ribereño</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Castrapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast%C3%BAo" title="Castúo">Castúo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcian_Spanish" title="Murcian Spanish">Murcian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_Spanish" title="Saharan Spanish">Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish-based_creole_languages" title="Spanish-based creole languages">Creoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pyrenean–Mozarabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Romance" title="Andalusi Romance">Andalusi Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarro-Aragonese" title="Navarro-Aragonese">Navarro-Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Central_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Eastern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benasquese_dialect" title="Benasquese dialect">Benasquese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Southern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Southern</a> <ul><li>Somontanés <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navalese_dialect" title="Navalese dialect">Navalese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Western_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisinian_Aragonese" title="Aisinian Aragonese">Aisinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ans%C3%B3_Aragonese" title="Ansó Aragonese">Ansó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arag%C3%BC%C3%A9s_Aragonese" title="Aragüés Aragonese">Aragüés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecho_Aragonese" title="Hecho Aragonese">Hecho</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_Romance" title="Navarrese Romance">Navarrese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Riojan" title="Old Riojan">Old Riojan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barranquenho" title="Barranquenho">Barranquenho</a> (mixed Portuguese–Spanish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a> (mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-<br />Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">dialects</a></li> <li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Catalan" title="Balearic Catalan">Balearic</a> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallorqu%C3%ADn" class="extiw" title="es:Mallorquín">Mallorcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorcan" title="Menorcan">Menorcan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Catalan" title="Central Catalan">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judeo-Catalan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patuet" title="Patuet">Patuet</a></li> <li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auvergnat" title="Auvergnat">Auvergnat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aranese_dialect" title="Aranese dialect">Aranese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arnese_dialect" title="Béarnese dialect">Béarnese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language_of_Aas" title="Whistled language of Aas">Aas whistled</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landese_dialect" title="Landese dialect">Landese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judeo-Provençal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Languedocien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Gardiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Old Occitan</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Catalan" title="Old Catalan">Old Catalan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-<br />Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fornes_dialects" title="Fornes dialects">Fornes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadorino_dialect" title="Cadorino dialect">Cadorino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nones_dialect" title="Nones dialect">Nones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jauer_dialect" title="Jauer dialect">Jauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Put%C3%A8r" title="Putèr">Putèr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surmiran_dialect" title="Surmiran dialect">Surmiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sursilvan" title="Sursilvan">Sursilvan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuatschin_dialect_(Romansh)" title="Tuatschin dialect (Romansh)">Tuatschin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutsilvan_dialects_(Romansh)" title="Sutsilvan dialects (Romansh)">Sutsilvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallader_dialect" title="Vallader dialect">Vallader</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Franco-Italian" title="Franco-Italian">Franco-Italian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" title="Mediterranean Lingua Franca">Mediterranean Lingua Franca</a></i> (Western Romance-based pidgin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> (unknown further classification) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Chipilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiuman_dialect" title="Fiuman dialect">Fiuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triestine_dialect" title="Triestine dialect">Triestine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/African_Romance" title="African Romance">African Romance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/British_Latin" title="British Latin">British Latin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Latin" title="Pannonian Latin">Pannonian Latin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campidanese_Sardinian" title="Campidanese Sardinian">Campidanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logudorese_Sardinian" title="Logudorese Sardinian">Logudorese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Proto-Eastern Romanc</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li><b>Bold</b> indicates <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">languages with more than 5 million speakers</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" 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Philippines</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>15 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> 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