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id="toc-The_term_in_the_source_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_term_in_the_source_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The term in the source languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_term_in_the_source_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Son of man</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A8)" title="ابن الإنسان (لقب) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ابن الإنسان (لقب)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fill_de_l%27home" title="Fill de l'home – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fill de l'home" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anak_sa_tawo" title="Anak sa tawo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Anak sa tawo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syn_%C4%8Dlov%C4%9Bka" title="Syn člověka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Syn člověka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menneskes%C3%B8n" title="Menneskesøn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Menneskesøn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menschensohn" title="Menschensohn – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Menschensohn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inimese_poeg" title="Inimese poeg – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Inimese poeg" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijo_del_Hombre" title="Hijo del Hombre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hijo del Hombre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filo_de_homo" title="Filo de homo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Filo de homo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fils_de_l%27Homme" title="Fils de l'Homme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fils de l'Homme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%9E%8C%EC%9D%98_%EC%95%84%EB%93%A4" title="사람의 아들 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사람의 아들" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putra_manusia" title="Putra manusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Putra manusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figlio_dell%27uomo" title="Figlio dell'uomo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Figlio dell'uomo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A9" title="בר אנש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בר אנש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanak%27_Olona" title="Zanak' Olona – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Zanak' Olona" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BB" title="മനുഷ്യപുത്രൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മനുഷ്യപുത്രൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ابن الانسان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ابن الانسان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cng-c%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Ìng-cṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ìng-cṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensenzoon" title="Mensenzoon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mensenzoon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menneskes%C3%B8nnen" title="Menneskesønnen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Menneskesønnen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%85" title="ابن آدم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ابن آدم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syn_Cz%C5%82owieczy" title="Syn Człowieczy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Syn Człowieczy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filho_do_Homem" title="Filho do Homem – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filho do Homem" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Сын человеческий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сын человеческий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin_%C4%8Dove%C4%8Dji" title="Sin čovečji – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Sin čovečji" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin_%C4%8Dove%C4%8Dji" title="Sin čovečji – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sin čovečji" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihmisen_Poika" title="Ihmisen Poika – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ihmisen Poika" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4nniskosonen" title="Människosonen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Människosonen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anak_ng_Tao" title="Anak ng Tao – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Anak ng Tao" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Син людський – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Син людський" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%85" title="ابن آدم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ابن آدم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q616342#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Son_of_Man&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Son of Man">Son of Man</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Phrase used in the Bible</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about general religious issues. For Christian teachings, see <a href="/wiki/Son_of_man_(Christianity)" title="Son of man (Christianity)">Son of man (Christianity)</a>. For Jewish teachings, see <a href="/wiki/Son_of_man_(Judaism)" title="Son of man (Judaism)">Son of man (Judaism)</a>. For other usage, see <a href="/wiki/Son_of_man_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Son of man (disambiguation)">Son of man (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>"<b>Son of man</b>", "<b>son of Adam</b>", or "<b>as</b> <b>a man</b>", are phrases used in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, various <a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">apocalyptic</a> works of the <a href="/wiki/Intertestamental_period" title="Intertestamental period">intertestamental period</a>, and in the Greek <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. In the indefinite form ("son of Adam", "son of man", "like a man") used in the Hebrew Bible, it is a form of address, or it contrasts <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a> with <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a>, or contrasts foreign nations (like the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>), which are often represented as animals in apocalyptic writings (bear, goat, or ram), with Israel which is represented as human (a "son of man"), or it signifies an <a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">eschatological</a> human figure. </p><p>The phrase is used in its indefinite form in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Biblical apocrypha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a>. The Greek New Testament uses the earlier indefinite form while introducing a novel definite form, "the son of man." </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Son_of_man&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_Bible">Jewish Bible</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Son_of_man&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Jewish Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Son_of_man_(Judaism)" title="Son of man (Judaism)">Son of man (Judaism)</a></div> <p>The Hebrew expression "son of man" (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">בן–אדם</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ben-āḏām</i></span>) appears 107 times in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, the majority (93 times) in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Book of Ezekiel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromiley1995574_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromiley1995574-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is used in three main ways: as a form of address (Ezekiel); to contrast the lowly status of humanity against the permanence and exalted dignity of God and the angels (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Numbers%2023:19&version=nrsv">Numbers 23:19</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%208:4&version=nrsv">Psalm 8:4</a>); and as a future <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatological figure</a> whose coming will signal the end of history and the time of God's judgment (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Daniel%207:13–14&version=nrsv">Daniel 7:13–14</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2011270_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2011270-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Daniel_7" title="Daniel 7">Daniel 7</a> tells of a vision given to <a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a> in which four "beasts," representing pagan nations, oppress the people of Israel until judged by God. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Daniel+7:13–14&version=jsr">Daniel 7:13–14</a> describes how the "Ancient of Days" (God) gives dominion over the earth to "one <i>like a son of man</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">כבר אנש</span></span> [<span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">kibar 'anash</i></span>])". The passage in <a href="/wiki/Daniel_7" title="Daniel 7">Daniel 7</a>:13 occurs in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical Aramaic</a>. </p><p>Later, in chapter 7, it is explained that "one like a man" certainly implies a "human being" and also stands for "the saints of the Most High" (7:18, 21–22) and "the people of the saints of the Most High" (7:27).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett200264_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett200264-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "saints" and "people of the saints," in turn, probably stand for the Israelites – the vision sees it that God will take dominion over the world away from the beast-like pagan "nations" and give it to human-like Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett200264_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett200264-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BambergApocalypseFolio003rAngelWith7Candlesticks.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BambergApocalypseFolio003rAngelWith7Candlesticks.JPG/220px-BambergApocalypseFolio003rAngelWith7Candlesticks.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BambergApocalypseFolio003rAngelWith7Candlesticks.JPG/330px-BambergApocalypseFolio003rAngelWith7Candlesticks.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BambergApocalypseFolio003rAngelWith7Candlesticks.JPG/440px-BambergApocalypseFolio003rAngelWith7Candlesticks.JPG 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="1187" /></a><figcaption>"One like a son of man" with a sword among the seven lampstands, in <a href="/wiki/John%27s_vision_of_the_Son_of_Man" title="John's vision of the Son of Man">John's vision</a>. From the <a href="/wiki/Bamberg_Apocalypse" title="Bamberg Apocalypse">Bamberg Apocalypse</a>, 11th century.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apocrypha_and_Pseudepigrapha">Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Son_of_man&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Daniel's 7:13 "like a son of man" has been interpreted as standing for the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> (e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Rashi#Commentary_on_the_Tanakh" title="Rashi">Rashi's <i>Commentary on the Tanakh</i></a>), this interpretation was probably introduced by later <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocryphal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">deuterocanonical works</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Similitudes_of_Enoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Similitudes of Enoch">Similitudes (or Parables) of Enoch</a> and <a href="/wiki/4_Ezra" class="mw-redirect" title="4 Ezra">4 Ezra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett200264_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett200264-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether these messianic "Son of Man" references are genuinely Jewish or the result of <a href="/wiki/Christian_interpolation" title="Christian interpolation">Christian interpolation</a> is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of a disputed section is that of The Similitudes (1 Enoch 37–71) which uses Daniel 7 to produce an unparalleled messianic Son of Man, pre-existent and hidden yet ultimately revealed, functioning as judge, vindicator of righteousness, and universal ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromiley1995575_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromiley1995575-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Enochic messianic figure is an individual representing a group (the Righteous One who represents the righteous, the Elect One representing the elect), but in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Esdras%2013&version=nrsvae">4 Ezra 13</a> (also called 2 Esdras) he becomes an individual man.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlater199971_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlater199971-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Testament">New Testament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Son_of_man&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: New Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Son_of_man_(Christianity)" title="Son of man (Christianity)">Son of man (Christianity)</a></div> <p>The New Testament features the indefinite "a son of man" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%202:6&version=nrsv">Hebrews 2:6</a> (citing <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%208:4&version=nrsv">Psalm 8:4</a>), and "one like the son of man" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Revelation+1:13,+14:14&version=NRSV">Revelation 1:13, 14:14</a> (referencing Daniel 7:13's "one like a son of man").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005293_fn.83_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005293_fn.83-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> introduce a new definite form, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου</span></span>, literally 'the son of the man,' an awkward and ambiguous expression in Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromiley1995574_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromiley1995574-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It functions as an emphatic equivalent of the first-person pronoun I/me/my, and in all four gospels it is used only by Jesus (except once in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a>, when the crowd asks what Jesus means by it).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005290,_292,_293_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005290,_292,_293-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German theologian <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a> sees the phrase not as one genuinely used by Jesus but as one inserted by the early Church,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett2000121,124_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2000121,124-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but theologian <a href="/wiki/C._F._D._Moule" title="C. F. D. Moule">C. F. D. Moule</a> argues that the phrase, "so far from being a title evolved from current apocalyptic thought by the early Church and put by it onto the lips of Jesus, is among the most important symbols used by Jesus himself to describe his vocation and that of those whom he summoned to be with him."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_term_in_the_source_languages">The term in the source languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Son_of_man&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The term in the source languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The exact words used for "son of man" vary, depending on the source language. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9D" class="extiw" title="wikt:בן אדם">בן אדם</a></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ben-āḏām</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'son of Adam'<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Aramaic language">Imperial Aramaic</a>: <span lang="arc" dir="rtl">בר אנש</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Imperial Aramaic-language romanization"><i lang="arc-Latn">bar<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'enash<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'son of man'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Aramaic language">Imperial Aramaic</a>: <span lang="arc" dir="rtl">כבר אנש</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Imperial Aramaic-language romanization"><i lang="arc-Latn">kibar 'anash</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'like a son of man' — see <a href="/wiki/Son_of_man_(Judaism)" title="Son of man (Judaism)">Son of man (Judaism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">ὡς υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Koinē Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hōs<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> huios<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> anthrōpou<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'like a son of man' – per the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> in Dan. 7:13 [LXX].<sup id="cite_ref-Lee2012_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Koinē Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">ho huios tou anthrōpou</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'the son of the man' – per the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Son_of_man_(Christianity)" title="Son of man (Christianity)">Son of man (Christianity)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Son_of_man&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Kadmon" title="Adam Kadmon">Adam Kadmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_man_(Christianity)" title="Son of man (Christianity)">Son of man (Christianity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_man_(Judaism)" title="Son of man (Judaism)">Son of man (Judaism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_perdition" title="Son of perdition">Son of perdition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God" title="Son of God">Son of God</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Son_of_man&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromiley1995574-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromiley1995574_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromiley1995574_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBromiley1995">Bromiley 1995</a>, p. 574.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2011270-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2011270_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGrath2011">McGrath 2011</a>, p. 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett200264-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett200264_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett200264_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett200264_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurkett2002">Burkett 2002</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Nickelsburg, "Son of Man." in <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Bible_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchor Bible Dictionary">Anchor Bible Dictionary</a> 6.138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromiley1995575-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromiley1995575_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBromiley1995">Bromiley 1995</a>, p. 575.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlater199971-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlater199971_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSlater1999">Slater 1999</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Expository Times 1900 – Volume 11 – Page 64 "Again, Schmiedel is quite prepared to admit the possibility that the Son of man passages in Enoch may be Christian interpolation, and so far as ability to deal with this part of the problem depends on a knowledge of Ethiopic (in which language ...)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Enoch-Metatron Tradition - Page 82 3161485440 Andrei A. Orlov - 2005 "The same interchangeability is observable in the titles "son of man" and "chosen one." Here ... 88 Some scholars believe that these chapters might represent later interpolation(s) and do not '83 G. Nickelsburg, "Son of Man." ABD 6.138."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005293_fn.83-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005293_fn.83_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, p. 293 fn.83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005290,_292,_293-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005290,_292,_293_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, p. 290, 292, 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2000121,124-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett2000121,124_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurkett2000">Burkett 2000</a>, p. 121,124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMoule1977" class="citation book cs1">Moule, C. F. D. (1977). <i>The Origin of Christology</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521212901" title="Special:BookSources/0521212901"><bdi>0521212901</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Christology&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0521212901&rft.aulast=Moule&rft.aufirst=C.+F.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASon+of+man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHALEY_WILSON" class="citation web cs1">HALEY WILSON. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1236&context=studiaantiqua">"A SURVEY OF THE "SON OF MAN" (pdf)"</a>. <i>BYU’s ScholarsArchive</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BYU%E2%80%99s+ScholarsArchive&rft.atitle=A+SURVEY+OF+THE+%22SON+OF+MAN%22+%28pdf%29&rft.au=HALEY+WILSON&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarsarchive.byu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1236%26context%3Dstudiaantiqua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASon+of+man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=H1247">bar</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=H0606">'enash</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=G5613">hos</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=G5207">huiós</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=G444">anthrópou</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee2012-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lee2012_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2012" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Yongbom (1 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KRRNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA81"><i>The Son of Man as the Last Adam: The Early Church Tradition as a Source of Paul's Adam Christology</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61097-522-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61097-522-3"><bdi>978-1-61097-522-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Son+of+Man+as+the+Last+Adam%3A+The+Early+Church+Tradition+as+a+Source+of+Paul%27s+Adam+Christology&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2012-07-01&rft.isbn=978-1-61097-522-3&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Yongbom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKRRNAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASon+of+man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Son_of_man&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBromiley1995" class="citation book cs1">Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6OJvO2jMCr8C&q=%22an+awkward+and+an+ambiguous+expression+in+Greek%22&pg=PA574"><i>International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: vol. iv, Q-Z</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802837844" title="Special:BookSources/9780802837844"><bdi>9780802837844</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia%3A+vol.+iv%2C+Q-Z&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780802837844&rft.aulast=Bromiley&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6OJvO2jMCr8C%26q%3D%2522an%2Bawkward%2Band%2Ban%2Bambiguous%2Bexpression%2Bin%2BGreek%2522%26pg%3DPA574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASon+of+man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudd2003" class="citation book cs1">Budd, Philip J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=%22the+Pentateuch+as+we+know+it%22%22550+BC+to+about+400+BC%22&pg=PA127">"Numbers"</a>. In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). <i>Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible</i>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802837110" title="Special:BookSources/9780802837110"><bdi>9780802837110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Numbers&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Commentary+on+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780802837110&rft.aulast=Budd&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Vo-11umIZQC%26q%3D%2522the%2BPentateuch%2Bas%2Bwe%2Bknow%2Bit%2522%2522550%2BBC%2Bto%2Babout%2B400%2BBC%2522%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASon+of+man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkett2002" class="citation book cs1">Burkett, Delbert (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EcsQknxV-xQC&q=%22one+like+a+son+of+man+probably+did+not+represent+the+messiah%22&pg=PA64"><i>An Introduction to the New Testament and the Origins of Christianity</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521007207" title="Special:BookSources/9780521007207"><bdi>9780521007207</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+New+Testament+and+the+Origins+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780521007207&rft.aulast=Burkett&rft.aufirst=Delbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEcsQknxV-xQC%26q%3D%2522one%2Blike%2Ba%2Bson%2Bof%2Bman%2Bprobably%2Bdid%2Bnot%2Brepresent%2Bthe%2Bmessiah%2522%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASon+of+man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkett2000" class="citation book cs1">Burkett, Delbert (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uAvQeGSbTJMC"><i>The Son of Man Debate: A History and Evaluation</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139429801" title="Special:BookSources/9781139429801"><bdi>9781139429801</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Son+of+Man+Debate%3A+A+History+and+Evaluation&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781139429801&rft.aulast=Burkett&rft.aufirst=Delbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuAvQeGSbTJMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASon+of+man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._Collins" title="John J. Collins">Collins, John J.</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9r_Zs7T1nCMC&q=Daniel:+with+an+introduction+to+apocalyptic+literature"><i>Daniel: With an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802800206" title="Special:BookSources/9780802800206"><bdi>9780802800206</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daniel%3A+With+an+Introduction+to+Apocalyptic+Literature&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780802800206&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9r_Zs7T1nCMC%26q%3DDaniel%3A%2Bwith%2Ban%2Bintroduction%2Bto%2Bapocalyptic%2Bliterature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASon+of+man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins2002" class="citation book cs1">Higgins, A.J.B. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TU84zgrtpIsC&q=%22to+believe+that+Jesus+called+himself+the+son+of+man%22%22has+never+been+a+criterion%22&pg=PA13"><i>Jesus and the Son of Man</i></a>. James Clarke & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780227172216" title="Special:BookSources/9780227172216"><bdi>9780227172216</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+the+Son+of+Man&rft.pub=James+Clarke+%26+Co&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780227172216&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=A.J.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTU84zgrtpIsC%26q%3D%2522to%2Bbelieve%2Bthat%2BJesus%2Bcalled%2Bhimself%2Bthe%2Bson%2Bof%2Bman%2522%2522has%2Bnever%2Bbeen%2Ba%2Bcriterion%2522%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASon+of+man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurtado2005" class="citation book cs1">Hurtado, Larry W. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k32wZRMxltUC&q=%22is+used+only+by+Jesus%22&pg=PA292"><i>Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802831675" title="Special:BookSources/9780802831675"><bdi>9780802831675</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Jesus+Christ%3A+Devotion+to+Jesus+in+Earliest+Christianity&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780802831675&rft.aulast=Hurtado&rft.aufirst=Larry+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk32wZRMxltUC%26q%3D%2522is%2Bused%2Bonly%2Bby%2BJesus%2522%26pg%3DPA292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASon+of+man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2011" class="citation book cs1">McGrath, Alister E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bus5TyjTfxYC&q=%22son+of+man%22%22three+main+contexts%22&pg=PA270"><i>Christian Theology: An Introduction</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444397703" title="Special:BookSources/9781444397703"><bdi>9781444397703</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Theology%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781444397703&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Alister+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbus5TyjTfxYC%26q%3D%2522son%2Bof%2Bman%2522%2522three%2Bmain%2Bcontexts%2522%26pg%3DPA270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASon+of+man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlater1999" class="citation book cs1">Slater, Thomas (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dJICha5Rl-oC&q=%22The+Danielic+son+of+man+has+become+an+individual+man%22&pg=PA71"><i>Christ and Community: A Socio-Historical Study of the Christology of Revelation</i></a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850759393" title="Special:BookSources/9781850759393"><bdi>9781850759393</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christ+and+Community%3A+A+Socio-Historical+Study+of+the+Christology+of+Revelation&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781850759393&rft.aulast=Slater&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdJICha5Rl-oC%26q%3D%2522The%2BDanielic%2Bson%2Bof%2Bman%2Bhas%2Bbecome%2Ban%2Bindividual%2Bman%2522%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASon+of+man" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Son_of_man&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 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