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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><a href="/wiki/General_(Australia)" title="General (Australia)">General</a> Sir John Monash (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈmɒnæʃ/</a>; 27 June 1865 – 8 October 1931) was an Australian <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">civil engineer</a> and military commander of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>. He commanded the <a href="/wiki/13th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="13th Brigade (Australia)">13th Infantry Brigade</a> before the war and then, shortly after its outbreak, became commander of the <a href="/wiki/4th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="4th Brigade (Australia)">4th Brigade</a> in Egypt, with which he took part in the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli campaign</a>. <table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Sir John Monash</div> <div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George">GCMG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath">KCB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Auxiliary_Forces_Officers%27_Decoration" title="Colonial Auxiliary Forces Officers' Decoration">VD</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Monash_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/John_Monash_1.jpg/220px-John_Monash_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/John_Monash_1.jpg/330px-John_Monash_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/John_Monash_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="572"></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: 100%">Monash <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1920s</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1865-06-27)27 June 1865 <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Colony of Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">8 October 1931(1931-10-08) (aged 66) <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, Victoria, Australia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Buried</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Brighton_General_Cemetery" title="Brighton General Cemetery">Brighton General Cemetery</a>, Victoria, Australia</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">Australia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service / branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Army" title="Australian Army">Australian Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1884–1920</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/General_(Australia)" title="General (Australia)">General</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Service_number" title="Service number">Service number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">52</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Corps" title="Australian Corps">Australian Corps</a> (1918) <a href="/wiki/3rd_Division_(Australia)" title="3rd Division (Australia)">3rd Division</a> (1916–1918) <a href="/wiki/4th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="4th Brigade (Australia)">4th Infantry Brigade</a> (1914–1916) <a href="/wiki/13th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="13th Brigade (Australia)">13th Infantry Brigade</a> (1913–1914)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Messines_(1917)" title="Battle of Messines (1917)">Battle of Messines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Battle of Passchendaele</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Broodseinde" title="Battle of Broodseinde">Battle of Broodseinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="First Battle of Passchendaele">First Battle of Passchendaele</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hamel" title="Battle of Hamel">Battle of Hamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amiens_(1918)" title="Battle of Amiens (1918)">Battle of Amiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of St. Quentin Canal">Battle of St. Quentin Canal</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George">Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George</a> <a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath">Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath</a> <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_Decoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Volunteer Decoration">Volunteer Decoration</a><a href="#cite_note-LG31514-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentioned_in_dispatches" title="Mentioned in dispatches">Mentioned in dispatches</a> (6) <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour</a> (France) <a href="/wiki/Croix_de_guerre_1914%E2%80%931918_(France)" title="Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)">Croix de Guerre</a> (France) <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(Belgium)" title="Order of the Crown (Belgium)">Grand Officer of the Order of the Crown</a> (Belgium) <a href="/wiki/Croix_de_guerre_(Belgium)" title="Croix de guerre (Belgium)">Croix de Guerre</a> (Belgium) <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Medal_(U.S._Army)" title="Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)">Army Distinguished Service Medal</a> (United States)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Other work</th><td class="infobox-data">Manager <a href="/wiki/State_Electricity_Commission_of_Victoria" title="State Electricity Commission of Victoria">State Electricity Commission of Victoria</a> (1920–1931) Vice-Chancellor <a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a> (1923–1931)</td></tr></tbody></table> In July 1916, he took charge of the newly raised <a href="/wiki/3rd_Division_(Australia)" title="3rd Division (Australia)">3rd Division</a> in north-western France and, in May 1918, became commander of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Corps" title="Australian Corps">Australian Corps</a>, at that time the largest corps on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>. According to historian <a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">A. J. P. Taylor</a>, he was "the only general of creative originality produced by the First World War". <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life">1 Early life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#First_World_War">2 First World War</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Gallipoli">2.1 Gallipoli</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Western_Front">2.2 Western Front</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Commander_of_the_Australian_Corps">2.3 Commander of the Australian Corps</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#After_the_war">3 After the war</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Legacy">4 Legacy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Military_impact">4.1 Military impact</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Cultural_impact">4.2 Cultural impact</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Eponyms">4.3 Eponyms</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Movement_for_posthumous_recognition">4.4 Movement for posthumous recognition</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Arms">5 Arms</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Reference_list">7 Reference list</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Sources">8 Sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Further_reading">9 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Monash&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Monash_3_years_old_(1868)_-_Davies_%26_Co.,_Photographers,_Melbourne_(12199143986).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/John_Monash_3_years_old_%281868%29_-_Davies_%26_Co.%2C_Photographers%2C_Melbourne_%2812199143986%29.jpg/220px-John_Monash_3_years_old_%281868%29_-_Davies_%26_Co.%2C_Photographers%2C_Melbourne_%2812199143986%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 343px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/John_Monash_3_years_old_%281868%29_-_Davies_%26_Co.%2C_Photographers%2C_Melbourne_%2812199143986%29.jpg/220px-John_Monash_3_years_old_%281868%29_-_Davies_%26_Co.%2C_Photographers%2C_Melbourne_%2812199143986%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="343" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/John_Monash_3_years_old_%281868%29_-_Davies_%26_Co.%2C_Photographers%2C_Melbourne_%2812199143986%29.jpg/330px-John_Monash_3_years_old_%281868%29_-_Davies_%26_Co.%2C_Photographers%2C_Melbourne_%2812199143986%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/John_Monash_3_years_old_%281868%29_-_Davies_%26_Co.%2C_Photographers%2C_Melbourne_%2812199143986%29.jpg/440px-John_Monash_3_years_old_%281868%29_-_Davies_%26_Co.%2C_Photographers%2C_Melbourne_%2812199143986%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Portrait Monash aged 3, Melbourne, 1868</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Monash_as_a_boy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/John_Monash_as_a_boy.jpg/170px-John_Monash_as_a_boy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1212" data-file-height="1765"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 248px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/John_Monash_as_a_boy.jpg/170px-John_Monash_as_a_boy.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="248" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/John_Monash_as_a_boy.jpg/255px-John_Monash_as_a_boy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/John_Monash_as_a_boy.jpg/340px-John_Monash_as_a_boy.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Monash as a teenager</figcaption></figure> Monash was born in 58 Dudley Street,<a href="#cite_note-DAB-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/West_Melbourne,_Victoria" title="West Melbourne, Victoria">West Melbourne, Victoria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> parents, both from <a href="/wiki/Krotoschin" class="mw-redirect" title="Krotoschin">Krotoschin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> province of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">Posen</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Krotoszyn_County" title="Krotoszyn County">Krotoszyn, Poland</a>). His birth certificate records his date of birth as 23 June 1865, but that is probably a mistake, because he was almost certainly born on 27 June.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> He was the first child of Louis Monash and his wife Bertha, née Manasse, who had arrived in Melbourne on the Empire of Peace on 5 June 1864.<a href="#cite_note-ADB-5">[5]</a> The family name was originally spelt Monasch and was pronounced with the emphasis on the second syllable.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The young family soon relocated from Dudley Street to larger premises on nearby Victoria Parade, before moving to a third rental property in Church Street, <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Victoria" title="Richmond, Victoria">Richmond</a>. In 1873, Bertha received a large inheritance from her mother, with which she purchased two houses, a large one in Yarra Street, <a href="/wiki/Hawthorn,_Victoria" title="Hawthorn, Victoria">Hawthorn</a>, and a smaller one in Clifton Street, Richmond. The family resided in the smaller one and rented-out the larger one.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The young John was sent to St Stephen's School on Docker's Hill in Richmond, and was remembered as a bright and alert schoolboy, with a special interest in English, some skill in drawing, a keen sense of fun, and no interest whatsoever in organised sport. At home his mother taught him piano, and encouraged him to read to her in English, French and German.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The family spoke German as their <a href="/wiki/Native_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Native language">native language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> As might be expected from a man brought up by cultivated German parents who had arrived in Australia barely two years before John's birth, Monash spoke, read, and wrote German fluently. However, from 1914 until his death, he had good reason not to attract attention to his German background.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In 1874, the family moved to the small town of <a href="/wiki/Jerilderie" title="Jerilderie">Jerilderie</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Riverina" title="Riverina">Riverina</a> region of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, where his father ran a store. Monash later claimed to have met the <a href="/wiki/Bushranger" title="Bushranger">bushranger</a> <a href="/wiki/Ned_Kelly" title="Ned Kelly">Ned Kelly</a> during the Kelly gang's raid there in 1879.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Monash attended the state school where his intelligence was recognised. The family was advised to move back to Melbourne to let John reach his full potential, which they did in 1877. Although his parents had largely abandoned religious practice, Monash celebrated his <a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah">Bar Mitzvah</a> at the <a href="/wiki/East_Melbourne_Hebrew_Congregation" title="East Melbourne Hebrew Congregation">East Melbourne Hebrew Congregation</a> and sang in its choir. He was educated under <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Morrison_(headmaster)" title="Alexander Morrison (headmaster)">Alexander Morrison</a> at <a href="/wiki/Scotch_College,_Melbourne" title="Scotch College, Melbourne">Scotch College, Melbourne</a>, where he passed the matriculation examination when only 14 years of age.<a href="#cite_note-ADB-5">[5]</a> At age 16, he was <a href="/wiki/Dux#Post-Roman_uses" title="Dux">dux</a> of the school.<a href="#cite_note-DAB-2">[2]</a> He graduated from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a>: a Master of Engineering in 1893; a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">Bachelor of Laws</a> in 1895,<a href="#cite_note-DAB-2">[2]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Engineering" title="Doctor of Engineering">Doctor of Engineering</a> in 1921.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> On 8 April 1891, Monash married Hannah Victoria Moss (1871–1920), and their only child, Bertha, was born in 1893. Monash had previously engaged in an affair with Annie Gabriel, the wife of one of his colleagues, which ended as an active matter after his conscious choice of 'Vic' for marriage (though communication continued many years afterwards).<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> He worked as a <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">civil engineer</a>, and played a major role in introducing <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">reinforced concrete</a> to Australian engineering practice. He initially worked for private contractors on bridge and railway construction, and as their advocate in contract arbitrations. Following a period with the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Harbor_Trust" title="Melbourne Harbor Trust">Melbourne Harbor Trust</a>, in 1894 he entered into partnership with <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Thomas_Noble_Anderson" title="Joshua Thomas Noble Anderson">J. T. N. Anderson</a> as consultants and contractors. When the partnership was dissolved in 1905 he joined with the builder <a href="/wiki/David_Mitchell_(builder)" title="David Mitchell (builder)">David Mitchell</a> and industrial chemist John Gibson to form the Reinforced Concrete & Monier Pipe Construction Co, and in 1906 with them and businessmen from <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>, to form the S. A. Reinforced Concrete Co.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> He took a leading part in his profession and became president of the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Institute_of_Engineers" title="Victorian Institute of Engineers">Victorian Institute of Engineers</a> and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Civil_Engineers" title="Institution of Civil Engineers">Institution of Civil Engineers</a>, London.<a href="#cite_note-DAB-2">[2]</a> Monash joined the university company of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Army_Reserve" title="Australian Army Reserve">militia</a> in 1884, and he became a lieutenant in the North Melbourne battery on 5 April 1887.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> He was promoted to captain in 1895 and in April 1897 was promoted to major and given command of the battery.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> On 7 March 1908, he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel in the intelligence corps.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> He was given command of the <a href="/wiki/13th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="13th Brigade (Australia)">13th Infantry Brigade</a> in 1912,<a href="#cite_note-DAB-2">[2]</a> and was promoted colonel on 1 July 1913.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="First_World_War">First World War</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Monash&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First World War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallipoli">Gallipoli</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Monash&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gallipoli" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6230649_Monash_group_portrait_Captains_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/6230649_Monash_group_portrait_Captains_cropped.jpg/220px-6230649_Monash_group_portrait_Captains_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="653"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 292px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/6230649_Monash_group_portrait_Captains_cropped.jpg/220px-6230649_Monash_group_portrait_Captains_cropped.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="292" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/6230649_Monash_group_portrait_Captains_cropped.jpg/330px-6230649_Monash_group_portrait_Captains_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/6230649_Monash_group_portrait_Captains_cropped.jpg/440px-6230649_Monash_group_portrait_Captains_cropped.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Monash during the First World War</figcaption></figure> When the First World War broke out in August 1914, Monash became a full-time army officer, accepting an appointment as the chief censor in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Monash did not enjoy the job, and was keen for a field command.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In September, after the <a href="/wiki/First_Australian_Imperial_Force" title="First Australian Imperial Force">Australian Imperial Force</a> was formed, he was appointed as the commander of the <a href="/wiki/4th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="4th Brigade (Australia)">4th Infantry Brigade</a>, which consisted of four <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalions</a>: the <a href="/wiki/13th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="13th Battalion (Australia)">13th</a>, <a href="/wiki/14th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="14th Battalion (Australia)">14th</a>, <a href="/wiki/15th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="15th Battalion (Australia)">15th</a> and <a href="/wiki/16th_Battalion_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="16th Battalion (Australia)">16th</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> His appointment was met with some protest within the military, in part due to his German and Jewish ancestry, but Monash was supported by numerous high-ranking officers, including <a href="/wiki/James_Gordon_Legge" title="James Gordon Legge">James Legge</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Whiteside_McCay" title="James Whiteside McCay">James McCay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ian_Hamilton_(British_Army_officer)" title="Ian Hamilton (British Army officer)">Ian Hamilton</a>, and his appointment stood.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> When the first contingent of Australian troops, the <a href="/wiki/1st_Division_(Australia)" title="1st Division (Australia)">1st Division</a>, sailed in October, the 4th Brigade remained behind. Training was undertaken at <a href="/wiki/Broadmeadows,_Victoria" title="Broadmeadows, Victoria">Broadmeadows, Victoria</a>, before embarking in December 1914. After arriving in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> in January 1915, Monash's brigade established itself at <a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_(Cairo_suburb)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopolis (Cairo suburb)">Heliopolis</a>, where it was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_and_Australian_Division" title="New Zealand and Australian Division">New Zealand and Australian Division</a> under <a href="/wiki/Major_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Godley" title="Alexander Godley">Alexander Godley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> After a period of training, in April, the brigade took part in the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli campaign</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Turks</a>. Assigned the role of divisional reserve, Monash came ashore early on 26 April.<a href="#cite_note-ADB-5">[5]</a> The brigade initially defended the line between Pope's Hill and <a href="/wiki/Courtney%27s_and_Steel%27s_Post_Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Courtney's and Steel's Post Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery">Courtney's Post</a>, and the valley behind this line became known as "Monash Valley".<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> There he made a name for himself with his independent decision-making and his organisational ability.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> He was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier general (Australia)">brigadier general</a> in July, although the news was marred by spiteful rumours that were passed in Cairo, Melbourne and London about him being a "German spy".<a href="#cite_note-ADB-5">[5]</a> His promotion was gazetted in September, with effect from 15 September 1914.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sari_Bair" title="Battle of Sari Bair">August offensive</a>, launched by the Allies to break the deadlock on the peninsula, Monash's brigade was to conduct a "left hook" to capture of Hill 971, the highest point on the Sari Bair range.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> On the evening of 6/7 August, the brigade launched its attack, but poor maps, heavy resistance and the mountainous terrain defeated them. Elsewhere, the offensive also stalled,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> resulting in disaster for the last co-ordinated effort to defeat the Turkish forces on the Gallipoli Peninsula. By mid-August, Monash's brigade was down to just 1,400 men out of the 3,350 at the beginning of the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> On 21 August, Monash led them in an attack on <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_60_(Gallipoli)" title="Battle of Hill 60 (Gallipoli)">Hill 60</a>, before it was withdrawn from the peninsula for rest. While the brigade recuperated on <a href="/wiki/Lemnos" title="Lemnos">Lemnos</a>, Monash took leave in Egypt, where he learned of his appointment as a <a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of the Bath">Companion of the Order of the Bath</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ADB-5">[5]</a> In November, the 4th Brigade returned to Gallipoli, occupying a "quiet sector" around Bauchop's Hill. Monash used his engineering knowledge to improve his brigade's position to withstand the winter, and he worked to improve the conditions that his troops would have to endure but, in mid-December, the order to evacuate the peninsula came.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Monash's time on Gallipoli and his departure from it were not, however, without controversy for reasons unrelated to the fighting. While on Gallipoli he "wrote very freely to his wife revealing much current information" and "opened himself to the criticism that he would not keep the rules by which his juniors had strictly to adhere."<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Later, in a long diary-letter sent home by Monash and known by him to be illegal in Army terms, Monash implied that he was "one of the very last off Gallipoli". However, "he had left for the beach nearly five hours before the last. It was a clumsy deception as so many people knew the facts."<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Following the withdrawal from Gallipoli, Monash returned to Egypt, where the AIF underwent a period of reorganisation and expansion. That process resulted in the 4th Brigade being split, providing a <a href="/wiki/En_cadre" class="mw-redirect" title="En cadre">cadre</a> of experienced personnel to form the <a href="/wiki/12th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="12th Brigade (Australia)">12th Brigade</a>. It was also reassigned to the <a href="/wiki/4th_Division_(Australia)" title="4th Division (Australia)">4th Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> After a period of training, Monash's brigade undertook defensive duties along the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>. On 25 April 1916, the first anniversary of the landing at Gallipoli, while at Tel-el-Kebir, Monash and his men solemnly observed <a href="/wiki/Anzac_Day" title="Anzac Day">Anzac Day</a>. Monash distributed red ribbons to soldiers present at the first landing and blue ribbons to those who came later.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Front">Western Front</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Monash&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Western Front" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In June 1916, Monash and his command were transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>, being sent to the front around <a href="/wiki/Armenti%C3%A8res" title="Armentières">Armentières</a>. On 10 July, Monash was promoted to temporary <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(Australia)" title="Major general (Australia)">major general</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> and placed in command of the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Division_(Australia)" title="3rd Division (Australia)">Australian 3rd Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ADB-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> He trained the division in England with attention to detail,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennis_et_al1995405-38">[38]</a> and after the division was sent to the Western Front in November 1916, including <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Messines_(1917)" title="Battle of Messines (1917)">Messines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Broodseinde" title="Battle of Broodseinde">Broodseinde</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="First Battle of Passchendaele">First Battle of Passchendaele</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ADB-5">[5]</a> with some successes, but incurring the usual heavy casualties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalazzo200237%E2%80%9341-39">[39]</a> The British High Command was impressed by Monash and, according to biographer Geoffery Serle, while dining with <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Haig,_1st_Earl_Haig" title="Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig">Sir Douglas Haig</a>, Monash was informed that Haig "wanted him as a corps commander".<a href="#cite_note-ADB-5">[5]</a> Monash's division spent the winter of 1917–1918 around <a href="/wiki/Ploegsteert" title="Ploegsteert">Ploegsteert</a>. Early the following year, after the Germans launched their <a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">Spring Offensive</a>, the 3rd Division was deployed to undertake defensive operations around <a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a>. Throughout April and May, the division undertook several <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_penetration" title="Peaceful penetration">peaceful penetration</a> operations.<a href="#cite_note-ADB-5">[5]</a> Monash later described the recapture of the town of <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Villers-Bretonneux" title="Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux">Villers-Bretonneux</a> on 25 April 1918, after the Germans had overrun the 8th British Division under General <a href="/wiki/William_Heneker" title="William Heneker">William Heneker</a>, as the turning-point of the war. Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_William_Glasgow" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas William Glasgow">Thomas William Glasgow</a>'s 13th Brigade, and Harold Elliott's 15th Brigade, were both heavily involved in the operation.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commander_of_the_Australian_Corps">Commander of the Australian Corps</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Monash&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Commander of the Australian Corps" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Monash_portrait_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/John_Monash_portrait_1918.jpg/220px-John_Monash_portrait_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="377" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 377px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/John_Monash_portrait_1918.jpg/220px-John_Monash_portrait_1918.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="377" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/John_Monash_portrait_1918.jpg/330px-John_Monash_portrait_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/John_Monash_portrait_1918.jpg/440px-John_Monash_portrait_1918.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Monash in 1918</figcaption></figure> On 1 June 1918, the promotion of Monash to <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(Australia)" title="Lieutenant general (Australia)">lieutenant general</a> and commander of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Corps" title="Australian Corps">Australian Corps</a>, at the time the largest individual corps on the Western Front,<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> was confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Monash's promotion was not without contention. Among those who considered and advocated for Major General <a href="/wiki/Brudenell_White" title="Brudenell White">Brudenell White</a> to have command of the Australian Corps were Australia's Official War Correspondent and later Official Historian, Charles Bean, and journalist Keith Murdoch, although historian Justin Chadwick has written that Bean was one of many of that view.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Bean had reservations about Monash's "ideals".<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-beandiary56-46">[46]</a> and was said to have a general prejudice against Monash's Prussian Jewish background.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> According to Kelly, Bean's core motivation at that time was that Brudenell White's appointment was in the best interest of the AIF,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> and that it would be a big mistake for White to leave the Australian Corps and go with <a href="/wiki/William_Birdwood" title="William Birdwood">Birdwood</a> to the British Fifth Army.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-beandiary56-46">[46]</a> Historian Burness noted that Bean did recognise Monash's ability and was not concerned that he should be promoted, but he considered Brudenell White was better fitted to command the fighting corps.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In that climate <a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Hughes</a> arrived at the front, before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hamel" title="Battle of Hamel">Battle of Hamel</a>, prepared to replace Monash but, after consulting with senior officers, and having seen the superb power of planning and execution displayed by Monash, he changed his mind. In his Official History, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bean" title="Charles Bean">Charles Bean</a> noted that Monash was more effective the higher he rose within the Army.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> His depth of knowledge not only of military matters, but also of engineering and business, ensured that his operational plans were the product of meticulous preparation and thorough and rigorous scrutiny.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Bean later wrote of his own "high intentioned but ill-judged intervention" and that "those who took action (relating to Monash's appointment) did so as I afterwards realised, without adequate appreciation of Monash, who, though his reputation as a front line soldier had been poor, was never the less a much greater man than most of us then thought."<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> At the Battle of Hamel on 4 July 1918, Monash, with the support of the British 4th Army commander <a href="/wiki/Henry_Rawlinson,_1st_Baron_Rawlinson" title="Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson">Sir Henry Rawlinson</a>, commanded the 4th Australian Division, supported by the British 5th Tank Brigade, along with a detachment of American troops, to win a small but operationally significant victory for the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> On 8 August 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amiens_(1918)" title="Battle of Amiens (1918)">Battle of Amiens</a> was launched. Allied troops under the command of Haig, predominantly Rawlinson's British 4th Army (consisting of the Australian Corps under Monash, Canadian Corps under <a href="/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Currie" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Arthur Currie">Sir Arthur Currie</a>, British III Corps under Butler and British Cavalry Corps under Kavanagh), attacked the Germans. The Australian Corps sprearheaded the allied attack. Monash gave them, as a key objective in the first phase, the capture of enemy artillery, in order to minimise the potential harm to the attacking forces.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The battle was a strong, significant victory for the Allies, the first decisive win for the British Army of the war,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> causing the Germans to recognise that for them the War was lost. The defeated German leader, General <a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Erich Ludendorff</a>, described it in the following words: "August 8th was the black day of the German Army in the history of the war".<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Those operations were just a start of a broad Allied offensive across the Western Front. On 12 August 1918, at <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Bertangles" title="Château de Bertangles">Château de Bertangles</a>, Monash was knighted by <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">King George V</a> as a Knight Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Order of the Bath</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ADB-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_George_V_congratulating_Lieutenant_General_Sir_John_Monash_KCB_VD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/King_George_V_congratulating_Lieutenant_General_Sir_John_Monash_KCB_VD.jpg/220px-King_George_V_congratulating_Lieutenant_General_Sir_John_Monash_KCB_VD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="477"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 164px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/King_George_V_congratulating_Lieutenant_General_Sir_John_Monash_KCB_VD.jpg/220px-King_George_V_congratulating_Lieutenant_General_Sir_John_Monash_KCB_VD.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="164" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/King_George_V_congratulating_Lieutenant_General_Sir_John_Monash_KCB_VD.jpg/330px-King_George_V_congratulating_Lieutenant_General_Sir_John_Monash_KCB_VD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/King_George_V_congratulating_Lieutenant_General_Sir_John_Monash_KCB_VD.jpg/440px-King_George_V_congratulating_Lieutenant_General_Sir_John_Monash_KCB_VD.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> congratulating Lieutenant General Sir John Monash, August 1918.</figcaption></figure> After that, the Australians achieved under Monash a series of victories against the Germans at <a href="/wiki/Chuignes" title="Chuignes">Chuignes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mont_St._Quentin" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mont St. Quentin">Mont St Quentin</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ronne,_Somme" title="Péronne, Somme">Peronne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hargicourt,_Somme" title="Hargicourt, Somme">Hargicourt</a>. Of the battle of Mt St Quentin and the subsequent taking of the town of Peronne, Charles Bean wrote in the Official History: "the dash, intelligence, and persistence of the troops dealt a stunning blow to five German divisions, drove the enemy from one of its key positions in France, and took 2,600 prisoners at a cost of slightly over 3,000 casualties."<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Monash had 208,000 men under his command, including 50,000 inexperienced Americans. He planned the attack on the German defences at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hindenburg_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Hindenburg Line">Battle of the Hindenburg Line</a> between 16 September and 5 October 1918. The Allies had eventually breached the <a href="/wiki/Hindenburg_Line" title="Hindenburg Line">Hindenburg Line</a> by 5 October, and the war was essentially over. On 5 October, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Maximilian_of_Baden" title="Prince Maximilian of Baden">Prinz Max von Baden</a>, on behalf of the German Government, asked for an immediate <a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">armistice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> By the end of the war, Monash had acquired an outstanding reputation for intellect, personal magnetism, management and ingenuity. He also won the respect and loyalty of his troops. His motto was "Feed your troops on victory".<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Monash was regarded with great respect by the British. A British captain on the staff of <a href="/wiki/William_Heneker" title="William Heneker">William Heneker</a>'s 8th Division described Monash as "a great bullock of a man... though his manners were pleasant and his behaviour far from rough, I have seen few men who gave me such a sensation of force... a fit leader for the wild men he commanded".<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Bernard Montgomery</a> later wrote: "I would name Sir John Monash as the best general on the western front in Europe".<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> For his services during the War, and in addition to his creation as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath, Monash was appointed as a Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Order of St Michael and St George">Order of St Michael and St George</a> on 1 January 1919.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> He also received numerous foreign honours – the French appointed him a Grand Officer of the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Légion d'honneur">Légion d'honneur</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> and awarded him the <a href="/wiki/Croix_de_guerre_1914%E2%80%931918_(France)" title="Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)">Croix de Guerre</a>,<a href="#cite_note-LG31514-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> the Belgians appointed him a Grand Officer of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(Belgium)" title="Order of the Crown (Belgium)">Order of the Crown</a> (Grand-Officier Ordre de la Couronne) and awarded him the <a href="/wiki/Croix_de_guerre_(Belgium)" title="Croix de guerre (Belgium)">Croix de Guerre</a>,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> and the United States awarded him the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Medal_(U.S._Army)" title="Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)">Distinguished Service Medal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The Australian Government honoured Monash with promotion to the full rank of general explicitly "in recognition of his long and distinguished service with the Australian military forces" on 11 November 1929.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="After_the_war">After the war</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Monash&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: After the war" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Monash_statue_Melbourne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/John_Monash_statue_Melbourne.jpg/170px-John_Monash_statue_Melbourne.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 209px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/John_Monash_statue_Melbourne.jpg/170px-John_Monash_statue_Melbourne.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="209" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/John_Monash_statue_Melbourne.jpg/255px-John_Monash_statue_Melbourne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/John_Monash_statue_Melbourne.jpg/340px-John_Monash_statue_Melbourne.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Statue of Sir John Monash in <a href="/wiki/Kings_Domain,_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings Domain, Melbourne">King's Domain</a>, Melbourne.</figcaption></figure> In October 1918, towards the end of the war, Australian War Historian, Charles Bean, had urged Prime Minister William Hughes to have a plan of repatriation drawn up by the AIF and to put Monash in charge of it.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Soon after the cessation of hostilities in November 1918, Hughes requested that Monash return to London to take up the appointment as Director-General of Repatriation and Demobilisation, heading a newly created department to carry out the repatriation of Australian troops from Europe.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In August 1919, while in London, Monash wrote The Australian Victories in France in 1918 which was published in 1920. According to Geoffrey Searle: "It was propaganda, but not far off the truth,"<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> and "(it) laid the groundwork for the popular narrative of 'Monash- the-war-winner.'"<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Monash was, nevertheless, a noted advocate of <a href="/wiki/Combined_Arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined Arms">the co-ordinated use</a> of <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a>. As he wrote in the book:<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">... the true role of infantry was not to expend itself upon heroic physical effort, not to wither away under merciless <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine-gun</a> fire, not to impale itself on hostile <a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">bayonets</a>, nor to tear itself to pieces in hostile entanglements—(I am thinking of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pozi%C3%A8res" title="Battle of Pozières">Pozières</a> and Stormy Trench and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Bullecourt</a>, and other bloody fields)—but on the contrary, to advance under the maximum possible protection of the maximum possible array of mechanical resources, in the form of guns, machine-guns, tanks, <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortars</a> and aeroplanes; to advance with as little impediment as possible; to be relieved as far as possible of the obligation to fight their way forward; to march, resolutely, regardless of the din and tumult of battle, to the appointed goal; and there to hold and defend the territory gained; and to gather in the form of prisoners, guns and stores, the fruits of victory.</blockquote> He returned to Australia on 26 December 1919 to an enthusiastic welcome.<a href="#cite_note-ADB-5">[5]</a> On 1 January 1920, he was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant-general and returned to the reserves.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graves_of_Hannah_Victoria_Monash_(1871%E2%80%931920)_and_John_Monash_(1865%E2%80%931931)_at_Brighton_General_Cemetery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Graves_of_Hannah_Victoria_Monash_%281871%E2%80%931920%29_and_John_Monash_%281865%E2%80%931931%29_at_Brighton_General_Cemetery.jpg/220px-Graves_of_Hannah_Victoria_Monash_%281871%E2%80%931920%29_and_John_Monash_%281865%E2%80%931931%29_at_Brighton_General_Cemetery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2688" data-file-height="3344"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 274px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Graves_of_Hannah_Victoria_Monash_%281871%E2%80%931920%29_and_John_Monash_%281865%E2%80%931931%29_at_Brighton_General_Cemetery.jpg/220px-Graves_of_Hannah_Victoria_Monash_%281871%E2%80%931920%29_and_John_Monash_%281865%E2%80%931931%29_at_Brighton_General_Cemetery.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="274" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Graves_of_Hannah_Victoria_Monash_%281871%E2%80%931920%29_and_John_Monash_%281865%E2%80%931931%29_at_Brighton_General_Cemetery.jpg/330px-Graves_of_Hannah_Victoria_Monash_%281871%E2%80%931920%29_and_John_Monash_%281865%E2%80%931931%29_at_Brighton_General_Cemetery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Graves_of_Hannah_Victoria_Monash_%281871%E2%80%931920%29_and_John_Monash_%281865%E2%80%931931%29_at_Brighton_General_Cemetery.jpg/440px-Graves_of_Hannah_Victoria_Monash_%281871%E2%80%931920%29_and_John_Monash_%281865%E2%80%931931%29_at_Brighton_General_Cemetery.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Graves of Hannah Victoria and John Monash at Brighton General Cemetery</figcaption></figure> Shortly after his return, on 27 February 1920, Monash's wife, Vic, died of cervical cancer.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Monash had a prolonged affair with Elizabeth "Lizette" Bentwitch, a first cousin of the prominent Zionist <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Bentwich" title="Herbert Bentwich">Herbert Bentwich</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The two planned to marry after Vic's death but Monash's daughter put her foot down to stop the union.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Later, Monash worked in prominent civilian positions, the most notable being as head of the <a href="/wiki/State_Electricity_Commission_of_Victoria" title="State Electricity Commission of Victoria">State Electricity Commission of Victoria</a> (SECV) after October 1920. From 1923 until his death eight years later, he was vice-chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a> .<a href="#cite_note-ADB-5">[5]</a> Monash was a founding member of the Rotary Club of Melbourne, Australia's first <a href="/wiki/Rotary_International" title="Rotary International">Rotary Club</a>, and served as its second president (1922–1923). In 1927, he became president of the newly founded <a href="/wiki/Zionist_Federation_of_Australia" title="Zionist Federation of Australia">Zionist Federation of Australia</a> and New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Monash_Monument_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/John_Monash_Monument_detail.jpg/220px-John_Monash_Monument_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/John_Monash_Monument_detail.jpg/220px-John_Monash_Monument_detail.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/John_Monash_Monument_detail.jpg/330px-John_Monash_Monument_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/John_Monash_Monument_detail.jpg/440px-John_Monash_Monument_detail.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Commemoration on Sir John Monash's Grave</figcaption></figure> In 1923, he was called upon by the Victorian Government of <a href="/wiki/Harry_Lawson_(politician)" title="Harry Lawson (politician)">Harry Lawson</a> to organise "special constables" to restore order during the <a href="/wiki/1923_Victorian_Police_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="1923 Victorian Police strike">1923 Victorian Police strike</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> He was one of the principal organisers of the annual observance of ANZAC Day and oversaw the planning for Melbourne's monumental war memorial, the <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Remembrance" title="Shrine of Remembrance">Shrine of Remembrance</a>. Monash was honoured with numerous awards and decorations from universities and foreign governments.<a href="#cite_note-ADB-5">[5]</a> According to his biographer Geoffrey Serle: "[i]n the 1920s Monash was broadly accepted, not just in Victoria, as the greatest living Australian".<a href="#cite_note-ADB-5">[5]</a> Monash died in Melbourne on 8 October 1931 from a heart attack, and he was given a state funeral. An estimated 300,000 mourners came to pay their respects, the nation's largest funeral crowd to that time. After a Jewish service, and a 17-gun salute, he was buried in <a href="/wiki/Brighton_General_Cemetery" title="Brighton General Cemetery">Brighton General Cemetery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In a final sign of humility, despite his achievements, honours and titles, he instructed that his tombstone simply bear the words "John Monash".<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> He was survived by his daughter, Bertha (1893–1979).<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Monash&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_impact">Military impact</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Monash&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Military impact" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> According to British historian <a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">A. J. P. Taylor</a>, Monash was "the only general of creative originality produced by the First World War."<a href="#cite_note-ADB-5">[5]</a> Monash's impact on Australian military thinking was significant in three areas. First, he was the first Australian to fully command Australian forces and he took, as following Australian commanders did, a relatively independent line with his British superiors. Second, he promoted the concept of the commander's duty to ensure the safety and well-being of his troops to a pre-eminent position in a philosophy of "collective individualism". And finally, he, along with staff officer <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Blamey" title="Thomas Blamey">Thomas Blamey</a>, forcefully demonstrated the benefit of thorough planning and integration of all arms of the forces available, and of all of the components supporting the front line forces, including logistical, medical and recreational services. Troops later recounted that one of the most extraordinary things about the Battle of Hamel was not the use of armoured tanks, nor the tremendous success of the operation, but the fact that in the midst of battle Monash had arranged delivery of hot meals up to the front line.<a href="#cite_note-Ferguson_ch5-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_impact">Cultural impact</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Monash&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cultural impact" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In recognition of his enduring influence, Monash's face is on the <a href="/wiki/Australian_one_hundred-dollar_note" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian one hundred-dollar note">$100 note</a>, Australia's highest-value currency note.<a href="#cite_note-Ferguson_ch5-86">[86]</a> Monash's success in part reflected the tolerance of Australian society but, to a larger degree, his success – in the harshest experience the young nation had suffered – shaped that tolerance and demonstrated to Australians that the Australian character was diverse, <a href="/wiki/Multiethnic_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiethnic society">multi-ethnic</a>, and a blend of the traditions of the "bush" and the "city"[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. According to author <a href="/wiki/Colin_MacInnes" title="Colin MacInnes">Colin MacInnes</a>, as recounted by Monash's biographer, Geoffrey Serle, Monash's "presence and prestige...made anti-Semitism...impossible in Australia".<a href="#cite_note-ADB-5">[5]</a> He is also honoured in a Cantata for chorus, soloists and orchestra called Peace – A Cantata for John Monash, by composer/conductor David Kram.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eponyms">Eponyms</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Monash&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Eponyms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monash_University" title="Monash University">Monash University</a>, a public research university in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Monash" title="City of Monash">City of Monash</a>, a local government area in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Monash" title="Division of Monash">Division of Monash</a>, a Federal electoral division covering part of <a href="/wiki/Gippsland,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Gippsland, Victoria">Gippsland, Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monash_Medical_Centre" title="Monash Medical Centre">Monash Medical Centre</a>, a teaching hospital in Melbourne (and location of his bust, which was originally located in the former SECV town of <a href="/wiki/Yallourn" title="Yallourn">Yallourn</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monash_Freeway" title="Monash Freeway">Monash Freeway</a>, a major urban freeway in Melbourne</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Monash_Scholars" title="John Monash Scholars">John Monash Scholarships</a>, annually awarded to outstanding Australians for postgraduate study overseas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Monash_Science_School" title="John Monash Science School">John Monash Science School</a>, a specialist science secondary school in Clayton, Victoria</li> <li>Town of <a href="/wiki/Monash,_South_Australia" title="Monash, South Australia">Monash</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Monash" title="Kfar Monash">Kfar Monash</a> ("Monash village") in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></li> <li>Suburb of <a href="/wiki/Monash,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Monash, Australian Capital Territory">Monash</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Monash_Stakes" title="Sir John Monash Stakes">Sir John Monash Stakes</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Group_races" title="Group races">Group 3</a> horse race run each July at <a href="/wiki/Caulfield_Racecourse" title="Caulfield Racecourse">Caulfield Racecourse</a></li> <li>Monash Country Club in <a href="/wiki/Ingleside,_New_South_Wales" title="Ingleside, New South Wales">Ingleside</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Beaches" title="Northern Beaches">Northern Beaches</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></li> <li>Sir John Monash Drive in <a href="/wiki/Caulfield_East,_Victoria" title="Caulfield East, Victoria">Caulfield East, Victoria</a></li> <li>306 Monash Army Cadet Unit</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Monash_Centre" title="Sir John Monash Centre">Sir John Monash Centre</a>, commemorative <a href="/wiki/Heritage_interpretation" title="Heritage interpretation">interpretive centre</a> at <a href="/wiki/Villers-Bretonneux" title="Villers-Bretonneux">Villers-Bretonneux</a>, France<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></li> <li>General Monash Branch – Royal Canadian Legion (Branch #115) <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>, Manitoba, Canada</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movement_for_posthumous_recognition">Movement for posthumous recognition</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Monash&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Movement for posthumous recognition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Since 2013, there has been a movement to posthumously promote Monash to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(Australia)" title="Field marshal (Australia)">field marshal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Monash would be the fourth person, and only second Australian-born person, to hold this rank. The movement was led by <a href="/wiki/Tim_Fischer" title="Tim Fischer">Tim Fischer</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Australia">Australian Deputy Prime Minister</a> and author of the book, Maestro John Monash: Australia's Greatest Citizen General, and supported by other Australian Members of Parliament including <a href="/wiki/Josh_Frydenberg" title="Josh Frydenberg">Josh Frydenberg</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cathy_McGowan_(politician)" title="Cathy McGowan (politician)">Cathy McGowan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> According to Fischer, Monash was denied promotion during his life due to discrimination, including as a result of his German-Jewish ancestry and his status as a reservist rather than professional soldier.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In October 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Jerilderie_Shire" title="Jerilderie Shire">Jerilderie Shire</a> Council unanimously adopted the "Jerilderie Proposition", calling on the Australian Government to promote Monash:<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><blockquote>Following on the outstanding contribution of Sir John Monash to state and nation before, during and after World War I and reflecting the fact that Sir John Monash received no Australian awards or honours post 11 November 1918, the Prime Minister approve by government gazette publication the posthumous promotion of one step in rank of General Sir John Monash to the rank of Australian field marshal, with effect 11 November 1930, one year after Sir John Monash was eventually promoted to the rank of general.</blockquote> In fact, Monash was recognised after November 1918 by the Australian Government, and was promoted to the full rank of general by the Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/James_Scullin" title="James Scullin">James Scullin</a> in recognition of his long and distinguished service with the Australian military forces on Armistice Day 11 November 1929.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> On 14 April 2018, Neil James, Executive Director of the Australian Defence Association, suggested that posthumously promoting Monash was unnecessary and "would demean his record." James also wrote that the campaign to do so highlighted the problem of "emotive mythology about our military history." He pointed out that <a href="/wiki/Harry_Chauvel" title="Harry Chauvel">Harry Chauvel</a> was the first Australian to command a division and become a corps commander, being promoted to lieutenant general a year before Monash. James added: "I have yet to meet or even hear of [a military historian] who supports the Monash promotion proposal".<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Three days after James' comments the Australian Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Turnbull" title="Malcolm Turnbull">Malcolm Turnbull</a>, announced that Monash would not be promoted posthumously to field marshal.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Arms">Arms</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Monash&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Arms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="max-width: 100%"> <caption class="nowrap">Coat of arms of General Sir John Monash, GCMG, KCB, VD<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="min-width:175px;"> <dl><dt>Notes</dt> <dd>Knighted in 1918 as a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Order of St Michael and St George">Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George</a>.</dd> <dt>Crest</dt> <dd>A demi Lion Gules holding between the paws a pair of compasses Or.</dd> <dt>Torse</dt> <dd>Mantling Argent and Azure.</dd> <dt>Helm</dt> <dd>An open forward facing helmet.</dd> <dt>Escutcheon</dt> <dd>Azure a Fess between in chief five Mullets of eight points three and two and in base a Sword within two branches of Laurel all Or.</dd> <dt>Supporters</dt> <dd>Dexter: An Infantryman of the Australian Expeditionary Force supporting with his exterior hand a Rifle Sinister: An Artilleryman of the Australian Expeditionary Force all proper.</dd> <dt>Motto</dt> <dd>Marte et Arte</dd> <dt>Orders</dt> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Order of St Michael and St George">Order of St Michael and St George</a> circlet. From left to right are <a href="/wiki/Croix_de_guerre_1914%E2%80%931918_(France)" title="Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)">Croix de guerre</a> (France). Neck badge of a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(Belgium)" title="Order of the Crown (Belgium)">Grand Officer of the Order of the Crown</a> (Belgium). Neck badge of a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath</a>. Neck badge of a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Order of St Michael and St George">Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George</a>. Neck badge of a <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour</a> (France). The <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Medal_(U.S._Army)" title="Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)">Distinguished Service Medal</a> (United States). The <a href="/wiki/Croix_de_guerre_(Belgium)" title="Croix de guerre (Belgium)">Croix de guerre</a> (Belgium).</dd> <dt>Symbolism</dt> <dd>John Monash commanded the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Corps" title="Australian Corps">Australian Corps</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_Australian_Imperial_Force" title="First Australian Imperial Force">First Australian Imperial Force</a> during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>.</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Monash&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Pioneer_Exhibition_Game" title="1916 Pioneer Exhibition Game">1916 Pioneer Exhibition Game</a> – charity match suggested by Monash</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Reference_list">Reference list</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Monash&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reference list" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LG31514-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LG31514_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LG31514_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGazette31514" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31514/supplement/10607">"No. 31514"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a> (1st supplement). 19 August 1919. pp. 10607–10608.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+31514&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10607-%3C%2Fspan%3E10608&rft.date=1919-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F31514%2Fsupplement%2F10607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Monash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DAB-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DAB_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DAB_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DAB_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DAB_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DAB_2-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="{{{ref}}}" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Percival_Serle" title="Percival Serle">Serle, Percival</a> (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks15/1500721h/0-dict-biogMa-Mo.html#monash1">"Monash, General Sir John"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Australian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Australian Biography">Dictionary of Australian Biography</a>. Sydney: <a href="/wiki/Angus_%26_Robertson" title="Angus & Robertson">Angus & Robertson</a>. Retrieved 12 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Monash%2C+General+Sir+John&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Australian+Biography&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Angus+%26+Robertson&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Serle&rft.aufirst=Percival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.net.au%2Febooks15%2F1500721h%2F0-dict-biogMa-Mo.html%23monash1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Monash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Cecil Edwards "John Monash" (State Electricity Commission of Victoria, 1970), page 3. In the 1970s, the house was offices of a brewing company. Since the 1980s, the house has been a brothel called "The Main Course." </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Cecil Ewards, op. cit. p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-ADB-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ADB_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADB_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADB_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADB_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADB_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADB_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADB_5-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADB_5-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADB_5-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADB_5-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADB_5-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADB_5-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADB_5-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADB_5-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADB_5-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADB_5-15">p</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerle1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Serle" title="Geoffrey Serle">Serle, Geoffrey</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A100533b.htm">"Monash, Sir John (1865–1931)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography" title="Australian Dictionary of Biography">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a>. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7"><bdi>978-0-522-84459-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538">1833-7538</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943">70677943</a>. Retrieved 12 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Monash%2C+Sir+John+%281865%E2%80%931931%29&rft.btitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=National+Centre+of+Biography%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70677943&rft.issn=1833-7538&rft.isbn=978-0-522-84459-7&rft.aulast=Serle&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adb.online.anu.edu.au%2Fbiogs%2FA100533b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Monash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSerle1982">Serle 1982</a>, p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Cecil Edwards, ibid. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Cecil Edwards, op. cit. p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridge,_Carl2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bridge, Carl (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35060">"Monash, Sir John (1865–1931)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F35060">10.1093/ref:odnb/35060</a>. 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Retrieved 25 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=%27We+must+remember%27%3A+PM+opens+%24100m+Monash+centre+in+France&rft.date=2018-04-24&rft.aulast=Crowe&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fpolitics%2Ffederal%2Fwe-must-remember-pm-opens-100m-monash-centre-in-france-20180424-p4zbex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Monash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer2016" class="citation news cs1">Fischer, Tim (29 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/monashs-western-front-feats-make-him-a-worthy-field-marshal/news-story/8a41fc0fbefa4a0f1ccf4e10a3d909d1">"Monash's Western Front feats make him a worthy field marshal"</a>. Retrieved 13 November 2016 – via The Australian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Monash%27s+Western+Front+feats+make+him+a+worthy+field+marshal&rft.date=2016-07-29&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fopinion%2Fmonashs-western-front-feats-make-him-a-worthy-field-marshal%2Fnews-story%2F8a41fc0fbefa4a0f1ccf4e10a3d909d1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Monash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAAP2013" class="citation news cs1">AAP (26 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.com.au/higher-education/promote-monash-to-field-marshal-says-mp/story-e6frgcjx-1226629541675">"Promote Monash to field marshal says MP"</a>. Retrieved 13 November 2016 – via The Australian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Promote+Monash+to+field+marshal+says+MP&rft.date=2013-04-26&rft.au=AAP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fhigher-education%2Fpromote-monash-to-field-marshal-says-mp%2Fstory-e6frgcjx-1226629541675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Monash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161114084217/http://www.cathymcgowan.com.au/indi_voice_jerilderie_proposition">"Indi voice behind Jerilderie Proposition to promote Sir John Monash"</a>. Cathy McGowan MP. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cathymcgowan.com.au/indi_voice_jerilderie_proposition">the original</a> on 14 November 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cathy+McGowan+MP&rft.atitle=Indi+voice+behind+Jerilderie+Proposition+to+promote+Sir+John+Monash&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cathymcgowan.com.au%2Findi_voice_jerilderie_proposition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Monash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson2016" class="citation news cs1">Nicholson, Brendan (29 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/john-monash-should-be-promoted-to-field-marshal-says-tim-fischer/news-story/0c086c5a6ac63f06c67228d9f9187dba">"John Monash should be promoted to Field Marshal, says Tim Fischer"</a>. Retrieved 13 November 2016 – via The Australian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=John+Monash+should+be+promoted+to+Field+Marshal%2C+says+Tim+Fischer&rft.date=2016-07-29&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Fjohn-monash-should-be-promoted-to-field-marshal-says-tim-fischer%2Fnews-story%2F0c086c5a6ac63f06c67228d9f9187dba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Monash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimson2015" class="citation news cs1">Grimson, Ken (13 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyadvertiser.com.au/story/3491241/push-grows-to-promote-sir-john-monash/">"Push grows to promote Sir John Monash"</a>. The Daily Advertiser. Retrieved 13 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Push+grows+to+promote+Sir+John+Monash&rft.date=2015-11-13&rft.aulast=Grimson&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyadvertiser.com.au%2Fstory%2F3491241%2Fpush-grows-to-promote-sir-john-monash%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Monash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Sydney Morning Herald, 12 November 1929, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Commonwealth of Australia Gazette, 14 November 1929 (No.105), p. 2331. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2018" class="citation web cs1">James, Neil (12 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ada.asn.au/commentary/letters-to-the-editor/letters-2017-18/posthumously-promoting-sir-john-monash-is-invalid-and-ahistoric.html">"Posthumously promoting Sir John Monash to field marshal is invalid, ahistoric and unnnecessary"</a>. Australian Defence Association. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Posthumously+promoting+Sir+John+Monash+to+field+marshal+is+invalid%2C+ahistoric+and+unnnecessary&rft.pub=Australian+Defence+Association&rft.date=2018-04-12&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ada.asn.au%2Fcommentary%2Fletters-to-the-editor%2Fletters-2017-18%2Fposthumously-promoting-sir-john-monash-is-invalid-and-ahistoric.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Monash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShields2018" class="citation news cs1">Shields, Bevan (17 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/turnbull-government-decides-against-posthumous-promotion-for-war-hero-john-monash-20180413-p4z9dq.html/">"Turnbull government decides against posthumous promotion for war hero John Monash"</a>. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 25 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Turnbull+government+decides+against+posthumous+promotion+for+war+hero+John+Monash&rft.date=2018-04-17&rft.aulast=Shields&rft.aufirst=Bevan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fpolitics%2Ffederal%2Fturnbull-government-decides-against-posthumous-promotion-for-war-hero-john-monash-20180413-p4z9dq.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Monash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heraldryaustralia.org/ahr-vol-007-reg-008">"Sir John MONASH"</a>. The Australian Heraldry Society. Retrieved 6 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+John+MONASH&rft.pub=The+Australian+Heraldry+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldryaustralia.org%2Fahr-vol-007-reg-008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Monash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C159062#:~:text=Hand%20drawn%20and%20coloured%20picture,laurel%20branches%2C%20all%20in%20gold.">"Framed coat of arms : General Sir John Monash"</a>. Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 6 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Framed+coat+of+arms+%3A+General+Sir+John+Monash&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2FC159062%23%3A~%3Atext%3DHand%2520drawn%2520and%2520coloured%2520picture%2Claurel%2520branches%252C%2520all%2520in%2520gold.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Monash" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Monash&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 60em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis_et_al1995" class="citation cs2">Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey; Morris, Ewan; Prior, Robin; Connor, John (1995), The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History, Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-553227-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-553227-9"><bdi>0-19-553227-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Australian+Military+History&rft.place=Melbourne%2C+Victoria&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-19-553227-9&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Grey%2C+Jeffrey&rft.au=Morris%2C+Ewan&rft.au=Prior%2C+Robin&rft.au=Connor%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Monash" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2012" class="citation cs2">Ferguson, Ian (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wC9CNMcDPnIC&q=hot+meals+Australians+at+hamel&pg=PT44">Aussie War Heroes</a>, Melbourne, Victoria: Brolga Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-922175-21-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-922175-21-2"><bdi>978-1-922175-21-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aussie+War+Heroes&rft.place=Melbourne%2C+Victoria&rft.pub=Brolga+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-922175-21-2&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwC9CNMcDPnIC%26q%3Dhot%2Bmeals%2BAustralians%2Bat%2Bhamel%26pg%3DPT44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Monash" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2008" class="citation cs2">Gilbert, Martin (2008), Israel: A History, London: Black Swan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-552-77428-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-552-77428-4"><bdi>978-0-552-77428-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel%3A+A+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Black+Swan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-552-77428-4&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Monash" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2008" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hart,_military_historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Hart, military historian">Hart, Peter</a> (2008), 1918: A Very British Victory, London: Phoenix Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-2689-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-2689-8"><bdi>978-0-7538-2689-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1918%3A+A+Very+British+Victory&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phoenix+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7538-2689-8&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Monash" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHetherington1983" class="citation cs2">Hetherington, Mollie (1983), Famous Australians, Richmond, Victoria: Hutchinson, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-148280-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-148280-0"><bdi>978-0-09-148280-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Famous+Australians&rft.place=Richmond%2C+Victoria&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-09-148280-0&rft.aulast=Hetherington&rft.aufirst=Mollie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Monash" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudendorff1971" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Ludendorff, Erich</a> (1971) [1920], Ludendorff's Own Story: August 1914 – November 1918; the Great War from the Siege of Liège to the Signing of the Armistice as Viewed from the Grand Headquarters of the German Army, Freeport, New York: Books for Libraries Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8369-5956-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8369-5956-6"><bdi>0-8369-5956-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ludendorff%27s+Own+Story%3A+August+1914+%E2%80%93+November+1918%3B+the+Great+War+from+the+Siege+of+Li%C3%A8ge+to+the+Signing+of+the+Armistice+as+Viewed+from+the+Grand+Headquarters+of+the+German+Army&rft.place=Freeport%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Books+for+Libraries+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-8369-5956-6&rft.aulast=Ludendorff&rft.aufirst=Erich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Monash" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonash1920" class="citation cs2">Monash, John (1920), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/australianvictor00mona">The Australian Victories in France in 1918</a>, London: Hutchinson, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/563884172">563884172</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Australian+Victories+in+France+in+1918&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1920&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F563884172&rft.aulast=Monash&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faustralianvictor00mona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Monash" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery1972" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Montgomery, Bernard Law</a> (1972), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1n1rPgAACAAJ">A Concise History of Warfare</a>, London: Collins, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-192149-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-192149-5"><bdi>0-00-192149-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Warfare&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-00-192149-5&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=Bernard+Law&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1n1rPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Monash" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalazzo2002" class="citation cs2">Palazzo, Albert (2002), Defenders of Australia: The 3rd Australian Division 1916–1991, Loftus, New South Wales: Australian Military Historical Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-876439-03-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-876439-03-3"><bdi>1-876439-03-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defenders+of+Australia%3A+The+3rd+Australian+Division+1916%E2%80%931991&rft.place=Loftus%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.pub=Australian+Military+Historical+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-876439-03-3&rft.aulast=Palazzo&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Monash" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Roland_Perry" title="Roland Perry">Perry, Roland</a> (2004), Monash: The Outsider Who Won A War, Milsons Point, New South Wales: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74051-364-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-74051-364-9"><bdi>1-74051-364-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monash%3A+The+Outsider+Who+Won+A+War&rft.place=Milsons+Point%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-74051-364-9&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Monash" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2007" class="citation cs2">Perry, Roland (2007) [2004], Monash: The Outsider Who Won A War, North Sydney, New South Wales: Random House, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74166-847-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74166-847-6"><bdi>978-1-74166-847-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monash%3A+The+Outsider+Who+Won+A+War&rft.place=North+Sydney%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-74166-847-6&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Monash" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedersen1985" class="citation cs2">Pedersen, P. A. (1985), Monash as Military Commander, Carlton, Victoria: <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne University Press">Melbourne University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-522-84267-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-522-84267-4"><bdi>0-522-84267-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monash+as+Military+Commander&rft.place=Carlton%2C+Victoria&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-522-84267-4&rft.aulast=Pedersen&rft.aufirst=P.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Monash" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerle1982" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Serle" title="Geoffrey Serle">Serle, Geoffrey</a> (1982), John Monash: A Biography, Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-522-84239-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-522-84239-9"><bdi>0-522-84239-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Monash%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Carlton%2C+Victoria&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-522-84239-9&rft.aulast=Serle&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Monash" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarhaft2004" class="citation cs2">Warhaft, Sally (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CWgUAvHqeMUC">Well May We Say... : The Speeches That Made Australia</a>, Melbourne: Black, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86395-277-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-86395-277-2"><bdi>1-86395-277-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Well+May+We+Say...+%3A+The+Speeches+That+Made+Australia&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Black&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-86395-277-2&rft.aulast=Warhaft&rft.aufirst=Sally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCWgUAvHqeMUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Monash" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Monash&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirkins1972" class="citation book cs1">Firkins, Peter (1972). The Australians in Nine Wars: Waikato to Long Tan. New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-021065-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-021065-3"><bdi>978-0-07-021065-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Australians+in+Nine+Wars%3A+Waikato+to+Long+Tan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-07-021065-3&rft.aulast=Firkins&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Monash" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Fischer" title="Tim Fischer">Fischer, Tim</a> (2014). Maestro John Monash: Australia's Greatest Citizen General. Clayton, Victoria: <a href="/wiki/Monash_University_Publishing" title="Monash University Publishing">Monash University Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-922235-59-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-922235-59-6"><bdi>978-1-922235-59-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maestro+John+Monash%3A+Australia%27s+Greatest+Citizen+General&rft.place=Clayton%2C+Victoria&rft.pub=Monash+University+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-922235-59-6&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Monash" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roland_Perry" title="Roland Perry">Perry, Roland</a> (2017). Monash and Chauvel: How Australia's Two Greatest Generals Changed the Course of World History. <a href="/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin" title="Allen & Unwin">Allen & Unwin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-76029-143-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-76029-143-3"><bdi>978-1-76029-143-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monash+and+Chauvel%3A+How+Australia%27s+Two+Greatest+Generals+Changed+the+Course+of+World+History&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-76029-143-3&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Monash" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonash" class="citation journal cs1">Monash, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/collection/3DRL/2316/">"Monash, Sir John KCMG KCB, (General, b. 1865 – d. 1931)"</a>. Personal Papers. <a href="/wiki/Australian_War_Memorial" title="Australian War Memorial">Australian War Memorial</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personal+Papers&rft.atitle=Monash%2C+Sir+John+KCMG+KCB%2C+%28General%2C+b.+1865+%E2%80%93+d.+1931%29&rft.aulast=Monash&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2F3DRL%2F2316%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Monash" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Pegram, Aaron. (2019). "Monash, John", 1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War. Freie Universität Berlin. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15463%2Fie1418.11379">10.15463/ie1418.11379</a>.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Monash&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" 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#aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="34" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/John_Monash" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/John Monash">John Monash</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081028094320/http://www.brightoncemetery.com/HistoricInterments/150Names/monashj.htm">Sir John Monash (1865–1931)</a> Gravesite at Brighton General Cemetery (Vic)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discoveringanzacs.naa.gov.au/browse/person/349254">"First World War Service Record – Sir John Monash"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_Australia" title="National Archives of Australia">National Archives of Australia</a>. 23 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+World+War+Service+Record+%E2%80%93+Sir+John+Monash&rft.pub=National+Archives+of+Australia&rft.date=2013-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscoveringanzacs.naa.gov.au%2Fbrowse%2Fperson%2F349254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Monash" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.party-1269506">Monash, John (Sir) (1865–1931)</a> National Library of Australia, Trove, People and Organisation record for John Monash</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/people/P10676516/">Monash, John (Sir) (1865–1931)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170428145307/https://www.awm.gov.au/people/P10676516/">Archived</a> 28 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Australian War Memorial, digitized records for John Monash</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New command </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Director General of Repatriation 1918–1919 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jess" title="Carl Jess">Carl Jess</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">General <a href="/wiki/William_Birdwood,_1st_Baron_Birdwood" class="mw-redirect" title="William Birdwood, 1st Baron Birdwood">Sir William Birdwood</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> General Officer Commanding <a href="/wiki/Australian_Corps" title="Australian Corps">Australian Corps</a> 1918 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Talbot_Hobbs" title="Talbot Hobbs">Sir Talbot Hobbs</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New command </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> General Officer Commanding <a href="/wiki/3rd_Division_(Australia)" title="3rd Division (Australia)">3rd Division</a> 1916–1918 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Major General <a href="/wiki/John_Gellibrand" title="John Gellibrand">Sir John Gellibrand</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-Chancellor">Vice-Chancellor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a> 1923–1931 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Barrett_(academic)" title="James Barrett (academic)">Sir James Barrett</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="21" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia</a></li></ul></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Monash&oldid=1276500725">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Monash&oldid=1276500725</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Monash&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 19 February 2025, at 06:05 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B4" title="جون موناش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون موناش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_Mona%C5%9F" title="Con Monaş – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Con Monaş" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Monash" title="John Monash – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Monash" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Monash" title="John Monash – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Monash" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B4" title="جان موناش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان موناش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Monash" title="John Monash – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Monash" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%EB%AA%A8%EB%82%B4%EC%8B%9C" title="존 모내시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존 모내시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B7" title="Ջոն Մոնաշ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջոն Մոնաշ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Monash" title="John Monash – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="John Monash" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A9" title="ג'ון מונש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון מונש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Monash" title="John Monash – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="John Monash" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B4" title="جون موناش – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون موناش" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Жон Монаш – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жон Монаш" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Monash" title="John Monash – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John Monash" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Monash" title="John Monash – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Monash" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Monash" title="John Monash – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John Monash" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Монаш, Джон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Монаш, Джон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Monash" title="John Monash – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John Monash" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Monash" title="John Monash – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John Monash" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Monash" title="John Monash – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="John Monash" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E7%B4%8D%E4%BB%80" title="約翰·莫納什 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="約翰·莫納什" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 February 2025, at 06:05 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-65b64b4b74-mj82b","wgBackendResponseTime":210,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.158","walltime":"1.439","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9370,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":175621,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":14034,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":239851,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1283.360 1 -total"," 31.20% 400.425 1 Template:Reflist"," 11.82% 151.668 1 Template:Infobox_military_person"," 11.62% 149.137 9 Template:London_Gazette"," 11.24% 144.228 1 Template:Infobox"," 10.83% 139.024 9 Template:Cite_magazine"," 8.20% 105.221 1 Template:Lang"," 6.39% 82.042 4 Template:Br_separated_entries"," 6.22% 79.851 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.74% 73.677 15 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