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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%81_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Компютър със запаметена програма – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Компютър със запаметена програма" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinador_de_programa_emmagatzemat" title="Ordinador de programa emmagatzemat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ordinador de programa emmagatzemat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programovateln%C3%BD_po%C4%8D%C3%ADta%C4%8D" title="Programovatelný počítač – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Programovatelný počítač" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computador_de_programa_almacenado" title="Computador de programa almacenado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Computador de programa almacenado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinateur_%C3%A0_programme_enregistr%C3%A9" title="Ordinateur à programme enregistré – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ordinateur à programme enregistré" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%A8_%EB%82%B4%EC%9E%A5%EC%8B%9D_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0" title="프로그램 내장식 컴퓨터 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프로그램 내장식 컴퓨터" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputer_program_tersimpan" title="Komputer program tersimpan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Komputer program tersimpan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_a_programma_memorizzato" title="Computer a programma memorizzato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Computer a programma memorizzato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%AA" title="תוכנית מאוחסנת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תוכנית מאוחסנת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_a_programa_registrad" title="Computer a programa registrad – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Computer a programa registrad" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stored_program-computer" title="Stored program-computer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stored program-computer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E5%86%85%E8%94%B5%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F" title="プログラム内蔵方式 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プログラム内蔵方式" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computador_com_programa_armazenado" title="Computador com programa armazenado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Computador com programa armazenado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallennetun_ohjelman_tietokone" title="Tallennetun ohjelman tietokone – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tallennetun ohjelman tietokone" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1134867#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Computer that stores program instructions in electronically or optically accessible memory</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>A <b>stored-program computer</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> that stores <a href="/wiki/Instruction_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction (computer science)">program instructions</a> in electronically, electromagnetically, or optically accessible memory.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This contrasts with systems that stored the program instructions with <a href="/wiki/Plugboard" title="Plugboard">plugboards</a> or similar mechanisms. </p><p>The definition is often extended with the requirement that the treatment of programs and data in memory be interchangeable or uniform.<sup id="cite_ref-GilreathLaplante2003_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GilreathLaplante2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reilly2003_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reilly2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-POCA_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POCA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stored-program_computer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In principle, stored-program computers have been designed with various architectural characteristics. A computer with a <a href="/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture" title="Von Neumann architecture">von Neumann architecture</a> stores program data and instruction data in the same memory, while a computer with a <a href="/wiki/Harvard_architecture" title="Harvard architecture">Harvard architecture</a> has separate memories for storing program and data.<sup id="cite_ref-Page2009_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Page2009-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Balch2003_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balch2003-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the term <i>stored-program computer</i> is sometimes used as a synonym for the von Neumann architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-Page2009b_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Page2009b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grattan-Guinness2003_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grattan-Guinness2003-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Copeland" title="Jack Copeland">Jack Copeland</a> considers that it is "historically inappropriate, to refer to electronic stored-program digital computers as 'von Neumann machines'".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hennessy and Patterson wrote that the early Harvard machines were regarded as "reactionary by the advocates of stored-program computers".<sup id="cite_ref-HennessyPatterson2003_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HennessyPatterson2003-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stored-program_computer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of the stored-program computer can be traced back to the 1936 theoretical concept of a <a href="/wiki/Universal_Turing_machine" title="Universal Turing machine">universal Turing machine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Copeland2006_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Copeland2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Von Neumann was aware of this paper, and he impressed it on his collaborators.<sup id="cite_ref-Teuscher2004_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teuscher2004-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many early computers, such as the <a href="/wiki/Atanasoff%E2%80%93Berry_computer" title="Atanasoff–Berry computer">Atanasoff–Berry computer</a>, were not reprogrammable. They executed a single hardwired program. As there were no program instructions, no program storage was necessary. Other computers, though programmable, stored their programs on <a href="/wiki/Punched_tape" title="Punched tape">punched tape</a>, which was physically fed into the system as needed, as was the case for the <a href="/wiki/Zuse_Z3" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuse Z3">Zuse Z3</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Mark_I" title="Harvard Mark I">Harvard Mark I</a>, or were only programmable by physical manipulation of switches and plugs, as was the case for the <a href="/wiki/Colossus_computer" title="Colossus computer">Colossus computer</a>. </p><p>In 1936, <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Zuse" title="Konrad Zuse">Konrad Zuse</a> anticipated in two patent applications that machine instructions could be stored in the same storage used for data.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1948, the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Baby" title="Manchester Baby">Manchester Baby</a>, built at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is generally recognized as world's first electronic computer that ran a stored program—an event on 21 June 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-RojasHashagen2002_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RojasHashagen2002-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Page2009c_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Page2009c-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the Baby was not regarded as a full-fledged computer, but more a <a href="/wiki/Proof_of_concept" title="Proof of concept">proof of concept</a> predecessor to the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Mark_1" title="Manchester Mark 1">Manchester Mark 1</a> computer, which was first put to research work in April 1949. On 6 May 1949 the <a href="/wiki/EDSAC" title="EDSAC">EDSAC</a> in Cambridge ran its first program, making it another electronic digital stored-program computer.<sup id="cite_ref-Hally2005_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hally2005-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is sometimes claimed that the <a href="/wiki/IBM_SSEC" title="IBM SSEC">IBM SSEC</a>, operational in January 1948, was the first stored-program computer;<sup id="cite_ref-Pugh1995_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pugh1995-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this claim is controversial, not least because of the hierarchical memory system of the SSEC, and because some aspects of its operations, like access to relays or tape drives, were determined by plugging.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first stored-program computer to be built in continental Europe was the <a href="/wiki/MESM" title="MESM">MESM</a>, completed in the <a href="/wiki/Computer_systems_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer systems in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_first_stored-program_computers">The first stored-program computers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stored-program_computer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The first stored-program computers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several computers could be considered the first stored-program computer, depending on the criteria.<sup id="cite_ref-Reilly2003_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reilly2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_SSEC" title="IBM SSEC">IBM SSEC</a>, was designed in late 1944 and became operational in January 1948 but was <a href="/wiki/Electromechanical" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromechanical">electromechanical</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In April 1948, modifications were completed to <a href="/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC">ENIAC</a> to function as a stored-program computer, with the program stored by setting dials in its function tables, which could store 3,600 decimal digits for instructions. It ran its first stored program on 12 April 1948 and its first production program on 17 April<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This claim is disputed by some computer historians.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEXC" title="APEXC">ARC2</a>, a relay machine developed by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Donald_Booth" title="Andrew Donald Booth">Andrew Booth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Booth" title="Kathleen Booth">Kathleen Booth</a> at <a href="/wiki/Birkbeck,_University_of_London" title="Birkbeck, University of London">Birkbeck, University of London</a>, officially came online on 12 May 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-birkbeck_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birkbeck-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It featured the first <a href="/wiki/Drum_memory" title="Drum memory">rotating drum storage device</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Baby" title="Manchester Baby">Manchester Baby</a>, a developmental, fully electronic computer that successfully ran a stored program on 21 June 1948. It was subsequently developed into the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Mark_1" title="Manchester Mark 1">Manchester Mark 1</a>, which ran its first program in early April 1949.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Delay_Storage_Automatic_Calculator" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator">Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator</a>, EDSAC, which ran its first programs on 6 May 1949, and became a full-scale operational computer that served a user community beyond its developers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDVAC" title="EDVAC">EDVAC</a>, conceived in June 1945 in <i><a href="/wiki/First_Draft_of_a_Report_on_the_EDVAC" title="First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC">First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC</a></i>, but not delivered until August 1949. It began actual operation (on a limited basis) in 1951.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BINAC" title="BINAC">BINAC</a>, delivered to a customer on 22 August 1949. It worked at the factory but there is disagreement about whether or not it worked satisfactorily after being delivered. If it had been finished at the projected time, it would have been the first stored-program computer in the world. It was the first stored-program computer in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1951, the <a href="/wiki/Ferranti_Mark_1" title="Ferranti Mark 1">Ferranti Mark 1</a>, a cleaned-up version of the Manchester Mark 1, became the first commercially available electronic digital computer.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Bull_Gamma_3" title="Bull Gamma 3">Bull Gamma 3</a> (1952) and <a href="/wiki/IBM_650" title="IBM 650">IBM 650</a> (1953) were the first mass produced commercial computers, respectively selling about 1200 and 2000 units.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Transistor_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester University Transistor Computer">Manchester University Transistor Computer</a>, is generally regarded as the first transistor-based stored-program computer having become operational in November 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-fransman_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fransman-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telecommunication">Telecommunication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stored-program_computer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Telecommunication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of using a stored-program computer for switching of telecommunication circuits is called <a href="/wiki/Stored_program_control" title="Stored program control">stored program control</a> (SPC). It was instrumental to the development of the first <a href="/wiki/Electronic_switching_system" title="Electronic switching system">electronic switching systems</a> by <a href="/wiki/American_Telephone_and_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="American Telephone and Telegraph">American Telephone and Telegraph</a> (AT&T) in the <a href="/wiki/Bell_System" title="Bell System">Bell System</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a development that started in earnest by c. 1954 with initial concept designs by <a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>. The first of such systems was installed on a trial basis in <a href="/wiki/Morris,_Illinois" title="Morris, Illinois">Morris, Illinois</a> in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The storage medium for the program instructions was the <a href="/wiki/Flying-spot_store" title="Flying-spot store">flying-spot store</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">photographic plate</a> read by an optical scanner that had a speed of about one microsecond access time.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For temporary data, the system used a barrier-grid electrostatic <a href="/wiki/Storage_tube" title="Storage tube">storage tube</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stored-program_computer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stored_program_control" title="Stored program control">Stored program control</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stored-program_computer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAllison1997" class="citation cs2">Allison, Joanne (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927012816/http://www.computer50.org/mark1/stored.html"><i>Stored-program Computers</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computer50.org/mark1/stored.html">the original</a> on 27 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stored-program+Computers&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Joanne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer50.org%2Fmark1%2Fstored.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStored-program+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GilreathLaplante2003-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GilreathLaplante2003_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_F._GilreathPhillip_A._Laplante2003" class="citation book cs1">William F. Gilreath; Phillip A. Laplante (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9DuC35atMu0C&pg=RA1-PA24"><i>Computer Architecture: A Minimalist Perspective</i></a>. Springer. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-7416-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-7416-5"><bdi>978-1-4020-7416-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+Architecture%3A+A+Minimalist+Perspective&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-7416-5&rft.au=William+F.+Gilreath&rft.au=Phillip+A.+Laplante&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9DuC35atMu0C%26pg%3DRA1-PA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStored-program+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reilly2003-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reilly2003_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reilly2003_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwin_D._Reilly2003" class="citation book cs1">Edwin D. 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Greenwood Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/milestonesincomp0000reil/page/245">245</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57356-521-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57356-521-9"><bdi>978-1-57356-521-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Milestones+in+computer+science+and+information+technology&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57356-521-9&rft.au=Edwin+D.+Reilly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmilestonesincomp0000reil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStored-program+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-POCA-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-POCA_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurdoccaVincent_P._Heuring2000" class="citation book cs1">Murdocca, Miles J.; Vincent P. 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Prentice-Hall. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-43664-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-43664-7"><bdi>0-201-43664-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Computer+Architecture&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-201-43664-7&rft.aulast=Murdocca&rft.aufirst=Miles+J.&rft.au=Vincent+P.+Heuring&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStored-program+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Page2009-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Page2009_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Page2009" class="citation book cs1">Daniel Page (2009). <i>A Practical Introduction to Computer Architecture</i>. Springer. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84882-255-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84882-255-9"><bdi>978-1-84882-255-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Practical+Introduction+to+Computer+Architecture&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84882-255-9&rft.au=Daniel+Page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStored-program+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balch2003-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Balch2003_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Balch2003" class="citation book cs1">Mark Balch (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uFSRT-OIxyoC&pg=PA149"><i>Complete digital design: a comprehensive guide to digital electronics and computer system architecture</i></a>. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-140927-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-140927-8"><bdi>978-0-07-140927-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complete+digital+design%3A+a+comprehensive+guide+to+digital+electronics+and+computer+system+architecture&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Professional&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-07-140927-8&rft.au=Mark+Balch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuFSRT-OIxyoC%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStored-program+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Page2009b-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Page2009b_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Page2009" class="citation book cs1">Daniel Page (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X1m1tNcfWQYC&pg=PA153"><i>A Practical Introduction to Computer Architecture</i></a>. Springer. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84882-255-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84882-255-9"><bdi>978-1-84882-255-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Practical+Introduction+to+Computer+Architecture&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84882-255-9&rft.au=Daniel+Page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX1m1tNcfWQYC%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStored-program+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grattan-Guinness2003-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grattan-Guinness2003_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvor_Grattan-Guinness2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Grattan-Guinness" title="Ivor Grattan-Guinness">Ivor Grattan-Guinness</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2hDvzITtfdAC&pg=PA705"><i>Companion encyclopedia of the history and philosophy of the mathematical sciences</i></a>. JHU Press. p. 705. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7396-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7396-6"><bdi>978-0-8018-7396-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Companion+encyclopedia+of+the+history+and+philosophy+of+the+mathematical+sciences&rft.pages=705&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-7396-6&rft.au=Ivor+Grattan-Guinness&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2hDvzITtfdAC%26pg%3DPA705&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStored-program+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopeland2000" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Copeland" title="Jack Copeland">Copeland, Jack</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/computing-history/#ENIAC">"A Brief History of Computing"</a>. ENIAC and EDVAC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Computing&rft.pages=ENIAC+and+EDVAC&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Copeland&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fcomputing-history%2F%23ENIAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStored-program+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HennessyPatterson2003-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HennessyPatterson2003_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_L._HennessyDavid_A._PattersonDavid_Goldberg2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_L._Hennessy" title="John L. Hennessy">John L. Hennessy</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Patterson_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Patterson (scientist)">David A. Patterson</a>; David Goldberg (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/computerarchitec0003henn"><i>Computer architecture: a quantitative approach</i></a></span>. Morgan Kaufmann. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/computerarchitec0003henn/page/68">68</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55860-724-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55860-724-8"><bdi>978-1-55860-724-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+architecture%3A+a+quantitative+approach&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-55860-724-8&rft.au=John+L.+Hennessy&rft.au=David+A.+Patterson&rft.au=David+Goldberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomputerarchitec0003henn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStored-program+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Copeland2006-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Copeland2006_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._Jack_Copeland2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/B._Jack_Copeland" class="mw-redirect" title="B. Jack Copeland">B. Jack Copeland</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gfL4ky-TQOMC&pg=PA104"><i>Colossus: the secrets of Bletchley Park's codebreaking computers</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-284055-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-284055-4"><bdi>978-0-19-284055-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colossus%3A+the+secrets+of+Bletchley+Park%27s+codebreaking+computers&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-284055-4&rft.au=B.+Jack+Copeland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgfL4ky-TQOMC%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStored-program+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teuscher2004-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Teuscher2004_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristof_Teuscher2004" class="citation book cs1">Christof Teuscher (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0IIsoRqw9hgC&pg=PA321"><i>Alan Turing: life and legacy of a great thinker</i></a>. Springer. p. 321–322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-20020-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-20020-8"><bdi>978-3-540-20020-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alan+Turing%3A+life+and+legacy+of+a+great+thinker&rft.pages=321-322&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-540-20020-8&rft.au=Christof+Teuscher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0IIsoRqw9hgC%26pg%3DPA321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStored-program+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaber2000" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Faber, Susanne (2000), <i>Konrad Zuses Bemühungen um die Patentanmeldung der Z3</i> (in German)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Konrad+Zuses+Bem%C3%BChungen+um+die+Patentanmeldung+der+Z3&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Faber&rft.aufirst=Susanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStored-program+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsKilburn1948" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Calland_Williams" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederic Calland Williams">Williams, Frederic</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tom_Kilburn" title="Tom Kilburn">Kilburn, Tom</a> (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F162487a0">"Electronic Digital Computers"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>162</b> (4117): 487. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1948Natur.162..487W">1948Natur.162..487W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F162487a0">10.1038/162487a0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4110351">4110351</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Electronic+Digital+Computers&rft.volume=162&rft.issue=4117&rft.pages=487&rft.date=1948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4110351%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F162487a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1948Natur.162..487W&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rft.au=Kilburn%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F162487a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStored-program+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RojasHashagen2002-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RojasHashagen2002_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRául_RojasUlf_Hashagen2002" class="citation book cs1">Rául Rojas; Ulf Hashagen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nDWPW9uwZPAC&pg=PA379"><i>The first computers: history and architectures</i></a>. MIT Press. p. 379. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-68137-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-68137-7"><bdi>978-0-262-68137-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+first+computers%3A+history+and+architectures&rft.pages=379&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-262-68137-7&rft.au=R%C3%A1ul+Rojas&rft.au=Ulf+Hashagen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnDWPW9uwZPAC%26pg%3DPA379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStored-program+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Page2009c-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Page2009c_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Page2009" class="citation book cs1">Daniel Page (2009). <i>A Practical Introduction to Computer Architecture</i>. Springer. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84882-255-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84882-255-9"><bdi>978-1-84882-255-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Practical+Introduction+to+Computer+Architecture&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84882-255-9&rft.au=Daniel+Page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStored-program+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hally2005-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hally2005_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Hally2005" class="citation book cs1">Mike Hally (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DKcqJJacxxwC&pg=PA96"><i>Electronic brains: stories from the dawn of the computer age</i></a>. National Academies Press. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-09630-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-09630-0"><bdi>978-0-309-09630-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electronic+brains%3A+stories+from+the+dawn+of+the+computer+age&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-309-09630-0&rft.au=Mike+Hally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDKcqJJacxxwC%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStored-program+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pugh1995-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pugh1995_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmerson_W._Pugh1995" class="citation book cs1">Emerson W. 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MIT Press. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-16147-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-16147-3"><bdi>978-0-262-16147-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+IBM%3A+shaping+an+industry+and+its+technology&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-262-16147-3&rft.au=Emerson+W.+Pugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBc8BGhSOawgC%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStored-program+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlley2010" class="citation conference cs1">Olley, A. 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Vol. 325. pp. 169–178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-15199-6_17">10.1007/978-3-642-15199-6_17</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-15198-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-15198-9"><bdi>978-3-642-15198-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Existence+Precedes+Essence+-+Meaning+of+the+Stored-Program+Concept&rft.btitle=History+of+Computing.+Learning+from+the+Past&rft.series=IFIP+Advances+in+Information+and+Communication+Technology&rft.pages=169-178&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-15199-6_17&rft.isbn=978-3-642-15198-9&rft.aulast=Olley&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findividual.utoronto.ca%2Ffofound%2FRevisedExistEss1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStored-program+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Loren_R._Graham" class="mw-redirect" title="Loren R. Graham">Graham, Loren R.</a> (1993). <i>Science in Russia and the Soviet Union: A Short History</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521287890" title="Special:BookSources/9780521287890"><bdi>9780521287890</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+in+Russia+and+the+Soviet+Union%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780521287890&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Loren+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStored-program+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmerson_W._PughLyle_R._JohnsonJohn_H._Palmer1991" class="citation book cs1">Emerson W. Pugh; Lyle R. Johnson; John H. Palmer (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ibms360early370s0000pugh"><i><span></span></i>IBM's 360 and Early 370 Systems<i><span></span></i></a></span>. MIT Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ibms360early370s0000pugh/page/15">15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-51720-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-51720-1"><bdi>978-0-262-51720-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM%27s+360+and+Early+370+Systems&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-262-51720-1&rft.au=Emerson+W.+Pugh&rft.au=Lyle+R.+Johnson&rft.au=John+H.+Palmer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fibms360early370s0000pugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStored-program+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_HaighMark_PriestleyCrispen_Rope2016" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Haigh; Mark Priestley; Crispen Rope (2016). <i>ENIAC in Action:Making and Remaking the Modern Computer</i>. MIT Press. pp. 153, 157, 164, 174, 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03398-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03398-5"><bdi>978-0-262-03398-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ENIAC+in+Action%3AMaking+and+Remaking+the+Modern+Computer&rft.pages=153%2C+157%2C+164%2C+174%2C+194&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-262-03398-5&rft.au=Thomas+Haigh&rft.au=Mark+Priestley&rft.au=Crispen+Rope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStored-program+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaigh2014" class="citation book cs1">Haigh, Thomas (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eniacinaction.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/EngineeringtheMiracleoftheENIAC-Published.pdf"><i>Engineering "The Miracle of the ENIAC": Implementing the Modern Code Paradigm</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engineering+%22The+Miracle+of+the+ENIAC%22%3A+Implementing+the+Modern+Code+Paradigm&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Haigh&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feniacinaction.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F02%2FEngineeringtheMiracleoftheENIAC-Published.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStored-program+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruderer2021" class="citation book cs1">Bruderer, Herbert (4 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gh8SEAAAQBAJ&dq=ENIAC+Stored+Program&pg=PA987"><i>Milestones in Analog and Digital Computing</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030409746" title="Special:BookSources/9783030409746"><bdi>9783030409746</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Milestones+in+Analog+and+Digital+Computing&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2021-01-04&rft.isbn=9783030409746&rft.aulast=Bruderer&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGh8SEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DENIAC%2BStored%2BProgram%26pg%3DPA987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStored-program+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-birkbeck-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-birkbeck_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell-Kelly1982" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell-Kelly, Martin (April 1982). "The Development of Computer Programming in Britain (1945 to 1955)". <i>IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 121–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMAHC.1982.10016">10.1109/MAHC.1982.10016</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14861159">14861159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Computer+Programming+in+Britain+%281945+to+1955%29&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=121-139&rft.date=1982-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMAHC.1982.10016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14861159%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Campbell-Kelly&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStored-program+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavington2012" class="citation book cs1">Lavington, Simon, ed. (2012). <i>Alan Turing and his Contemporaries: Building the World's First Computers</i>. London: British Computer Society. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781906124908" title="Special:BookSources/9781906124908"><bdi>9781906124908</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alan+Turing+and+his+Contemporaries%3A+Building+the+World%27s+First+Computers&rft.place=London&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=British+Computer+Society&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781906124908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStored-program+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2008" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Roger (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/site/assets/files/1029/50yearsofcomputing.pdf">"School of Computer Science & Information Systems: A Short History"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Birkbeck College</i>. University of London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Birkbeck+College&rft.atitle=School+of+Computer+Science+%26+Information+Systems%3A+A+Short+History&rft.date=2008-04&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dcs.bbk.ac.uk%2Fsite%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2F1029%2F50yearsofcomputing.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStored-program+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHally2005" class="citation book cs1">Hally, Mike (2005). <i>Electronic Brains</i> (First ed.). <a href="/wiki/Granta" title="Granta">Granta</a>. pp. 40–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1862076631" title="Special:BookSources/978-1862076631"><bdi>978-1862076631</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electronic+Brains&rft.pages=40-41&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Granta&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1862076631&rft.aulast=Hally&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStored-program+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fransman-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fransman_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilburnGrimsdaleWebb1956" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Kilburn" title="Tom Kilburn">Kilburn, T</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Grimsdale" title="Richard Grimsdale">Grimsdale, R L</a>; Webb, D C (April 1956). "A transistor digital computer with a magnetic drum store". <i>Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Radio and Electronic Engineering</i>. <b>103</b> (35). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 390–406. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1049%2Fpi-b-1.1956.0079">10.1049/pi-b-1.1956.0079</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2054-0434">2054-0434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+IEE+-+Part+B%3A+Radio+and+Electronic+Engineering&rft.atitle=A+transistor+digital+computer+with+a+magnetic+drum+store&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=35&rft.pages=390-406&rft.date=1956-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1049%2Fpi-b-1.1956.0079&rft.issn=2054-0434&rft.aulast=Kilburn&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Grimsdale%2C+R+L&rft.au=Webb%2C+D+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStored-program+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimsdale1995" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Grimsdale" title="Richard Grimsdale">Grimsdale, R L</a> (Autumn 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerconservationsociety.org/resurrection/res13.htm#c">"The Transition from Valves to Computers"</a>. <i>Resurrection</i> (13). Computer Conservation Society. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0958-7403">0958-7403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resurrection&rft.atitle=The+Transition+from+Valves+to+Computers&rft.ssn=fall&rft.issue=13&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=0958-7403&rft.aulast=Grimsdale&rft.aufirst=R+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerconservationsociety.org%2Fresurrection%2Fres13.htm%23c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStored-program+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarbaughMarselos1983" class="citation book cs1">Carbaugh, D.H.; Marselos, N.L. (1983). "Switching System Software". In McDonald, J. C. (ed.). <i>Fundamentals of Digital Switching Systems</i>. <a href="/wiki/Plenum_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Plenum Press">Plenum Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-41224-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-41224-1"><bdi>0-306-41224-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Switching+System+Software&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Digital+Switching+Systems&rft.pub=Plenum+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-306-41224-1&rft.aulast=Carbaugh&rft.aufirst=D.H.&rft.au=Marselos%2C+N.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStored-program+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoel1958" class="citation journal cs1">Joel, A. E. (October 1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Bell-Laboratories-Record/50s/Bell-Laboratories-Record-1958-10.pdf#page=5">"An Experimental Electronic Switching System"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bell_Laboratories_Record" title="Bell Laboratories Record">Bell Laboratories Record</a></i>. <b>36</b> (10): 359–363<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bell+Laboratories+Record&rft.atitle=An+Experimental+Electronic+Switching+System&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=359-363&rft.date=1958-10&rft.aulast=Joel&rft.aufirst=A.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldradiohistory.com%2FArchive-Bell-Laboratories-Record%2F50s%2FBell-Laboratories-Record-1958-10.pdf%23page%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStored-program+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telephonecollectors.info/index.php/browse/document-repository/catalogs-manuals/bell-system-we/pubs-docs/12290-60dec-longlines-att-r/file">"Electronic Central Office"</a>. <i>Long Lines</i>. Vol. 40, no. 5. December 1960. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Long+Lines&rft.atitle=Electronic+Central+Office&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1960-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telephonecollectors.info%2Findex.php%2Fbrowse%2Fdocument-repository%2Fcatalogs-manuals%2Fbell-system-we%2Fpubs-docs%2F12290-60dec-longlines-att-r%2Ffile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStored-program+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stored-program_computer&oldid=1257593252">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stored-program_computer&oldid=1257593252</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Classes_of_computers" title="Category:Classes of computers">Classes of computers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Department_of_Computer_Science,_University_of_Manchester" title="Category:Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester">Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Discovery_and_invention_controversies" title="Category:Discovery and invention controversies">Discovery and invention controversies</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from February 2023">Use dmy dates from February 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 November 2024, at 18:58<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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